Coal in China - Knowledge (XXG)

822: 1219: 839: 117: 54: 863:(NEA), which issued a directive curbing construction in many parts of the country. This was followed up in January 2017 when the NEA canceled a further 103 coal power plants, eliminating 120 GW of future coal-fired capacity, despite the resistance of local authorities mindful of the need to create jobs. The decreasing rate of construction is due to the realization that too many power plants had been built and some existing plants were being used far below capacity. In 2020 over 40% of plants were estimated to be running at a net loss and new plants may become 5201: 1703: 852: 606:

production to address a significant output drop that resulted in a rare 4.1% national decline—the first since 2020. This downturn led to increased reliance on coal imports, which hit record levels. Expectations are for further increases in 2024, especially for high-quality coking and thermal coal. The China Coal Transportation and Distribution Association predicts continued import growth, driven by rising demand from the steel industry, revitalization efforts in the real estate sector, and favorable import conditions from

30: 586:. Its estimated coal output was forecast at 7 million tonnes in the fourth quarter of 2008. With a designed annual capacity of 20 million tonnes of crude coal, it will operate for approximately 79 years. Its coal reserves total about 1.73 billion tonnes. It is rich in low-sulfur steam coal. Mines in Inner Mongolia are rapidly expanding production, with 637 million tons produced in 2009. Transport of coal from this region to seaports on China's coast has overloaded highways such as 46: 563: 130:

around 1000 BC. In pre-modern China, coal was constrained both by the limitations of traditional technology and the weakness of demand. In the 3rd century BC, Chinese people began burning coal for heat. The spread of coal use was gradual until the late 11th century when a timber shortage in north China produced a fast-paced expansion in coal mining and consumption. In 1000 AD, Chinese mines were ahead of most mining advancements in the world.

1595: 918: 38: 990: 238: 6330: 5925: 5532: 5115: 747: 6340: 5935: 5151: 5139: 5127: 1717: 969:(collectively referred to as solid fuels) for domestic purposes was nearly ubiquitous in rural households but declining in urban homes. At that time, estimates put the number of premature deaths due to indoor air pollution at 420,000 per year, which is even higher than due to outdoor air pollution, estimated at 300,000 deaths per year. The specific mechanisms for death cited have been 1354: 254: 246: 981:(COPD), weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function. Measured pollution levels in homes using solid fuels generally exceeded China's IAQ air quality standards. Technologies exist to improve indoor air quality, notably the installation of a chimney and modernized bioenergy but need more support to make a larger difference. 1333:

As of 2009, the government has been cracking down on unregulated mining operations, which in 2009 accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country's 16,000 mines. The closure of about 1,000 dangerous small mines in 2008 helped to cut in half the average number of miners killed, to about six a

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In 2023 China imported 23.47 million metric tons of coal from Australia, an increase from 2.86 million after a two-year ban was ended. The levels of coal imports from Australia did not yet reach the pre-ban levels of 77.51 million metric tons. That year, Shanxi's major coal producers planned to boost

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Early descriptions of coal for household purposes go back until the 6th century when a writer pointed out that food tastes different according to whether it was cooked over coal, charcoal, bamboo, or grass. From the 11th century, coal was the main option in the household in the capital at Kaifeng. At

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In 2022, global coal phase-out efforts continued, excluding China, where increased coal production negated worldwide advancements. The US significantly reduced coal power, contributing to half of the global decline. However, China's addition of 26.8 GW in coal power contrasted with the trend towards

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China is the world's largest importer of coal: with big imports from Russia and Indonesia in the 2020s. After boycotting Australian coal in 2020, coking coal imports from Mongolia and the US grew. Also Russia sought to expand its coal exports to China due to declining demand in Europe because of the

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announced China's commitment to not building new coal-fired power projects abroad, marking a significant step towards addressing climate change. This initiative, part of China's broader climate pledges, was positively received by global leaders, including U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres and

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Many direct deaths happen in coal mining and processing. In 2007, 1,084 out of the 3,770 workers who died were from gas blasts. Small mines (comprising 90% of all mines) are known to have far higher death rates, and the government of China has banned new coal mines with a high gas danger and a

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As part of China's efforts to achieve its pledges of peak coal consumption by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, a nationwide effort to reduce overcapacity resulted in the closure of many small and dirty coal mines. Major coal-producing provinces like Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi instituted

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generated 57% of electricity in 2020. Over half the world's coal-fired power is generated in China. 5 GW of new coal power was approved in the first half of 2021. Quotas force utility companies to buy coal power over cheaper renewable power. China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the

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The Chinese central government has clamped down on the pace of new construction of coal plants and shifted to renewable, nuclear and natural gas sources. At the same time, coal consumption reached new heights in China with carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired electricity production estimated to

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wrote that ‘Building a coal plant, whether it is needed or not, is also a common way for local governments to boost economic growth.’ and that ‘They don’t like depending on each other for energy. So, for example, a province might prefer to use its own coal plant rather than a cleaner energy source

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Ancient people in current China started using coal around 6,000 years ago. Historians suspects that the Chinese were involved in the surface mining of coal around 3490 BC, pioneering the pre-modern world. Fushan mine uses to be pointed out as the earliest coal mine in the ancient world and started

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is important, but renewable energy creates more jobs per yuan invested. Almost half of tax revenue in Shanxi province is from coal. Since 2004, some local governments in Shanxi have required that coal mining companies set aside funds for investing in noncoal business like agriculture and produce

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kills 750,000 people every year, according to a study by the World Bank. Issued in response to record-high levels of air pollution in 2012 and 2013, the State Council's September 2013 Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution reiterated the need to reduce coal's share in China's

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In the first nine months of 2009, China's coal mines had eleven major accidents with 303 deaths, with gas explosions the leading cause, according to the central government. Most accidents are blamed on failures to follow safety rules, including a lack of required ventilation or fire control

