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has retrofitted a 30-MWth existing PC-fired power plant to operate in oxy-fuel mode; in Ciuden, Spain, Endesa has a newly built 30-MWth oxy-fuel plant using circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology. Babcock-ThermoEnergy's Zero
Emission Boiler System (ZEBS) is oxy-combustion-based; this
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after which it is then transported and deposited underground (preferably in soil beneath the sea). This injection process however is by far the most expensive. Besides the cost of the equipment and the ammonium carbonate, the coal-fired power plant also needs to use 30% of its generated heat to do
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Coal can also be cleaned in part by chemical treatments. The concept is to use chemicals to remove deleterious components of coal, leaving the combustible material behind. Typically, coal cleaning entails treatment of crushed coal with acids or bases. This technology is expensive and has rarely
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Pollution led to more than 2.3 million premature deaths in India in 2019, according to a new Lancet study. Nearly 1.6 million deaths were due to air pollution alone, and more than 500,000 were caused by water pollution. India has developed instruments and regulatory powers to mitigate pollution
785:
The Great Plains
Synfuels plant supports the technical feasibility of carbon dioxide sequestration. Carbon dioxide from the coal gasification is shipped to Canada, where it is injected into the ground to aid in oil recovery. A drawback of the carbon sequestration process is that it is expensive
777:
In conjunction with enhanced oil recovery and other applications, commercial-scale CCS is currently being tested in several countries. Proposed CCS sites are subjected to extensive investigation and monitoring to avoid potential hazards, which could include leakage of sequestered CO2 to the
1018:
In 2014 SaskPower a provincial-owned electric utility finished renovations on
Boundary Dam's boiler number 3 making it the world's first post-combustion carbon capture storage facility. The renovation project ended up costing a little over $ 1.2 billion and can scrub out
902:
often contain a higher level of moisture content which contains a lower energy content per tonne. This causes a reduced burning efficiency and an increased emissions output. Reduction of moisture from the coal prior to combustion can reduce emissions by up to 50 percent.
1010:
sources but there is no centralized system to drive pollution control efforts and achieve substantial improvements," the study said adding that in 93% of the country, the amount of pollution remains well above the World Health
Organization (WHO) guidelines.
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expressed interest in the development of CCS technologies as part of an overall comprehensive energy plan. The development of pollution mitigation technologies could also create export business for the United States or any other country working on it.
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atmosphere, induced geological instability, or contamination of water sources such as oceans and aquifers used for drinking water supplies. As of 2021, the only demonstrator for CCS on a coal plant that stores the gas underground is part of the
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Sugathan, Anish; Bhangale, Ritesh; Kansal, Vishal; Hulke, Unmil (2018). "How can Indian power plants cost-effectively meet the new sulfur emission standards? Policy evaluation using marginal abatement cost-curves".
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has said that "It is absolutely worthwhile to invest in carbon capture and storage", noting that even if the U.S. and Europe turned their backs on coal, developing nations like India and China would likely not.
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operations. However, after many delays and a cost runup to $ 7.5 billion (triple the initial budget), the coal gasification project was abandoned and as of late 2017, Kemper is under construction as a cheaper
769:. Although they burn coal more efficiently and therefore emit less pollution, the technology has not generally proved economically viable for coal, except possibly in Japan although this is controversial.
586:
The wastes produced by the combustion of coal can be classified into three categories: gases, particulates, and solids (ash). The gaseous products can be filtered and scrubbed to miminize the release of
1047:-led government to recoup lost energy capacity from the partial shutdown of nuclear power plants in Japan and to replace aging coal and oil-fired power plants, while meeting 2030 emission targets of the
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990:. Researchers in China are focusing on increasing efficiency of burning coal so they can get more power out of less coal. It is estimated that new high efficiency power plants could reduce CO
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reduction in the atmosphere, but provides an achievable solution in the near term while more desirable alternative solutions to power generation can be made economically practical.
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29:
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The combustion of coal releases diverse chemicals into the air. The main products are water and carbon dioxide, just like the combustion of petroleum. Also released are
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2008:
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Mitigation of coal-based pollution can be divided into several distinct approaches. Coal pollution mitigation seek to minimize negative impacts of coal combustion.
906:
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) conducted projects called the Clean Coal
Technology & Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI).
