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83:, found all neutral ports closed, leaving it the choice of either coaling at anchor three miles off the coast—regarded as very risky or even impossible even in good weather—or carrying additional fuel. The Borodino class battleships—already 2.5 ft lower in the water than designed and weighted-down even carrying their designed maximum of 1100 tonnes—took on a total 2200 tonnes of coal. They even used the main deck and were regarded as potentially at risk of capsizing in a strong wind. The
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infancy", he said no detail should be left untouched to ensure completion in the quickest possible manner. Every single officer and man that can be spared, should get into the collier to dig out the coal. Other recommendations were that coaling was always done from the same side, that this was kept free of obstructions and that marks were made on the refuelling collier so that it was easy to align the two ships in the best position. Using these techniques, the battleship
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declared that expeditious coaling was essential for the efficiency of the navy and lamented the fact that dockyards still hadn't changed ship design specifically to facilitate it. Noting that "the question of rapid coaling appears to me to have never been really studied, and even now it is in its
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Removing the coal dust clinging to their sweat-drenched skin after coaling required each man to wash while sitting balanced atop the bucket of fresh water he had been issued for the purpose. There were no showers. The deck was covered with nude sailors, each trying to avoid overturning his bucket
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The call to "Rig ship for coaling!" was an unwelcome announcement of a day of backbreaking work shovelling coal into canvas bags aboard a collier, hoisting those bags onto the warship, dumping the bags near the coal bunkers, and shovelling the coal into the bunkers. The following day was spent
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required by coal-fuelled steam ships brought considerable additional risk to the ship and hardship to the crew. Coal could not be pumped and, once loaded, it had to be continuously moved to ensure bunkers nearest the boilers were always full should full power be suddenly needed.
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coaled for 29 hours in tropical heat, the sailors keeping cotton wool between their teeth to avoid inhaling coal dust. Semenoff reckoned no one could work for more than 20 minutes in those conditions.
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The replacement of sailing ships with steam led to the requirement that coal be widely available. Coaling a warship was a much hated, dirty, and unavoidable task normally carried out in port with a
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while carefully washing himself over his bucket so that the water flowing off his torso returned to the bucket for re-use. A shipmate might be asked to scrub another's back.
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in 1905. Commander
Semenoff described the problems facing the fleet required to sail around the world with very few friendly coaling ports. His ship, the
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alongside, during which time the ship was unable to fight and vulnerable to attack. Once coaling had started it continued day and night until completed.
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cleaning the warship of the black coal dust which had penetrated every crevice and corner of the ship including its living quarters and food supplies.
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broke records, receiving 1,180 long tons (1,200 t) of coal at 289.2 long tons (293.8 t) an hour.
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148:(completed 1886) was constructed primarily to speed the transport of high quality
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Excellent description of the misery and dangers coal-burning ships crew faced
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Warships were stationary targets operating without power during coaling. The
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Upchurch, Richard L. (1986). "Life in the
Armored Cruisers".
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Christopher
Cradock (1908). "Coaling Ship from a Collier".
194:"A sailors life in the new steel navy:working with coal"
249:"Commander Vladimir Semenoff: Coaling at Sea, 1905"
31:onto coal-fuelled ships, particularly warships.
103:missed a "golden opportunity" to attack them.
68:The denial of port facilities to the Russian
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369:"The life of a stoker in the Royal Navy"
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97:British battlecruisers in the Falklands
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23:Pearl Harbor coaling station in 1919.
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299:"Who's Who - Sir Frederick Sturdee"
223:Russo-Japanese War Research Society
156:to the Royal Navy dockyards around
43:Necessity of nearby friendly ports
27:Coaling is the process of loading
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274:"Battle of the Falkland Islands"
120:Need for coaling infrastructure
360:New International Encyclopedia
16:Refueling steamships with coal
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336:United States Naval Institute
107:United States Navy procedures
99:in 1914 were fortunate that
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140:Provision of coal supplies
124:In 1908, Rear Admiral Sir
253:Modern History Sourcebook
78:Borodino-class battleship
34:The lengthy refueling or
179:Whispers from the Fleet
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154:South Wales coalfield
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354:"Coaling Ship"
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392:Maritime transport
387:Ports and harbours
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328:Proceedings
381:Categories
219:"Tsushima"
164:References
158:Portsmouth
150:steam coal
278:worldwar1
233:16 August
152:from the
131:HMS
52:HMS
338:: 43–49.
308:6 August
283:6 August
258:2 August
203:6 August
74:Tsushima
54:Majestic
363:. 1905.
85:Suvorov
63:collier
36:coaling
334:(1).
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