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In September 2021, China pledged to end financing of coal power plants abroad. A study by Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air in April 2022 stated at least 15 overseas coal power plants had been cancelled since the announcement, while 18 projects which had secured financing and necessary

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negative in 2018 and 2019. In 2020 Carbon Tracker estimated that 43% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewables and that 94% would be by 2025. According to 2020 analysis by Energy Foundation China, to keep warming to 1.5 degrees C all China's coal power without carbon

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noted in 2022, "China is set to delight and depress climate trackers in equal measure in 2022 by setting new global records in both clean power utilisation and coal-fired electricity emissions." Solar and wind generated electricity surged by over 30% and 25% respectively during the period from

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In 2003, the death rate per million tons of coal mined in China was 130 times higher than in the United States, 250 times higher than in Australia (open cast mines) and 10 times higher than the Russian Federation (underground mines). However the safety figures in the major state owned coal

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January to October 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. Despite central government attempts to clamp down on construction and shifting demand in the market to renewable, nuclear and natural gas sources, 43 coal power units were announced in the first half of 2021 according to the

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capture must be phased out by 2045. But in 2023 many new coal power stations were approved. Coal power stations receive payments for their capacity. A 2021 study estimated that all coal power plants could be shut down by 2040, by retiring them at the end of their financial lifetime.

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In addition to environmental and health costs at home, China's dependence on coal is cause for concern on a global scale. Due in large part to the emissions caused by burning coal, China is now the number one producer of carbon dioxide, responsible for a full quarter of the world's

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North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has announced plans to extinguish fires in the region by 2012. Most of these fires were caused by bad mining practices combined with bad weather. 200 million yuan (US$ 29.3 million) has been budgeted to this effect.

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China is now aware of the impact of coal on the environment and is taking steps to change it. Currently, China is expanding the use of natural gas as an alternative to coal for heating. But if rural areas lose government subsidies, no one will continue to use natural gas.

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and soot standards. New coal power plants have a set date of the beginning of 2012 and for old power plants by mid-2014. They must also abide by a new limit on mercury by beginning of 2015. It is estimated such measures could bring about a 70% reduction in

1176:. Local miners may use abandoned mines for shelter and intentionally set such fires. One study estimates that this translates into 360 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, which is not included in the previous emissions figures. 929:

In Chinese cities, the domestic burning of coal is no longer permitted. In rural areas, coal can still be used by Chinese households, and is commonly burned raw in unvented stoves. This fills homes with high levels of toxic metals leading to bad

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China has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity It has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity even during holidays, issued approvals for new mines China's rollback of restrictions on mining and imports of

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are the main coal-producing provinces, and most coal is found in the north and northwest of the country. This poses a large logistical problem for supplying electricity to the more heavily populated coastal areas in the southeast.

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after 30,000 local residents staged a violent protest against it, because "the coal-fired power plant was behind a rise in the number of local cancer patients, environmental pollution and a drop in the local fishermen's catch."

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to 65% by 2017. As public concern grows, incidents of social unrest are becoming more frequent around the country. For example, in December 2011 the government suspended plans to expand a coal-fired power plant in the city of

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Other Transformation refers to an energy transformation process not in the preceding list of electricity, industry, or heat. For the case of coal, this is likely to include losses, own use, gains, or liquefaction. Reference:

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The consumption of coal is largely in power production, aside from this, there is a lot of industry and manufacturing use along with a comparatively small amount of domestic use in poorer households for heating and cooking.

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day, in the first six months of 2009, according to the government. Major gas explosions in coal mines remain a problem, though the number of accidents and deaths have gradually declined year by year, the chief of the

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enterprises were significantly better. Even so, in 2007 China produced one third of the world's coal but had four fifths of coal fatalities. China's coal mining industry resorts to forced labor according to a 2014

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reducing coal dependence and enhancing renewable energy investments. China now represents 68% of the world's coal projects under development, highlighting its significant influence on global coal dynamics.

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The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s. However, the rate of retirement has since stalled, and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the

160:. European observers interpreted that as a consequence of the lack of wood in the zone to hold up the roof in slope mines. Flooding was a constant problem, and several mines were abandoned for that reason. 3960: 1321:

in cooperation with the Chinese government found that about 750,000 people die prematurely in China each year from air pollution. Later, the government asked the researchers to soften the conclusions.

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While coal is the main energy source, most reserves are in the north or northwest and present an enormous logistical problem – nearly half the country's rail capacity is used in transporting coal.

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instituted administrative caps on coal output. These measures contributed to electricity outages in several northeastern provinces in September 2021 and a coal shortage elsewhere in China. The

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Coal mines in China were as deep as those in Europe. In areas such as Shanxi with natural drainage, mines were as deep as 120 m. From Henan and Manchuria, mines had depths of 90 m or more.

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administrative caps on coal output. These measures contributed to electricity outages in several northeastern provinces in September 2021 and a coal shortage elsewhere in China. The

3433: 2769:"Mongolian coal production has exploded — up 37 percent to 637 million tons last year alone, with an additional 15 percent increase expected this year." article by Michael Wines in 2348: 4074: 3484: 217:

the beginning of the 12th century, twenty new coal markets were established and coal replaced charcoal in the zone. Increasing demand led to the development of mining in areas of

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China is the largest coal producer in the world, with 3.84 billion tonnes in 2020 and China National Coal Association forecasting an increase in 2021. The coal production 1829

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In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.

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Coal consumption in traditional China was substantial but low on a per capita basis. Main coal demand came from industry. The earliest references to coal are in the context of

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China has said carbon dioxide from coal will peak by 2025. On average, China's coal plants work more efficiently than those in the United States, due to their relative youth.

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capacity below 300,000 tons in an effort to reduce deaths a further 20% by 2010. The government has also vowed to close 4,000 small mines to improve industry safety.