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Such processes remove minerals and other noncombustible components of coal, exploiting their greater density vs that of coal. This technology is widely practiced.
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1514:
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Newly built coal-fired power plants can be made to immediately use gasification of the coal prior to combustion. This makes it much easier to separate off the CO
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from the exhaust fumes, making the process cheaper. This gasification process is done in new coal-burning power plants such as the coal-burning power plant at
2056:
1953:
1067:
1114:
has said that "we should strive to have new electricity generation come from other sources, such as clean coal and renewables", and former Energy
Secretary
2003:
1646:
2842:
2816:
1084:. Bush's position was that carbon capture and storage technologies should be encouraged as one means to reduce the country's dependence on foreign oil.
914:
Whether carbon capture and storage technology is adopted worldwide will "...depend less on science than on economics. Cleaning coal is very expensive."
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into depleted natural gas fields or other geological formations. Vattenfall opines that this technology is considered not to be a final solution for CO
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the injection (parasitic load). A test-setup has been done in the
American Electric Power Mountaineer coal-burning power plant.
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can be efficiently captured and separated, transported, and ultimately sequestered, This technology is usually associated with
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2057:"Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization to the Rescue of Coal? Global Perspectives and Focus on China and the United States"
967:
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emissions. Mitigation includes precombustion approaches, such as cleaning coal, and post combustion approaches, include
3518:
1701:
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1993:
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has only been partially successful. It has also revealed that low use of technology such as SCR has resulted in high NO
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3513:
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935:
835:
521:
650:, requires separate set of technologies but usually involves landfilling or some immobilization approaches. Reducing
2081:"Carbon capture and coal gasification can be a game changer for India - Opinion by Atanu Mukherjee | ET EnergyWorld"
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and oxygen, rather than in air, which largely eliminates nitrogen from the flue gas enabling efficient, low-cost CO
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expressed his support for clean coal, and claimed that current federal policies were hampering the coal industry.
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allocated $ 3.4 billion for advanced carbon capture and storage technologies, including demonstration projects.
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1244: โ Product of the coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and pollutants from lower-rank coals
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system features near 100% carbon-capture and according to company information virtually no air-emissions.
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1802:
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1739:"Influence of the hydrothermal dewatering on the combustion characteristics of Chinese low-rank coals"
1738:
1299:
Chiang, Shiao-Hung; Cobb, James T. (2000). "Coal
Conversion Processes, Cleaning and Desulfurization".
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2930:
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An early example of a coal-based plant using (oxy-fuel) carbon-capture technology is
Swedish company
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287:
167:
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Japan had adopted prior pilot projects on IGCC coal power plants in the early-1990s and late-2000s.
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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As of 2019 costs of retrofitting CCS are unclear and the economics depends partly on how the
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342:
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115:
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http://discovermagazine.com/2009/feb/25-can-clean-coal-actually-work/?searchterm=clean%20coal
1161: โ international non-treaty agreement among ASEAN countries launched on January 12, 2006
994:
emission by 7% because they won't have to burn as much coal to get the same amount of power.
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2141:"Japanese government planning to build 45 new coal fired power stations to diversify supply"
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Physical cleaning of coal usually involves gravimetric processes, often in conjunction with
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reduction. These measures aim to reduce coal's impact on human health and the environment.
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155:
85:
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Ge, Lichao; Zhang, Yanwei; Xu, Chang; Wang, Zhihua; Zhou, Junhu; Cen, Kefa (2015-11-05).
839:
An oxyfuel CCS power plant operation processes the exhaust gases so as to separate the CO
17:
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1883:
1754:
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1043:, high energy, lower emission (HELE) coal power plants were increasingly favored by the
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2660:
1691:"Can Clean Coal Actually Work?" article in Feb. 2009 issue, p. 18, Retrieved 2009-05-11
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1427:
1235:
1203:
1170: โ Lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, after pyrolysis of biomass
1077:
934:
One solution to reduce this thermal loss/parasitic load is to burn the pulverised load
832:
will be pipelined to and utilized for enhanced oil recovery in the
Weyburn oil fields.
