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697:. Both the chemical composition and physical properties are important to the usefulness of coke in blast furnaces. In terms of composition, low ash and sulphur content are desirable. Other important characteristics are the M10, M25, and M40 test crush indexes, which convey the strength of coke during transportation into the blast furnaces; depending on the blast furnace's size, finely crushed coke pieces must not be allowed into the furnace because they would impede the flow of gas through the charge of iron and coke. A related characteristic is the
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19th century, but two events greatly lessened its importance. These were the invention of the hot blast in iron-smelting and the introduction of the beehive coke oven. The use of a blast of hot air, instead of cold air, in the smelting furnace was first introduced by
Neilson in Scotland in 1828. The hearth process of making coke from coal is a very lengthy process.
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Oeters, Franz; Ottow, Manfred; Meiler, Heinrich; Lüngen, Hans Bodo; Koltermann, Manfred; Buhr, Andreas; Yagi, Jun-Ichiro; Formanek, Lothar; Rose, Fritz; Flickenschild, Jürgen; Hauk, Rolf; Steffen, Rolf; Skroch, Reiner; Mayer-Schwinning, Gernot; Bünnagel, Heinz-Lothar; Hoff, Hans-Georg (2006). "Iron".
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valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region. By 1078 CE, the implementation of coke as a replacement to charcoal in the production of iron in China dramatically increased the industry to 125,000 tons per year. The iron was used for the creation
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starts and produces volatile matter, which burns inside the partially closed side door. Carbonization proceeds from top to bottom and is completed in two to three days. The heat required for the process is supplied by the burning volatile matter, so no by-products are recovered. The exhaust gases are
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came into use, but burning coke, with its low smoke emissions, was considered to meet the requirement. This rule was quietly dropped, and cheaper coal became the normal fuel, as railways gained acceptance among the public. The smoke plume produced by a travelling locomotive seems now to be a mark of
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to "purify pit-coal and free it from its offensive smell". In 1620, a patent was granted to a company composed of
William St. John and other knights, mentioning the use of coke in smelting ores and manufacturing metals. In 1627, a patent was granted to Sir John Hacket and Octavius de Strada for
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The water content in coke is practically zero at the end of the coking process, but it is often water quenched so that it can be transported to the blast furnaces. The porous structure of coke absorbs some water, usually 3–6% of its mass. In more modern coke plants an advanced method of coke cooling
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When coal was burned in a coke oven, the impurities of the coal that were not driven off as gases accumulated in the oven as slag – effectively a conglomeration of the removed impurities. Since this slag was not the desired product, it was initially just discarded. Later, however, coke oven slag was
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Between 1870 and 1905, the number of beehive ovens in the US increased from approximately 200 to nearly 31,000, which produced nearly 18,000,000 tons of coke in the
Pittsburgh area alone. One observer boasted that if loaded into a train, "the year's production would make up a train so long that the
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the coking process begins. If the range of coal types is too great, the resulting coke is of widely varying strength and ash content, and is usually unsaleable, although in some cases it may be sold as an ordinary heating fuel. As coke has already lost its volatile matter, it cannot be coked again.
