1542:
1115:
1132:
207:
1053:
242:
1216:
63:
33:
353:. A large coal train called a "unit train" may be 2 km long, containing 130-140 cars with around 100 tonnes of coal in each one, for a total load of over 10,000 tonnes. A large plant under full load requires at least one coal delivery this size every day. Plants may get as many as three to five trains a day, especially in "peak season" during the hottest summer or coldest winter months (depending on local climate) when power consumption is high.
71:
809:
717:
593:
480:
261:
411:
48:
1144:
From 2015 to 2020, although coal generation hardly fell in absolute terms, some of its market share was taken by wind and solar. In 2020 only China increased coal power generation, and globally it fell by 4%. However, in 2021, China declared that it limited coal generation until 2025 and subsequently
696:
Since the 1990s, power utilities in the U.S. have designed many of their new plants with dry ash handling systems. The dry ash is disposed in landfills, which typically include liners and groundwater monitoring systems. Dry ash may also be recycled into products such as concrete, structural fills for
669:, yielding lower furnace temperatures and requiring larger induced-draft fans. The firing systems also differ from black coal and typically draw hot gas from the furnace-exit level and mix it with the incoming coal in fan-type mills that inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler.
1495:
investments less attractive. To address these concerns and align with climate goals, there is a growing call for stricter policies regarding overseas coal financing. Countries, including Japan and the U.S., have faced criticism for permitting the financing of certain coal projects. Strengthening the
1471:
Studies, including finance-based accounting of coal emissions, have revealed a misalignment of coal financing with climate objectives. Major nations, such as China, Japan, and the U.S., have extended financial support to overseas coal power infrastructure. The largest backers are
Chinese banks under
780:
is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally,
364:
A collier (cargo ship carrying coal) may hold 41,000 tonnes (40,000 long tons) of coal and takes several days to unload. Some colliers carry their own conveying equipment to unload their own bunkers; others depend on equipment at the plant. For transporting coal in calmer waters, such as rivers and
360:
Shorter trains may use railcars with an "air-dump", which relies on air pressure from the engine plus a "hot shoe" on each car. This "hot shoe" when it comes into contact with a "hot rail" at the unloading trestle, shoots an electric charge through the air dump apparatus and causes the doors on the
1168:
has a high hydrogen density and is easy to handle. It can be used as storing carbon-free fuel in gas turbine power generation and help significantly reduce CO₂ emissions as a fuel. In Japan, the first major four-year test project was started in June 2021 to develop technology to enable co-firing a
1578:
are the most important factors regarding the future of coal-fired power stations, because the country has so many. According to one analysis local officials overinvested in coal-fired power in the mid-2010s because central government guaranteed operating hours and set a high wholesale electricity
1456:
Coal financing is the financial support provided for coal-related projects, encompassing coal mining and coal-fired power stations. Its role in shaping the global energy landscape and its environmental and climate impacts have made it a subject of concern. The misalignment of coal financing with
356:
Modern unloaders use rotary dump devices, which eliminate problems with coal freezing in bottom dump cars. The unloader includes a train positioner arm that pulls the entire train to position each car over a coal hopper. The dumper clamps an individual car against a platform that swivels the car
1559:
committed to end support for coal-fired power stations within the year. The G7's commitment to end coal support is significant as their coal capacity decreased from 23% (443 GW) in 2015 to 15% (310 GW) in 2023, reflecting a shift towards greener policies. This contrasts with China and
3179:
Commission
Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants (notified under document C(2017) 5225) (Text with EEA relevance.
886:
167:. More than half of all the coal-fired electricity in the world is generated in China. In 2020 the total number of plants started falling as they are being retired in Europe and America although still being built in Asia, almost all in China. Some remain profitable because
361:
bottom of the car to open, dumping the coal through the opening in the trestle. Unloading one of these trains takes anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Older unloaders may still use manually operated bottom-dump rail cars and a "shaker" attached to dump the coal.
1309:
treatment. Early deaths due to air pollution have been estimated at 200 per GW-year, however they may be higher around power plants where scrubbers are not used or lower if they are far from cities. Evidence indicates that exposure to sulfur, sulfates, or
1532:
and that 73% would be by 2025. As of 2020 about half of China's coal power companies are losing money and old and small power plants "have no hope of making profits". As of 2021 India is keeping potential stranded assets operating by subsidizing them.
1496:
policies, potentially by banning public financing of coal projects entirely, would enhance their climate efforts and credibility. In addition, Enhanced transparency in disclosing financing details is crucial for evaluating their environmental impacts.
2316:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. (21 June 2010)."Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Identification and Listing of Special Wastes; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Proposed rule."
995:
As of 2020 two-thirds of coal burned is to generate electricity. In 2020 coal was the largest source of electricity at 34%. Over half coal generation in 2020 was in China. About 60% of electricity in China, India and
Indonesia is from coal.
1044:, typically achieving high efficiency. The IGCC process can also enable removal of some pollutants from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle. However, the technology is costly compared with conventional coal-fired power stations.
461:
capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing duplicates of the forced and induced draft fans, air preheaters, and fly ash collectors. On some units of about 60 MW, two boilers per unit may instead be provided. The
3632:
Tong, Dan; Zhang, Qiang; Liu, Fei; Geng, Guannan; Zheng, Yixuan; Xue, Tao; Hong, Chaopeng; Wu, Ruili; Qin, Yu (6 November 2018). "Current
Emissions and Future Mitigation Pathways of Coal-Fired Power Plants in China from 2010 to 2030".