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In 2021, the government ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity at all times, including holidays; approved new mines, and reduced restrictions on coal mining.

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in China, this dependency on coal units, depletion of reserves, increasing import prices, and slowdowns of shipment and production lead to widespread shutdowns of

4980: 3957: 2786: 4254: 5350: 4300: 3494: 3463: 3443: 3109: 4480: 2384: 3309: 2425: 2393: 1993: 1843: 1005:, around 14% of the world total greenhouse gas emissions of around 50 billion tonnes. In 2021 the carbon price was about one-tenth of the EU carbon price. 83: 3562: 5100: 2704: 1102: 872: 627: 3592: 3060: 3077: 4856: 3983: 2975: 1967: 1799: 2087: 789:, as of 2020 there are direct subsidies and the main way coal power is favoured is by the rules guaranteeing its purchase – so dispatch order is not 2489: 4399: 2847: 2457: 6244: 5839: 4945: 4380: 4331: 1089:

by 2060, a nationwide effort to reduce overcapacity resulted in the closure of many small and dirty coal mines. Major coal-producing regions like

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It is believed that a continued increase in coal power in China may undermine international initiatives to decrease carbon emissions, such as the

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border. Accounts of that period estimate that at least 140 000 tons of coal a year were used by the iron industry in that zone. Chinese scientist

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In September 2011, the Chinese government's Ministry of Environmental Protection announced a new emission standard for thermal power plants, for

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In 2015, official statistics revealed that previous statistics had been systematically underestimated by 17%, corresponding to the entire CO

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World Investment Report 2007: Transition Corporations, Extractive Industries United Nations Conference on Trade and Development page 149

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world and is the largest user of coal-derived electricity. Despite China (like other G20 countries) pledging in 2009 to end inefficient

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China produces most of the thermal coal (both black and brown coal) it burns, but imports coking coal to make high quality steel.

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China decided to close the last four coal-fired power and heating plants out of Beijing's municipal area, replacing them with

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sunk horizontally into the hillside for drainage of water. In the 18th century, British observers realized that such mines in

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responded by relaxing some environmental standards and the government allowed coal-fired power plants to defer tax payments.

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responded by relaxing some environmental standards and the government allowed coal-fired power plants to defer tax payments.

860: 2628: 1872: 1110: 880: 6264: 3508: 3164: 53: 5325: 4930: 4849: 4048: 2219: 1630: 1222: 5900: 3853: 3757:"De-Coalizing Rural China: A Critical Examination of the Coal to Clean Heating Project from a Policy Process Perspective" 3336: 3192: 5384: 5258: 762: 602:

energy transition and the political tensions between Russia and Western countries over the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

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said that China should stop building coal-fired power stations, and such building was criticized by U.S. climate envoy

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are important for replacing coal generation. In 2020 a group of experts said that China should stop subsidizing coal.

1137: 934:(IAQ). In addition, food cooked over coal fires contains toxic substances. Toxic substances from coal burning include 758: 6300: 5037: 3490: 3456: 3439: 859:

To curtail the continued rapid construction of coal fired power plants, strong action was taken in April 2016 by the

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in 2018 is more than the total aggregate of next nine top coal producers and 46.7% of the total global production.

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estimated in 2020 that the average coal fleet loss was about 4 USD/MWh and that about 60% of power stations were

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In 2011, seven Chinese coal mining companies produced 100 million tonnes of coal or more. These companies were

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Coal mines in China faced similar problems to European ones. Both Chinese and European miners preferred to use

6310: 6189: 6184: 5895: 6254: 6204: 6029: 5854: 4709:"Kerry: China's Coal Binge Could 'Undo' Global Capacity to Meet Climate Targets | Voice of America – English" 4682: 3789:

Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China: Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions

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57% of energy consumption was from coal in 2020, and 49% for coal-fired power. The coal consumption was 1907

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For reference: GDP of the PRC. Coal production and usage demonstrates a hypersensitivity to economic changes.

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While not directly attributable, many more deaths are resultant from dangerous emissions from coal plants.

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claimed that coal was "burnt through the province of Cathay" and pointed out that was used in bathhouses.

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Political decisions, economic realities: The underlying operating cashflows of coal power during COVID-19

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Ren, Mengjia; Branstetter, Lee G.; Kovak, Brian K.; Armanios, Daniel E.; Yuan, Jiahai (January 2019).

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around the world, and that these workers are all the more exposed to the dangers of such activities.

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Site of the former Ministry of Coal Industry in Hepingli, Beijing; the ministry was abolished in 1998

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efforts advanced, excluding China, which increased coal capacity, offsetting global reductions.

1837:"China's power & steel firms continue to invest in coal even as emissions surge cools down" 5659: 5233: 4809: 4639: 4621: 4572: 4116: 4014: 3680: 3648: 3537: 3408: 3390: 2906: 2604: 2572: 2540: 2508: 2476: 2444: 2412: 2121: 2064: 1740: 1050:

produced per dollar of economic output) by about 40 percent by 2020, compared to 2005 levels.