960:
built a more practical oven for converting coal into coke. Wilkinson improved the process by building the coal heaps around a low central chimney built of loose bricks and with openings for the combustion gases to enter, resulting in a higher yield of better coke. With greater skill in the firing,
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of forests became unable to meet the demand, the substitution of coke for charcoal became common in Great
Britain, and coke was manufactured by burning coal in heaps on the ground so that only the outer layer burned, leaving the interior of the pile in a carbonized state. In the late 18th century,
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The "hearth" process of coke-making, using lump coal, was akin to that of charcoal-burning; instead of a heap of prepared wood, covered with twigs, leaves and earth, there was a heap of coal, covered with coke dust. The hearth process continued to be used in many areas during the first half of the
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from thermal coal, i.e. different forms of the compressed and fossilized vegetative matter that comprise the coal. The different macerals arise from different mixtures of the plant species, and variations of the conditions under which the coal has formed. Coking coal is graded according to its ash
247:
The greater the volatile matter in coal, the more by-product can be produced. It is generally considered that levels of 26–29% of volatile matter in the coal blend are good for coking purposes. Thus, different types of coal are proportionally blended to reach acceptable levels of volatility before
311:
A fire brick chamber shaped like a dome is used, commonly known as a beehive oven. It is typically about 4 meters (13 ft) wide and 2.5 meters (8 ft) high. The roof has a hole for charging the coal or other kindling from the top. A discharging hole is provided in the circumference of the
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Although it made a top-quality fuel, coking poisoned the surrounding landscape. After 1900, the serious environmental damage of beehive coking attracted national notice, although the damage had plagued the district for decades. "The smoke and gas from some ovens destroy all vegetation around the
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saw "long rows of beehive ovens from which flame is bursting and dense clouds of smoke issuing, making the sky dark. By night, the scene is rendered indescribably vivid by these numerous burning pits. The beehive ovens make the entire region of coke manufacture one of dulled sky: cheerless and
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Wastewater from coking is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It contains phenolic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic organics, and inorganics including cyanides, sulfides, ammonium and ammonia. Various methods for its treatment have been studied in recent years. The white rot fungus
701:(CSR) index; it represents coke's ability to withstand the violent conditions inside the blast furnace before turning into fine particles. Pieces of coke are denoted with the following terminology: "bell coke" (30 - 80 mm), "nut coke" (10 - 30 mm), "coke breeze" (< 10 mm).
631:
at pressure, and so preventing the metal from penetrating the pores of the sand. It is also contained in 'mould wash', a paste or liquid with the same function applied to the mould before casting. Sea coal can be mixed with the clay lining (the "bod") used for the bottom of a
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covering and quenching of the heaps, yields were increased from about 33% to 65% by the middle of the 19th century. The
Scottish iron industry expanded rapidly in the second quarter of the 19th century, through the adoption of the hot-blast process in its coalfields.
320:
allowed to escape to the atmosphere. The hot coke is quenched with water, and is discharged manually through the side door. When the oven is used on a continuous basis, the walls and roof retain enough heat to initiate carbonization of the next charge.
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were about 1,000,000 tons per year in the early 1850s, rising to about 7,000,000 tons by 1880. Of these, about 5,000,000 tons were produced in Durham county, 1,000,000 tons in the South Wales coalfield, and 1,000,000 tons in
Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
906:. It was considered an improvement in quality, and brought about an "alteration which all England admired"—the coke process allowed for a lighter roast of the malt, leading to the creation of what by the end of the 17th century was called
161:, a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). This process vaporises or decomposes organic substances in the coal, driving off
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engine in front of it would go to San
Francisco and come back to Connellsville before the caboose had gotten started out of the Connellsville yards!" The number of beehive ovens in Pittsburgh peaked in 1910 at almost 48,000.
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and gas fields) in the decade after 1967. Other byproducts of coke production included tar and ammonia, while the coke was used instead of coal in cooking ranges and to provide heat in domestic premises before the advent of
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Wei, Qing; Qiao, Shufeng; Sun, Baochang; Zou, Haikui; Chen, Jianfeng; Shao, Lei (29 October 2015). "Study on the treatment of simulated coking wastewater by O3 and O3/Fenton processes in a rotating packed bed".
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Coke was used in
Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s for house heating, and was incentivized for home use in the UK (so as to displace coal) after the 1956 Clean Air Act, which was passed in response to the
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and carbon based material. Some facilities have "by-product" coking ovens in which the volatile decomposition products are collected, purified and separated for use in other industries, as fuel or chemical
244:), while losing an appropriate amount of mass. Other blending considerations include ensuring the coke will not swell too much during production and destroy the coke oven through excessive wall pressures.
1007:, coke was the normal fuel. This resulted from an early piece of environmental legislation; any proposed locomotive had to "consume its own smoke". This was not technically possible to achieve until the
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lower part of the wall. In a coke oven battery, a number of ovens are built in a row with common walls between neighboring ovens. A battery consisted of a great many ovens, sometimes hundreds, in a row.
481:
173:. Coke is the non-volatile residue of the decomposition, the cemented-together carbon and mineral residue of the original coal particles in the form of a hard and somewhat glassy solid.