1022:(also called combined heat and power or CHP). Subcritical is the least efficient type, however recent innovations have allowed retrofits to older subcritical plants to meet or even exceed efficiency of supercritical plants.
1410:
As of 2018 local pollution in China, which has by far the most coal-fired power stations, is forecast to be reduced further in the 2020s and 2030s, especially if small and low efficiency plants are retired early.
3111:
665:. Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal. It has a lower energy density than black coal and requires a much larger furnace for equivalent heat output. Such coals may contain up to 70% water and
191:
by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040. Vietnam is among the few coal-dependent fast developing countries that fully pledged to phase out unbated coal power by the 2040s or as soon as possible thereafter.
1432:, where they are unable to respond to changes in the locational marginal price. In the United States, this has been especially true in light of the advent of cheap natural gas, which can serve as a fuel in
1120:
The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s. However, the rate of retirement has since stalled, and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the
891:
890:
887:
2949:
999:
In 2020 worldwide 2,059 GW of coal power was operational, 50 GW was commissioned, and 25 GW started construction (most of these three in China); and 38 GW retired (mostly USA and EU).
892:
2543:
Monitor, Global Energy; CREA; E3G; Finance, Reclaim; Club, Sierra; SFOC; Network, Kiko; Europe, C. a. N.; Groups, Bangladesh; Asia, Trend; ACJCE; Sustentable, Chile; POLEN; ICM; Arayara (10 April 2024).
1157:, would be extremely difficult. Phasing out in Asia can be a financial challenge as plants there are relatively young: in China the co-benefits of closing a plant vary greatly depending on its location.
1855:
2% annual increase in the global operating coal fleet, which currently stands at 2,130 GW Figure 16: Global coal power capacity continues steady growth despite Paris
Agreement, with a 2% uptick in 2023
562:
In plants that do not burn pulverized coal, the larger 5 cm pieces may be directly fed into the silos which then feed either mechanical distributors that drop the coal on a traveling grate or the
1036:
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a coal power generation technology that uses a high pressure gasifier to turn coal (or other carbon based fuels) into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (
3135:
3067:
889:
555:, sort them, and mix them with primary combustion air, which transports the coal to the boiler furnace and preheats the coal in order to drive off excess moisture content. A 500 MW
4638:
540:
Coal is prepared for use by crushing the rough coal to pieces less than 5 cm (2 in) in size. The coal is then transported from the storage yard to in-plant storage silos by
1006:
At COP26 2021, countries have joined the Global Coal to Clean Power pledge. However, intricate challenges remain, particularly in developing countries such as
Indonesia and Vietnam.
4643:
2749:
2699:
2819:
685:) decreases the amount of airborne pollutants, the structures pose serious health risks for the surrounding environment. Power utility companies have often built the ponds without
877:
and convey the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to on-site ash ponds, or off-site to landfills. Ash extractors are used to discharge ash from municipal solid waste–fired boilers.
1079:
2280:
357:
upside down to dump the coal. Swiveling couplers enable the entire operation to occur while the cars are still coupled together. Unloading a unit train takes about three hours.
2772:
Shared attribution: Global Energy
Monitor, CREA, E3G, Reclaim Finance, Sierra Club, SFOC, Kiko Network, CAN Europe, Bangladesh Groups, ACJCE, Chile Sustentable (5 April 2023).
1137:
In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.
172:
4172:
1971:
1939:
2364:
4628:
3118:
2797:
4294:
Urpelainen, Johannes; Zucker, Noah; Clark, Richard (11 April 2019). "Political
Institutions and Pollution: Evidence from Coal-Fired Power Generation". Rochester, NY.
3499:
2801:
2563:
1468:
to well below 2 degrees
Celsius and ideally limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Achieving these goals necessitates a substantial reduction in coal-related activities.
1153:
countries should stop generating electricity from coal by 2030 and the rest of the world by 2040, otherwise limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, a target of the
4022:
2521:
1648:
4618:
2962:
1439:
Russia channels extensive subsidies its coal industry due to its importance for export earnings, mining communities, and the oligarchs that own coal companies.
4623:
2829:
2780:
2759:
1428:
technology, as they have high availability factors, and are relatively difficult and expensive to ramp up and down. As such, they perform poorly in real-time
4648:
4633:
2337:
Scott, Allan N.; Thomas, Michael D. A. (January–February 2007). "Evaluation of Fly Ash From Co-Combustion of Coal and Petroleum Coke for Use in Concrete".
888:
3143:
4194:
1810:
1541:
1210:
830:
738:
614:
501:
282:
912:
are critical for flexibility. Although technically the flexibility of some coal-fired power stations could be improved they are less able to provide
4360:
3827:"Financing carbon lock-in in developing countries: Bilateral financing for power generation technologies from China, Japan, and the United States"
4387:
3165:
3097:
3075:
3473:
2486:
2043:
1271:
1031:
873:. This hopper is kept filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Arrangements are included to crush the
4418:
4219:
1743:
Cropper, Maureen; Cui, Ryna; Guttikunda, Sarath; Hultman, Nate; Jawahar, Puja; Park, Yongjoon; Yao, Xinlu; Song, Xiao-Peng (2 February 2021).
1201:
was being considered in China in 2020, but this is very expensive, reduces the energy output and for some plants is not technically feasible.
1114:
4601:
4144:
3041:
164:
2745:
2815:
1373:, this mercury can then reach dangerously high levels in fish. More than half of atmospheric mercury comes from coal-fired power plants.