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output. The country has taken steps towards battling climate change by pledging to cut its

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in that zone forced to turn to the use of coke, mushrooming ironworking centers along the

4167: 3644: 3259: 1782: 4609: 4451: 3788: 3378: 3035: 2892: 2650:"China's 7 Coal Mining Companies Realized Production Capacity of 100 Mln Tonnes in 2011" 37: 5804: 5769: 5470: 4634: 4593: 3808: 3403: 3362: 3263: 3169: 1579: 1165: 1094: 1085:

As part of China's efforts to achieve its pledges of peak coal consumption by 2030 and

864: 800: 579: 541: 273: 105: 4735:"In climate pledge, Xi says China will not build new coal-fired power projects abroad" 3835: 3731: 1594: 917: 237: 6358: 6333: 5928: 5679: 5654: 5457: 5399: 5246: 5143: 5057: 4794: 4779: 3854:"Why China is struggling to wean itself from coal | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide" 3675: 1722: 998: 887: 583: 521: 198: 186: 182: 746: 17: 5131: 4040: 3512: 2289: 1708: 1626: 1207: 989: 954:(over 10 million people afflicted in China), esophageal and lung cancers, and 142: 4565:

China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations

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China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations

1865:"China's Xi Jinping promises to halt new coal projects abroad amid climate crisis" 6343: 5938: 3310:"China's new coal power spree continues as more provinces jump on the bandwagon" 3003:"China set to cap coal consumption, boost domestic oil & gas output in 2021" 1203: 1133: 974: 790: 209:

was the center of the iron industry in late traditional times. German scientist

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for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

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of coal each year. Small illegal fires are frequent in the northern region of

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2019 carbon emissions from coal in China are estimated at 7.24 billion tonnes

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Empires of Coal: Fueling China's Entry into the Modern World Order, 1860-1920

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China's New Growth Pathway: From the 14th Five-Year Plan to Carbon Neutrality

2910: 2848:"China Wants To Go Carbon-Neutral — And Won't Stop Burning Coal To Get There" 201:

suggested that around 70% of iron was smelted with coal. Meanwhile, 30% used

3812: 3283:(Report). Energy Foundation China. December 2020. p. 24. Archived from 2877:"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" 1716: 804: 634:, aims to keep China's coal consumption below 3.8 billion tonnes per annum. 138: 4643: 4275: 3412: 1800:"A glut of new coal-fired power stations endangers China's green ambitions" 1663:

Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation

4683:"Coal should play no part in post-coronavirus recoveries, U.N. chief says" 3430:"Retired Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker" 1153: 955: 939: 773: 607: 548:. The largest metallurgical coal producer was Shanxi Coking Coal Group. 222: 202: 172: 4803: 4592:

Kahrl, Fredrich; Lin, Jiang; Liu, Xu; Hu, Junfeng (24 September 2021).

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Kahrl, Fredrich; Lin, Jiang; Liu, Xu; Hu, Junfeng (24 September 2021).

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How to Retire Early: Making accelerated coal phaseout feasible and just

1895:"At Least 15 China-Backed Coal Plants Canceled, Another 37 GW in Limbo" 1090: 966: 935: 922: 556: 281: 146: 73:

declined to 55% in 2021 according to the US Energy Information Agency.

5949: 4764:. Working Paper Series (25437). National Bureau of Economic Research. 3593:"Beijing power companies close to bankruptcy petition for price hikes" 3481:"New Coal-fired Power Capacity by Country / Global Coal Plant Tracker" 2950:"China's 2023 coal imports from Australia rise, but below pre-ban era" 2705:"China Burns Much More Coal Than Reported, Complicating Climate Talks" 2277:

Coal accounts for >40% of all freight tonne-kms on the rail network

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was adjusted to permit the importation of a small amount of coal from

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was adjusted to permit the importation of a small amount of coal from

4757: 2925:"China eyes more coal imports from Mongolia as supply shortage bites" 2787:"China Takes the Brakes Off Coal Production to Tackle Power Shortage" 2681: 1173: 1098: 611: 582:

Autonomous Region. It started production in 2008, and is operated by

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In the 11th century, the iron produced in north China was smelted in

4808:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 266 pp. 3528:"China Cancels 103 Coal Plants, Mindful of Smog and Wasted Capacity" 2677:"China's Jizhong Energy mines 31 million mt of coal, up 10% on year" 4770: 4071:"Chinese government demand coal companies begin to pay for bad air" 3707:"China puts price controls on domestic metallurgical coal: sources" 1968:"Global progress on phasing out coal in 2022 weighed down by China" 1819:"China on track to hit new clean & dirty power records in 2022" 5499: 5200: 4834: 4041:"Learning from China: A Blueprint for the Future of Coal in Asia?" 3110:"China curbs coal-fired power expansion, giving way to renewables" 2976:"China's Top Coal Province to Raise Output to Boost Local Economy" 2820:"China's boycott of Australia has redirected global flows of coal" 1352: 1217: 988: 916: 850: 745: 561: 302: 264:

is the most abundant mineral resource in China by a large margin.

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Coal is the main source of electricity but its share is declining

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Since 1949, over 250,000 coal mining deaths have been recorded.

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Co Ltd, had a total power generating capacity of about 2.7

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China's installed coal-based power generation capacity was 1080

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accounted for the use of coal in several areas of the province.

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High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

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High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

3929:"China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences" 3457:"Boom and Bust Coal / Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline" 2320:"China's coal consumption seen rising in 2021, imports steady" 2194:"Which countries have the highest coal reserves in the world?" 1783:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 1637:

since 2021. Coal production employed 2.6 million in 2020 so a

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China to ban small coal mines for improving pit safety record

4138:"Beijing promises coal-free power by 2017 to fight pollution" 4007:"America wants China to end support for coal projects abroad" 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3001:

Zhou, Analysts Oceana; Liang, Analyst Cindy (26 April 2021).

642:

IEA Breakdown of coal consumption (million short tons), 2007

3933:

The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report

4824:

Boom and Bust 2021: Tracking The Global Coal Plant Pipeline

3078:"Chinese coal plant approvals slum after Xi climate pledge" 2652:. China Mining Association. 1 February 2012. Archived from 1169: 4351:"42 Reported Dead, and 66 Trapped, in China Mine Accident" 3730:

Robert B. Finkelman, Harvey E. Belkin, and Baoshan Zheng.