1836:
Lu, Y; Yan, L; Wang, Y; Zhou, S; Fu, J; Zhang, J (2009). "Biodegradation of phenolic compounds from coking wastewater by immobilized white rot fungus
Phanerochaete chrysosporium".
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and melting lead with "earth-coal, sea-coal, turf, and peat". The patent contains a distinct allusion to the preparation of coal by "cooking". In 1590, a patent was granted to the
345:
2023:
He, Q., Yan, Y., Zhang, Y. et al. Coke workers’ exposure to volatile organic compounds in northern China: a case study in Shanxi
Province. Environ Monit Assess 187, 359 (2015).
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Güçlü, Dünyamin; Şirin, Nazan; Şahinkaya, Serkan; Sevimli, Mehmet Faik (1 July 2013). "Advanced treatment of coking wastewater by conventional and modified fenton processes".
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provided a rich source of raw material for coking. In 1885, the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company constructed the world's longest string of coke ovens in
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Coke oven gas generated from coke ovens is similar to Syngas with 60% hydrogen by volume. The hydrogen can be extracted from the coke oven gas economically for
333:
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Coal is introduced from the top to produce an even layer of about 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 35 in) deep. Air is supplied initially, to ignite the coal.
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or waste as the source of carbon. Historically, charcoal has been used as an alternative to coke in a blast furnace, with the resultant iron being known as
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850:. The Chinese first used coke for heating and cooking no later than the 9th century. By the first decades of the 11th century, Chinese ironworkers in the
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in the continuous fluid coking process versus the older batch delayed-coking process where a solid mass of coke builds up in the coke drum over time.
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1710:"Coking wastewater treatment for industrial reuse purpose: Combining biological processes with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis"
636:. When heated, the coal decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the process of breaking open holes for tapping the molten metal.
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found to be useful, and has since been used as an ingredient in brick-making, mixed cement, granule-covered shingles, and even as a fertilizer.
209:. Otherwise the volatile byproducts are burned to heat the coking ovens. This is an older method, but is still being used for new construction.
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902:; previously, brewers had used wood, as uncoked coal cannot be used in brewing because its sulphurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the
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In the US, the first use of coke in an iron furnace occurred around 1817 at Isaac Meason's Plumsock puddling furnace and rolling mill in
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have motivated technological changes in the coke industry by elimination of outdated coking technologies that are not energy-efficient.
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itself. Coke may be combusted producing little or no smoke, while bituminous coal would produce much smoke. Coke was widely used as a
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People can be exposed to coke oven emissions in the workplace by inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. For the United States, the
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B. Kwiecińska and H. I. Petersen (2004): "Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification — ICCP system".
936:. Coke's superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing availability of inexpensive
240:. The goal is to achieve a blend of coal that when processed will produce a coke of appropriate strength (generally measured by
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small mining communities", noted W. J. Lauck of the U.S. Immigration Commission in 1911. Passing through the region on train,
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So-called "gas works" produced coke by heating coal in enclosed chambers. The flammable gas that was given off was stored in
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Coking coal is different from thermal coal, but arises from the same basic coal-forming process. Coking coal has different
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976:, producing 4,000,000 long tons of coke per year. As a measure of the expansion of coke making, the requirements of the
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China is the largest producer and exporter of coke today. China produces 60% of the world's coke. Concerns about
570:: a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, made by passing steam over red-hot coke (or any carbon-based char).
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821:, where any carbonaceous fuel can be used to make sponge or pelletised iron. To lessen carbon dioxide emissions
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1019:, to be used domestically and industrially for cooking, heating and lighting. The gas was commonly known as "
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is identical, although it emerged in the late eighteenth century as an inhalation therapeutic developed by
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2494:
2042:"China's coke industry: Recent policies, technology shift, and implication for energy and the environment"
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1072:, with 475 ovens over a length of 2 km (1.25 miles). Their output reached 22,000 tons per month. The
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1679:"Cutting-Edge Solutions For Coking Wastewater Reuse To Meet The Standard Of Circulation Cooling Systems"
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Tiwari, H. P.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, Rajesh; Mishra, Prakhar; Roy, Abhijit; Haldar, S. K. (December 2014).
