Coast - Knowledge (XXG)

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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

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the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an

2756:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.01 m ( 2703:

types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.

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Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs,

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Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for

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Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,

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down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled

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Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore. Depending on the form of the

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Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries. Today, riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be

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Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other

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significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs

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A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go

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The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region. The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide

608:. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be taken into consideration when measuring, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass. 652:

is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by

2784: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F). 1202:

High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments. High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing a shoreline configuration.

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rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.

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forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a long time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop early on in the first stages of cliff retreat. Later, the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further

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are made when certain rock beds are more susceptible to erosion than the surrounding rock beds because of different areas of weakness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevice that, through time, by means of wave action and erosion, becomes a

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The left bank of the Vistula, when measured with increased precision would furnish lengths ten, hundred and even thousand times as great as the length read off the school map. A statement nearly adequate to reality would be to call most arcs encountered in nature not

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Wave-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the slope material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the cliff and is eventually removed by

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headlands and wave-cut terraces develop. Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where the average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments.

946: 4924:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 903:

can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like

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Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".

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According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal

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lives within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea as of 2013. Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many

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As a result of the fame of the Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists. Such places using the term include the

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Waltham, Nathan J.; Elliott, Michael; Lee, Shing Yip; Lovelock, Catherine; Duarte, Carlos M.; Buelow, Christina; Simenstad, Charles; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Claassens, Louw; Wen, Colin K-C; Barletta, Mario (2020).

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retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate than a cliff made of bedrock.

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breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down the slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf

523:, make up about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans, but at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least part of their life cycle. As of October 2010, about 2.86% of 2752:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human 1681:"Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a rather general term used differently in different contexts, ranging geographically from the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, through to the entire 1221:, expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach. 1162:

According to the second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying

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Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction:

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creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries,

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While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to

542:(including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also 1685:

which may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land. Thus the term coastal waters is used in a slightly different way in discussions of legal and economic boundaries (see

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This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.

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formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to

837: 4964: 4160: 92: 2385:. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line. 1802:). The locations of these beds show the extent of ancient seas at particular points in geological time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past. 3027:

Nagelkerken, I.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S.; Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.-O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A.; Somerfield, P.J. (2008).

3332: 3883:"Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland" 4803:

De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).

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quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1706: 5008: 4936: 4649: 5200: 3303:"Estuarine fish and shellfish species in US commercial and recreational fisheries: economic value as an incentive to protect and restore estuarine habitat" 2261:

and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.

688:, and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges aligned with tidal currents. Wave action is much more important for determining 680:

with a tidal range of less than 2 m (7 ft). The distinction between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack

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approach of the wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves. Low waves that are further apart and break by

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and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff,

2878: 4418: 3128: 355: 6434: 4860:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters" 5156: 5113: 4530: 4472: 4178: 4111: 4027: 3993: 3576: 3008: 4583: 4104:

Ocean margin processes in global change: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Berlin, 1990, March 18-23

6444: 6050: 4243: 3742: 1166:, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are 496:, on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). 5896: 4960: 4760:

Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".

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The identification of bodies of rock formed from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore

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occur when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen and kills fauna.

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live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Some coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as

2079: 802: 2992: 1823:. Each records an episode of retreat of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show 424:"Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more 2883: 2673:

has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive

1229: 5901: 5193: 3856: 2794: 2313: 468: 464: 460: 421: 39: 4631: 412:) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, 5994: 5886: 5544: 3822: 3696: 2057: 1347:

isone which is mainly undergoing early stage development by major long-term processes such as tectonism and climate change A

4088: 4067: 1693:) or when considering the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf ( 1289:, although the French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur". 4678: 1048:

Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and

256:, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the 5756: 5683: 5588: 1796:) is extremely important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents ( 519:

has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which extend to the margins of the

5551: 3776: 3491: 3254: 3104: 5613: 4419:"Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges" 3353: 2599:, also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in 2389: 2372: 2317: 2303: 765: 605: 2042: 1129:. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local 553:. Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. 6439: 6017: 5186: 2863: 32: 2528:, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown 2061: 2046: 1469:

is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action or an arch collapses leaving an offshore remnant.

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environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles while in the United States the

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is one where the primary processes have mostly stabilised, and more localised processes have become prominent.

4580:"The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate WMO Bulletin Vol 58 (1)" 5382: 3157: 2802: 1933: 1831: 1662: 425: 74: 58: 4994: 2487:

and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although

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Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists often leading to the development of

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The Riviera, Or The Coast from Marseilles to Leghorn, Including Carrara, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoja and Florence

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Richardson, L. F. (1961). "The problem of contiguity: An appendix to statistics of deadly quarrels".

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Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the

998:. Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The 5989: 4525:. Vol. III, Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (Second ed.). London: Academic Press. 2488: 2461: 1359: 1163: 347: 253: 3180:"UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?" 455:

are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's

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atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea. Many major cities are on or near good

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Maúre, Elígio de Raús; Terauchi, Genki; Ishizaka, Joji; Clinton, Nicholas; DeWitt, Michael (2021).

2559: 2417: 2401: 2359: 2337: 1906: 1370: 1344: 959: 878: 728: 520: 397: 374: 100: 2207:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that 1366: 6350: 5891: 5878: 5731: 5691: 5402: 5305: 4840: 4742: 4295: 3527: 3457: 3133: 3028: 2563: 2468: 2329: 2254: 2101: 1938: 1713: 1686: 1658: 1294: 1111: 1031: 900: 761: 194: 3718: 604:

The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it and the degree of

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is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur. Both the terms

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Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia

3985: 2566:, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by 621: 6393: 6193: 6161: 6153: 5947: 5853: 5766: 5472: 5310: 5300: 5260: 5225: 5209: 5152: 5109: 4897: 4832: 4785: 4734: 4726: 4536: 4526: 4468: 4399: 4391: 4352: 4334: 4287: 4174: 4117: 4107: 4023: 3989: 3750: 3670: 3660: 3630: 3607: 3597: 3572: 3556: 3519: 3354:""The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population" 3211: 3077: 3004: 2739: 2567: 2501: 2480: 2204: 2021: 1682: 1666: 1484: 1134: 980: 913: 896: 732: 599: 587: 571: 563: 543: 539: 504: 456: 440: 413: 285: 4019: 3568: 3561: 1137:. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as 801:

Nations defend their coasts against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed

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Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The

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deposited inland. Coral reefs are a provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands.