790:
535:
and nitrogen oxides, as well as some mercury. The residue remaining after combustion,
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509:
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for energy. Burning coal releases harmful substances that contribute to air pollution,
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often contains arsenic, mercury, and lead. Finally, the burning of coal, especially
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1978:
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the plant produces, which would have been utilized and geologically sequestered in
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635:
571:
417:
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1564:. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from
1400:. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from
824:
will use post-combustion, amine-based scrubber technology to capture 90% of the CO
559:
Prior to its combustion, coal can be cleaned by physical and by chemical means.
3413:
3408:
3350:
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3275:
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1974:"World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest"
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1643:"Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Project"
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Conversion of a conventional coal-fired power plant is done by injecting the CO
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1194: โ Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change
1115:
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822:
Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Project
540:
80:
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1600:
1589:"Piles of Dirty Secrets Behind a Model 'Clean Coal' Project (Published 2016)"
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Satellite monitoring is now used to crosscheck national data, for example
672:
Several different technological methods are available for carbon capture:
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3383:
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3213:
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and acid rain producing pollutants, separates them, and compresses the CO
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536:
397:
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242:
209:
105:
90:
1508:"Universal failure: How IGCC coal plants waste money and emissions Nove"
3295:
3143:
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1188: โ Reservoir absorbing more carbon from, than emitting to, the air
1167:
951:
864:
860:
651:
525:
75:
3280:
3198:
1958:
252:
219:
1238: โ 1997 international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
800:-based power plant, was expected to use pre-combustion capture of CO
724:โ Fossil fuels such as coal are burned in a mixture of recirculated
2445:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2257:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1055:, a further development of integrated gasification combined cycle.
966:
Local pollution standards include GB13223-2011 (China), India, the
3133:
834:
327:
28:
1914:"China's Emissions: More Than U.S. Plus Europe, and Still Rising"
894:
Other carbon capture and storage technologies include those that
886:
Other examples of oxy-combustion carbon capture are in progress.
3378:
3330:
3218:
3138:
3115:
2538:
2491:
1954:"Yes, The U.S. Leads All Countries In Reducing Carbon Emissions"
1336:
1051:. 45 HELE power plants have been planned, purportedly to employ
1023:
and toxins from up to 90 percent of the flue gas that it emits.
867:, which went on-line in September 2008. The facility captures CO
794:
500:, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate
322:
110:
52:
3088:
2594:
2166:"Want to Burn Coal and Save the Planet? Japan Touts a Solution"
2033:"China's drive to clean up its coal power, one plant at a time"
3325:
2409:
2221:
2194:
317:
2520:"Clean Coal Technology & The Clean Coal Power Initiative"
2109:"World's First Full-Scale 'Clean' Coal Plant Opens in Canada"
1785:"Clean Coal Technology & The Clean Coal Power Initiative"
1622:"$ 7.5 billion Kemper power plant suspends coal gasification"
1041:
subsequent widespread public opposition against nuclear power
2503:
2479:
2291:
Biello, David (January 2016). "The Carbon Capture Fallacy".
1426:
Karplus, Valerie J.; Zhang, Shuang; Almond, Douglas (2018).
2576:
2557:
2488:"National Energy Technology Laboratory compendium homepage"
2390:
1176: โ Collecting carbon dioxide from industrial emissions
1033:
catastrophic failure of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant
574:, German industry removed ash from coal by treatments with
1799:"Major Demonstrations: Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)"
1841:
1839:
1159:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
1206: โ Environmental policy intended to stop using coal
3084:
2537:. National Energy Technology Laboratory. Archived from
2512:"US federal Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management"
2434:
2246:
1490:"New satellite data analysis reveals world's biggest NO
1208:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1215: โ Combustible mixture of coal particles in water
714:
Post-combustion capture โ This refers to capture of CO
1428:"Quantifying coal power plant responses to tighter SO
3441:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1934:"Chinese coal fuels rise in global carbon emissions"
1558:"IGCC Project Examples - Kemper County IGCC Project"
1361:. Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy
1163:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1152:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
765:(IGCC) coal-fired power plants have been built with
3431:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
3349:
3181:
3122:
2954:
2857:
2790:
2628:
2391:"The Future of Coal An Interdisciplinary MIT Study"
1684:
1682:
1826:"Coal Hard Facts: Cleaning It Won't Be Dirt Cheap"
1702:"Overview of Oxy-fuel Combustion Technology for CO
1540:"Japan says no to high-emission coal power plants"
918:Cost of converting a single coal-fired power plant
2480:"International Energy Agency - Clean Coal Centre"
2429:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2241:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2190:"Transcript And Audio: First Obama-Romney Debate"
1143:, but was abolished in the Biden administration.