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Before bituminous coal is used as coking coal, it must meet a set of criteria determined by particular
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944:. Before this time, iron-making used large quantities of charcoal, produced by burning wood. As the
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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506:-producing constituents are driven off during the coking of coal, coke forms a desirable fuel for
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is produced from wood. This process was not employed until 1642, when coke was used for roasting
523:
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for use in crucible steel melting. By 1870, there were 14,000 beehive ovens in operation on the
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The unqualified term "coke" usually refers to the product derived from low-ash and low-sulphur
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The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked in an airless
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This article is about fuel coke derived from coal. For fuel coke derived from petroleum, see
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Beaver, S. H. (1951). "Coke Manufacture in Great Britain: A Study in Industrial Geography".
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Fluid coking is a process which converts heavy residual crude into lighter products such as
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201:
189:
1653:
Cupola Furnace – A Practical Treatise on the Construction and Management of Foundry Cupolas
2389:
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Special Collections & Archives: Coal Dust, the Early Mining Industry of Indiana County
1398:. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers (17): 133–48.
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Finely ground bituminous coal, known in this application as sea coal, is a constituent of
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217:
85:
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In 1589, a patent was granted to Thomas Proctor and William Peterson for making iron and
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28:
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Many historical sources dating to the 4th century describe the production of coke in
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Wealth, Waste, and Alienation: Growth and Decline in the Connellsville Coke Industry
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1023:" since underground networks of pipes ran through most towns. It was replaced by "
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gases. The "fluid" term refers to the fact that solid coke particles behave as a
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2644:
2586:
2536:
2057:
1024:
783:
779:
757:
1708:
Jin, Xuewen; Li, Enchao; Lu, Shuguang; Qiu, Zhaofu; Sui, Qian (1 August 2013).
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in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in
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Huo, Hong; Lei, Yu; Zhang, Qiang; Zhao, Lijan; He, Kebin (December 2010).
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Killing Time: Leisure and Culture in Southwestern Pennsylvania, 1800–1850
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2003:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–144.
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of tools, weapons, chains for suspension bridges, and Buddhist statues.
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1822:
1518:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 657.
1348:
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353:
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suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way
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1770:
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were developed, which allowed more control over the burning process.
764:
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340:
for coke oven emissions exposure in the workplace as 0.150 mg/m
304:
117:
89:
55:
51:
1474:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Coke oven emissions"
1403:
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substitute for coal in domestic heating following the creation of "
2369:
1043:
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912:
871:
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712:
666:
603:, made by passing air over red-hot coke (or any carbon-based char)
507:
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298:
162:
150:
136:
78:
74:
38:
2253:
1974:
Historic sources mention the use of coke in the fourth century AD
514:
in which conditions are not suitable for the complete burning of
2614:
2566:
2454:
2374:
2351:
2229:. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
1218:
List of CO2 emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels
937:
903:
895:
545:
541:
392:
365:
158:
59:
2324:
2136:
Nersesian, Roy L (2010). "Coal and the Industrial Revolution".
1908:"How Hydrogen Could Solve Steel's Climate Test and Hobble Coal"
748:
has many uses besides being a fuel, such as the manufacture of
2561:
1999:
Ebrey, Patricia B (2010). "Shifting South: The Song Dynasty".
1238:
233:
383:. The carbon monoxide produced by combustion of coke reduces
767:
also produce coke as an end product, called gas house coke.
1552:: Highland Park: Where the peat still reeks in the old way
1507:
1396:
Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)
883:
for burning in houses, without offense by smell of smoke.
2279:
The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry
879:
a method of rendering sea-coal and pit-coal as useful as
469:
429:
416:
228:
techniques. These include moisture content, ash content,
1989:. University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 26, 33, and 45.
1626:(2 ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 107.
2320:
2125:. United States Census Office. 10th census. p. 53.
2123:
Special Reports on Petroleum, Coke, and Building Stones
2095:. Penn State Fayette, The Eberly Campus. Archived from
272:
Washery Grade III (Exceeding 24% but not exceeding 28%)
1960:. Brill Archive. 1961. p. 55. GGKEY:DN6SZTCNQ3G.
