490:
40:
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319:
311:
427:(c. 65), another act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, was passed protecting women – and men – from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status, including regarding employment as miners. Also, children continued working underground at some pits after 1845. At Coppull Colliery's Burgh Pit, three females died after an explosion in November 1846; one was eleven years old. The
5132:
2677:
286:, a reference to coal washed ashore on the north east coast of England from either the cliffs or undersea outcrops. As the supply of coal on the surface became used up, settlers followed the seam inland by digging up the shore. Generally the seam continued underground, encouraging the settlers to dig to find coal, the precursor to modern operations.
563:’s Labour government closed 101 pits between 1947 and 1951; Macmillan (Conservative) closed 246 pits between 1957 and 1963; Wilson (Labour) closed 253 in his two terms in office between 1964 and 1976; Heath (Conservative) closed 26 between 1970 and 1974; and Thatcher (Conservative) closed 115 between 1979 and 1990.
588:
Coal mining employed 4,000 workers at 30 locations in 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal. The UK Coal mines achieved the most economical coal production in Europe, according to UK Coal, with a level of productivity of 3,200 tonnes per man year as of 2012, at which point there were 13 UK Coal
497:
UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes. Until the late 1960s, coal was the main source of energy produced in the UK, peaking at 228 million tonnes in 1952. Ninety-five per cent of this came from roughly 1,334 deep-mines that were operational at the time, with the rest from around 92
422:
which forbade women and girls of any age to work underground and introduced a minimum age of ten for boys employed in underground work. However, the employment of women did not end abruptly in 1842; with the connivance of some employers, women dressed as men continued to work underground for several
580:
The pit closures reflected coal consumption slumping to the lowest rate in more than a century, further declining towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s. This coincided with initiatives for cleaner energy generation as power stations switched to gas and biomass. A total of 100 million tons
650:
announced that it planned to close all its UK coal power plants by 2020, leaving only four plants operating by March 2020; in 2018, eight were still in operation when the government announced plans to shut down all coal power plants in the UK by 2025. In June 2021, the government announced it was
385:
At the beginning of the 19th century methods of coal extraction were primitive and the workforce – men, women, and children – laboured in dangerous conditions. By 1841 about 216,000 people were employed in the mines. Women and children worked underground for 11 or 12 hours a day for smaller wages
629:
proposal gained planning permission but has outstanding legal challenges as of 2024 and as yet to begin any works. The plan was criticised by some MPs and environmentalists due to the incompatibility of coal mining with government commitments to reduce carbon emissions. The mine is proposed by
621:
and road surfaces. Hatfield
Colliery closed in June 2015, as did Thoresby, and in December 2015, Kellingley, bringing to an end deep coal mining in the UK. The occasion was marked by a rally and march attended by thousands of people. The closure of coal mines left the affected communities
584:
In 2001, production was exceeded by imports for the first time. In 2014, coal imported was three times more than the coal mined in
Britain. In 2009, companies were licensed to extract 125 million tonnes of coal in operating underground mines and 42 million tonnes at opencast locations.
369:
early in the 19th century gave added impetus, and coal consumption grew rapidly as the railway network expanded through the
Victorian period. Coal was widely used for domestic heating owing to its low cost and widespread availability. The manufacture of coke also provided
342:. To produce firewood in the 1860s equivalent in energy terms to domestic consumption of coal would have required 25 million acres (100,000 km) of land per year, nearly the entire farmland area of England (26 million acres (105,000 km)).
301:
where coal was close to the surface. Shafts lined with tree trunks and branches have been found in
Lancashire in workings dating from the early 17th century and by 1750 brick lined shafts to 150-foot (45 m) depth were common.
227:
flint axes have been discovered embedded in coal, showing that it was mined in
Britain before the Roman invasion. Early miners first extracted coal already exposed on the surface and then followed the seams underground.
4809:
4498:
755:
Earlier this month Maltby colliery in South
Yorkshire closed down for good. At the end of a winter that saw 40% of our energy needs met by coal – most of it imported – we witnessed the poignant closing
646:
On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power to generate electricity for the first time. In May 2019, Britain went a full week without coal power. In 2019, German utilities firm
605:. There were 26 opencast sites in 2014, mainly in Scotland. Most coal is used for electricity generation and steel-making, with its use for heating homes decreased because of pollution concerns. The
690:
4616:
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431:
was an act of
Parliament that prevented boys under the age of thirteen from working, or being (for the purposes of employment) in an underground mine. (The act was repealed in full by the
4598:
4215:
665:
428:
4528:
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136:). Euracoal states that the UK has 3.56 billion tonnes of identified hard coal resources with estimated total remaining coal resources possibly being as large as 187 billion tonnes.
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4565:
4420:
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423:
years. Penalties for employing women were small and inspectors were few and some women were so desperate for work they willingly worked illegally for less pay. Eventually, the
2933:
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after violent thunderstorms causing the death of 26 children; 11 girls aged from 8 to 16 and 15 boys between 9 and 12 years of age. The disaster came to the attention of
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109:
quickly collapsed and had practically disappeared by the 21st century. The consumption of coal—mostly for electricity—fell from 157 million tonnes in 1970 to
4956:
481:. In March 1987 the legal name of the NCB was changed to the British Coal Corporation. The name "British Coal" had been used by the NCB since 28 April 1986.
4739:
651:
bringing forward the shutdown to 2024, with
Ratcliffe-on-Soar being the UK's last coal-fired power station destined to close at the end of September 2024.
5158:
5056:
4445:
4257:
3405:
2005:
31:
113:
Employment in coal mines fell from a peak of 1,191,000 in 1920 to 695,000 in 1956, 247,000 in 1976, 44,000 in 1993, 2,000 in 2015, and to 360 in 2022.
5045:
4661:
4631:
4518:
4220:
1932:
167:
rocks, some of which extend under the North Sea. The carbon content of the bituminous coal present in most of the coalfields is 86% to 88%. Britain's
2116:
2040:
5108:
4267:
685:
545:
was formed by miners who objected to the NUM's handling of the strike. Numerous pit closures followed, and in August 1989 coal mining ended in the
4859:
4310:
1248:
695:
556:
achieved a record 404,000 tonnes in a single shift but nevertheless, since 1981 production fell sharply from 128 to 17.8 million tonnes in 2009.