942:Cost implications for new coal-fired power plants
1436:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1301:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1265:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1200: โ Overview and history of coal production
1124:2012 United States presidential election debate
502:health and environmental impact of burning coal
570:moved beyond the demonstration phase. During
3100:
2606:
828:emitted by Unit 3 of the power plant; this CO
474:
8:
1273:10.1002/0471238961.0315011222151818.a01.pub3
1068:Fossil fuel regulations in the United States
2004:Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
1381:"Picking a Winner in Clean-Coal Technology"
1232: โ Technology used to burn solid fuels
718:from exhaust gases of combustion processes.
3107:
3093:
3085:
2613:
2599:
2591:
1136:Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management
481:
467:
273:Coal mining disasters in the United States
39:
2573:"Institute for Clean & Secure Energy"
2500:"Institute for Clean & Secure Energy"
2465:Learn how and when to remove this message
2277:Learn how and when to remove this message
1465:
1455:
1225:Environmental impact of the coal industry
1221: โ Coal product used in making steel
1080:on several occasions, including his 2007
875:into a liquid. Plans are to inject the CO
2706:Environmentally healthy community design
1355:"Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Research"
691:
638:can remove both gases and particulates.
613:
601:
2393:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1309:10.1002/0471238961.0312050103080901.a01
1255:
1182: โ Storing carbon in a carbon pool
1053:integrated gasification fuel cell cycle
843:so that it may be stored or sequestered
676:Pre-combustion capture โ This involves
543:, can release radioactive materials.
51:
1645:. Global CCS Institute. Archived from
1333:"Mercury control from coal combustion"
1105:American Reinvestment and Recovery Act
999:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
763:Integrated gasification combined cycle
709:Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
680:of a feedstock (such as coal) to form
627:emissions can be reduced by up to 95%.
3399:mining disasters in the United States
2341:"Clean coal technology: How it works"
2102:
2100:
2027:
2025:
1395:"R&D Facts - Oxy-Fuel Combustion"
1294:
1292:
753:emissions in South Africa and India.
7:
2575:. University of Utah. Archived from
2556:. University of Utah. Archived from
2379:"In Clean Coal We Trust - or Do We?"
1763:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.015
1133:During the Trump administration, an
745:has shown that Chinese control of SO
786:compared to traditional processes.
3426:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2843:waste-water treatment technologies
2535:"Clean Coal Technology Compendium"
1998:emissions; USA in second position"
1141:United States Department of Energy
1076:was mentioned by former President
1037:2011 Tลhoku earthquake and tsunami
982:Since 2006, China releases more CO
25:
2828:agricultural wastewater treatment
2329:"Can the Earth be Coal-Friendly?"
2313:10.1038/scientificamerican0116-58
1089:US Presidential campaign for 2008
3172:
2781:
2414:
2226:
2164:Watanabe, Chisaki (2015-11-10).
1846:Nijhuis, Michelle (April 2014).
1198:Coal mining in the United States
1035:in Japan that resulted from the
288:Environmental problems involving
59:
2909:List of energy storage projects
2833:industrial wastewater treatment
2686:Environmental impact assessment
2656:Environmental impact assessment
2359:Wald, Matthew L. (2008-08-27).
2011:from the original on 2019-07-09
1520:from the original on 2016-12-19
936:with pure oxygen instead of air
968:Industrial Emissions Directive
962:Country by country experiences
820:The Saskatchewan Government's
1:
1669:"Vattenfall's Project on CSS"
1432:emissions standards in China"
1263:Hower, James (2016). "Coal".
972:Clean Air Act (United States)
619:selective catalytic reduction
518:selective catalytic reduction
1824:Ball, Jeffrey (2009-03-20).
1787:. U.S. Department of Energy.
1671:. Vattenfall. Archived from
853:Schwarze Pumpe power station
3549:Environmental controversies
2691:Environmental impact design
2139:McHugh, Babs (2017-02-23).
2114:National Geographic Society
1892:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.008
1743:Applied Thermal Engineering
1620:Geuss, Megan (2017-06-29).