1624:
Manufacturing Technology: Foundry, Forming and Welding
1048:
Illustration of coal mining and coke burning from 1879
275:
Washery Grade IV (Exceeding 28% but not exceeding 35%)
269:
Washery Grade II (Exceeding 21% but not exceeding 24%)
2188:(1. ed., 1. reprint. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
797:, scientists developed a process to turn low-quality
551:
Coke may be used to make synthesis gas, a mixture of
404:
346:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
344:-soluble fraction over an eight-hour workday. The US
266:
Washery Grade I (Exceeding 18% but not exceeding 21%)
2677:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2186:
Organic chemistry principles and industrial practice
1426:"Manufacture of Coke at Salem No. 1 Mine Coke Works"
964:
In 1802, a battery of beehive ovens was set up near
476:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2}}}
263:
Steel Grade II (Exceeding 15% but not exceeding 18%)
2667:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2585:
2417:
2358:
1934:"Coking Coal for steel production and alternatives"
817:; and an alternative to making iron by smelting is
475:
2314:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1581:"Different Gases from Steel Production Processes"
1012:a steam railway, and so preserved for posterity.
1751:Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
736:The solid residue remaining from refinement of
693:of coke is typically around 0.77. It is highly
165:and other volatile and liquid products such as
2140:(2 ed.). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. p. 98.
1875:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
793:Due to a lack of oil or high-quality coals in
599:: a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and
356:-soluble fraction over an eight-hour workday.
2336:
334:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
260:Steel Grade I (Ash content not exceeding 15%)
96:, or pet coke, is obtained from crude oil in
8:
917:The original blast furnaces at Blists Hill,
2296:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
678:. Coal tower atop coke ovens. November 1942
2343:
2329:
2321:
2116:
2114:
1235:, environmental damage caused by coke oven
2305:
2303:
2241:Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway
2065:
1725:
1622:Rao, P. N. (2007). "Moulding materials".
1281:. World Coal Association. 28 April 2015.
468:
463:
458:
448:
438:
428:
423:
415:
410:
405:
403:
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1387:
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176:Additional byproducts of the coking are
2209:Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845
1250:
1103:
303:Postcard depicting coke ovens and coal
220:must meet a set of criteria for use as
100:. Coke may also be formed naturally by
2254:"National Register Information System"
2184:Green, M. M.; Wittcoff, H. A. (2003).
2173:from the original on 10 February 2015.
2169:. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
2001:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1555:"The Scotch Malt Whisky Society - USA"
940:was one of the factors leading to the
825:can be used as the reducing agent and
674:of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation,
536:roasts malted barley for use in their
2635:mining disasters in the United States
1484:from the original on 23 November 2015
1298:"A review of coke making by-products"
1259:International Journal of Coal Geology
7:
2259:National Register of Historic Places
1261:, volume 57, issue 2, pages 99-116.
1174:Redstone Coke Oven Historic District
1117:, supplied steel mills in Pueblo, CO
1082:National Register of Historic Places
256:percentage-by-weight after burning:
1689:from the original on 15 August 2016
1456:The Friends of the Cumberland Trail
1428:. Pathoftheoldminer. Archived from
1285:from the original on 14 March 2012.
627:, the coal burns slowly, releasing
623:. While the molten metal is in the
104:processes. It is the residue of a
2662:Environmental issues in Appalachia
1462:from the original on 25 June 2012.
813:Scrap steel can be recycled in an
744:" process is also a form of coke.
487:Coke is commonly used as fuel for
25:
1714:Journal of Environmental Sciences
1602:"Steel making today and tomorrow"
1561:from the original on 16 July 2011
1356:from the original on 3 June 2016.
1204:, made from wood rather than coal
36:Coal product used in making steel
2408:
2281:. Pittsburgh, PA: Waverly Press.
1180:
1166:
1152:
1138:
1122:
1106:
1060:. In the late 19th century, the
1964:from the original on 1 May 2013
1957:The Coming of the Ages of Steel
1655:. Philadelphia: Baird. p.
1078:Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
58:content. It is made by heating
2089:"CCHC—Your Portal to the Past"
1838:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1550:The Scotch Malt Whisky Society
544:burning a mixture of coke and
442:
1:
2227:Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania
2093:Coal and Coke Heritage Center
1884:10.1002/14356007.a14_461.pub2
1850:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.091
1727:10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60212-5
1344:"Cokemaking: The SunCoke Way"
803:high temperature lignite coke
610:(including steel production).