1227:, microscopic air pollutants that enter human lungs and other human organs and induce a variety of adverse medical conditions, including
2677:
1611:
1131:
940:
4668:
3968:
Creutzig, Felix; Agoston, Peter; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Luderer, Gunnar; Nemet, Gregory; Pietzcker, Robert C. (25 August 2017).
2066:
1169:
significant amount of ammonia at a large-scale commercial coal-fired plant. However low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia is in demand for
4673:
856:
764:
640:
527:
308:
1480:
set by the Paris Agreement, of which China, the United States and Japan are signatories. A substantial portion of the associated CO
4565:
392:
or truck. Oil is stored in vertical cylindrical steel tanks with capacities as high as 14,000 cubic metres (90,000 bbl). The
206:
1259:
1258:. In the United States, coal-fired plants are governed at the national level by several air pollution regulations, including the
3413:
Henneman, Lucas; Choirat, Christine; Dedoussi, Irene; Dominici, Francesca; Roberts, Jessica; Zigler, Corwin (24 November 2023).
2372:
4334:
3014:"JERA and IHI to Start a Demonstration Project Related to Ammonia Co-firing at a Large-Scale Commercial Coal-Fired Power Plant"
3218:
2206:
2009:
1835:
1255:
834:
742:
618:
505:
286:
454:. Compared to a thermal power station burning other fuel types, coal specific fuel processing and ash disposal is required.
3323:
Vohra, Karn; Vodonos, Alina; Schwartz, Joel; Marais, Eloise A.; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Mickley, Loretta J. (1 April 2021).
2644:
1567:(G20) holds 92% of the world's operating coal capacity (1,968 GW) and 88% of pre-construction capacity (336 GW).
4246:
1015:
559:
plant may have six such pulverizers, five of which can supply coal to the furnace at 250 tonnes per hour under full load.
210:
36:
3280:
1365:
Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants can fall back onto the land and water in rain, and then be converted into
4015:
2508:
920:. The most important flexibility is low minimum load; however, some flexibility improvements may be more expensive than
439:
125:
4560:
4114:
3606:
1958:
China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more that five years earlier
1686:
1623:
1583:
1476:(BRI). This support has led to significant long-term climate and financial risks and harms the objectives of reducing
463:
106:
4139:
2825:
2773:
2755:
2419:
819:
727:
603:
490:
271:
4511:
3325:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem"
1198:
1086:
of the 34 Gt total from fuel combustion (the overall total greenhouse gas emissions for 2018 was 55 Gt CO
1041:
51:
2234:
Do, Thang; Burke, Paul J (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".
1052:
838:
823:
746:
731:
622:
607:
509:
494:
290:
275:
4594:
2988:
2669:
1842:
1707:
1405:
1251:
1061:
582:
117:
3298:
4520:
4462:
4039:
1504:
In India capacity factors are below 60%. In 2020 coal-fired power stations in the United States had an overall
1473:
1247:(particulates with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less), caused at least 460,000 excess deaths over two decades.
578:
380:
For start up or auxiliary purposes, the plant may use fuel oil as well. Fuel oil can be delivered to plants by
160:
3136:"Post-Combustion Capture Retrofit: Evolving Current Infrastructure for Cleaner Energy | UKCCS Research Centre"
3866:
4043:
1433:
1314:
from coal emissions may be associated with higher relative morbidity or mortality risk than that to other PM
913:
4529:
4507:
3525:
1913:
1682:
1587:
1571:
1451:
1186:
4058:
4502:
4307:
4167:
2557:
2516:
1861:
1628:
1215:
1170:
917:
419:
405:
87:
2159:
1338:
storage ponds or landfills pollute water, possibly for decades or centuries. Pollutant discharges from
1014:
There are 4 main types of coal-fired power station in increasing order of efficiency are: subcritical,
241:
3896:
3324:
2578:
1888:
1491:
technologies become cost-competitive, the economic viability of coal projects diminishes, making past
4587:
4395:
4269:
3780:
3642:
3336:
2896:
1756:
1146:
1003:
In 2023, global coal power capacity increased to 2,130 GW, driven by China adding 47.4 GW.
925:
451:
334:
218:
180:
2478:
2445:
2950:"Development of Co-Firing Method of Pulverized Coal and Ammonia to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
2885:"Location-specific co-benefits of carbon emissions reduction from coal-fired power plants in China"
2717:
2579:"Phasing out coal power in two major Southeast Asian thermal coal economies: Indonesia and Vietnam"
2300:"New Interactive Maps of Groundwater Pollution Reveal Threats Posed by Alabama Power Coal Ash Pits"
1263:
658:
330:
230:
32:
4546:
3943:
2545:
1508:
of 40%; that is, they operated at a little less than half of their cumulative nameplate capacity.
62:
4678:
4498:
4078:
3997:
3924:
3798:
3674:
3551:
3368:
2261:
1549:
1487:
Coal financing poses challenges to the global decarbonization of the power generation sector. As
909:
381:
245:
137:
102:
3897:"Discursive resistance to phasing out coal-fired electricity: Narratives in Japan's coal regime"
2883:
Wang, Pu; Lin, Cheng-Kuan; Wang, Yi; Liu, Dachuan; Song, Dunjiang; Wu, Tong (29 November 2021).
4579:
3500:"Mercury Experiment to Assess Atmospheric Loading in Canada and the United States (METAALICUS)"
4534:
4470:
4299:
4295:
4268:
Ren, Mengjia; Branstetter, Lee; Kovak, Brian; Armanios, Daniel; Yuan, Jiahai (16 March 2019).