1496:. Greenpeace International.
757:Combined cycle power plants
632:Electrostatic precipitators
522:electrostatic precipitators
3570:
3446:Health effects of coal ash
3254:power in the United States
3049:High-performance buildings
2107:Danko, Pete (2014-10-02).
1587:Urbina, Ian (2016-07-05).
1174:Carbon capture and storage
1110:Former Secretary of State
1082:State of the Union Address
1065:
791:Kemper County IGCC Project
780:Boundary Dam Power Station
668:Carbon capture and storage
665:
3494:
3170:
3044:Heat recovery ventilation
3029:Environmental remediation
2779:
2646:Climate smart agriculture
2554:"Utah Clean Coal Program"
2522:. US Department of Energy
2333:PBS Documentary (Wyoming)
1848:"Can Coal Ever Be Clean?"
1192:Climate change mitigation
494:Coal pollution mitigation
408:Coal pollution mitigation
303:coal mining in Appalachia
18:Coal Pollution Mitigation
3554:Environmental mitigation
3316:Greenhouse gas emissions
3034:Glass in green buildings
2978:sustainable architecture
2622:Environmental technology
1712:. World Coal Association
1230:Fluidized bed combustion
804:to capture 65% of the CO
607:flue-gas desulfurization
514:flue-gas desulfurization
308:Greenhouse gas emissions
101:Coal-fired power station
96:Coal combustion products
33:Emissions controls at a
3476:Problems in coal mining
1830:The Wall Street Journal
1457:10.1073/pnas.1800605115
863:, built by German firm
711:process configurations.
547:Mitigation technologies
496:, sometimes labeled as
365:Problems in coal mining
3451:History of coal mining
3024:Environmental movement
2721:Sustainability science
2711:Public interest design
2636:Appropriate technology
2361:"The Energy Challenge"
1994:"China now no. 1 in CO
1801:. NETL. Archived from
1213:Coal-water slurry fuel
1139:was set up within the
1072:In the United States,
844:
578:and related reagents.
443:History of coal mining
338:the petroleum industry
205:Coal preparation plant
37:
35:coal fired power plant
3306:Fossil fuel phase-out
3204:Black coal equivalent
2903:hydrogen technologies
2817:Solid waste treatment
1805:on September 24, 2006
888:Callide Power Station
838:
810:enhanced oil recovery
656:radioactive materials
654:reduces emissions of
634:remove particulates.
428:Fossil fuel phase-out
32:
3539:Chemical engineering
3311:Great Smog of London
3244:pollution mitigation
3074:Water heat recycling
3004:Efficient energy use
2994:Conservation biology
2931:Sustainable lighting
2867:Efficient energy use
2681:Environmental Design
2651:Environmental design
2435:improve this article
2247:improve this article
2200:Federal News Service
1710:Cornerstone Magazine
1180:Carbon sequestration
743:Sentinel-5 Precursor
737:Satellite monitoring
438:Great Smog of London
3519:Emissions reduction
3229:fired power station
3224:combustion products
3149:Sub-bituminous coal
3126:(lowest to highest)
3123:Coal types by grade
3059:Nature conservation
3054:Land rehabilitation
3009:Energy conservation
2898:carbon-neutral fuel
2806:dispersion modeling
2447:footnote references
2385:. October 15, 2013.
2305:2015SciAm.314a..58B
2293:Scientific American
2259:footnote references
2121:on January 12, 2019
1884:2018EnPol.121..124S
1852:National Geographic
1755:2015AppTE..90..174G
1544:Nikkei Asian Review
1494:emissions hotspots"
1448:2018PNAS..115.7004K
1343:on August 17, 2018.
722:Oxy-fuel combustion
703:, from which the CO
646:The solid residue,
3529:Energy development
3514:Chemical processes
3364:Black lung disease
3341:Toxic heavy metals
3321:Metallurgical coal
2877:Energy development
2859:Sustainable energy
2848:water purification
2812:Industrial ecology
2365:The New York Times
1919:The New York Times
1858:on March 16, 2014.