2277:Eavenson, Howard N. (1942).
1530:"Science Aid: Blast Furnace"
699:Coke Strength After Reaction
242:coke strength after reaction
54:coal-based fuel with a high
2138:Energy for the 21st century
2058:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.041
1936:. Front Line Action on Coal
1213:History of manufactured gas
648:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
232:content, volatile content,
224:, determined by particular
92:. A similar product called
2801:
2682:Health effects of coal ash
2490:power in the United States
1267:10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.003
350:recommended exposure limit
292:
121:
115:
26:
2730:
2406:
2161:Cooper, Eileen Mountjoy.
2121:Peckham, Stephen (1880).
2029:10.1007/s10661-015-4582-7
1314:10.3103/S1068364X14120072
928:established a coke-fired
526:" in the United Kingdom.
2552:Greenhouse gas emissions
2292:Warren, Kenneth (2001).
1131:Cherry Valley Coke Ovens
978:iron industry in Britain
763:Gas works manufacturing
651:can remove up to 80% of
530:Highland Park distillery
133:Industrial coke furnaces
106:destructive distillation
73:, but also as a fuel in
2712:Problems in coal mining
1878:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1515:Encyclopædia Britannica
1094:University of Wisconsin
352:(REL) of 0.2 mg/m
2687:History of coal mining
1160:Minersville Coke Ovens
1074:Minersville Coke Ovens
1049:
1027:" (initially from the
1003:In the first years of
1000:
974:West Durham coalfields
921:
733:
719:Illawarra Coke Company
679:
615:In foundry components
477:
364:Coke can be used as a
308:
154:
44:
2775:Industrial Revolution
2542:Fossil fuel phase-out
2440:Black coal equivalent
2264:National Park Service
1647:Kirk, Edward (1899).
1113:Coal coking ovens at
1080:, were listed on the
1070:Walston, Pennsylvania
1047:
987:
942:Industrial Revolution
916:
716:
670:
478:
302:
140:
50:is a grey, hard, and
42:
2780:Allotropes of carbon
2547:Great Smog of London
2480:pollution mitigation
2239:A subsidiary of the
1987:The Pursuit of Power
1809:(113): 93386–93393.
1066:western Pennsylvania
995:climbing the famous
926:Abraham Darby I
815:electric arc furnace
809:Alternatives to coke
705:uses air quenching.
572:Hydrocarbonate (gas)
497:Great Smog of London
402:
280:The "hearth" process
88:by a process called
2465:fired power station
2460:combustion products
2385:Sub-bituminous coal
2362:(lowest to highest)
2359:Coal types by grade
1985:McNeil, William H.
1815:2015RSCAd...593386W
1763:2013EPSE...32..176G
1683:www.wateronline.com
1649:"Cupola management"
1378:on 1 February 2016.
993:Deutsche Reichsbahn
970:Silkstone coal seam
819:direct reduced iron
640:Phenolic byproducts
471:
431:
418:
336:(OSHA) has set the
328:Occupational safety
2765:Chinese inventions
2600:Black lung disease
2577:Toxic heavy metals
2557:Metallurgical coal
2225:DiCiccio, Carmen.
2215:c. 20) section 114
1823:10.1039/C5RA14198B
1302:Coke and Chemistry
1115:Cokedale, Colorado
1050:
1001:
922:
758:welding electrodes
734:
680:
582:categorized under
473:
459:
419:
406:
348:(NIOSH) has set a
309:
155:
45:
2737:
2736:
2495:preparation plant
2430:Asian brown cloud
2363:
2310:Martin, Scott C.
2195:978-3-527-30289-5
2163:"History of Coke"
2147:978-0-7656-2413-0
1633:978-0-07-463180-5
1146:Dunlap coke ovens
1133:built around 1866
1005:steam locomotives
801:into coke called
595:; generator gas;
462:
451:
441:
422:
409:
289:Beehive coke oven
190:hydrogen sulphide
141:A coke oven at a
16:(Redirected from
2792:
2692:Hydrogen sulfide
2412:
2361:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1914:. 29 August 2019
1904:
1898:
1897:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1844:(1–3): 1091–97.