3165:"China generated half of global coal power in 2020: study" 1578:

As of 2018 China is exporting technology, for example for

3509:"China Puts an Emergency Stop on Coal Power Construction" 3215: 3213: 3103: 3101: 2735:"China's largest open-pit coal mine ready for production" 1633:

from new large-scale solar power has been below existing

1338:, Luo Lin, told a national conference in September 2009. 4426:"20 Die in Coal Mine Plunge – China Digital Times (CDT)" 4217:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" 2870: 2868: 2258:"China coal production, transportation and consumption" 1606: 950:. These cause health issues such as arsenic poisoning, 3028:"Coal and Peat in China, People's Republic of in 2007" 626:

in 2018 which is 50.2% of the global consumption. The

2737:. Xinhua News Agency. 19 October 2008. Archived from 1156:(GW). All of them have been closed as of March 2019. 3798:. Received July 3, 2006; Accepted February 27, 2007. 3337:"China's new capacity payment risks locking in coal" 2061:

Coal Mining in China's Economy and Society 1895–1937

814:

Retirement and addition of coal-fired power capacity

776:

in 2021, about half the total installed capacity of

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Global Energy Monitor. 5 April 2023. p. 3. 3193:"Why China is struggling to wean itself from coal" 2875:Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). 5510:Hidili Industry International Development Limited 574:China's largest open-pit coal mine is located in 57:Historical coal production of different countries 4400:"China's coalmine death toll drops 7.5% in 2010" 2760:"China's Growth Leads to Problems Down the Road" 2609:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2577:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2545:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2513:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2481:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2449:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2417:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5091:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation 4381:Chinese coal industry in need of a helping hand 4188:N China to put out some coalfield fires by 2012 3984:"China agrees to impose carbon targets by 2016" 2618:coal production p. 15, electricity p. 25 and 27 2591:. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 2527:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 2495:. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 2431:. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014 2399:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 925:) being transported by use of a tricycle, 1997. 69:in the world. The share of coal in the Chinese 4790:The Chinese Coal Industry: An Economic History 3978: 3976: 3958:"South China town unrest cools after dialogue" 2559:. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 2142:"Why is coal so important to China's economy?" 901:One of the principal consumers of coal is the 590:resulting in chronic traffic jams and delays. 145:were the second most common type, as mines in 61:China is the largest producer and consumer of 5965: 5560: 5183: 4850: 3905:"Pollution kills 750,000 in China every year" 2169:"Coal Shortages Force Blackouts Across China" 2063:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. 1357:A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine 1113:. The energy problems abated in a few weeks. 883:. The energy problems abated in a few weeks. 761:from coal in China and is distributed by the 8: 3732:Health impacts of domestic coal use in China 3563:"Asian coal boom: climate threat or mirage?" 3244:Gray, Matt; Sundaresan, Sriya (April 2020). 2463:. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 41:Entrance to a small coal mine in China, 1999 4758:"Why Has China Overinvested in Coal Power?" 4073:. Greenpeace East Asia. 26 September 2011. 3834:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (11 May 2020). 3670:"Will China save the planet or destroy it?" 3314:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air 1844:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air 84:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air 5972: 5958: 5950: 5567: 5553: 5545: 5281: 5190: 5176: 5168: 4857: 4843: 4835: 4368:. November 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 4298:750,000 a year killed by Chinese pollution 4247:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 1136:in the capital. The four plants, owned by 1103:National Development and Reform Commission 873:National Development and Reform Commission 640: 628:National Development and Reform Commission 4769: 4633: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 3772: 3402: 2900: 2775:August 27, 2010, accessed August 28, 2010 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 141:were opening out directly on to a river. 1360: 1076: 1068: 1059: 299: 249:Production of coal within China by type. 4946:State Electricity Regulatory Commission 4479:. Global Business Reports. p. 35. 4346: 4344: 3927:Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). 2343: 2341: 2082: 2080: 1774: 493: 90:permits could enter into construction. 49:A coal shipment underway in China, 2007 4936:National Nuclear Safety Administration 4552:from the original on 28 February 2021. 4534: 4532: 4136:Chen, Kathy; Tom Miles (22 May 2015). 3233:from the original on 28 February 2021. 2602: 2570: 2538: 2506: 2474: 2442: 2410: 1794: 1792: 1190:List of coal mining accidents in China 1118:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 490: 4257:from the original on 11 November 2009 4148:from the original on 5 September 2015 4045:The National Bureau of Asian Research 3526:Forsythe, Michael (18 January 2017). 3248:(Report). Carbon Tracker. p. 19. 2842: 2840: 2813: 2811: 2361:from the original on 26 December 2019 1311:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1142:Datang International Power Generation 979:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7: 4885:China Beijing Environmental Exchange 4540:"CHINA'S CARBON NEUTRAL OPPORTUNITY" 4432:from the original on 15 January 2013 3567:Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit 3221:"China's Carbon Neutral Opportunity" 2881:Energy Research & Social Science 2167:Turland, Jesse (29 September 2021). 1962: 1960: 1940:"China's growing electricity crisis" 1853:from the original on 20 August 2021. 33:Coal supplies most of China's energy 4077:from the original on 6 October 2011 3787:Environmental Health Perspectives. 3487:from the original on 19 March 2023. 2300:from the original on 21 August 2011 1913:"How bad is China's energy crisis?" 1817:Maguire, Gavin (23 November 2022). 