3989:
3916:
3848:
3742:
3666:
3658:
3481:
3454:
3436:
3360:
3352:
2930:
2912:
2865:
2791:
2600:
2216:
2119:"Do Two Electricity Pricing Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Efficiency"
2017:
1979:
1792:
1774:
1715:
1591:
1347:
431:
427:
337:. Generating stations are sometimes built next to a mine; especially one mining coal, such as
149:
145:
4057:
Saygin, Deger; Rigter, Jasper; Caldecott, Ben; Wagner, Nicholas; Gielen, Dolf (31 May 2019).
3580:
2394:
2299:
4525:
4070:
3981:
3908:
3838:
3788:
3732:
3650:
3444:
3426:
3344:
2920:
2904:
2855:
2590:
2346:
2322:
2251:
2243:
2133:
1782:
1764:
1528:
estimated that 39% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewables and
1488:
1370:
1236:
1071:
1056:
Greenhouse gases by energy source. Coal is the energy source with the most greenhouse gases.
921:
3694:"More than 100 coal-fired plants have been replaced or converted to natural gas since 2011"
3250:
1223:
Coal burning power plants kill many thousands of people every year with their emissions of
396:
no. 5 "bunker" and no. 6 fuels are typically steam-heated before pumping in cold climates.
4550:
4320:
3013:
2957:
2948:
NAGATANI Genichiro; ISHII Hiroki; ITO Takamasa; OHNO Emi; OKUMA Yoshitomo (January 2021).
1972:"More coal power generation closed than opened around the world this year, research finds"
1874:
1517:
1505:
1458:
1294:
1281:, India, Russia and South Africa; causing over a hundred thousand early deaths each year.
1278:
1277:
Coal-fired power stations continue to pollute in lightly regulated countries; such as the
1267:
1154:
1122:
874:
563:
346:
175:
are not priced into the cost of generation, but there is the risk newer plants may become
4096:
2281:"Mixing water, Powder River Basin coal ash dangerous to human health, new research finds"
2118:
40:
3784:
3693:
3646:
3449:
3414:
3340:
2900:
1760:
1602:
In the 21st century people have often protested against opencast mining, for example at
4569:
4100:
2925:
2884:
2325:
1787:
1744:
1607:
1603:
1556:
1529:
1525:
1524:
of over US$ 500 billion are forecast by 2050, mostly in China. In 2020 think tank
1521:
1465:
1429:
1377:
1298:
1104:
1075:
686:
566:
burners, a specific kind of combustor that can efficiently burn larger pieces of fuel.
423:
422:, a coal-fired power station converts chemical energy stored in coal successively into
222:
188:
176:
156:
141:
70:
17:
3204:. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 19 June 2019.
3177:
4662:
4082:
4001:
3928:
3825:
Chen, Xu; Li, Zhongshu; Gallagher, Kevin P.; Mauzerall, Denise L. (15 October 2021).
3802:
3678:
3387:
3372:
2265:
2211:
2091:
1575:
1477:
1366:
1232:
944:
901:
689:, especially in the United States, and therefore chemicals in the ash can leach into
552:
551:(coal mills) that take the larger 5 cm pieces, grind them to the consistency of
541:
385:
342:
226:
201:
110:
681:. Although the use of ash ponds in combination with air pollution controls (such as
4538:
3895:
Trencher, Gregory; Healy, Noel; Hasegawa, Koichi; Asuka, Jusen (1 September 2019).
3843:
3826:
1393:
1331:
1290:
1224:
1019:
682:
662:
249:
213:
in London, the world's first public steam-driven coal power station, opened in 1882
55:
4074:
341:, which is not valuable enough to transport long-distance; so may receive coal by
4556:
4168:"Mapping India's Energy Subsidies 2021: Time for renewed support to clean energy"
3969:
3348:
217:
The first coal-fired power stations were built in the late 19th century and used
3912:
3098:"Thermal blocks could convert coal-fired power stations to run fossil-fuel free"
2247:
1649:"Too many new coal-fired plants planned for 1.5C climate goal, report concludes"
1492:
808:
781:
the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos and stored on site in
716:
690:
592:
479:
260:
168:
113:. World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023.
98:. Worldwide there are over 2,400 coal-fired power stations, totaling over 2,130
95:
4247:"China struggling to kick its coal habit despite Beijing's big climate pledges"
3793:
3768:
3737:
3720:
3474:"Most US coal plants are contaminating groundwater with toxins, analysis finds"
2908:
2860:
2843:
1745:"The mortality impacts of current and planned coal-fired power plants in India"
4516:
2595:
1545:
905:
870:
798:
548:
435:
350:
121:
4474:
3993:
3985:
3920:
3852:
3746:
3662:
3485:
3440:
3356:
3112:
China's New Growth Pathway: From the 14th Five-Year Plan to Carbon Neutrality
2916:
2869:
2604:
2220:
2185:
2021:
1983:
1778:
1719:
3721:"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?"
3654:
3431:
3166:
US Coal Power Plants Killed at Least 460,000 People in Past 20 Years--Report
2844:"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?"