4854:
4590:
4548:
4435:
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3028:
1339:
470:
440:
1546:
5163:
5135:
4759:
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510:
5086:
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1598:
1149:
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2304:
1711:
132:
which is less energy-dense based on oxidation (combustion) at ordinary combustion temperatures (i.e. for the oxidation of carbon – see
4230:
4151:
2928:
2237:
Ediger, Volkan Ş., and John V. Bowlus. "A farewell to King Coal: geopolitics, energy security, and the transition to oil, 1898–1917."
1470:
1402:
2395:
143:
gained planning permission but no works have begun, with legal challenges ongoing and no licence in place for seabed mining from the
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4410:
1637:
1308:
1054:
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4653:
419:
1069:
1027:
1000:
946:
5173:
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4910:
4168:
Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in
2756:
913:
706:
680:
542:
1239:
4824:
4508:
2609:
1207:
573:
privatised
British Coal after announcing 55 further closures, with the majority of operations transferred to the new company
144:
3156:
1181:
3086:
469:
Until 1 January 1947 the mines were owned by various individuals and companies. On that date most were nationalised by the
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4676:
4557:
4425:
4350:
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489:
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259:
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for building purposes. Evidence to support these theories comes mostly from ash discovered at excavations of Roman sites.
4285:
2070:
4804:
4488:
4395:
4345:
4089:
3931:
3421:
2380:
700:
3106:
1653:
5113:
4405:
4390:
4315:
4052:
3955:
3354:
3131:
1957:
424:
4172:
Ultimate parent company is not UK-based
Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK
2269:
3369:
3321:
3218:
3213:
5071:
4839:
4814:
3997:
3826:
3021:
2948:
1798:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2013 – Statistical data sets – GOV.UK"
1754:
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3178:
505:
closed and pit closures were a regular occurrence in many other areas. Beginning with wildcat action in 1969, the
457:, are on Black coal miners. The scarcity of resources on these workers led Gregory to curate an exhibition called
5022:
4961:
4038:
3331:
3168:
2746:
1729:
439:. c. 70); by such time the act was out of date and was no longer necessary due to the stronger provisions in the
432:
188:
3278:
2327:
1521:
5002:
4849:
4734:
4415:
3248:
3208:
3188:
3071:
2818:
2731:
2726:
501:
In the 1950s and 1960s, around a hundred North East coal mines were closed. In March 1968, the last pit in the
267:
255:
172:
152:
3359:
3183:
3379:
3364:
3311:
3263:
3258:
3233:
2220:
Dintenfass, Michael. "Entrepreneurial failure reconsidered: the case of the interwar British coal industry."
1697:
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3163:
2953:
2761:
2513:
2418:
1331:
1267:
415:
208:
98:
2487:
Mathis, Charles-François. "King coal rules: accepting or refusing coal dependency in Victorian Britain."
2431:
Kirby, Maurice William. "The Control of Competition in the British Coal‐Mining Industry in the Thirties"
2249:
The Coal Question: Political Economy and Industrial Change from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day
631:
533:
which ended in March 1985. The strike was unsuccessful in stopping the closures and led to an end to the
386:
than men. The public became aware of conditions in the country's collieries in 1838 after an accident at
4538:
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3283:
3243:
3228:
3037:
3014:
2808:
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at the National Coal Mining Museum, in Wakefield, West Yorkshire and to found the Black Miners Museum.
2572:
2098:
1872:
4513:
4483:
4335:
2813:
2788:
1360:
1300:
450:
Although it has been surmised that there were no Black miners in the UK, two chapters in the book by
271:
263:
196:
140:
2215:
The economic development of the British coal industry: from Industrial Revolution to the present day
5091:
4799:
4749:
4250:
4028:
3921:
3705:
2999:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
2891:
2751:
2651:
2458:
Lucas, Arthur F. "A British Experiment in the Control of Competition: The Coal Mines Act of 1930."
2287:
1394:
670:
594:
478:
39:
1419:
4925:
4754:
4325:
3977:
3455:
2963:
2906:
2876:
2866:
2823:
2602:
2426:: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines
2374:
1892:
626:
168:
55:
2170:, (1986) in the USA); pp. 63–106; emphasizes the backwardness of the coal industry before 1945.
1606:
1572:
1547:"Energy Trends: September 2014, special feature articles – Coal in 2013 – Publications – GOV.UK"
1496:
1155:
862:
509:
became increasingly militant, and was successful in gaining increased wages in their strikes in
2324:
The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: 1913-1946: The Political Economy of Decline
4966:
4844:
4097:
4069:
3992:
3941:
3911:
3847:
3619:
3605:
2968:
2896:
2843:
2696:
2423:
2013:
1633:
1398:
1304:
660:
598:
590:
567:
526:
444:
339:
1873:"Resource shocks, employment, and gender: Evidence from the collapse of the UK coal industry"
1599:"The Closing of Baggeridge Colliery (from "We Were There" Blackcountryman Volume 1, Issue 3)"
517:. Closures were less common in the 1970s, and new investments were made in sites such as the
4951:
4829:
4131:
3612:
3576:
3559:
2958:
2711:
2542:
The Dukeries Transformed: A history of the development of the Dukeries coal field after 1920
2337:
1884:
1124:
474:
436:
362:
251:
176:
125:
2403:
The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800-1840
377:
374:, which could be used for heating and lighting. Most of the workers were children and men.
4819:
3720:
3684:
3645:
2656:
602:
518:
387:
335:
121:
17:
2578:
Online mapping of Coal Mining sites in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)
2518:
2301:
The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 1: Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal
836:
4930:
4626:
4621:
4362:
4210:
3936:
3901:
3871:
3599:
3583:
3570:
2838:
2766:
2741:
2508:
2494:
Murray, John, and Javier Silvestre. "Integration in European Coal Markets, 1833–1913".