1569:State Administration of Work Safety 1336:State Administration of Work Safety 614:due to recent export duty waivers. 241:Coal production in China, 1950–2012 5446:Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry 5096:China National Nuclear Corporation 5048:HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong 5043:HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou 4227:from the original on 19 March 2018 3836:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 3817:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 3645:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001 3469:from the original on 7 April 2023. 3436:from the original on 9 April 2023. 3335:Lushan, Huang (23 November 2023). 2703:Buckley, Chris (3 November 2015). 1675:in 2021 as making it difficult to 530:Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry 125:Coal mines in pre-industrial China 25: 5520:Inner Mongolia Yitai Coal Company 5341:Shanxi Lu'an Environmental Energy 5331:Xishan Coal and Electricity Power 5101:Electric power companies of China 4505:Runyon, Jennifer (23 June 2021). 4051:from the original on 29 June 2017 3939:from the original on 22 July 2018 2785:Chuin-Wei Yap (20 October 2021). 2715:from the original on 25 July 2018 2294:Energy Information Administration 1586:Just transition to phase out coal 1065:and mercury, and a tightening of 767:greenhouse gas emissions by China 6338: 6329: 6328: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5531: 5530: 5304:Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group 5199: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5114: 5113: 4594:"Sunsetting coal power in China" 4486:from the original on 17 May 2019 4309:released version of the report: 3745:1999 March 30; 96(7): 3427–3431. 3363:"Sunsetting coal power in China" 2379:IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2290:"Country analysis briefs: China" 2256:Kemp, John (28 September 2021). 1938:Seidel, Jamie (1 October 2021). 1736:Category:Coal companies of China 1715: 1701: 1667:In 2020, U.N. secretary general 1593: 1168:in China burn about 200 million 944:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 837: 820: 738:This section is an excerpt from 156:were predominant, especially in 77:top 4.5 billion tonnes in 2022. 5422:Pingdingshan Tianan Coal Mining 5309:Taiyuan Coal Gasification Group 5068:Ultra-high-voltage transmission 4450:Mines and Communities Website. 4166:Mines and Communities Website. 4039:Cohen, Armond (21 April 2014). 3569:. 22 March 2016. Archived from 3483:. Global Energy Monitor. 2023. 3432:. Global Energy Monitor. 2023. 3136:Cheng, Evelyn (29 April 2021). 1785:. US Energy Information Agency. 1691:U.S. climate envoy John Kerry. 1684:United Nations General Assembly 750:Coal-fired power plant in China 167:Early coal consumption in China 6296:British Indian Ocean Territory 5891:British Indian Ocean Territory 2627:IEA Coal Information Overview 2088:"Unearthing Ancient Mysteries" 1150:Beijing Jingneng Thermal Power 861:National Energy Administration 1: 5466:Shandong Energy Group Company 5326:Xishan Coal Electricity Group 4931:China Atomic Energy Authority 4567:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 4378:International Herald Tribune. 3108:Yihe, Xu (1 September 2021). 2116:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 1631:levelized cost of electricity 1223:Disability-adjusted life year 1082:emissions from power plants. 965:In 2007, the use of coal and 5385:Panjiang Investment Holdings 5347:Yangquan Coal Industry Group 5337:Lu'an Mining Industry Group 5259:China United Coalbed Methane 4107:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 3878:Nesbit, Jeff (24 May 2021). 3858:www.hellenicshippingnews.com 3761:Frontiers in Energy Research 3631:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 3197:www.hellenicshippingnews.com 2818:Hui, Mary (26 August 2021). 2391: (archived 2017-10-02), 2349:"BP Statistical Review 2019" 2267:. Thomson Reuters. p. 2 763:State Power Grid Corporation 5515:Mongolia Energy Corporation 5476:Yanzhou Coal Mining Company 5419:China Pingmei Shenma Group 4793:. Routledge. Archived from 4452:China and US coal disasters 3032:International Energy Agency 2675:Le, Reggie (5 April 2012). 2092:Alberta Culture and Tourims 1998:Alberta Culture and Tourism 1138:Huaneng Power International 1016:Efforts to reduce emissions 6391: 5269:PetroChina Coalbed Methane 5238:Heilongjiang Coal Industry 4941:SASAC of the State Council 4618:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102939 4569:Cambridge University Press 4563:Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). 4282:November 16, 2007, at the 3705:Staff (2 September 2021). 3507:Feng, Hao (7 April 2016). 3489:— Global Energy Monitor's 3438:— Global Energy Monitor's 3387:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102939 2902:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 2639: (archived 2019-08-13) 2118:Cambridge University Press 2112:Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). 1660: 1187: 1132:, in an effort to improve 737: 588:China National Highway 110 476: 462: 448: 434: 420: 406: 392: 378: 364: 350: 336: 322: 6324: 5919: 5528: 5278:Regional government owned 5212: 5109: 4802:Wu, Shellen Xiao (2015). 4787:Thomson, Elspeth (2003). 4251:World Health Organization 3774:10.3389/fenrg.2021.707492 3743:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2228:World Nuclear Association 2198:www.mining-technology.com 2020:"A Brief History of Coal" 1763:Coal in the United States 1635:coal-fired power stations 782:Coal-fired power stations 6045:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5640:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5316:Shanxi Coking Coal Group 5292:Datong Coal Mining Group 5222:Central government owned 3968:Associated Foreign Press 3598:South China Morning Post 3083:South China Morning Post 2220:"Nuclear Power in China" 2146:South China Morning Post 1731:Mining industry of China 1629:excluding subsidies the 1197:U.S. Department of Labor 765:. It is a big source of 534:Shanxi Coking Coal Group 211:Ferdinand von Richthofen 6370:Climate change in China 6306:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5901:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5536:Coal companies of China 5410:Jizhong Energy Resource 5404:Kailuan Energy Chemical 5206:Coal companies of China 5156:Renewable energy portal 4113:Oxford University Press 3637:Oxford University Press 2791:The Wall Street Journal 921:Coal for domestic use ( 903:steel industry in China 830:Paris Climate Agreement 778:power stations in China 630:, which determines the 301:Coal in China (million 5437:Shenyang Coal Industry 5038:HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai 5029:Electricity generation 4910:List of power stations 4511:Renewable Energy World 2230:. 