1769:
1425:
1385:
1301:
occurs mainly in Asia and is often due to burning low quality coal, such as
1078:
per unit electricity generated compared with other energy sources (see also
393:
99:
47:
3670:
3458:
3364:
2934:
1796:
410:
2746:"Retired Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker"
4361:"Unleashing coal: inside India's plans to open up commercial coal mining"
3970:"The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change"
3068:"Uskmouth Power Station Conversion Project Update and EPP Contract Award"
2137:
1516:
If global warming is limited to well below 2 °C as specified in the
1389:
1381:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1306:
786:
782:
678:
666:
458:
389:
322:
3607:"IISD Experimental Lakes Area: The world's living freshwater laboratory"
3232:
1082:). In 2018 coal burnt to generate electricity emitted over 10 Gt CO
4441:
4097:
How to Retire Early: Making accelerated coal phaseout feasible and just
2740:
2738:
2618:
2365:"Status of Power System Transformation 2018: Summary for Policy Makers"
2256:
1944:
1359:
1343:
1302:
1182:
1165:
777:
706:
654:
447:
374:
370:
338:
133:
2816:"New Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker"
1811:"Killed by coal: Air pollution deaths in Jakarta 'may double' by 2030"
3219:"Steam Electric Power Generating Effluent Guidelines—2015 Final Rule"
1240:
1228:
1067:
1037:
442:. The heat from the burning pulverized coal converts boiler water to
229:
allowed much larger plants to be built in the early 20th century and
140:. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into
1173:, which unlike electricity generation, has few other clean options.
4419:"Hundreds of climate protesters stage blockade in German coal mine"
4220:"G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year"
2350:
1940:"China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study"
1614:; and at sites of proposed new plants, such as in Kenya and China.
1540:
1214:
1051:
884:
869:
At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of
443:
409:
369:
are often used. Barges are usually unpowered and must be moved by
366:
326:
240:
205:
129:
109:, but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths, mainly from
69:
61:
46:
31:
4574:
3767:
Manych, Niccolò; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Jakob, Michael (2021).
3117:(Report). Energy Foundation China. December 2020. Archived from
3018:
2645:"Xuzhou 3 Shows the Future of Subcritical Coal Power Is Sublime"
2044:"EU power sector emissions drop as coal collapses across Europe"
1150:
184:
91:
4583:
3415:"Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation"
2345:(1). Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute: 62–70.
4140:"There's no way out for India's stranded thermal power assets"
2774:"Boom and Bust Coal / Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline"
2092:"China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad"
1564:
1442:
In 2020 the coal industry was subsidized $ US18 billion.
802:
710:
586:
473:
254:
4553:
by various environmental, social justice and health advocates
4245:
David Culver, Lily Lee and Ben Westcott (29 September 2019).
2509:"Boom and Bust 2021: TRACKING THE GLOBAL COAL PLANT PIPELINE"
2420:"Battery Power's Latest Plunge in Costs Threatens Coal, Gas"
2067:"4 astonishing signs of coal's declining economic viability"
1342:
to rivers (or other surface water bodies) typically include
4335:"Indigenous residents protest huge coal mine plan in India"
3201:
2117:
Borenstein, Severin; Bushnell, James B. (1 November 2022).
4059:"Power sector asset stranding effects of climate policies"
1197:
Retrofitting some existing coal-fired power stations with
657:(brown coal) are used in locations as varied as Germany,
155:
Coal-fired power stations emit over 10 billion tonnes of
3100:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 September 2020.
547:
In plants that burn pulverized coal, silos feed coal to
4463:"Chinese protesters clash with police over power plant"
4145:
Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis
4063:
Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy
4543:
2989:"Project Will Burn Ammonia with Coal to Cut Emissions"
1889:"CO2 emissions – Global Energy Review 2021 – Analysis"
1250:
In some countries pollution is somewhat controlled by
3867:"UN Chief: Phase Out of Coal Is Key Climate Priority"
3526:"Researching Atmospheric Mercury and Freshwater Fish"
3213:
3211:
1181:
Some power stations are being converted to burn gas,
1080:
life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources
4195:"Power freebies show pitfalls of electoral politics"
1560:
India, where coal remains central to energy policy.
1040:). Converting the coal to gas enables the use of a
173:
health and environmental impact of the coal industry
4388:"Successful Protests Against India's Coal Industry"
4173:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1914:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions – Analysis"
1683:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions – Analysis"
1457:international climate objectives, particularly the
1243:. In the U.S. alone, such particulates, known as PM
466:range in size from 3,000 MW to 6,700 MW.
3719:Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023).
2842:Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023).
1436:that substitute the role of baseload on the grid.
3944:"The week in energy: China's coal-fired outreach"
4115:"The Path Ahead for China's Coal Power Industry"
3042:"Japan Inc. ups its game in offshore wind power"
2479:"Global Electricity Review 2021 - Global Trends"
2201:
2199:
1582:In democracies coal power investment follows an
1074:. On average, coal power stations emit far more
4442:"Row over Kenya World Heritage site coal plant"
2186:"Coal power developers 'risk wasting billions'"
1749:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1681:Birol, Fatih; Malpass, David (8 October 2021).
1062:Fossil fuel power station § Carbon dioxide
785:, or transported by trucks or railroad cars to
4270:"China overinvested in coal power: Here's why"
3388:"Coal in China: Estimating Deaths per GW-year"
2207:"The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot"
2010:"The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot"
1484:emissions is anticipated to occur after 2019.
4595:
2577:Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J. (1 June 2024).
1026:Integrated gasification combined cycle design
8:
4610:List of coal-fired power stations by country
3769:"Finance-based accounting of coal emissions"
3299:"Death rates from energy production per TWh"
2796:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2700:"BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019"
128:. The furnace heat converts boiler water to
4575:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
2562:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1322:from other sources per unit concentration.
