755:
place to place dependent on the availability of fish and other game. They were surviving primarily as fishermen, as well as wage laborers working for timber merchants, cutting and transporting timber from the forests. By the time
Seligman visited them in 1911, he considered the Vedar subdivision to be economically better off than the rest of the Indigenous population of the interior. He attributed this to the assimilation of Tamil economic and cultural values by the Vedar clans, as well as to absorption of non-Vedar Tamils into Vedar families by intermarriage. Studies done in the 1980s by the anthropologist Jon Dart, indicated that Vedar in general were poorer than the rest of the Tamil and Muslim communities of the Eastern Province, which Dart attributed to their physical isolation in remote villages, as well as prevailing cultural norms that prevented them from fully integrating within the society. His studies did indicate that some Vedar had successfully integrated in Eastern society, with worldly possessions that did not much differ from those of their non-Vedar neighbors. The marked impact of the Sri Lankan civil war was also noted, due to the proximity of the Vedar's native villages to the theaters of operations of both rebel
272:(1911) have termed the social group Coast Veddahs, Coast Verdas or East Coast Veddas. Anthropologists have considered them to be at least partly descended from the Veddas of the interior of the island who had migrated at some unknown period in the past to the east coast, intermarrying with the local Tamils. Interior Veddas clans themselves have a number of divisions, each claiming either Sinhalese, Tamil, mixed, or pure Vedda lineages. Vedda identity also depends on whether these clans are
289:. But some higher ranked castes did not consider Vedar quite their equals, although still placing them above the lower castes. Members of the Karaiyar caste sometimes downplayed their connections to Vedar as there was stigma attached to such unions. Field studies have indicated that mixed marriages across all caste groups of the eastern littoral was possible with Vedar. Vedar themselves claimed that they would not marry into lower Tamil castes such as
541:
1984:
598:. Seligman (1911) encountered two unique deities, Kapalpei (“Ship spirit”) and Kumara Deivam (“Young god”) who are peculiar to Vedar. The cult of Kappalpei is based on legends of foreigners coming over by ships and landing along the coast where the Vedar usually lived. They are propitiated to ward off evils and hard times. Kumara Deivam was also noted amongst the primitive Sinhalese village of
532:
754:
trade between the groups. Vedar also seem to have provided manual labor to clear forest lands, in exchange for an annual portion of the food crops harvested. When
Tennent visited the east coast in 1858, the Vedar were living in houses that were made of mud and thatch. They were moved seasonally from
473:
When
Seligman inquired about the Waruge divisions of the Vedar, most of them did not remember their clan origins. Of those who remembered, most self-identified as Ura Waruge. Others mentioned clans such as Ogatam, Kavatam, Umatam, Aembalaneduwe and Aembale. They also had memories of other clans such
276:
or settled agriculturalists. Settled Veddas have tended over a period of time to assume
Sinhalese or Tamil identity based on the area of residence. If considered a subdivision of Veddas, then they are by far the largest sub-group amongst the Vedda people. Residents of Eastern Province consider those
197:
people, as well as local Tamils. Residents of the
Eastern province consider their Vedar (Tamil for "hunter") neighbors to have been part of the local social structure from earliest times, whereas some Vedar elders believe that their ancestors may have migrated from the interior at some time in the
464:
Among these, the Morana and
Unapana clans claimed superior status to Namudana, Ambilo and Ura clans. Seligman reported that Morana and Unapana clans considered the other three as their servile groups, a classification strongly denied by the others. This also led to so-called servile groups denying
517:
are considered brothers and sisters and are ineligible as partners. As most marriages take place between first and second cousins, clan endogamy even it is present is of no value. Within a village, most of the residents are related and this carries on over to villages that are three to five miles
644:
function of the interior Veddas as well. Male family members dance throughout the night and as part of the ceremony some become possessed by spirits, sometimes those of their recently diseased family members. This pattern is similar in nature to the ancestor-worshipping patterns of the interior
749:
mention the socio-economic status of the Vedar as that of primitive hunter gatherers. The chronicles also mention that the chiefs amongst them received gifts such as clothes from settlers and state that the Vedar in turn provided meat and honey to the settler population, indicating a system of
396:. By the early 1900s these Vedar had mingled with the local Tamils and Sinhalese and were not encountered as a separate group any more. Local legends attribute the origins of some Hindu temples in the eastern province to the presence of Vedar. Important Hindu temples in villages such as
30:
629:
as a part of devil dancing is not unique to Vedar. Locals Tamils also experience spirit procession and trance states during religious festivals. During devil-dancing ceremonies, related family groups congregate in family-owned worship centers and build platforms known as
645:
Veddas. Most of the
Sadangu locations are temporary ones without related permanent structures over them, but some have been turned into temples. In the village of Palchennai, one of these temporary structures has become a temple now identified with Hindu high god
304:
Some Vedar have gradually lost most aspects of their aboriginal identity and culture and no longer identify themselves as Vedar. During the 1980s and 1990s, most Vedar families were displaced from their native villages due to the effects of the
300:
Once a non-Vedar married into a Vedar family, he or she was assimilated as part of the Vedar village. Almost all Vedar families had an ancestor who was Tamil or a family member who was married to a Tamil from a neighboring village.