2446:
2406:
2203:
2195:
2137:
1910:
888:
675:
560:
514:
411:
403:
212:
59:
2147:
The British Miner in the Age of De-industrialization: A Political and Cultural History
250:
and iron mines are recorded. In the 13th century there are records of coal digging in
5152:
4503:
4079:
4033:
4018:
3982:
3891:
3858:
3841:
3789:
3638:
3476:
2595:
2284:
Wages Policy in the British Coal Mining Industry: A Study of National Wage Bargaining
1780:
1075:
1033:
1006:
954:
502:
451:
358:
346:
243:
204:
164:
117:
94:
63:
51:
2577:
2334:
History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946-1982: The Nationalized Industry
2311:
History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 2. 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution
1896:
921:
4900:
4724:
4458:
4453:
4141:
3926:
3876:
3626:
3594:
2983:
2076:
2046:
1823:
810:
741:
538:
399:
331:
318:
192:
82:
1214:
794:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2022"
310:
2364:
1888:
1850:"Thousands march through Yorkshire to mark end of deep coal mining at Kellingley"
1849:
1185:
577:. By this time British Coal had closed all but the most economical of coal pits.
4971:
4905:
3906:
3896:
3740:
3715:
3700:
3658:
2916:
2911:
2853:
2803:
2778:
1109:
729:
534:
350:
290:
133:
106:
71:
67:
3390:
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4295:
4146:
4013:
3916:
3881:
3821:
3813:
3779:
3735:
3663:
2676:
2661:
2582:
2530:
Tawney, R. H. "The British Coal Industry and the Question of Nationalization"
2489:
Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies
2468:
Prest, Wilfred. "The British Coal Mines Act of 1930, Another Interpretation."
2353:
1933:"Mixed reactions to news of West Cumbria Mining plans overcoming major hurdle"
1128:
610:
570:
553:
366:
224:
86:
2017:
768:
4290:
4126:
3886:
3679:
3528:
2988:
2973:
2921:
2871:
2861:
2443:
The British coalmining industry, 1870-1946: a political and economic history
635:
618:
606:
391:
236:
78:
30:
This article is about deep pit, underground mining. For surface mining, see
2168:
The Pride and the Fall: The Dream and Illusion of Britain as a Great Nation
5081:
3866:
3836:
3769:
3725:
3565:
3483:
2938:
2886:
2793:
2771:
2736:
2716:
2691:
2666:
2545:
2366:
The coal-fields of Great Britain: their history, structure, and resources
1982:
581:
was produced in 1986, but by 1995 the amount was around 50 million tons.
395:
371:
354:
298:
3006:
2552:
Capitalism, community and conflict: The south Wales coalfield, 1898-1947
1758:
124:
is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon. In
4280:
4156:
4136:
4121:
4074:
3987:
3794:
3774:
3632:
3589:
3496:
2798:
2646:
2535:
2473:
2463:
2436:
2225:
2164:
The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation
614:
574:
200:
151:, only one commercial-scale coal mine exists in operation as of 2024 -
129:
90:
2318:
History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence
2006:"Britain passes one week without coal power for first time since 1882"
4400:
2783:
2701:
559:
Between 1947 and 1994, some 950 mines were closed by UK governments.
54:
times and occurred in many different parts of the country. Britain's
2041:"German utilities firm RWE to close its last UK coal plant in 2020"
5007:
4729:
4570:
3730:
3710:
3547:
2636:
2205:
Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government
488:
376:
326:
Coal production increased dramatically in the 19th century as the
317:
309:
231:
It is probable that the Romans used outcropping coal when working
116:
Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the
74:
38:
4810:
Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform
2573:
Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)
314:
Annual UK coal production (in red) and imports (black), DECC data
148:
2881:
2833:
2721:
2641:
2618:
546:
294:
247:
232:
102:
5043:
4880:
4706:
4190:
3432:
3394:
3010:
2591:
2296:(5 vol, Oxford U.P., 1984–87); 3000 pages of scholarly history
2192:
British Coal-Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History
1871:
Aragon, Fernando; Rud, Juan Pablo; Toews, Gerhard (June 2018).
1444:
1377:
1(1): No child shall be employed in any industrial undertaking.
622:
economically deprived, unable to recover even in the long run.
3553:
3462:
2828:
691:
List of active coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom
647:
2583:
Video and commentary on the Gateside Colliery bing, Sanquhar.
2140:, includes hundreds of photographs and a detailed chronology
1983:"First coal-free day in Britain since Industrial Revolution"
1804:. Department of Energy & Climate Change. 22 January 2013
3523:
1361:"Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920"
792:
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy,
2392:
Our coal resources at the close of the nineteenth century
2277:
The British coalmining industry: retrospect and prospect.
441:
Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920
2261:
First series 1898; Second series. 1904. Reprinted 1971
2071:"UK government spells out plan to shut down coal plants"
666:
Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900
429:
Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900
2587:
529:
announced plans to close 20 coal pits which led to the
322:
Coal mining employment in the UK, 1880–2012 (DECC data)
2482:
Coal mining in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
2134:
Coal: a pictorial history of the British coal industry
1471:"Coal Industry comes under public industry in Britain"
163:
The United Kingdom's onshore coal resources occur in
2944:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2185:
A History of British industrial relations, 1875-1914
1958:"Looking back at south Cumbria's extraordinary 2020"
1074:, Coalmining History Research Centre, archived from
1032:, Coalmining History Research Centre, archived from
1005:, Coalmining History Research Centre, archived from
43:
Coalfields of the United Kingdom in the 19th century
4985:
4939:
4891:
4768:
4717:
4652:
4640:
4607:
4589:
4556:
4547:
4444:
4381:
4266:
4201:
4114:
4088:
4060:
4051:
4006:
3963:
3954:
3857:
3812:
3803:
3762:
3753:
3693:
3672:
3537:
3516:
3505:
3445:
3340:
3302:
3044:
2934:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2852:
2684:
2625:
1712:"Leading Article: John Major: Is he up to the job?"
1391:
Jamaicans in Nottingham: Narratives and Reflections
455:
Jamaicans in Nottingham: Narratives and Reflections
381:
Development of coal production in the UK, 1900–2019
5077:Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme
4745:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2209:. University of California Press. pp. 77–131.
2202:
2183:Benson, John. "Coalmining" in Chris Wrigley, ed.
2069:
2039:
1654:"1984: Miners strike over threatened pit closures"
634:and plans to extract coking coal from beneath the
120:period, some of which extend under the North Sea.
414:c. 99), commonly known as the Mines Act 1842, an
2187:(Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1982), pp 187–208.