1593:The New York Times
1407:on 31 October 2014
1091:, both candidates
928:ammonium carbonate
845:
617:can be removed by
605:can be removed by
433:Fossil fuels lobby
355:Hydrosulfuric acid
343:toxic heavy metals
263:Black lung disease
225:Metallurgical coal
183:Coal-mining region
38:
3501:
3500:
3259:preparation plant
3194:Asian brown cloud
3127:
3082:
3081:
2919:commercialization
2475:
2474:
2467:
2335:. April 10, 2009.
2287:
2286:
2279:
2085:ETEnergyworld.com
1649:on 10 August 2014
1318:978-0-471-48494-3
1282:978-0-471-48494-3
1267:. pp. 1โ63.
1122:During the first
988:any other country
798:coal gasification
793:, a proposed 582
767:coal gasification
576:hydrofluoric acid
491:
490:
248:Asian brown cloud
16:(Redirected from
3561:
3524:Energy economics
3456:Hydrogen sulfide
3176:
3125:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3019:Energy recycling
2940:electric vehicle
2914:Renewable energy
2888:alternative fuel
2838:sewage treatment
2822:Waste management
2785:
2676:Energy recycling
2671:Electric vehicle
2641:Clean technology
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2507:
2502:. Archived from
2495:
2490:. Archived from
2483:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2383:ParisTech Review
2374:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2324:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2007:. 19 June 2007.
1990:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:. Archived from
1843:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1568:on 17 March 2014
1554:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1513:. Kiko Network.
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1322:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1260:
1209:
1164:
1138:
1137:
910:Financial impact
898:low-rank coals.
701:rich gas mixture
694:
678:the gasification
616:
604:
483:
476:
469:
382:Related articles
63:
40:
21:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3534:Coal technology
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3345:
3182:Coal combustion
3177:
3168:
3154:Bituminous coal
3124:
3118:
3113:
3083:
3078:
3039:Green computing
3014:Energy recovery
2950:
2882:Energy recovery
2872:Electrification
2853:
2799:Air pollution (
2786:
2777:
2624:
2619:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2432:
2423:This section's
2419:
2415:
2408:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2327:
2290:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2244:
2235:This section's
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:Further reading
2215:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:. 26 July 2018.
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1442:(27): 7004โ09.
1431:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1207:
1162:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1112:Hillary Clinton
1070:
1064:
1049:Paris Agreement
1029:
1022:
1016:
1007:
993:
985:
980:
964:
949:
944:
925:
920:
912:
882:
878:
874:
870:
842:
831:
827:
807:
803:
775:
759:
752:
748:
739:
731:
717:
706:
698:
693:
689:
684:, which may be
670:
664:
644:
615:
611:
603:
599:
594:
590:
584:
582:Post-combustion
564:froth flotation
557:
549:
487:
458:
457:
383:
375:
374:
238:
230:
229:
86:Bituminous coal
71:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Mining regions
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:homogenization
3386:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3336:Sulfur dioxide
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:power in China
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2945:hybrid vehicle
2942:
2936:Transportation
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2716:Sustainability
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Green building
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Eco-innovation
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2550:
2531:
2516:
2508:
2506:on 2009-03-02.
2496:
2494:on 2008-08-29.
2484:
2473:
2472:
2427:external links
2422:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:External links
2404:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2375:
2356:
2337:
2325:
2285:
2284:
2239:external links
2234:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2181:
2156:
2131:
2096:
2072:
2048:
2021:
1995:
1985:
1965:
1945:
1925:
1905:
1861:
1835:
1816:
1790:
1776:
1729:
1723:
1703:
1693:
1678:
1675:on 2010-10-26.