1833:
1827:
1826:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1771:10.1002/ep.10626
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1374:. Archived from
1372:Ministry of Coal
1364:
1358:
1357:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1279:"Coal and Steel"
1275:
1269:
1255:
1233:Sydney Tar Ponds
1188:Sydney Tar Ponds
1184:
1170:
1156:
1142:
1126:
1110:
1098:Charles Van Hise
691:specific gravity
482:
480:
479:
474:
472:
470:
467:
460:
449:
439:
430:
427:
420:
417:
414:
407:
202:hydrogen cyanide
21:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2581:
2418:Coal combustion
2413:
2404:
2390:Bituminous coal
2360:
2354:
2349:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2213:8 & 9 Vict.
2207:
2203:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1308:(12): 477–484.
1295:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1042:
1034:central heating
868:
844:
839:
811:
727:New South Wales
711:
709:Other processes
665:
642:
617:
584:factitious airs
553:carbon monoxide
524:smokeless zones
516:bituminous coal
400:
399:
362:
330:
307:in Pennsylvania
297:
291:
282:
218:Bituminous coal
215:
195:
187:
135:
130:
120:
114:
86:bituminous coal
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Mining regions
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:homogenization
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2572:Sulfur dioxide
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:power in China
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2284:
2269:
2266:. 9 July 2010.
2245:
2232:
2217:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2153:
2146:
2128:
2110:
2099:on 23 May 2013
2080:
2032:
2016:
2010:978-0521435192
2009:
1991:
1978:
1947:
1925:
1899:
1893:978-3527306732
1892:
1863:
1828:
1792:
1741:
1720:(8): 1565–74.
1700:
1670:
1639:
1632:
1614:
1593:
1572:
1542:
1521:
1506:, ed. (1911).
1504:Chisholm, Hugh
1495:
1465:
1443:
1432:on 3 July 2013
1417:
1404:10.2307/621295
1381:
1359:
1335:
1288:
1270:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1223:Petroleum coke
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Coking factory
1205:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1101:unhealthful."
1054:Fayette County
1041:
1038:
968:, to coke the
958:John Wilkinson
867:
864:
843:
840:
838:
835:
810:
807:
746:Petroleum coke
710:
707:
672:Hanna furnaces
664:
661:
641:
638:
634:cupola furnace
629:reducing gases
616:
613:
612:
611:
604:
586:
576:Thomas Beddoes
520:smokeless fuel
485:
484:
466:
457:
454:
447:
444:
437:
434:
426:
413:
370:reducing agent
361:
358:
329:
326:
293:Main article:
290:
287:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
214:
211:
193:
185:
178:coal tar pitch
143:smokeless fuel
134:
131:
124:Coking factory
116:Main article:
113:
110:
98:oil refineries
94:petroleum coke
35:
29:Petroleum coke
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2797:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:mining region
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2068:
2067:2027.42/99106
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Energy Policy
2043:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1913:
1912:Bloomberg.com
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(2): 176–80.
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:"Coal Grades"
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1040:United States
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:North Sea oil
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
998:
997:Schiefe Ebene
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
959:
954:
952:
951:beehive ovens
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:blast furnace
927:
920:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
860:air pollution
856:
853:
849:
848:ancient China
841:
836:
834:
832:
831:charcoal iron
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
708:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
677:
673:
669:
662:
660:
659:waste water.
658:
654:
650:
649:
639:
637:
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2755:Coking works
2717:Refined coal
2630:liquefaction
2522:Energy value
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2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
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1803:RSC Advances
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1691:. Retrieved
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1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1513:
1509:"Coke"
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1455:
1452:"Coke Ovens"
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1420:
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1362:
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1058:Pennsylvania
1051:
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1009:firebox arch
1002:
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876:Dean of York
869:
857:
852:Yellow River
845:
812:
795:East Germany
792:
769:
762:
754:electrolytic
735:
703:
688:
686:techniques.
681:
646:
643:
621:foundry sand
618:
608:various uses
589:Producer gas
550:
528:
501:
493:
486:
363:
331:
322:
314:
310:
295:Beehive oven
283:
250:
246:
216:
175:
156:
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33:
2770:Solid fuels
2587:Coal mining
2537:Fossil fuel
2073:22 December
2052:: 391–404.