1296:Social Politics and Modern Democracies, Volume 2
1176:
1174:
1172:
1283:, pg. 18, Wharncliffe Books, ISBN 1-903425-95-6
1110:"Coal and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1869"
724:
722:
4993:Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology
4795:Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
2178:The History of the Yorkshire Miners, 1881-1918
1911:"Whitehaven coal mine approved for third time"
734:"The long, slow death of the UK coal industry"
3406:
3022:
2603:
1522:"Britain's Nationalised Coal Mines from 1947"
642:Complete phase-out for electricity generation
493:Aberaman Miners' Training Centre S.Wales 1951
8:
2559:Energy and the English Industrial Revolution
2346:Britain's coal: A study of the mining crisis
4740:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
4373:Timeline of the electricity supply industry
2505:. 2v 1932, a comprehensive scholarly survey
2154:The coal industry of the eighteenth century
1108:Clark, Gregory; Jacks, David (April 2006).
398:. A stream overflowed into the ventilation
5057:Association for the Conservation of Energy
5040:
4888:
4877:
4714:
4703:
4553:
4198:
4187:
4057:
3960:
3809:
3759:
3513:
3442:
3429:
3413:
3399:
3391:
3029:
3015:
3007:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2453:Atlas of industrialising Britain 1780-1914
1632:. London: Harper Collins. pp. 59–79.
1293:Pipkin, Charles W. (2005). Reprint (ed.).
889:"Coal | Mines & quarries | MineralsUK"
589:deep mines. The three deep-pit mines were
297:where coal seams outcropped or by shallow
242:There is no mention of coal mining in the
32:Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom
2316:Roy Church, Alan Hall and John Kanefsky.
2266:A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain
1213:. cmhrc.co.uk. p. 68. Archived from
2294:The History of the British Coal Industry
2257:Annals of coal mining and the coal trade
1095:
987:
975:
817:. British Geological Society. March 2010
686:List of coal mines in the United Kingdom
406:who ordered an inquiry. This led to the
4860:United Kingdom Climate Change Programme
1692:
1690:
1605:. Black Country Society. Archived from
1056:Prestongrange: A Powerhouse of Industry
718:
696:National Coal Mining Museum for England
345:A key development was the invention at
282:. At this time coal was referred to as
4436:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
2372:
471:Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946
4760:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
4331:Isle of Man to England Interconnector
2902:mining disasters in the United States
1792:
1790:
1749:
1747:
1469:Cavendish, Richard (1 January 1997).
1281:Lancashire Mining Disasters 1835-1910
1184:. University of Paris. Archived from
1154:, National Gas Museum, archived from
7:
5087:Energy efficiency in British housing
5062:British Energy Efficiency Federation
4977:Utilities Intermediaries Association
4947:Association for Decentralised Energy
4358:New Electricity Trading Arrangements
4276:Association of Electricity Producers
4075:Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission
2309:Michael W. Flinn, and David Stoker.
2115:See map of last plants to close at
1757:. UK Coal (Archived). Archived from
1630:Scargill: the unauthorised biography
941:
939:
805:
803:
801:
4581:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
2561:(Cambridge University Press, 2010).
2398:at Open Library. Stress on geology.
1573:"Coal Mining in North East England"
1420:"Digging deeper with Norma Gregory"
1117:European Review of Economic History
459:The Digging Deep Project Exhibition
4231:Confederation of UK Coal Producers
4152:United Downs Deep Geothermal Power
2929:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2532:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2038:Ambrose, Jillian (1 August 2019).
552:In 1986, Kellingley colliery near
258:, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire,
128:, there are extensive deposits of
25:
5159:Coal mining in the United Kingdom
4916:Centre for Alternative Technology
4411:Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
2503:Rise of the British coal industry
2358:. Northern Mine Research Society.
1667:Elmhirst, Sophie (22 June 2011).
477:. c. 59) and were run by the new
48:Coal mining in the United Kingdom
5130:
4780:Carbon Emission Reduction Target
4499:Natural gas-fired power stations
2675:
2332:William Ashworth and Mark Pegg.
2149:(Oxford University Press, 2023).
2068:Vaughan, Adam (5 January 2018).
1824:"Surface Coal Mining Statistics"
1755:"UK Coal: Coal in Britain Today"
863:"Aberpergwm coal mine expansion"
420:Parliament of the United Kingdom
306:Industrial Revolution until 1900
289:The early mines would have been
5097:Energy Saving Trust Recommended
4911:Campaign against Climate Change
2355:Coal – a Chronology for Britain
1418:TOCaribNews (4 November 2019).
707:National Mining Museum Scotland
681:Coal Mines (Emergency) Act 1920
543:Union of Democratic Mineworkers
4882:Non-governmental organisations
4825:Energy performance certificate
4509:North Sea Transition Authority
2470:Quarterly Journal of Economics
2460:Quarterly Journal of Economics
2152:Ashton, T. S. & Sykes, J.
2099:"UK to end coal power by 2024"
1698:"Colliery Closures Since 1947"
1526:Northern Mine Research Society
145:Marine Management Organisation
1:
5013:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
4998:Energy Technologies Institute
4835:Low Carbon Building Programme
4677:North Seas Energy Cooperation
4426:Office for Nuclear Regulation
3932:TotalEnergies Gas & Power
1783:. BBC News. 18 November 2005.
1332:"Mines and Quarries Act 1954"
507:National Union of Mineworkers
408:Mines and Collieries Act 1842
349:in the early 18th century of
330:gathered pace, as a fuel for
5164:Mining in the United Kingdom
4805:CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
4617:Hydroelectric power stations
4489:National Transmission System
4396:Franco-British Nuclear Forum
4240:
3422:Energy in the United Kingdom
2232:The economics of coal mining
2004:Jolly, Jasper (8 May 2019).