1270:, and by solid waste regulations under the
837:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
621:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
289:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4602:
4588:
4580:
2800:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2126:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1845:: Global Energy Monitor. April 2024: 7, 21
1254:, for example those in the EU through its
3842:
3792:
3736:
3448:
3430:
2924:
2859:
2594:
2255:
1786:
1768:
1211:Environmental impact of the coal industry
857:Learn how and when to remove this message
765:Learn how and when to remove this message
641:Learn how and when to remove this message
528:Learn how and when to remove this message
309:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Share of electricity production from coal
4386:Ch, Aruna; rasekar (26 September 2017).
1334:leaching into ground water from unlined
1070:, coal-fired power stations have a high
414:Components of a coal-fired power station
116:A coal-fired power station is a type of
2716:Environment, U. N. (19 November 2019).
1640:
4316:
4305:
3635:Environmental Science & Technology
3274:
3272:
2789:
2555:
1870:
1859:
1272:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1032:Integrated gasification combined cycle
544:at rates up to 4,000 tonnes per hour.
3890:
3888:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3575:
3573:
3386:Hausfather, Zeke (18 November 2016).
2538:
2536:
2534:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1572:energy policy of China regarding coal
1464:The Paris Agreement aims to restrict
1392:and lead to the collapse of fish and
189:stop generating electricity from coal
105:. They generate about a third of the
7:
3725:Energy Research & Social Science
2848:Energy Research & Social Science
2779:. Global Energy Monitor. p. 3.
2279:Erickson, Camille (7 October 2019).
1738:
1736:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
835:adding citations to reliable sources
743:adding citations to reliable sources
619:adding citations to reliable sources
506:adding citations to reliable sources
321:Coal is delivered by highway truck,
287:adding citations to reliable sources
159:each year, about one fifth of world
2822:from the original on 19 March 2023.
1424:Coal power plants tend to serve as
943:by source. Total generation was 28
464:hundred largest coal power stations
4440:Leithead, Alastair (5 June 2019).
4028:from the original on 6 April 2021.
3552:"When a lake is better than a lab"
3279:Schipper, Ori (18 February 2019).
3202:"Mercury and Air Toxics Standards"
2786:from the original on 7 April 2023.
2752:from the original on 9 April 2023.
2583:Energy for Sustainable Development
2527:from the original on 6 April 2021.
2489:from the original on 28 March 2021
2158:Davis, Lucas (21 September 2020).
1376:Coal-fired power plants also emit
896:Coal-fired power station animation
793:Bottom ash collection and disposal
25:
4417:Matthew Robinson (23 June 2019).
3698:Energy Information Administration
3281:"The global impact of coal power"
3074:. 5 November 2018. Archived from
2184:Harrabin, Roger (12 March 2020).
1588:energy policy of India about coal
4535:World's coal power plants mapped
2065:Roberts, David (14 March 2020).
1260:Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
1130:
1113:
807:
715:
591:
478:
259:
66:Coal-fired power station diagram
3472:Milman, Oliver (4 March 2019).
3257:. Prague: CEE Bankwatch Network
2987:Darrell Proctor (24 May 2020).
2818:. Global Energy Monitor. 2023.
2748:. Global Energy Monitor. 2023.
2722:UNEP - UN Environment Programme
1548:protesting against coal at the
233:was used to serve wider areas.
3844:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117318
3773:Environmental Research Letters
2643:Patel, Sonal (3 August 2020).
2298:Brooke, Nelson (5 June 2019).
1970:Morton, Adam (3 August 2020).
1256:Industrial Emissions Directive
457:For units over about 200
237:Transport and delivery of coal
1:
4075:10.1080/15567249.2019.1618421
1708:"How safe is nuclear energy?"
1400:Mitigation of local pollution
1219:Coal power plant wastestreams
697:road construction and grout.
446:, which is then used to spin
211:Holborn Viaduct power station
132:, which is then used to spin
27:Type of thermal power station
4517:How a coal plant works video
4508:How a coal plant works video
3585:IISD Experimental Lakes Area
3530:IISD Experimental Lakes Area
3504:IISD Experimental Lakes Area
3349:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
1185:or waste, and conversion to
1145:phase it out over time. The
941:world electricity generation
440:pulverized coal-fired boiler
202:Power station § History
163:, so are the single largest
126:pulverized coal-fired boiler
4561:International Energy Agency
3942:Crooks, Ed (30 June 2019).
3913:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.020
3164:The Guardian, 23 Nov. 2023
2718:"Emissions Gap Report 2019"
2248:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512
2242:(May 2023 113512): 113512.
1687:International Energy Agency
1624:Powering Past Coal Alliance
1584:environmental Kuznets curve
1305:, in plants lacking modern
677:The ash is often stored in
4695:
4512:Tennessee Valley Authority
3738:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150
2909:10.1038/s41467-021-27252-1
2861:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150
2824:— Global Energy Monitor's
2754:— Global Energy Monitor's
1461:, has garnered attention.
1449:
1403:
1384:. These emissions lead to
1208:
1199:carbon capture and storage
1189:will be trialled in 2023.
1102:
1059:
1029:
1018:, ultra-supercritical and
796:
704:
576:
403:
199:
52:Frimmersdorf Power Station
4669:Coal-fired power stations
4615:
3700:. US Department of Energy
2596:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101451
2546:"Boom and Bust Coal 2024"
2446:"Yearly electricity data"
2304:Black Warrior Riverkeeper
1843:San Francisco, California
1836:"Boom and Bust Coal 2024"
1434:dispatchable power plants
1406:Coal pollution mitigation
1252:best available techniques
583:Circulating fluidized bed
118:fossil fuel power station
4674:Greenhouse gas emissions
4521:Ontario Power Generation
4501:Energy Education by the
4119:hellenicshippingnews.com
3986:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140
3794:10.1088/1748-9326/abd972
3611:BioLab Business Magazine
3251:"Chronic coal pollution"
3239:. EPA. 29 November 2018.