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destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.

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The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone:

6429: 6403: 5979: 5761: 5706: 5573: 5482: 5477: 5362: 5245: 5012: 5001: 3449: 2956: 2889: 2868: 2670: 2541: 2537: 2355: 2325: 2216: 2006: 1896: 1835: 1764: 1729: 1674: 1539: 1473: 1466: 1302: 1282: 1238: 1019: 917: 905: 681: 535: 405: 370: 366: 261: 210: 206: 5089: 3275: 5051: 4875: 4820: 4773: 4714: 4273: 4219: 3898: 3798: 3507: 3492:"How Long is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension" 3046: 2924: 2393:

This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a public waste dump.

889:. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and 692:

of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts.

6292: 6147: 6059: 5372: 5367: 5330: 5270: 5250: 4892: 4859: 4347: 4314: 4135: 3596:. Walter E. Reed, Paul M. Davis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 3033: 2951: 2853: 2727: 2714: 2648: 2632: 2631:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not 2521: 2476: 2351: 1798: 1725: 1702: 1648: 1440:

Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a surrounding

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who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the

475:.) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called 6423: 6198: 5984: 5967: 5917: 5858: 5833: 5696: 5623: 5295: 4921: 4844: 4746: 4605: 4299: 3461: 3302: 2982: 2840: 2652: 2596: 2589: 2571: 2555: 2547: 2505: 2421: 2413: 2345: 2250: 2156: 2121: 1986: 1981: 1928: 1871: 1744: 1549: 1394: 1322:

or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as

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is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or fallen because of instability.

955:, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually and is listed as a 6327: 6226: 5848: 5736: 5608: 5603: 5502: 5492: 5437: 4804: 2899: 2834: 2797:"Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving 2551: 2377: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2177: 1819: 1737: 1721: 1544: 1524: 1452: 1254: 1234: 1126: 1077: 952: 550: 179: 54: 3688: 3054: 2397: 534:

The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or

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United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

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for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the

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for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 the

6398: 6309: 6183: 6109: 5999: 5813: 5786: 5781: 5661: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5517: 5507: 5230: 4467:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 436–437. 4244:

Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters

2658: 2575: 2246: 2133: 2031: 1971: 1842: 1697:). The research on coastal waters often divides into these separate areas too. 1597: 1587: 1504: 1057: 1003: 890: 848: 825: 810: 665: 586:–like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a 401: 297: 226: 5070: 4883: 4858:

Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).

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have long been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have a

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The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal management

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are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of

6408: 6257: 6220: 6122: 5927: 5863: 5823: 5741: 5666: 5457: 5315: 5060: 5035: 5021: 4540: 3444: 3427: 3029:"The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review" 3000: 2816: 2793:

International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in

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is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.

1330: 1306: 1298: 1278: 1130: 1089: 1073: 1061: 1039: 791: 654: 626: 269: 198: 144: 62: 4730: 4435: 4395: 4338: 4291: 4170: 3907: 3882: 3535: 3215: 3196: 3179: 2809:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. 1841:(about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the 432:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. 6298: 6286: 6188: 6126: 6092: 6086: 5868: 5828: 5656: 5593: 5512: 5442: 5149:

The Coastlines of the World with Google Earth: Understanding our Environment

4805:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" 4121: 3674: 3611: 2988: 2904: 2722: 2636: 2620: 2425: 2341: 2279: 2258: 2238: 2200: 2189: 2148: 1966: 1948: 1810: 1806: 1670: 1445: 1427: 1065: 933: 882: 852: 844: 778:

More and more of the world's people live in coastal regions. According to a

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in which the upper part of the sandstone is coarser than the lower part (a

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However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities

4632:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic" 4403: 2730:

due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting

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or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable,

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for the majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like

242: 238: 202: 4650:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report" 4445: 3629:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 656–659. 3407: 3390: 2639:

from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to

2199:, also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the sea between the 1373:

is usually on a substantial continental shelf or away from a plate edge.

6267: 6262: 6252: 6236: 6216: 6143: 6134: 6100: 5932: 5806: 5651: 5527: 5522: 5432: 5427: 5417: 5337: 3206: 2735: 2644: 2628: 2275: 2144: 2140: 2113: 1886: 1733: 1635: 1567: 1554: 1519: 1187: 1167: 1081: 1072:

also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the

1043: 987: 886: 724: 720: 685: 658: 638: 508: 477: 327: 313: 301: 293: 265: 246: 190: 187: 156: 148: 96: 50: 5175:- organization dedicated to ocean research, exploration, and education 5147:

Scheffers, Anja M.; Scheffers, Sander R.; Kelletat, Dieter H. (2012).

5005: 4162:

Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas

2229:

Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world. They can be found in

2124:, there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including 272:

can often be found between depths of 1–50 m (3.3–164.0 ft).

6157: 6130: 6077: 5957: 5952: 5487: 5467: 5422: 5407: 5265: 3772: 2738:

accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from

2529: 2525: 2497: 2093: 1767:, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently 1625: 1572: 1401:. That between the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay. 1274: 1270: 956: 783: 234: 5178: 4612:. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4063:

Winter havens in the sunny South, a complete handbook to the Riviera

3951:"Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive" 1712:"Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial 612:

exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.

5105: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4961:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change" 4915: 4913: 4911: 3689:"How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" 2611:

and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as

2508:

is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid,

2428:; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush 2253:

that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high

6388: 6365: 6096: 5838: 5801: 5560: 5462: 5412: 5397: 5387: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5285: 5235: 5088:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).

4465:

Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics

3329:"Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities" 3161: 2749: 2743: 2604: 2493: 2484: 2472: 2464: 2429: 2396: 2388: 2376: 2234: 2183: 2164: 2129: 1891: 1760: 1756: 1652: 1620: 1534: 1499: 1441: 1384: 1323: 1266: 1247:

is an Italian word for "shoreline", ultimately derived from Latin

1228: 1175: 1142: 1069: 795: 769: 712: 632: 620: 516: 503: 493: 350:, and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help 305: 257: 168: 136: 80: 68: 3719:"Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger" 3265:(1–6): 141–159. December 2000. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00107-7 2516:

or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from

171:

contains roughly 620,000 km (390,000 mi) of coastline.