1889:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.03.007
1852:. BBC News. 20 December 2015
1781:"Thatcher years in graphics"
1445:"Home - Black Miners Museum"
701:Big Pit National Coal Museum
353:which could be used to make
27:Fossil fuel from underground
5114:National Home Energy Rating
4957:Energy Networks Association
4667:List of offshore wind farms
4406:National Nuclear Laboratory
4391:Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor
4316:Grid Trade Master Agreement
2544:(Oxford U.P., 1983) on the
2194:(Holmes & Meier, 1980)
1732:. BBC Wales. 15 August 2008
1424:Toronto Caribbean Newspaper
1268:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
1241:Women in mining communities
1029:The NorthumberlandCoalfield
841:the voice of coal in Europe
433:Mines and Quarries Act 1954
425:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
5190:
5169:Coal in the United Kingdom
5072:Code for Sustainable Homes
4840:Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation
4815:Display Energy Certificate
4672:List of onshore wind farms
4039:Wales & West Utilities
3998:Western Power Distribution
3827:Engie Energy International
2949:Health effects of coal ash
2757:power in the United States
2525:Wages in the coal industry
1913:. BBC News. 3 October 2020
1656:. BBC News. 12 March 1984.
1603:blackcountrysociety.co.uk/
1208:"Huskar Colliery Disaster"
837:"United Kingdom (6th ed.)"
29:
18:Coal in the United Kingdom
5126:
5052:
5039:
5023:UK Energy Research Centre
4962:Energy Retail Association
4887:
4876:
4713:
4708:Government and regulation
4702:
4599:Geothermal power stations
4306:Energy switching services
4216:Coal-fired power stations
4197:
4186:
4165:
3441:
3428:
2997:
2673:
2557:Wrigley, Edward Anthony.
2554:(U of Wales Press, 1998).
2455:(Methuen, 1986) pp 72–79.
2369:. London: 1861: Stanford.
2201:Brady, Robert A. (1950).
1985:. BBC News. 22 April 2017
1129:10.1017/S1361491606001870
1071:The North Wales Coalfield
953:. UK Coal. Archived from
947:"Mining through the ages"
920:. UK Coal. Archived from
361:. The development of the
193:the Scottish Central Belt
153:Aberpergwm deep coal mine
141:Whitehaven deep coal mine
83:the Scottish Central Belt
5104:Greenhouse gas emissions
5003:Met Office Hadley Centre
4850:Renewable Heat Incentive
4790:Climate Change Agreement
4735:Climate Change Committee
4524:Oil-fired power stations
4479:Greenhouse gas emissions
4416:Nuclear Liabilities Fund
4286:East–West Interconnector
4236:Greenhouse gas emissions
2819:Greenhouse gas emissions
2379:: CS1 maint: location (
1628:Routledge, Paul (1994).
914:"Types and uses of coal"
811:"Mineral Profile – Coal"
531:year-long miners' strike
5067:Close the Door campaign
5018:Sunbury Research Centre
4785:Climate Change Act 2008
4464:Forties pipeline system
4321:Gridlink Interconnector
2979:Problems in coal mining
2496:Economic History Review
2433:Economic History Review
2328:excerpt and text search
2255:Galloway, R.L. (1971).
2222:Business History Review
1718:. London. 4 April 1993.
1577:englandsnortheast.co.uk
1389:Gregory, Norma (2015).
5174:Coal mining by country
4921:National Energy Action
4682:Wind power in Scotland
4576:Renewable Fuels Agency
4566:Biofuel power stations
4421:Nuclear power stations
3988:SSE Power Distribution
3973:Electricity North West
3653:Rockhopper Exploration
3087:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3038:Coal mining in Europe
2954:History of coal mining
2514:The Road to Wigan Pier
2435:26.2 (1973): 273-284.
2415:. 1920, reprinted 1969
2413:The British coal trade
2292:Hatcher, John, et al.
2241:62.2 (2019): 427-449.
1501:Industrial Law Journal
1495:Rees, William (1987).
1249:National Mining Museum
494:
382:
323:
315:
139:In 2020, the proposed
111:587,000 tonnes in 2023
44:
4855:Renewables Obligation
4539:Petroleum Revenue Tax
4024:Northern Gas Networks
3832:Horizon Nuclear Power
2809:Fossil fuel phase-out
2707:Black coal equivalent
2363:Hull, Edward (1861).
2166:(1986) (published as
1669:"After the coal rush"
1340:The National Archives
1182:"The Mines Act, 1842"
737:(The Northerner blog)
595:Kellingley Collieries
521:. In early 1984, the
492:
380:
328:Industrial Revolution
321:
313:
42:
4514:Offshore Energies UK
4484:Hydrocarbon Oil Duty
4336:Moyle Interconnector
4258:Open-pit coal mining
2814:Great Smog of London
2747:pollution mitigation
2264:Galloway, Robert L.
1730:"The Miners' Strike"
1497:"Recent Legislation"
1301:Kessinger Publishing
1279:Nadin, Jack (2006),
1151:Making gas from coal
1002:The Durham Coalfield
171:are associated with
58:are associated with
5092:Energy Saving Trust
5046:Energy conservation
4800:Climate Change Levy
4750:Energy Saving Trust
4662:Offshore wind power
4301:Electricity billing
4251:National Coal Board
4226:Coal mining regions
4029:Phoenix Natural Gas
3922:Phoenix Natural Gas
3706:Amec Foster Wheeler
3303:States with limited
2732:fired power station
2727:combustion products
2652:Sub-bituminous coal
2629:(lowest to highest)
2626:Coal types by grade
2511:. "Down the Mine" (
2451:Langton, John, ed.
2401:Jaffe, James Alan.
2344:Heinemann, Margot.
2224:62#1 (1988): 1-34.
2176:Baylies, Carolyn.
2162:Barnett, Correlli.
1553:. 25 September 2014
1449:blackcoalminers.com
1395:Hansib Publications
1367:. National Archives
867:Coal Action Network
843:. 13 September 2014
773:Coal Action Network
671:National Coal Board
632:West Cumbria Mining
541:, as the breakaway
479:National Coal Board
149:Coal Action Network
4926:Stop Climate Chaos
4755:Environment Agency
4529:Oil infrastructure
4494:Natural gas fields
4474:Gas infrastructure
4326:HVDC Cross-Channel
4080:SP Energy Networks
3983:SP Energy Networks
3978:Northern Powergrid
2867:Black lung disease
2844:Toxic heavy metals
2824:Metallurgical coal
2498:73 (2020) 668–702.
2484:. (Longman, 1971).
2462:(1934): 418-441.
2419:Jevons, W. Stanley
2239:Historical Journal
2180:(Routledge, 1993).