2021. Archived from 1657:International opinions 1358: 1306: 1130:gas-fired power plants 1021:Air pollution in China 994: 926: 856: 751: 733:Electricity generation 632:energy policy of China 571: 538:Datong Coal Mine Group 258: 250: 242: 121: 58: 50: 42: 34: 5450:Shaanxi Coal Industry 5389:Panjiang Refined Coal 5321:Shanxi Coking Company 5073:Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC 4880:Carbon trading scheme 4828:Global Energy Monitor 4428:. 25 September 2012. 3755:Hu, Zhanping (2021). 3034:(IEA). Archived from 1758:Coal mining in Canada 1746:Clean coal technology 1580:coal mining in Turkey 1375:million tons of coal 1356: 1221: 1164:It is estimated that 993:Most CO2 is from coal 992: 971:respiratory illnesses 920: 854: 787:fossil fuel subsidies 759:electricity generated 749: 565: 256: 248: 240: 152:In the 19th century, 119: 99:industrial energy use 56: 48: 40: 32: 6220:United Arab Emirates 5815:United Arab Emirates 5375:Huainan Mining Group 5370:Huaibei Mining Group 5297:Datong Coal Industry 4741:. 22 September 2021. 4517:on 25 September 2021 4177:. February 14, 2003. 4013:. 4 September 2021. 3679:. 27 November 2023. 3038:on 14 September 2013 2059:Wright, Tim (1984). 1688:President Xi Jinping 1677:limit climate change 1303: more than 1350 1184:Accidents and deaths 1146:China Shenhua Energy 923:honeycomb briquettes 717:Other Transformation 18:Coal mining in China 6247:limited recognition 5980:Coal mining in Asia 5842:limited recognition 5433:Fushun Mining Group 5241:Shanxi Huayu Energy 4610:2021iSci...24j2939K 4461:. 7th January 2006. 4406:on 22 February 2017 3601:. 10 September 2021 3379:2021iSci...24j2939K 2893:2023ERSS..10203150O 2234:on 13 February 2012 2018:Cartwright, Megan. 1919:. 29 September 2021 1645:Energy storage and 1367:Number of accidents 1237: less than 110 892:located elsewhere.’ 755:Coal power in China 740:Coal power in China 643: 500:excluding Hong Kong 306: 5505:China Kingho Group 5082:State-owned energy 5005:Petroleum industry 4895:Electricity sector 4715:. 2 September 2021 4473:TURKEY MINING 2018 4457:2014-05-17 at the 4386:2014-08-11 at the 4366:The New York Times 4356:2017-03-17 at the 4338:. August 15, 2008. 4334:2008-10-21 at the 4315:2008-09-04 at the 4303:2009-12-13 at the 4193:2010-06-11 at the 4173:2008-02-22 at the 3989:2017-08-27 at the 3970:, 23 December 2011 3963:2014-01-31 at the 3910:2013-11-17 at the 3794:2017-02-02 at the 3737:2016-01-22 at the 3533:The New York Times 3063:2011-07-26 at the 2772:The New York Times 2765:2017-03-18 at the 2741:on 23 October 2008 2709:The New York Times 2148:. 13 February 2021 1605:. You can help by 1359: 1307: 995: 952:skeletal fluorosis 932:indoor air quality 927: 907:metallurgical coal 857: 752: 689:Electricity Plants 641: 572: 300: 259: 251: 243: 122: 95:2021 energy crisis 59: 51: 43: 35: 6352: 6351: 6289:other territories 5947: 5946: 5884:other territories 5542: 5541: 5488: 5487: 5234:China Coal Energy 5165: 5164: 4815:978-0-8047-9284-4 4797:on 13 April 2010. 4578:978-1-009-04898-9 3840:Our World in Data 3821:Our World in Data 3491:Summary of Tables 3440:Summary of Tables 2980:www.bloomberg.com 2956:. 20 January 2024 2127:978-1-009-04898-9 1875:on 3 October 2021 1741:Asian brown cloud 1623: 1622: 1574:Technology export 1565: 1564: 1214:Pulmonary disease 1087:carbon neutrality 1046:(the amount of CO 730: 729: 656:Other Bituminous 566:A coal mine near 518: 517: 16:(Redirected from 6382: 6342: 6332: 6331: 6301:Christmas Island 5987:Sovereign states 5974: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5937: 5927: 5926: 5896:Christmas Island 5582:Sovereign states 5569: 5562: 5555: 5546: 5534: 5533: 5282: 5229:China Coal Group 5204: 5203: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5116: 5063:Three Gorges Dam 5031:and transmission 4984: 4977:Hydroelectricity 4915:Renewable energy 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4831: 4819: 4798: 4783: 4773: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4637: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4513:. 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Archived from 4396: 4390: 4375: 4369: 4362:Associated Press 4348: 4339: 4325: 4319: 4295:Financial Times. 4292: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4184: 4178: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4104: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4003: 3997: 3980: 3971: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3915:The Telegraph UK 3903:Spencer,Richard 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3884:The Conversation 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3805: 3799: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3752: 3746: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3711:www.spglobal.com 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3628: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3573:on 24 April 2016 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3504: 3498: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3437: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3316:. 29 August 2023 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3290:on 16 April 2021 3289: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3086:. 25 August 2021 3074: 3068: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3007:www.spglobal.com 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2656:on 4 August 2012 2646: 2640: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2558: 2550: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2224:Country Profiles 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2200:. 6 January 2020 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2056: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1901:. 24 April 2022. 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1871:. Archived from 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1841: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1669:António Guterres 1618: 1615: 1597: 1590: 1361: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1081: 1071: 1064: 1044:carbon intensity 985:Carbon footprint 841: 824: 644: 526:China Coal Group 510: 509:Provisional data 507: 501: 498: 307: 173:smelting methods 104:In 2022, global 86:in August 2021. 21: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6375:Mining in China 6355: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6320: 6288: 6279: 6260:Northern Cyprus 6246: 6239: 5981: 5978: 5948: 5943: 5915: 5883: 5874: 5855:Northern Cyprus 5841: 5834: 5576: 5573: 5543: 5538: 5524: 5493:Privately owned 5484: 5355: 5273: 5264:CITIC Resources 5217: 5215:Energy in China 5208: 5198: 5196: 5166: 5161: 5105: 5083: 5077: 5053:HVDC Tian–Guang 5030: 5024: 4982: 4950: 4919: 4905:Energy security 4868: 4866:Energy in China 4863: 4830:. 