5972: 5962: 5937: 5447: 5377: 5325: 5320: 4102:

Mantoura, R. F. C; Martin, Jean-Marie; Wollast, R, eds. (1991).

2640: 2608: 2271: 2152: 1961: 1846: 1752: 1514: 1422: 1398: 1171: 806: 787: 753: 645: 485: 300:

are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and

289: 288:

to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in

214: 164: 140: 128: 38:"Seacoast" redirects here. For the region of New Hampshire, see 6032: 5182: 2607:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 2546:

The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from

439:

cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the

338:) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and 5452: 5255: 4935:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US. 2600: 2227:, which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves. 2025: 1834:, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the 1763:. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the 1748: 1529: 1412: 1390: 1179: 1138: 736: 489: 132: 4258:"Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes" 2615:

or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called

912:. In many of these communities, management practices such as 676:

with a tidal range of 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft); and

590:. Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by 135:

or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the

2278:

that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions.

2245:

and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include

981:

Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services

731:

and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of

582:

does not have a well-defined length. This results from the

1182:; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as 27:"Shore" and "Shoreline" redirect here. For other uses, see 4315:"Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication" 3625:

Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).

3301:

Lellis-Dibble, K.A.; McGlynn, K.E.; Bigford, T.E. (2008).

2348:

that is contaminating coasts with plastic and other trash.

1728:

have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of

1716:, and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval 435:

Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact

147:

of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced

5131:

Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts

4018:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 3659:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 3428:"Lewis Fry Richardson: scientist, visionary and pacifist" 2984:

Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems

2452:

occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as

5172: 5096:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 4507: 4505: 2930:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1709:

considers this region to extend much further offshore.

1382:

The following articles describe some coastal landforms:

4606:"What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?" 4256:

Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Norman, S.; Byström, P. (2021).

2677:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the 672:

with a tidal range greater than 4 m (13 ft);

594:, the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by 4016:

Nietzsche, Freud, Benn, and the Azure Spell of Liguria

1333:

is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.

4087:(Third ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. 2669:

waste all contribute to this problem. This increased

1455:

is formed when a headland is eroded through by waves.

1038:

of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects,

193:, which are important for bird populations and other 4963:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023. 4487: 3594:

Exploring earth: an introduction to physical geology

2132:, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and 1701:

variety of different ways in different contexts. In

1006:, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. 182:. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as 6376: 6338: 6276: 6245: 6207: 6171: 6070: 5910: 5877: 5682: 5642: 5559: 5216: 4926:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" 484:, while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a 369:and sea level rise, as well as related issues like 3560: 2092:Larger animals that live in coastal areas include 1174:. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating 2657:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into 2241:, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around 296:(commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and 2627:, are also present. With the increasing use of 1389:Coastal landforms. The feature shown here as a 1096:, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs. 625:Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area. 557:Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline 4372:"Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone" 4195:"coastal waters — European Environment Agency" 3068:Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. (1990). 1747:has no single definition. It is the part of a 1125:, which are above the high tide mark, such as 932:A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of 334:are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g. 260:is at the edge of the shore, representing the 6044: 5194: 4578:Duce, Robert; Galloway, J.; Liss, P. (2009). 4458: 4456: 4159:Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012). 1393:would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of 1092:, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for 794:places have achieved port status by building 574:is the counterintuitive observation that the 8: 4864:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4417:Glibert, Patricia; Burford, Michele (2017). 3984:. New Delhi: Allied Chambers. 2004. p. 3881:Guisado-Pintado, E; Jackson, D.W.T. (2019). 2408:The pollution of coastlines is connected to 2159:to forage for fish and shellfish. There are 1369:is on the edge of a tectonic plate, while a 167:dictates the type of shore that is created. 5034:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). 3975: 3973: 3971: 2060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1248: 1056:) in estuaries provides many nutrients for 664:Geologists classify coasts on the basis of 396:The interactive effects of climate change, 6051: 6037: 6029: 5201: 5187: 5179: 4165:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3743:"Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History" 3095: 3093: 2748:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the 2540:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, 2412:which can occur from a number of sources: 1827:reflecting various kinds of tidal cycles. 1562:Coastal features formed by another feature 1358:is on average undergoing erosion, while a 1002:include forest products, marine products, 657:can erode as the waves surge up the river 5069: 5059: 4891: 4444: 4434: 4346: 4281: 3906: 3443: 3406: 3205: 3195: 2859:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2080:Learn how and when to remove this message 1022:and disease regulation and buffer zones. 4136:"Coastal waters Definition: 255 Samples" 3282:. National Park Service. 1 December 2016 2879:List of countries by length of coastline 2693:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics 2270:Many coastal areas are famous for their 1281:. Today, this coast is divided into the 356:atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide 268:coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, 91: 45: 4559:Education | National Geographic Society 4523:World seas: an Environmental Evaluation 4009: 4007: 4005: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3103:. CoastalChallenges.com. Archived from 2916: 2294:is another type of coastal vegetation. 922: 815: 197:. In wave-protected areas, they harbor 5036:"Global sea-level budget 1993–present" 4246:, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3945: 3943: 3331:. Iucn.org. 2010-11-23. Archived from 2619:. Naturally occurring debris, such as 2424:, increasing the probability of large 2324:Pollution which can be in the form of 2219:. Coastal fish can be contrasted with 275:According to an atlas prepared by the 174:Coasts are important zones in natural 16:Area where land meets the sea or ocean 4967:from the original on 17 December 2023 4681:from the original on 13 February 2009 3650: 3648: 3646: 3152: 3150: 2416:(garbage and industrial debris); the 1030:, biologically mediated habitats and 920:to remove communities from the coast. 648:often determine the range over which 7: 5173:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3693:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3172: 3170: 3123: 3121: 3022: 3020: 2976: 2974: 2708:Sea level rise due to climate change 2058:adding citations to reliable sources 1774:Coastal waters can be threatened by 1649:Eutrophication § Coastal waters 743:Importance for humans and ecosystems 511:has the longest coastline in Africa. 322:can also provide protection against 3255:"The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia" 2721:Between 1901 and 2018, the average 2314:human-induced environmental impacts 1493:Coastal features formed by sediment 715:'s natural processes, particularly 5897:Integrated coastal zone management 4488:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 3370:from the original on June 14, 2023 2807:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2655:, as well as to boats and coasts. 2504:are more vulnerable to pollution. 1269:, north and west into what is now 1207:Destructive and constructive waves 430:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 115: – also called the 14: 3567:. W. H. Freeman and Co. pp. 3070:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 2500:or the atmosphere, it means that 2143:on various coasts. These include 1817:). Geologists refer to these are 887:tourism is central to the economy 6013: 6012: 5550: 5543: 4091:from the original on 2017-02-02. 4070:from the original on 2017-02-02. 3717:Goudarzi, Sara (July 18, 2006). 3479:. Vol. 6. pp. 139–187. 2884:List of U.S. states by coastline 2833: 2819: 2713:This section is an excerpt from 2691:This section is an excerpt from 2588:This section is an excerpt from 2441:This section is an excerpt from 2320:. The most important ones are: 2176:This section is an excerpt from 2030: 979:This section is an excerpt from 945: 925: 847:as viewed from Port Fòrum, with 836: 818: 723:phenomena, have resulted in the 562:This section is an excerpt from 544:estuaries and coastal ecosystems 381:. Other coastal issues, such as 342:have a much higher capacity for 312:generate large revenues through 178:, often home to a wide range of 5122:from the original on 2023-06-30 4977:Press Release Number: 21042023. 4942:from the original on 2022-10-24 4829:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 4782:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 4723:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 4630:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019). 4521:Sheppard, Charles, ed. (2019). 4106:. Chichester, New York: Wiley. 3923:"Method for high energy coasts" 3699:from the original on 2021-06-28 3657:Surface processes and landforms 3129:"Climate change and the coasts" 2981:Nagelkerken, Ivan, ed. (2009). 