1474:Belt and Road Initiative
1388:, which can restructure
1048:Carbon dioxide emissions
1042:combined cycle generator
579:Fluidized bed combustion
161:greenhouse gas emissions
80:coal-fired power station
4044:US Department of Energy
3655:10.1021/acs.est.8b02919
3432:10.1126/science.adf4915
3221:. EPA. 6 November 2019.
2160:"Time to Vote Out Coal"
1770:10.1073/pnas.2017936118
1123:Paris Climate Agreement
959: Natural gas (23%)
914:dispatchable generation
165:cause of climate change
37:Bełchatów Power Station
18:Coal-fired power plants
4530:World Coal Association
4499:Coal fired power plant
4315:Cite journal requires
4040:Electric Power Monthly
3329:Environmental Research
1869:Cite journal requires
1552:
1452:Fossil fuel divestment
1289:Damage to health from
1262:(MATS) regulation, by
1220:
1057:
918:gas-fired power plants
897:
434:. The coal is usually
415:
252:
214:
120:. The coal is usually
75:
67:
59:
44:
4526:Electricity from coal
4503:University of Calgary
4365:mining-technology.com
3072:SIMEC Atlantis Energy
2889:Nature Communications
2550:Global Energy Monitor
2517:Global Energy Monitor
2395:"Flexibility Toolbox"
2339:ACI Materials Journal
2164:Energy Institute Blog
1629:Global Energy Monitor
1544:
1369:by bacteria. Through
1218:
1055:
932:Coal power generation
895:
577:Further information:
438:and then burned in a
420:thermal power station
413:
406:Thermal power station
365:lakes, flat-bottomed
244:
219:reciprocating engines
209:
169:costs to other people
124:and then burned in a
88:thermal power station
73:
65:
50:
35:
4016:"Boom and Bust 2021"
2138:10.1257/pol.20190758
1171:sustainable shipping
1147:UN Secretary General
831:improve this section
739:improve this section
693:and surface waters.
653:Plants designed for
615:improve this section
502:improve this section
335:coal slurry pipeline
283:improve this section
181:UN Secretary General
4469:. 22 October 2012.
3785:2021ERL....16d4028M
3647:2018EnST...5212905T
3641:(21): 12905–12914.
3556:Canadian Geographic
3341:2021EnvRe.19510754V
3048:. 28 September 2021
2901:2021NatCo..12.6948W
2285:Casper Star-Tribune
2215:. 3 December 2020.
2098:. 22 September 2021
2016:. 3 December 2020.
1761:2021PNAS..11817936C
1590:is an issue in the
1565:the Group of Twenty
1330:Pollutants such as
1285:Local air pollution
1264:effluent guidelines
971: Nuclear (10%)
659:Victoria, Australia
231:alternating current
107:world's electricity
4549:1 May 2022 at the
4199:The Times of India
3613:. 12 February 2020
2968:on 21 October 2021
1553:
1550:German Chancellery
1318:constituents or PM
1221:
1066:As coal is mainly
1058:
910:electricity market
898:
701:Fly ash collection
416:
253:
215:
76:
68:
60:
45:
4656:
4655:
4566:Economics of coal
4046:. September 2021.
3873:. 18 January 2022
3425:(6673): 941–946.
3303:Our World in Data
3124:on 16 April 2021.
2826:Summary of Tables
2756:Summary of Tables
2680:on 12 August 2019
2485:. 28 March 2021.
2452:. 6 December 2023
2450:ember-climate.org
2319:Federal Register,
2306:. Birmingham, AL.
1592:politics of India
1555:In May 2021, the
1161:Ammonia co-firing
965: Hydro (15%)
893:
867:
866:
859:
775:
774:
767:
651:
650:
643:
538:
537:
530:
432:electrical energy
428:mechanical energy
319:
318:
311:
246:Castle Gate Plant
187:countries should
150:electrical energy
146:mechanical energy
16:(Redirected from
4686:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4557:Coal-fired power
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4394:. Archived from
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4367:. September 2020
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4341:. 9 October 2020
4331:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
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4254:
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4209:
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4182:
4180:
4164:
4158:
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4054:
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3965:
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3883:
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3856:
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3796:
3764:
3751:
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3705:
3689:
3683:
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3603:
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3596:
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3577:
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3542:
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3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3469:
3463:
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3452:
3434:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3233:"Special Wastes"
3229:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3183:, 17 August 2017
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3142:. Archived from
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3064:
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3055:
3053:
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3027:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2961:. Archived from
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2812:
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2795:
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2769:
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2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2676:. Archived from
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2540:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2270:
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2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:. 8 October 2021
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1815:The Jakarta Post
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1772:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1500:Capacity factors
1489:renewable energy
1371:biomagnification
1237:low birth weight
1134:
1117:
1072:carbon intensity
989: Other (5%)
988:
983: Solar (4%)
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
953: Coal (36%)
952:
922:renewable energy
900:A well-designed
894:
862:
855:
851:
848:
842:
811:
803:
770:
763:
759:
756:
750:
719:
711:
646:
639:
635:
632:
626:
595:
587:
573:Boiler operation
533:
526:
522:
519:
513:
482:
474:
314:
307:
303:
300:
294:
263:
255:
84:coal power plant
21:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:
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4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4611:
4608:
4551:Wayback Machine
4495:
4490:
4489:
4479:
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4456:
4446:
4444:
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4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4392:Climate Tracker
4385:
4384:
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4359:
4358:
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4151:
4149:
4148:. 29 March 2021
4138:
4137:
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4113:
4112:
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4056:
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4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3967:
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3952:
3950:
3948:Financial Times
3941:
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3936:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3824:
3823:
3810:
3766:
3765:
3754:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3558:. 8 August 2018
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3237:Hazardous Waste
3231:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2958:IHI Corporation
2952:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2426:. 26 March 2019
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1949:
1948:. 28 March 2021
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1655:. 26 April 2022
1647:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1620:
1600:
1539:
1522:stranded assets
1518:Paris Agreement
1514:
1512:Stranded assets
1506:capacity factor
1502:
1483:
1459:Paris Agreement
1454:
1448:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1328:
1326:Water pollution
1321:
1317:
1313:
1295:sulphur dioxide
1287:
1279:Western Balkans
1268:water pollution
1246:
1213:
1207:
1195:
1187:thermal storage
1179:
1163:
1155:Paris Agreement
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1064:
1050:
1034:
1028:
1012:
993:
992:
991:
990:
986:
984:
980:
978:
977: Wind (7%)
974:
972:
968:
966:
962:
960:
956:
954:
950:
934:
885:
883:
863:
852:
846:
843:
828:
812:
801:
795:
771:
760:
754:
751:
736:
720:
709:
703:
675:
647:
636:
630:
627:
612:
596:
585:
575:
569:
558:
534:
523:
517:
514:
499:
483:
472:
470:Coal processing
408:
402:
347:diesel-electric
315:
304:
298:
295:
280:
264:
239:
204:
198:
177:stranded assets
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:United Kingdom
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4570:Carbon Tracker
4563:
4554:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4494:
4493:External links
4491:
4488:
4487:
4454:
4432:
4409:
4398:on 15 May 2020
4378:
4352:
4326:
4317:|journal=
4286:
4260:
4237:
4211:
4186:
4159:
4131:
4106:
4101:Carbon Tracker
4088:
4049:
4031:
4007:
3960:
3934:
3884:
3858:
3831:Applied Energy
3808:
3752:
3711:
3684:
3624:
3598:
3587:. 4 April 2016
3569:
3543:
3532:. 2 April 2016
3517:
3491:
3464:
3405:
3394:. Berkeley, CA
3392:Berkeley Earth
3378:
3315:
3290:
3268:
3242:
3224:
3207:
3193:
3169:
3157:
3146:on 4 July 2019
3127:
3103:
3089:
3059:
3033:
3005:
2993:Power Magazine
2979:
2940:
2875:
2834:
2807:
2764:
2734:
2708:
2691:
2661:
2649:POWER Magazine
2635:
2610:
2569:
2530:
2500:
2463:
2437:
2411:
2386:
2375:on 10 May 2020
2356:
2351:10.14359/18496
2329:
2309:
2290:
2271:
2226:
2195:
2176:
2150:
2109:
2083:
2057:
2034:
1996:
1962:
1931:
1905:
1880:
1871:|journal=
1827:
1802:
1732:
1699:
1666:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1608:Akbelen Forest
1604:Hambach Forest
1599:
1596:
1538:
1535:
1526:Carbon Tracker
1513:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1481:
1466:global warming
1447:
1444:
1430:energy markets
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1378:sulfur dioxide
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:nitrogen oxide
1286:
1283:
1244:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1193:Carbon capture
1191:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1159:
1149:has said that
1136:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:Coal phase out
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1076:greenhouse gas
1049:
1046:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
1011:
1008:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
945:petawatt-hours
937:
936:
935:
933:
930:
882:
879:
865:
864:
815:
813:
806:
797:Main article:
794:
791:
773:
772:
723:
721:
714:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
674:
671:
649:
648:
599:
597:
590:
574:
571:
556:
542:conveyor belts
536:
535:
486:
484:
477:
471:
468:
430:and, finally,
424:thermal energy
401:
398:
317:
316:
267:
265:
258:
238:
235:
227:Steam turbines
223:direct current
197:
194:
183:has said that
157:carbon dioxide
148:and, finally,
142:thermal energy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4691:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:United States
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4226:. 21 May 2021
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4069:(4): 99–124.
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4024:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:Nature Energy
3971:
3964:
3961:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Energy Policy
3898:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:(4): 044028.
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3506:. 15 May 2015
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3140:ukccsrc.ac.uk
3137:
3131:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3078:on 7 May 2020
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3022:. 24 May 2020
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2287:. Casper, WY.
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:Energy Policy
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:The Economist
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2132:(4): 80–110.
2131:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:The Economist
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1863:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:The Economist
1709:
1703:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1576:coal in China
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:, coal plant
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:CO2 emissions
1475:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1396:populations.
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:methylmercury
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:heart disease
1230:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:supercritical
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
948:
946:
942:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:energy policy
880:
878:
876:
872:
861:
858:
850:
840:
836:
832:
826:
825:
821:
816:This section
814:
810:
805:
804:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
769:
766:
758:
748:
744:
740:
734:
733:
729:
724:This section
722:
718:
713:
712:
708:
700:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
683:wet scrubbers
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
645:
642:
634:
624:
620:
616:
610:
609:
605:
600:This section
598:
594:
589:
588:
584:
580:
572:
570:
567:
565:
560:
554:
553:talcum powder
550:
545:
543:
532:
529:
521:
511:
507:
503:
497:
496:
492:
487:This section
485:
481:
476:
475:
469:
467:
465:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
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