2103:airqualitynews.com
1365:legislation.gov.uk
1336:legislation.gov.uk
1270:legislation.gov.uk
627:Woodhouse Colliery
495:
445:10 & 11 Geo. 5
383:
324:
316:
159:Extent and geology
45:
5146:
5145:
5122:
5121:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
4967:Green Power Forum
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4845:Planning Act 2008
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4311:Green electricity
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4047:
4046:
3993:UK Power Networks
3950:
3949:
3942:Utility Warehouse
3912:Outfox the Market
3848:Vedanta Resources
3749:
3748:
3620:Melrose Resources
3613:JKX Oil & Gas
3606:Hardy Oil and Gas
3388:
3387:
3004:
3003:
2762:preparation plant
2697:Asian brown cloud
2630:
2550:Williams, Chris.
2517:chapter 2, 1937)
2472:(1936): 313-332.
2424:The Coal Question
2230:Dron, Robert W.
1220:on 28 August 2011
887:Survey, British.
732:(10 April 2013).
661:Mines Act of 1842
609:is also used for
597:in Yorkshire and
527:Margaret Thatcher
485:Decline in volume
475:9 & 10 Geo. 6
437:2 & 3 Eliz. 2
340:Watt steam engine
338:, and later, the
246:of 1086 although
16:(Redirected from
5181:
5134:
5133:
5041:
4952:Energy Institute
4889:
4878:
4830:Fossil Fuel Levy
4715:
4704:
4609:Hydroelectricity
4554:
4199:
4188:
4167:
4132:Aquamarine Power
4058:
3961:
3810:
3760:
3577:Desire Petroleum
3560:Capricorn Energy
3514:
3443:
3430:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3341:Dependencies and
3045:Sovereign states
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2959:Hydrogen sulfide
2679:
2628:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2540:Waller, Robert.
2384:
2378:
2370:
2359:
2260:
2210:
2208:
2119:
2117:"Coal Countdown"
2113:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1877:Labour Economics
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:on 14 April 2012
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1673:newstatesman.com
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1587:
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1569:
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1560:
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1543:
1537:
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1534:
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1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1328:
1322:
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1319:
1317:
1290:
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1277:
1271:
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1257:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1230:
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1227:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
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1193:
1178:
1167:
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1163:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1093:
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1086:
1085:
1083:
1066:
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1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
943:
934:
933:
931:
929:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
807:
796:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
765:
759:
758:
752:
750:
738:
726:
363:steam locomotive
155:in South Wales.
126:Northern Ireland
21:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5131:
5118:
5048:
5027:
4981:
4940:Industry bodies
4935:
4894:pressure groups
4893:
4883:
4864:
4820:Energy Act 2013
4771:
4770:Legislation and
4764:
4709:
4686:
4648:
4636:
4603:
4585:
4543:
4440:
4377:
4351:Reserve Service
4262:
4193:
4174:
4161:
4102:
4084:
4043:
4002:
3946:
3853:
3805:
3799:
3745:
3721:John Wood Group
3689:
3685:Murco Petroleum
3668:
3646:Regal Petroleum
3539:
3533:
3508:
3501:
3437:
3424:
3419:
3389:
3384:
3342:
3336:
3322:Northern Cyprus
3304:
3298:
3219:North Macedonia
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2848:
2685:Coal combustion
2680:
2671:
2657:Bituminous coal
2627:
2621:
2616:
2569:
2564:
2371:
2362:
2351:
2275:Griffin, A. R.
2272:at Open Library
2254:
2200:
2136:(1982), 104pp;
2128:
2126:Further reading
2123:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:. 30 June 2021.
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
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2020:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
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1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1716:The Independent
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1675:. New Statesman
1666:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1609:on 19 July 2011
1597:Pearson, Mick.
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
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1556:
1554:
1545:
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1515:
1505:
1503:
1494:
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1489:
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1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1188:on 21 July 2011
1180:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1158:on 17 July 2011
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1078:on 4 March 2016
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1036:on 19 July 2011
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1009:on 19 July 2011
999:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
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911:
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775:
767:
766:
762:
748:
746:
736:
728:
727:
720:
715:
657:
644:
603:Nottinghamshire
519:Selby Coalfield
498:surface mines.
487:
467:
465:Nationalisation
412:5 & 6 Vict.
388:Huskar Colliery
336:Newcomen engine
308:
274:in Lothian and
221:
161:
147:. According to
122:Bituminous coal
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5151:
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5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
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5106:
5101:
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5099:
5089:
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5049:
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5037:
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5033:
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5029:
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5026:
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5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4931:Tyndall Centre
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4627:Severn Barrage
4624:
4622:Mersey Barrage
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4534:Oil refineries
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4368:Power stations
4365:
4363:North Sea Link
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4246:miners' strike
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Coal Authority
4207:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4192:Energy sources
4191:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3937:Utilita Energy
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Octopus Energy
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Bristol Energy
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3600:Harbour Energy
3597:
3592:
3587:
3584:Emerald Energy
3580:
3573:
3571:Dana Petroleum
3568:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3540:and production
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3456:Anglo American
3451:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3343:other entities
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3294:United Kingdom
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Czech Republic
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Mining regions
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:homogenization
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2839:Sulfur dioxide
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:power in China
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2567:External links
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2521:
2509:Orwell, George
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2456:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2385:
2360:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2322:Barry Supple.
2320:
2314:
2307:
2299:John Hatcher:
2290:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2211:
2198:
2190:Benson, John.
2188:
2181:
2174:
2160:
2150:
2145:Arnold, Jörg.
2142:
2141:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2090:
2060:
2030:
1996:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1902:
1863:
1841:
1815:
1786:
1772:
1743:
1721:
1703:
1686:
1659:
1645:
1638:
1620:
1589:
1564:
1538:
1513:
1487:
1461:
1436:
1410:
1404:978-1910553015
1403:
1381:
1352:
1323:
1309:
1303:. p. 67.