2795:Sustainable Development Goal 14 2492:come from land, either via the 422:Sustainable Development Goal 14 143:. Coasts are influenced by the 40:Seacoast Region (New Hampshire) 6315:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves 5995:Region of freshwater influence 4511:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 572 4499:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 585 3563:The Fractal Geometry of Nature 3280:Oceans, Coasts & Seashores 3072:(5th (illustrated) ed.). 2957:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2803:sustainable economic practices 2770: ft) or even 1.6 m ( 1026:of coastal ecosystems include 598:, and it was expanded upon by 538:) vegetated habitats as being 426:sustainable economic practices 1: 6435:Coastal and oceanic landforms 6323:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved 5757:Large-scale coastal behaviour 5589:Beaches in estuaries and bays 3927:www.field-studies-council.org 3827:www.field-studies-council.org 3055:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 2933:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 2354:, and associated issues like 2274:beds. Kelp is a fast-growing 1740:of the continental shelf. 4388:10.1126/science.281.5374.217 4262:Geophysical Research Letters 3777:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3655:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). 3516:10.1126/science.156.3775.636 1673:(international waters), and 365:, which causes increases in 363:vulnerable to climate change 6445:Oceanographical terminology 4675:"Facts about marine debris" 4610:National Ocean Service (US) 3982:Chambers Concise Dictionary 3627:Origin of sedimentary rocks 3229:Nelson, Stephen A. (2007). 3184:Frontiers in Marine Science 2418:transportation of petroleum 2373:Human impact on marine life 2318:coastal development hazards 2304:Coastal development hazards 2211:coastal fish are generally 1815:coarsening upwards sequence 1809:are preserved as lenses of 1805:Sediments deposited in the 1604:Other features on the coast 766:Coastal development hazards 735:and drowned river valleys ( 606:cartographic generalization 389:, coastal development, and 209:, all of which can provide 6461: 6152:Scarcely vegetated areas, 4884:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 4331:10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 4218:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). 4081:Black, Charles B. (1887). 3857:"Classification of Coasts" 3797:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). 2864:European Atlas of the Seas 2712: 2690: 2587: 2440: 2370: 2301: 2175: 2019: 2004: 1646: 1194:High and low energy coasts 1151: 1109: 1046:, science and education. 978: 971: 751: 561: 264:where there is one. Along 33:Shoreline (disambiguation) 18: 6064:Vegetation classification 6008: 5541: 5061:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018 5040:Earth System Science Data 5022:10.1017/9781009157896.001 4809:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4762:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4703:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4042:The more common ones are 3592:Davidson, Jon P. (2002). 3445:10.1007/s40329-014-0063-z 3426:Vulpiani, Angelo (2014). 3259:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3001:10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0 2799:marine coastal ecosystems 2383:Marblehead, Massachusetts 1695:marine coastal ecosystems 1362:is accumulating material. 1016:climate change mitigation 992:marine coastal ecosystems 418:invasion of alien species 320:Marine coastal ecosystems 127: – is the 5702:Coastal biogeomorphology 4995:Summary for Policymakers 4436:10.5670/oceanog.2017.110 4370:Jickells, T. D. (1998). 4171:10.1017/CBO9781139034098 3908:10.3389/feart.2019.00190 3477:General Systems Yearbook 3391:"Length, shape and area" 3389:Steinhaus, Hugo (1954). 3197:10.3389/fmars.2020.00071 3101:"UN Atlas of the Oceans" 2754:greenhouse gas emissions 2308:marine coastal ecosystem 2215:, inhabiting the sunlit 2139:There are many kinds of 2011:Marine coastal ecosystem 1313:Other coastal categories 1277:and sometimes as far as 974:Marine coastal ecosystem 629:, west coast of Portugal 525:exclusive economic zones 73:Rugged coastline of the 3490:Mandelbrot, B. (1967). 3395:Colloquium Mathematicum 2381:A settled coastline in 2286:, macroalgal beds, and 1934:Coastal sediment supply 1832:Western Interior Seaway 1663:Exclusive Economic Zone 352:mitigate climate change 245:) and various kinds of 6346:Terrestrial vegetation 6123:Herbaceous communities 5599:Coastal morphodynamics 5151:. New York: Springer. 4463:Leeder, M. R. (2011). 4066:. London: The Bazaar. 4060:Baughan, Rosa (1880). 4014:Kolb, Martina (2013). 2675:marine garbage patches 2432:water into the ocean. 2405: 2394: 2386: 2334:coastal eutrophication 2312:Coasts also face many 2193: 1776:coastal eutrophication 1678: 1402: 1249: 1241: 1141:(drowned valleys) and 775: 642: 630: 610:Various approximations 529:marine protected areas 512: 348:terrestrial ecosystems 108: 89: 78: 66: 29:Shore (disambiguation) 22:Coast (disambiguation) 5990:Physical oceanography 4319:Nature Communications 4268:(20): e2021GL095046. 3773:"Costiera Amalfitana" 2520:such as agricultural 2489:marine transportation 2400: 2392: 2380: 2187: 2167:and other countries. 2108:and various kinds of 2104:, among many others. 1759:that is close to the 1656: 1388: 1232: 1152:Further information: 1110:Further information: 1000:provisioning services 873:such as those of the 869:communities. In many 773: 752:Further information: 653:themselves; however, 636: 624: 507: 354:effects by uptake of 330:. In many countries, 254:physical oceanography 95: 84: 72: 49: 6384:Biogeographic realms 5819:Submergent coastline 5772:Marine transgression 5727:Discordant coastline 5712:Concordant coastline 4283:10.1029/2021GL095046 3823:"High energy coasts" 2993:Springer Netherlands 2801:and supporting more 2338:harmful algal blooms 2203:and the edge of the 2054:improve this section 1780:harmful algal blooms 1743:Similarly, the term 1691:international waters 1616:Discordant coastline 1611:Concordant coastline 1261:, then shortened to 1158:Discordant coastline 1154:Concordant coastline 1148:Concordant coastline 1116:Submergent coastline 1076:. The high level of 1012:carbon sequestration 719:, waves and various 596:Lewis Fry Richardson 414:loss of biodiversity 344:carbon sequestration 20:For other uses, see 6295:, semicaducifolious 5923:Coastal engineering 5071:20.500.11850/287786 5052:2018ESSD...10.1551W 4876:2020ESPR...27.5559K 4821:2020MarPB.15110877D 4774:2009MarPB..58.1225F 4715:2019MarPB.143..152W 4586:on 18 December 2023 4490:, pp. 673–674. 