1565:22 February
1488:27 November
1478:www.cdc.gov
1025:natural gas
1017:gas holders
932:to produce
788:fluid solid
784:hydrocarbon
780:heating oil
338:legal limit
222:coking coal
2785:Coke ovens
2744:Categories
2610:Coalfields
2395:Anthracite
1968:17 January
1940:1 December
1693:16 January
1535:13 October
1246:References
1096:president
1062:coalfields
900:Derbyshire
684:coal assay
663:Properties
580:James Watt
385:iron oxide
238:plasticity
226:coal assay
207:feedstocks
147:Abercwmboi
122:See also:
112:Production
2722:Whitedamp
2707:Peak coal
2702:Outbursts
2605:Coal dust
2595:Blackdamp
2500:seam fire
2475:phase-out
1918:31 August
1779:1944-7450
1322:1068-364X
1228:Pyrolysis
1084:in 1991.
966:Sheffield
956:In 1768,
946:coppicing
934:cast iron
924:In 1709,
888:Hugh Plat
886:In 1603,
750:dry cells
738:petroleum
731:Australia
723:Coalcliff
721:(ICC) in
689:The bulk
568:water gas
499:in 1952.
443:⟶
368:and as a
128:Pyrolysis
108:process.
18:Coal coke
2672:Firedamp
2527:Flue gas
2450:Charcoal
2425:Ash pond
2400:Graphite
2171:Archived
2103:19 March
1962:Archived
1858:19062164
1787:98288378
1736:24520694
1687:Archived
1559:Archived
1482:Archived
1460:Archived
1354:Archived
1330:98805474
1283:Archived
1202:Charcoal
1195:See also
1129:The 200
1021:town gas
908:pale ale
892:charcoal
881:charcoal
823:hydrogen
776:kerosene
742:cracking
740:by the "
601:nitrogen
593:wood gas
557:hydrogen
512:furnaces
389:hematite
377:iron ore
374:smelting
253:macerals
198:pyridine
171:coal tar
167:coal gas
149:, South
102:geologic
71:smelting
68:iron ore
43:Raw coke
2532:Fly ash
2380:Lignite
1811:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1665:2884198
1607:30 June
1349:YouTube
991:of the
919:Madeley
866:Britain
837:History
827:biomass
799:lignite
772:naphtha
752:and of
676:Detroit
653:phenols
354:benzene
342:benzene
230:sulphur
213:Sources
182:ammonia
145:plant,
2650:slurry
2645:refuse
2517:Coking
2435:Asthma
2192:
2144:
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1890:
1856:
1785:
1777:
1734:
1663:
1630:
1586:5 July
1436:14 May
1412:621295
1410:
1328:
1320:
999:, 2016
989:41 018
949:brick
782:, and
765:syngas
695:porous
657:coking
564:Syngas
534:Orkney
508:stoves
502:Since
305:tipple
236:, and
153:, 1976
118:Coking
90:coking
79:forges
75:stoves
56:carbon
52:porous
2760:Fuels
2370:Xylit
1783:S2CID
1408:JSTOR
1326:S2CID
872:steel
842:China
655:from
625:mould
542:kilns
504:smoke
379:in a
163:water
151:Wales
2750:Coal
2655:town
2615:Coal
2567:Smog
2512:Coke
2455:Coal
2445:Char
2375:Peat
2352:Coal
2190:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2105:2013
2075:2020
2005:ISBN
1970:2013
1942:2018
1920:2019
1888:ISBN
1854:PMID
1775:ISSN
1732:PMID
1695:2016
1661:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1609:2019
1588:2020
1567:2011
1537:2021
1490:2015
1438:2013
1318:ISSN
938:iron
904:beer
896:malt
756:and
717:The
578:and
555:and
546:peat
510:and
393:iron
366:fuel
360:Uses
196:S),
169:and
159:kiln
126:and
77:and
60:coal
48:Coke
2620:gas
2562:NOx
2505:tar
2470:gas
2062:hdl
2054:doi
2025:doi
1880:doi
1846:doi
1842:165
1819:doi
1767:doi
1722:doi
1400:doi
1310:doi
1263:doi
1239:Tar
1076:in
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