5 April 2021. 4822: 4816: 4801: 4786: 4755: 4752: 4750:Further reading 4747: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4713:www.voanews.com 4707: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4662:thediplomat.com 4656: 4655: 4651: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4459:Wayback Machine 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4388:Wayback Machine 4376: 4372: 4358:Wayback Machine 4349: 4342: 4336:Wayback Machine 4326: 4322: 4317:Wayback Machine 4308: 4307:. July 2, 2007. 4305:Wayback Machine 4293: 4289: 4284:Wayback Machine 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4195:Wayback Machine 4185: 4181: 4175:Wayback Machine 4168:A Burning Issue 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4106: 4105: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3994:The Independent 3991:Wayback Machine 3981: 3974: 3965:Wayback Machine 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3912:Wayback Machine 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3815:(11 May 2020). 3809:Ritchie, Hannah 3807: 3806: 3802: 3796:Wayback Machine 3786: 3782: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739:Wayback Machine 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3630: 3629: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3173:. 29 March 2021 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3065:Wayback Machine 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2767:Wayback Machine 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2637:Wayback Machine 2626: 2622: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389:Wayback Machine 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2296:. August 2006. 2288: 2287: 2283: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2235: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1994:"Ancient China" 1992: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1752:Other countries 1721: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1665: 1659: 1647:demand response 1639:just transition 1619: 1613: 1610: 1603:needs expansion 1588: 1576: 1374: 1373:Death rate per 1351: 1331: 1316: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1100–1350 1294: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1216: 1192: 1186: 1166:coal mine fires 1162: 1160:Coal mine fires 1126: 1120:began in 2021. 1080: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1018: 1010:Paris Agreement 1002: 987: 915: 899: 894: 893: 865:stranded assets 849: 848: 847: 846: 845: 842: 834: 833: 825: 816: 815: 743: 735: 620: 599: 568:Hailar District 554: 546:Shandong Energy 514: 513: 508: 504: 499: 495: 291: 289:Coal production 270: 235: 169: 127: 114: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5471:Yankuang Group 5468: 5460: 5458:Sichuan Hongda 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5288: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5252:Shenhua Energy 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4983:power stations 4981:Hydroelectric 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4890:Climate change 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4784: 4771:10.3386/w25437 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4726: 4700: 4689:. 24 July 2020 4674: 4649: 4584: 4577: 4555: 4528: 4497: 4463: 4443: 4417: 4391: 4370: 4340: 4320: 4287: 4276:China and Coal 4268: 4238: 4208: 4199: 4179: 4159: 4128: 4121: 4088: 4062: 4031: 3998: 3972: 3950: 3919: 3896: 3870: 3845: 3826: 3800: 3780: 3747: 3723: 3697: 3660: 3653: 3612: 3584: 3554: 3518: 3499: 3472: 3448: 3418: 3353: 3341:China Dialogue 3327: 3301: 3269: 3264:Carbon Tracker 3251: 3236: 3209: 3184: 3170:Deutsche Welle 3156: 3128: 3097: 3069: 3049: 3019: 2993: 2967: 2941: 2916: 2864: 2836: 2807: 2777: 2752: 2726: 2695: 2667: 2641: 2620: 2372: 2337: 2326:. 3 March 2021 2311: 2281: 2248: 2211: 2185: 2159: 2133: 2126: 2104: 2076: 2069: 2036: 2010: 1985: 1974:. 9 April 2023 1956: 1930: 1904: 1886: 1856: 1828: 1809: 1806:. 21 May 2020. 1788: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1712: 1696: 1693: 1658: 1655: 1621: 1620: 1614:September 2021 1600: 1598: 1587: 1584: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1350: 1347: 1330: 1327: 1314: 1299: 1293: 1291: 990–1100 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1215: 1212: 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1161: 1158: 1125: 1122: 1095:Inner Mongolia 1047: 1039: 1017: 1014: 1000: 986: 983: 914: 911: 905:, which burns 898: 897:Industrial use 895: 843: 836: 835: 826: 819: 818: 817: 813: 812: 811: 810: 801:Carbon Tracker 744: 736: 734: 731: 728: 727: 724: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 696: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 671: 668: 665: 662: 658: 657: 654: 651: 648: 619: 616: 598: 595: 580:Inner Mongolia 552: 542:Jizhong Energy 516: 515: 512: 511: 502: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 467: 464: 460: 459: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 442: 439: 436: 432: 431: 428: 425: 422: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 403: 400: 397: 394: 390: 389: 386: 383: 380: 376: 375: 372: 369: 366: 362: 361: 358: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 327: 324: 320: 319: 318:Net available 316: 313: 310: 290: 287: 274:Inner Mongolia 269: 266: 234: 231: 183:blast-furnaces 168: 165: 126: 123: 113: 110: 106:coal phase-out 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6387: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Coal in China 6363: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:South Ossetia 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:South Ossetia 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5537: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400:Kailuan Group 5398: 5397: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5351:Jinneng Group 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5247:Shenhua Group 5245: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5144:Energy portal 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058:HVDC Zhoushan 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900:Energy policy 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604:(9): 102939. 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4482: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4122:9780197682258 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011:The Economist 4008: 4002: 3999: 3996:, 21 May 2013 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3917:, 4 July 2007 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