4274:2021GeoRL..4895046S 3899:2019FrEaS...7..190G 3508:1967Sci...156..636M 3408:10.4064/cm-3-1-1-13 3307:NOAA Technical Memo 3047:2008AqBot..89..155N 2560:ocean acidification 2512:, silicon, sulfur, 2502:continental shelves 2360:saltwater intrusion 2192:, a coastal species 2151:, who join up with 2102:rockhopper penguins 1024:Supporting services 1008:Regulating services 960:World Heritage Site 879:South Pacific Ocean 733:continental shelves 521:continental shelves 398:habitat destruction 375:saltwater intrusion 279:, about 44% of the 195:terrestrial animals 101:Serra de Tramuntana 85:Southeast coast of 6394:Floristic kingdoms 6351:Aquatic vegetation 5892:Coastal management 5732:Emergent coastline 5403:Intertidal wetland 5306:Continental margin 5011:2023-05-26 at the 5000:2021-08-11 at the 4555:"Marine Pollution" 3753:on 31 October 2011 3557:Mandelbrot, Benoit 3432:Lettera Matematica 3134:World Ocean Review 3107:on 2 November 2013 2564:nutrient pollution 2481:invasive organisms 2406: 2395: 2387: 2330:nutrient pollution 2194: 1939:sediment transport 1857:Geologic processes 1687:territorial waters 1679: 1403: 1360:depositional coast 1295:Australian Riviera 1242: 1112:Emergent coastline 1106:Emergent coastline 1032:primary production 968:Ecosystem services 901:coastal management 776: 762:Coastal management 643: 631: 540:coastal ecosystems 513: 286:ecosystem services 109: 90: 79: 67: 6440:Coastal geography 6417: 6416: 6162:Barren vegetation 6154:desert vegetation 6026: 6025: 5854:Wave-cut platform 5767:Marine regression 5311:Continental shelf 5301:Coastal waterfall 5210:Coastal geography 5158:978-94-007-0737-5 5115:978-0-309-15176-4 4922:Hewitt, Helene T. 4532:978-0-12-805204-4 4474:978-1-4051-7783-2 4382:(5374): 217–222. 4199:www.eea.europa.eu 4180:978-0-521-87762-6 4113:978-0-471-92673-3 4029:978-1-4426-4329-1 3995:978-81-86062-36-4 3578:978-0-7167-1186-5 3502:(3775): 636–638. 3010:978-90-481-2405-3 2960:. Merriam-Webster 2740:thermal expansion 2552:plastic pollution 2205:continental shelf 2090: 2089: 2082: 2022:Seashore wildlife 1726:marine biologists 1683:continental shelf 1667:continental shelf 1485:wave-cut platform 1135:isostatic rebound 1036:Cultural services 1014:(contributing to 996:marine ecosystems 914:beach nourishment 897:Growth management 855:can also be seen. 809:and some form of 790:facilities. Some 748:Human settlements 678:microtidal coasts 670:macrotidal coasts 600:Benoit Mandelbrot 588:fractal dimension 572:coastline paradox 564:Coastline paradox 441:coastline paradox 75:West Coast Region 6452: 6404:Plant life-forms 6301:, perennifolious 6116:, dwarf-scrubs, 6053: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6016: 6015: 5777:Raised shoreline 5752:Ingression coast 5747:Graded shoreline 5722:Cuspate foreland 5554: 5547: 5498:Submarine canyon 5358:Freshwater marsh 5203: 5196: 5189: 5180: 5162: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5046:(3): 1551–1590. 5031: 5025: 4991: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4930: 4920:Fox-Kemper, B.; 4917: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4870:(5): 5559–5571. 4855: 4849: 4848: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4768:(8): 1225–1228. 4757: 4751: 4750: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4582:. Archived from 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4438: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4285: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4220:"Coastal Waters" 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4057: 4051: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4011: 4000: 3999: 3977: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3887:Front. Earth Sci 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3853: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3799:"Coastal Waters" 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3749:. Archived from 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3534:. Archived from 3487: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3447: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3358: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3276:"Ocean Habitats" 3272: 3266: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3233:. Archived from 3226: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3199: 3174: 3165: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3076:. pp. 7–8. 3065: 3059: 3058: 3024: 3015: 3014: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2921: 2895:Ballantine Scale 2874:Land reclamation 2849:Bank (geography) 2843: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2827:Geography portal 2824: 2823: 2822: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2518:nonpoint sources 2450:Marine pollution 2443:Marine pollution 2436:Marine pollution 2410:marine pollution 2163:on the coast of 2128:animals such as 2085: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2034: 2026: 1912:Sea level change 1902:Marine sediments 1718:littoral warfare 1714:coastal shipping 1583:Mangrove forests 1510:Cuspate foreland 1338:graded shoreline 1252: 1028:nutrient cycling 949: 929: 840: 830:Fengbin, Hualien 828:by the coast of 822: 803:coastal defenses 674:mesotidal coasts 661:from the ocean. 391:marine ecosystem 383:marine pollution 379:coastal flooding 292:cities. Coastal 281:human population 105:Balearic Islands 43: 36: 25: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6372: 6334: 6289:, caducifolious 6283:Loss of leaves 6272: 6241: 6209: 6203: 6167: 6110:Dwarf-shrubland 6066: 6057: 6027: 6022: 6004: 5980:Intertidal zone 5906: 5873: 5762:Longshore drift 5707:Coastal erosion 5678: 5638: 5574:Beach evolution 5555: 5549: 5548: 5539: 5226:Anchialine pool 5212: 5207: 5169: 5159: 5146: 5143: 5141:Further reading 5138: 5137: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5013:Wayback Machine 5002:Wayback Machine 4992: 4983: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4909: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3996: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3747:Unique Costiera 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3231:"Coastal Zones" 3228: 3227: 3223: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3011: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2890:Intertidal zone 2869:Intertidal zone 2839: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2671:water pollution 2665:and wind-blown 2649:marine reptiles 2593: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2542:deep sea mining 2538:bilge pollution 2446: 2438: 2375: 2369: 2356:coastal erosion 2326:water pollution 2310: 2300: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2217:epipelagic zone 2213:epipelagic fish 2181: 2173: 2086: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2051: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2007:Coastal ecology 2003: 1998: 1897:Longshore drift 1859: 1836:late Cretaceous 1788: 1765:high water mark 1730:marine habitats 1659:territorial sea 1651: 1645: 1640: 1606: 1564: 1559: 1495: 1437: 1432: 1380: 1356:erosional coast 1349:secondary coast 1315: 1303:Turkish Riviera 1283:Italian Riviera 1273:territory past 1239:Italian Riviera 1227: 1209: 1196: 1160: 1150: 1118: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1094:migratory birds 1020:waste treatment 984: 976: 970: 963: 950: 941: 930: 918:managed retreat 906:coastal erosion 863: 856: 841: 832: 823: 768: 750: 745: 717:sea level rises 682:barrier islands 619: 614: 613: 567: 559: 502: 406:water pollution 371:coastal erosion 367:extreme weather 310:seaside resorts 262:intertidal zone 231:sessile animals 223:aquatic animals 211:nursery habitat 159:composition of 44: 37: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312:, stiff leaves 6306:Leaf hardness 6304: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6293:Semi-deciduous 6290: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6223:, ombrophilous 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6150: 6141: 6120: 6107: 6090: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6060:Phytogeography 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5271:Brackish marsh 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Barrier island 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5167:External links 5165: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5114: 5106:10.17226/12877 5080: 5026: 4981: 4952: 4907: 4850: 4795: 4752: 4692: 4666: 4641: 4622: 4597: 4570: 4546: 4531: 4513: 4501: 4492: 4480: 4473: 4452: 4409: 4362: 4305: 4248: 4235: 4210: 4186: 4179: 4151: 4127: 4112: 4094: 4073: 4052: 4035: 4028: 4001: 3994: 3967: 3939: 3914: 3873: 3839: 3814: 3789: 3764: 3734: 3709: 3680: 3665: 3642: 3635: 3617: 3602: 3584: 3577: 3548: 3482: 3467: 3438:(3): 121–128. 