1285:
1272:
1260:
1231:
1199:
1168:
1141:
1100:
1088:
1061:
1046:
1019:
992:
980:
968:
957:on 9 July 2015
935:
924:on 9 July 2015
905:
879:
854:
828:
797:
785:
760:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
704:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
676:Three-Day Week
673:
668:
663:
656:
653:
643:
640:
568:Prime Minister
566:In 1994, then-
561:Clement Attlee
525:government of
486:
483:
466:
463:
404:Queen Victoria
307:
304:
268:Forest of Dean
256:Northumberland
220:
217:
173:Northumberland
160:
157:
105:. After 1972,
60:Northumberland
50:dates back to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5186:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:Charities and
4890:
4886:
4879:
4875:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:Organisations
4716:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:North Sea oil
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Fuel protests
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:National Grid
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4185:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4099:
4098:National Grid
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:National Grid
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Firmus Energy
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Firmus Energy
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:Vattenfall UK
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:ScottishPower
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:Pharos Energy
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:GCM Resources
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Faroe Islands
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:South Ossetia
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Liechtenstein
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:mining region
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
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2526:
2523:Rowe, J.W.F.
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2411:Jevons, H.S.
2410:
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2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:Handy, L. J.
2281:
2278:
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2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
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2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:Buxton, N.K.
2212:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:Anderson, D.
2131:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1937:News and Star
1934:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1641:
1639:0-00-638077-8
1635:
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1593:
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1548:
1542:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1476:
1475:History Today
1472:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
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1353:
1341:
1337:
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1327:
1324:
1312:
1310:1-4191-1091-8
1306:
1302:
1299:. Whitefish:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1242:
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1200:
1187:
1183:
1177:
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1173:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:Galloway 1971
1092:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1008:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
989:
988:Galloway 1971
984:
981:
977:
976:Galloway 1971
972:
969:
956:
952:
948:
942:
940:
936:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
894:
890:
883:
880:
868:
864:
858:
855:
842:
838:
832:
829:
816:
812:
806:
804:
802:
798:
795:
789:
786:
774:
770:
769:"Coal mining"
764:
761:
757:
744:
743:
735:
731:
725:
723:
719:
712:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
628:
625:In 2020, the
623:
620:
616:
613:, chemicals,
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
582:
578:
576:
572:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Black Country
499:
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
453:
452:Norma Gregory
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
359:blast furnace
356:
352:
348:
347:Coalbrookdale
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:steam engines
329:
320:
312:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Prestongrange
269:
265:
261:
260:Staffordshire
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Domesday Book
240:
238:
234:
229:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
209:West Midlands
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Carboniferous
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Carboniferous
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:West Midlands
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5136:
4901:Ashden Award
4725:Carbon Trust
4459:Dash for Gas
4454:BBL Pipeline
4202:
4169:
4142:Hi-Gen Power
4053:Transmission
3956:Distribution
3927:Shell Energy
3877:Co-op Energy
3846:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3627:Ophir Energy
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3595:Essar Energy
3582:
3575:
3558:
3546:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3332:Transnistria
3293:
2984:Refined coal
2897:liquefaction
2789:Energy value
2558:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2524:
2512:
2502:
2495:
2491:23#3 (2018).
2488:
2481:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2442:
2441:Kirby, M.W.
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2391:
2388:Hull, Edward
2365:
2354:
2352:Hill, Alan.
2345:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2276:
2265:
2256:
2248:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2214:
2204:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2146:
2133:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:The Guardian
2075:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:The Guardian
2045:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2010:The Guardian
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1905:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1734:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1706:
1677:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1602:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1413:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1295:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1252:, retrieved
1240:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1160:, retrieved
1156:the original
1150:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1123:(1): 39–72.
1120:
1116:
1103:
1098:, p. 20
1091:
1080:, retrieved
1076:the original
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1038:, retrieved
1034:the original
1028:
1022:
1011:, retrieved
1007:the original
1001:
995:
990:, p. 11
983:
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
950:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
814:
788:
776:. Retrieved
772:
763:
754:
747:. Retrieved
742:The Guardian
740:
730:Seddon, Mark
645:
638:until 2049.
624:
587:
583:
579:
565:
558:
551:
539:British Coal
523:Conservative
500:
496:
468:
458:
454:
449:
384:
344:
334:such as the
325:
288:
283:
241:
237:burning lime
230:
222:
162:
138:
134:fossil fuels
115:
110:
47:
46:
36:
4972:RenewableUK
4906:Bioregional
4772:initiatives
4642:Solar power
4446:Oil and gas
4268:Electricity
4062:Electricity
3965:Electricity
3907:Opus Energy
3897:Good Energy
3741:WesternGeco
3701:Abbot Group
3659:Star Energy
3538:Exploration
3370:Isle of Man
3305:recognition
3279:Switzerland
3214:Netherlands
2854:Coal mining
2804:Fossil fuel
2501:Nef, J. U.
2083:29 February
2053:29 February
1856:20 December
1531:29 December
1506:29 December
1480:29 December
1254:20 November
978:, p. 5
611:fertilisers
549:coalfield.
535:closed shop
291:drift mines
280:South Wales
185:South Wales
107:coal mining
5153:Categories
4654:Wind power
4632:Wave farms
4591:Geothermal
4549:Renewables
4519:Oil fields
4431:Sellafield
4296:Economy 10
4221:Coal mines
4147:Mark Group
4014:Cadent Gas
3917:OVO Energy
3882:Ecotricity
3822:Drax Group
3814:Generation
3806:and supply
3804:Generation
3780:EDF Energy
3763:Integrated
3736:Weir Group
3664:Tullow Oil
3517:Integrated
3249:San Marino
3209:Montenegro
3189:Luxembourg
3169:Kazakhstan
3072:Azerbaijan
2877:Coalfields
2662:Anthracite
2534:35 (1920)
2480:Lewis, B.
2156:. (1929).
1345:24 January
1316:24 January
1192:5 December
1162:6 December
1082:5 December
1040:5 December
1013:5 December
951:ukcoal.com
918:ukcoal.com
713:References
571:John Major
554:Pontefract
447:. c. 65).
367:Trevithick
264:Lancashire
225:Bronze Age
223:Stone and
197:Lancashire
169:coalfields
87:Lancashire
56:coalfields
4291:Economy 7
4127:APX Group
3887:ESB Group
3755:Utilities
3680:Greenergy
3491:Rio Tinto
3435:Companies
3360:Gibraltar
3184:Lithuania
2989:Whitedamp
2974:Peak coal
2969:Outbursts
2872:Coal dust
2862:Blackdamp
2767:seam fire
2742:phase-out
2519:full text
2375:cite book
2247:Fine, B.