1660:
1634:
1624:. Ars Technica
1612:
1579:
1549:
1531:
1499:
1491:
1481:
1429:
1418:
1386:
1372:
1346:
1324:
1317:
1288:
1281:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:Kyoto Protocol
1233:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:Coal phase out
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1116:Dr. Steven Chu
1078:George W. Bush
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1031:Following the
1028:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
991:
983:
979:
976:
963:
960:
947:
943:
940:
923:
919:
916:
911:
908:
900:Low-rank coals
880:
876:
872:
868:
840:
829:
825:
805:
801:
774:
771:
758:
755:
750:
746:
738:
735:
734:
733:
729:
719:
715:
712:
704:
696:
688:to produce an
666:Main article:
663:
662:Carbon capture
660:
643:
640:
629:
628:
622:
609:
592:
588:
583:
580:
556:
553:
548:
545:
533:sulfur dioxide
510:greenhouse gas
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Coal-seam fire
410:
405:
403:Coal phase-out
400:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
333:sulfur dioxide
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
201:
200:
195:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3566:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:mining region
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:New Classical
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:refurbishment
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:Sustainable (
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Green vehicle
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Ecotechnology
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2579:on 2009-03-02
2578:
2574:
2570:
2560:on 2009-03-02
2559:
2555:
2551:
2541:on 2008-08-29
2540:
2536:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2443:inappropriate
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
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3286:Energy value
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3064:Permaculture
2983:New Urbanism
2955:Conservation
2747:food systems
2732:architecture
2581:. Retrieved
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2036:
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572:World War II
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418:Energy lobby
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313:human health
146:South Africa
70:Economic use
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3351:Coal mining
3301:Fossil fuel
2999:Ecoforestry
2757:procurement
2742:development
2727:agriculture
2455:August 2023
2267:August 2023
1749:: 174โ181.
1562:Gasifipedia
1524:13 November
1186:Carbon sink
1128:Mitt Romney
1093:John McCain
1087:During the
855:located in
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595:, mercury:
453:War on coal
423:Fossil fuel
283:Coal slurry
278:Coal refuse
215:Coke (fuel)
163:Coal mining
3508:Categories
3374:Coalfields
3159:Anthracite
2968:insulation
2961:Building (
2924:transition
2767:technology
2752:industries
2583:2009-03-29
2564:2009-03-29
2545:2009-03-29
2526:2009-03-29
2397:2009-03-29
2370:2010-04-30
2351:2010-01-02
2206:2013-05-24
2175:2017-02-23
2150:2017-02-23
2145:ABC Online
2125:2017-04-27
2090:2020-01-25
2066:2020-01-25
2042:2017-05-04
2015:2018-03-20
1878:: 124โ37.
1628:2017-07-01
1606:2021-02-03
1359:Energy.gov
1250:References
1074:clean coal
1045:Shinzล Abe
1039:, and the
954:, called "
849:Vattenfall
541:anthracite
498:clean coal
293:Appalachia
198:in the USA
188:Coal power
178:in the USA
81:Anthracite
3486:Whitedamp
3471:Peak coal
3466:Outbursts
3369:Coal dust
3359:Blackdamp
3264:seam fire
3239:phase-out
3069:Recycling
2792:Pollution
2772:transport
2439:excessive
2251:excessive
2170:Bloomberg
1939:The Times
1900:158703760
1771:1359-4311
1601:0362-4331
1219:Coke fuel
857:Spremberg
506:acid rain
448:Peak coal
370:Whitedamp
360:Outbursts
268:Coal dust
258:Blackdamp
173:in the UK
116:Australia
3436:Firedamp
3291:Flue gas
3214:Charcoal
3189:Ash pond
3164:Graphite
2345:BBC News
2321:26887197
2009:Archived
1706:Capture"
1515:Archived
1476:29915085
1147:See also
956:GreenGen
732:capture.
726:flue gas
648:coal ash
537:coal ash
398:Coal oil
350:Firedamp
298:coal ash
243:Ash pond
210:Coal tar
193:in China
168:in Chile
106:Coal gas
91:Charcoal
45:a series
43:Part of
3296:Fly ash
3144:Lignite
2973:natural
2893:biofuel
2826:Water (
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2425:use of
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2245:Please
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1880:Bibcode
1751:Bibcode
1716:22 July
1653:22 July
1572:22 July
1467:6142229
1444:Bibcode
1411:22 July
1365:22 July
1168:Biochar
952:Tianjin
896:dewater
865:Siemens
861:Germany
686:shifted
652:fly ash
625:Mercury
526:fly ash
156:Ukraine
111:Coal in
76:Ammonia
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3409:refuse
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2737:design
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1959:Forbes
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253:Asthma
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126:Europe
121:Canada
3134:Xylit
2963:green
1896:S2CID
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1398:(PDF)
1027:Japan
1005:India
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978:China
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328:smoke
131:India
3544:Coal
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3379:Coal
3331:Smog
3276:Coke
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3139:Peat
3116:Coal
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2002:PBL
1811:2012
1767:ISSN
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1574:2014
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1367:2014
1337:UNEP
1313:ISBN
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1103:The
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