3418: 3381: 3345: 3320: 3293: 3267: 3247: 3221: 3166: 3146: 3117: 3089: 3082: 3060: 3041:(2): 155–185. 3034:Aquatic Botany 3016: 3009: 2970: 2943: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2854:Beach cleaning 2851: 2845: 2844: 2830: 2814: 2811: 2790: 2787: 2728:Climate change 2719: 2715:Sea level rise 2711: 2709: 2706: 2697: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2653:marine mammals 2594: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2534:ship pollution 2477:carbon dioxide 2447: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2352:Sea level rise 2349: 2299: 2296: 2267: 2264: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2157:oystercatchers 2088: 2087: 2038: 2036: 2029: 2017: 2014: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1799:paleogeography 1787: 1784: 1732:from enclosed 1722:Oceanographers 1703:European Union 1644: 1643:Coastal waters 1641: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1408:Barrier island 1404: 1397:, be called a 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1352: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1314: 1311: 1287:French Riviera 1259:riviera ligure 1257:, in the form 1226: 1223: 1208: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1149: 1146: 1127:raised beaches 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1054:brackish water 985: 977: 969: 966: 965: 964: 951: 944: 942: 931: 924: 910:sea level rise 871:island nations 867:seaside resort 862: 859: 858: 857: 842: 835: 833: 824: 817: 780:United Nations 749: 746: 744: 741: 618: 615: 592:Hugo Steinhaus 568: 560: 558: 555: 501: 498: 410:eutrophication 324:sea level rise 277:United Nations 77:of New Zealand 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6457: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6326:Latifolious, 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:suffruticetum 6115: 6114:subshrublands 6111: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Littoral zone 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918:Bulkhead line 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Wave shoaling 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Surge channel 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Cliffed coast 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:Shingle beach 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Coastal plain 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4693: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242:USEPA (2001) 4239: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4152: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3956: 3955:www.bbc.co.uk 3952: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3666:0-13-860958-6 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636:0-13-642710-3 3632: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603:0-13-018372-5 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3538:on 2021-10-19 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3335:on 2012-03-19 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3237:on 2013-03-16 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083:0-7506-2759-X 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841:Oceans portal 2836: 2831: 2828: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2686:Microplastics 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:ocean dumping 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Marine debris 2591: 2590:Marine debris 2583:Marine debris 2582: 2577: 2573: 2572:microplastics 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:microplastics 2553: 2549: 2548:marine debris 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524:, wind-blown 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:Air pollution 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414:Marine debris 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346:marine debris 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2257:results from 2256: 2252: 2251:predator fish 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2225:offshore fish 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:littoral zone 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2084: 2081: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2039:This section 2037: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987:wave shoaling 1985: 1983: 1982:wave breaking 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1929:Sedimentation 1927: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1820:parasequences 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:littoral zone 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Surge channel 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435:Cliff erosion 1434: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1371:passive coast 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345:primary coast 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320:cliffed coast 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170:by the ocean 1169: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:) as well as 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 982: 975: 967: 961: 958: 954: 948: 943: 939: 935: 928: 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875:Mediterranean 872: 868: 860: 854: 850: 846: 843:Coastline of 839: 834: 831: 827: 821: 816: 814: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 772: 767: 763: 759: 758:island nation 755: 747: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 705: 703: 702:cliffed coast 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 651: 647: 640: 635: 628: 623: 616: 611: 607: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:fractal curve 581: 577: 573: 565: 556: 554: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 527:were part of 526: 522: 518: 510: 506: 499: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 479: 474: 473:United States 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 387:marine debris 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 106: 102: 98: 94: 88: 83: 76: 71: 64: 60: 57:coastline at 56: 52: 48: 41: 34: 30: 23: 6399:Plant habits 6328:broad-leaved 6138: 6117: 6104: 6085: 5849:Volcanic arc 5737:Feeder bluff 5644:River mouths 5609:Raised beach 5604:Pocket beach 5532: 5503:Tidal island 5493:Strand plain 5438:Natural arch 5290: 5148: 5130: 5124:. 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Retrieved 3723:Live Science 3722: 3712: 3701:. Retrieved 3692: 3683: 3656: 3626: 3620: 3593: 3587: 3562: 3551: 3540:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3499: 3495: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3414:rectifiable. 