2018:0261-3077
1967:7 January
1942:7 January
1917:7 January
1883:: 54–67.
1828:bgs.ac.uk
893:bgs.ac.uk
872:15 August
815:bgs.ac.uk
778:15 August
636:Irish Sea
619:medicines
607:commodity
392:Silkstone
299:bell pits
189:Yorkshire
79:Yorkshire
5137:Category
5082:EcoHomes
4986:Research
4558:Biofuels
3867:100Green
3837:Renantis
3770:Centrica
3726:Petrofac
3566:Centrica
3507:Oil and
3484:Glencore
3380:Svalbard
3365:Guernsey
3312:Abkhazia
3264:Slovenia
3259:Slovakia
3234:Portugal
3092:Bulgaria
2939:Firedamp
2794:Flue gas
2717:Charcoal
2692:Ash pond
2667:Graphite
2546:Dukeries
2474:in JSTOR
2464:in JSTOR
2445:. 1977.
2437:in JSTOR
2405:(2003).
2303:(1993).
2226:in JSTOR
1989:22 April
1962:The Mail
1897:55765613
756:ceremony
749:17 April
745:. London
655:See also
615:plastics
599:Thoresby
591:Hatfield
396:Barnsley
372:coal gas
355:pig iron
284:sea cole
4383:Nuclear
4346:Control
4281:BritNed
4241:History
4170:italics
4157:Wavegen
4137:EnServe
4122:Aggreko
3775:E.ON UK
3716:Hunting
3694:Support
3633:Perenco
3590:EnQuest
3497:UK Coal
3289:Ukraine
3239:Romania
3199:Moldova
3157:Ireland
3152:Iceland
3147:Hungary
3137:Germany
3132:Georgia
3122:Finland
3117:Estonia
3112:Denmark
3097:Croatia
3082:Belgium
3077:Belarus
3067:Austria
3062:Armenia
3057:Andorra
3052:Albania
2799:Fly ash
2647:Lignite
2527:(1923).
2428:(1865).
2394:(1897)
2348:(1944).
2336:(1986)
2326:(1988)
2313:(1984).
2288:excerpt
2286:(1981)
2268:(1882)
2251:(1990).
2234:(1928).
2217:. 1979.
1454:5 March
1429:5 March
1371:25 July
1224:27 July
703:, Wales
575:UK Coal
418:of the
394:, near
357:in the
219:History
201:Cumbria
130:lignite
91:Cumbria
4647:
4401:Magnox
3859:Supply
3785:Npower
3673:Supply
3375:Jersey
3317:Kosovo
3284:Turkey
3274:Sweden
3254:Serbia
3244:Russia
3229:Poland
3224:Norway
3204:Monaco
3174:Latvia
3142:Greece
3127:France
3102:Cyprus
2917:slurry
2912:refuse
2784:Coking
2702:Asthma
2536:online
2447:online
2407:online
2396:Online
2338:online
2305:online
2270:Online
2243:online
2196:online
2172:online
2158:online
2138:online
2023:22 May
2016:
1895:
1834:7 July
1830:. 2014
1808:7 July
1802:gov.uk
1765:8 July
1736:8 July
1679:8 July
1636:
1613:8 July
1582:7 July
1557:7 July
1551:gov.uk
1401:
1307:
1134:8 July
961:8 July
928:8 July
898:7 July
847:4 June
821:7 July
266:, the
252:Durham
203:, the
177:Durham
93:, the
64:Durham
5008:Narec
4730:Cenex
4571:NNFCC
4115:Other
3731:Qserv
3711:Expro
3548:Afren
3529:Shell
3350:Åland
3269:Spain
3194:Malta
3164:Italy
2637:Xylit
2279:1977.
1893:S2CID
1245:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
400:drift
295:adits
276:North
181:North
75:Wales
72:South
68:North
52:Roman
4203:Coal
3470:ENRC
3447:Coal
2922:town
2882:Coal
2834:Smog
2779:Coke
2722:Coal
2712:Char
2642:Peat
2619:Coal
2381:link
2085:2020
2055:2020
2025:2019
2014:ISSN
1991:2017
1969:2021
1944:2021
1919:2021
1858:2015
1836:2015
1810:2015
1767:2015
1738:2015
1681:2015
1634:ISBN
1615:2015
1584:2015
1559:2015
1533:2022
1508:2022
1482:2022
1456:2024
1431:2024
1399:ISBN
1373:2019
1347:2012
1318:2012
1305:ISBN
1256:2016
1226:2011
1194:2010
1164:2011
1136:2015
1084:2010
1042:2010
1015:2010
963:2015
930:2015
900:2015
874:2024
849:2024
823:2015
780:2024
751:2013
593:and
547:Kent
515:1974
513:and
511:1972
351:coke
278:and
254:and
248:lead
233:iron
213:Kent
211:and
207:and
205:East
183:and
175:and
103:Kent
101:and
97:and
95:East
70:and
62:and
5109:HTB
4090:Gas
4034:SGN
4007:Gas
3795:SSE
3554:BHP
3509:gas
3463:BHP
2887:gas
2829:NOx
2772:tar
2737:gas
1885:doi
1125:doi
648:RWE
601:in
537:in
416:act
390:in
365:by
293:or
235:or
5155::
3524:BP
2421:.
2390:.
2377:}}
2373:{{
2101:.
2074:.
2044:.
2012:.
2008:.
1960:.
1935:.
1891:.
1881:52
1879:.
1875:.
1826:.
1800:.
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1746:^
1714:.
1689:^
1671:.
1601:.
1575:.
1549:.
1524:.
1499:.
1473:.
1447:.
1422:.
1397:.
1393:.
1375:.
1363:.
1338:.
1334:.
1247:,
1171:^
1121:11
1119:.
1115:.
949:.
938:^
916:.
891:.
865:.
839:.
813:.
800:^
771:.
753:.
739:.
721:^
617:,
270:,
262:,
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199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
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2259:.
2087:.
2057:.
2027:.
1993:.
1971:.
1946:.
1921:.
1899:.
1887::
1860:.
1838:.
1812:.
1769:.
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1700:.
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1561:.
1535:.
1510:.
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1228:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