3412: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3360: 3348: 3337:. Retrieved 3333:the original 3323: 3313:24 September 3311:. Retrieved 3309:. NMFS-F/SPO 3306: 3296: 3286:25 September 3284:. Retrieved 3279: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3239:. Retrieved 3235:the original 3224: 3187: 3183: 3162:A/RES/71/313 3138:. Retrieved 3132: 3109:. Retrieved 3105:the original 3069: 3063: 3038: 3032: 2983: 2962:. Retrieved 2955: 2946: 2935:. Retrieved 2928: 2919: 2900:Coastal path 2888:Offshore or 2792: 2789:Global goals 2720: 2698: 2659:storm drains 2616: 2613:beach litter 2612: 2595: 2554:, including 2458:agricultural 2448: 2407: 2332:(leading to 2311: 2269: 2255:productivity 2224: 2221:oceanic fish 2220: 2197:Coastal fish 2195: 2178:Coastal fish 2171:Coastal fish 2138: 2134:sea anemones 2091: 2076: 2067: 2052:Please help 2040: 1860: 1829: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1773: 1742: 1711: 1699: 1680: 1598:Oyster reefs 1588:Kelp forests 1545:Strand plain 1525:Raised beach 1453:natural arch 1444:, or bluff. 1381: 1367:active coast 1291: 1262: 1258: 1255:Ligurian Sea 1244: 1243: 1237:, along the 1235:Cinque Terre 1210: 1201: 1197: 1188:outcroppings 1161: 1119: 1078:biodiversity 1062:Salt marshes 1035: 1023: 1007: 999: 986: 953:Amalfi Coast 895: 864: 826:Paddy fields 800: 777: 710: 706: 694: 677: 673: 669: 663: 644: 569: 551:jurisdiction 548: 533: 514: 481: 476: 452: 448: 445:coastal zone 444: 434: 416:, increased 408:(especially 395: 360: 318: 274: 251: 227:Rocky shores 221:, and other 199:salt marshes 180:biodiversity 173: 131:next to the 124: 120: 116: 112: 110: 55:Jersey Shore 6310:Sclerophyll 6184:Subtropical 6071:Physiognomy 6000:River plume 5814:Steep coast 5787:Rocky shore 5782:Rip current 5662:River delta 5634:Wash margin 5629:Storm beach 5619:Shell beach 5584:Beach wrack 5579:Beach ridge 5569:Beach cusps 5518:Tied island 5508:Tidal marsh 5231:Archipelago 4971:18 December 4709:: 152–162. 4677:. US NOAA. 4325:(1): 6142. 4224:www.epa.gov 4140:Law Insider 3980:"riviera". 3401:(1): 1–13. 3207:2440/123896 2952:"coastline" 2625:drift seeds 2576:marine life 2462:residential 2247:forage fish 2243:coral reefs 2231:tidal pools 2098:sea turtles 1972:diffraction 1967:Water waves 1843:Book Cliffs 1825:laminations 1738:open waters 1675:deep seabed 1593:Coral reefs 1515:Dune system 1505:Beach cusps 1090:coral reefs 1058:marine life 1004:fresh water 811:coast guard 666:tidal range 655:tidal bores 637:Seaside in 443:. The term 402:overfishing 298:aquaculture 270:coral reefs 59:Spring Lake 6424:Categories 6409:Vegetation 6320:Leaf form 6258:Submontane 6127:grasslands 6105:fruticetum 6099:, scrubs, 6093:Shrublands 5928:Grain size 5902:Submersion 5879:Management 5864:Wind fetch 5824:Surf break 5742:Flat coast 5672:regressive 5458:Salt marsh 5316:Coral reef 5126:2022-04-11 5090:"Synopsis" 5016:pp. 3−32, 4946:2022-10-18 4815:: 110877. 4660:2021-04-09 4616:2022-09-21 4564:2023-06-19 4541:1052566532 4229:2022-06-29 4204:2022-06-29 4145:2022-06-22 4044:puntellare 3808:2020-05-04 3728:2008-12-14 3703:2021-08-10 3542:2021-05-21 3339:2012-06-07 3241:2008-12-11 3140:2020-12-19 3111:2013-10-31 2964:2024-07-19 2937:2024-07-19 2911:References 2732:ice sheets 2679:food chain 2633:biodegrade 2514:pesticides 2483:enter the 2454:industrial 2426:oil spills 2402:Dead zones 2371:See also: 2342:oil spills 2302:See also: 2288:salt marsh 2284:seagrasses 2188:Schooling 2149:cormorants 2106:Sea snails 2070:April 2018 2020:See also: 2005:See also: 1994:Weathering 1977:refraction 1955:suspension 1882:Deposition 1877:Denudation 1786:In geology 1647:See also: 1631:Island arc 1578:Salt marsh 1446:Sea cliffs 1331:flat coast 1307:Aegean Sea 1305:along the 1299:Queensland 1279:Marseilles 1164:resistance 1131:subsidence 1074:food chain 1050:salt water 1040:recreation 972:See also: 891:sunbathing 792:landlocked 627:Porto Covo 617:Formation 536:intertidal 469:Gulf Coast 457:West Coast 346:than many 340:seagrasses 207:seagrasses 184:freshwater 176:ecosystems 157:geological 151:, such as 145:topography 63:New Jersey 6339:Substrate 6299:Evergreen 6287:Deciduous 6189:Temperate 6148:parklands 6087:arboretum 6082:woodlands 5887:Accretion 5869:Wind wave 5829:Surf zone 5684:Processes 5657:Mouth bar 5614:Recession 5594:Beachrock 5513:Tide pool 5443:Peninsula 5331:cliff-top 5218:Landforms 4845:211112493 4747:150122831 4731:0025-326X 4396:0036-8075 4339:2041-1723 4300:244253181 4292:1944-8007 3462:128975381 3216:2296-7745 2989:Dordrecht 2905:Shorezone 2723:sea level 2663:waterways 2637:lost nets 2621:driftwood 2475:, excess 2469:particles 2367:Pollution 2280:Mangroves 2259:upwelling 2239:estuaries 2201:shoreline 2190:threadfin 2161:sea lions 2110:barnacles 2041:does not 1951:processes 1949:subaerial 1922:isostatic 1907:Saltation 1867:Attrition 1811:sandstone 1807:shoreface 1769:submerged 1734:estuaries 1671:high seas 1488:offshore. 1459:Sea caves 1428:Peninsula 1378:Landforms 1184:headlands 1123:landforms 1066:mangroves 994:are both 988:Estuarine 934:Mariehamn 883:Caribbean 853:Port Vell 845:Barcelona 786:and have 729:accretion 659:estuaries 576:coastline 459:, or the 437:perimeter 332:mangroves 294:fisheries 243:barnacles 219:shellfish 203:mangroves 188:estuarine 121:shoreline 117:coastline 87:Greenland 6377:See also 6361:Mangrove 6356:Riparian 6246:Altitude 6232:Seasonal 6208:Climatic 6194:Subpolar 6179:Tropical 6172:Latitude 6144:Savannas 6139:herbetum 6135:prairies 6101:thickets 6018:Category 5844:Undertow 5797:Sea foam 5792:Sea cave 5692:Blowhole 5534:Windwatt 5393:Headland 5241:Avulsion 5120:Archived 5009:Archived 4998:Archived 4965:Archived 4937:Archived 4902:31853844 4837:32056653 4790:19481226 4739:31789151 4685:10 April 4679:Archived 4357:34686688 4122:22765791 4089:Archived 4068:Archived 4048:litorale 3960:13 April 3932:13 April 3866:13 April 3832:13 April 3697:Archived 3675:39890526 3612:45917172 3559:(1983). 3532:15662830 3524:17837158 3374:June 13, 3365:Archived 3074:Elsevier 2813:See also 2736:glaciers 2667:landfill 2645:seabirds 2568:plastics 2510:nitrogen 2292:Restinga 2249:and the 2145:pelicans 2141:seabirds 2118:seagulls 2114:dolphins 2001:Wildlife 1944:solution 1917:eustatic 1892:Flooding 1872:Currents 1851:Colorado 1418:Headland 1301:and the 1285:and the 1225:Rivieras 1219:spilling 1214:plunging 1086:seagrass 1010:include 849:Montjuïc 698:abrasion 690:bedforms 650:sediment 580:landmass 336:charcoal 328:tsunamis 266:tropical 247:seaweeds 239:starfish 191:wetlands 125:seashore 6268:Coastal 6263:Lowland 6253:Montane 6237:Drought 6217:Pluvial 6131:steppes 6078:Forests 5968:shingle 5948:granule 5933:boulder 5911:Related 5807:peresyp 5717:Current 5652:Debouch 5561:Beaches 5528:Waituna 5523:Tombolo 5433:Mudflat 5428:Machair 5418:Isthmus 5338:Estuary 5281:Channel 5048:Bibcode 4893:7028838 4872:Bibcode 4817:Bibcode 4770:Bibcode 4711:Bibcode 4404:9660744 4376:Science 4348:8536747 4270:Bibcode 3895:Bibcode 3893:(190). 3757:28 June 3504:Bibcode 3496:Science 3454:3344519 3043:Bibcode 2925:"coast" 2779:⁄ 2765:⁄ 2629:plastic 2603:or the 2422:tankers 2298:Threats 2276:seaweed 2209:pelagic 2126:sessile 2094:puffins 2062:removed 2047:sources 2016:Animals 1887:Erosion 1736:to the 1665:(EEZ), 1636:Machair 1568:Estuary 1555:Tombolo 1520:Mudflat 1395:Britain 1263:riviera 1245:Riviera 1082:wetland 1070:beaches 1044:tourism 861:Tourism 784:harbors 725:erosion 721:weather 686:lagoons 641:, Italy 639:Budelli 509:Somalia 478:pelagic 471:of the 453:coastal 314:tourism 306:beaches 302:protein 235:mussels 213:for fin 149:erosion 99:coast, 97:Escorca 53:on the 51:Sunrise 6430:Coasts 6389:Biomes 6366:Swampy 6277:Leaves 6227:Cloudy 6210:regime 6158:Desert 5958:pebble 5953:gravel 5943:cobble 5488:Strait 5468:Skerry 5423:Lagoon 5408:Island 5363:Fundus 5266:Bodden 5155: 5112: 5004:. 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