720:
peninsula; predominantly Vedar villages there included
Ammenthnaveli, Kandaladi, Komatalamadu, Palchennai, Puliyankandadi, Oddumadu, Thaddumunai, Uriyankadu, and Vammivattavan. Vedar are also found further south, in Panichankerni,
434:
that were named after trees, animals or places of origin. Seligman speculated that these clans were territorial, thus hunting territory was divided amongst the clan, not to be violated by members of other clans. These clans were:
321:
sites have been excavated containing human remains dated to 35,000 BCE. Anthropologists consider these skeletal remains to belong to a group ancestral to some of the surviving Vedar groups. Sri Lanka has also yielded
707:
Native chronicles have documented the presence of Vedar or Vedar-like people throughout the island from the beginning of the historic period. Vedar presence in the present
Eastern province has been noted during the
280:
Vedar are not designated as an indigenous community of Sri Lanka. They are placed within the Sri Lankan caste system. Vedar sometimes refer to themselves as "Veda
Vellalar", thus claiming a high caste ranking (the
346:. It is a Tamil 14th to 16th-century original text. The chronicle documents the presence of a people who practiced hunting and gathering for survival, exercising jurisdiction over vast jungle tracts close to the
1440:
518:
away as well. The longer the distance the more distantly are the villagers related to each other. Related lineages also maintain places of worship that are the private property of the family group.
566:("sacred ash") on their forehead even in the 19th century. According to local legends, Vedars are considered to be the builders of most of the regional Hindu temples associated with Hindu high god
350:
township. It names a number of Vedar chiefs, such as Kadariyan and Puliyan. These Vedars were not just hunter-gatherers, but were also accepted as the rightful owners of the forest lands.
285:
are given the highest ritual position within the caste structure of Sri Lankan Tamils in many regions). They also claim to marry into the higher castes of the neighboring region, such as
248:
tradition of the interior Veddas. Clan divisions, if they still exist, do not play an important role in choosing of marriage partners or place of domicile. Most identify themselves as a
1590:
1216:
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330:. The precise time in which some of the Vedar lineage founders migrated to the east coast of Sri Lanka is unknown. The earliest written reference to Vedar is a
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peculiar to the region, known as Batticaloa Tamil dialect, in their day to day conversations. Vedar children also study in that language in schools. During
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have such Vedar creation legends. But Vedar are no longer associated with either the ownership or maintenance of these regionally important temples.
1557:
1359:
1641:
1070:
Ceylon : an account of the island, physical,historical, and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities and productions
1946:
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who maintain a primitive life style, or are partly dependent on hunting and gathering, as Vedar without any connotations of ethnic origins.
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1400:
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is mixed with many Tamil words, as people no longer know the language. There is evidence at some point in the past that the people were
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2011:
1962:
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2006:
1987:
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to Venloos Bay. The 1946 Sri Lankan census returned 44 Vedar villages. The largest concentration of villages was close to the
570:. Although Vedars frequent regionally important Hindu temples and shrines associated with high Hindu deities such as Murugan,
1934:
482:(family origin) to indicate some division amongst them. Some had come up with a two-fold division of the Vedars based on the
582:, who are sometimes unique to Veddars. Most of the folk deities are also commonly propitiated by other local Tamils such as
361:
traders. He speculated that there were then at least 400 to 500 individuals in the group. He also recorded that it was the
1901:
1527:
1303:
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known as Kumara Devio. Jon Dart in the 1980s found that these deities were no longer worshipped, but were replaced by the
1380:
393:
1939:
1732:
1701:
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63:
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Ancestors of Vedar migrated to Sri Lanka via the Indian sub continent during the pre-historic period. A number of
1878:
1810:
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among the Tamils as opposed to a separate ethnic group. Their economic conditions have been impacted by the
108:
1415:
1308:
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were not totally followed by all Vedar, and there no practical prohibitions from marrying from each Kuti.
809:
The article uses Vedda to indicate those who are from the interior and Vedar to describe the Coast Veddas
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1318:
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265:
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popular in the East coast. These Kutis were supposed to have descended from former local chiefs called
1891:
1853:
1611:
1435:
730:
607:
306:
253:
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for market and occasional wage labor. Anthropologists consider them to be partly descended from the
174:. Nevertheless, they also inhabit a few villages south of Batticalao as well. They make a living by
1922:
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Neville (1890) and Seligman (1911) also documented the presence of a subdivision of Vedar called
191:
640:
297:(agricultural workers), but field studies indicated that such unions did sometimes take place.
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who subsisted by fishing or helping the traditional fisherfolk, as well by cutting wood for
273:
245:
155:
138:
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1838:
1823:
1338:
1110:. International Centre for Ethnic Studies in association with NORAD and Vikas Pub. House.
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ceremonies, those who are possessed by spirits speak in a mixed language that they call
338:, which is maintained amongst the custodians of a prominent Hindu temple in the town of
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such clan association when questioned and claiming Morana or Unapana clan origins.
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166:. They are primarily found in small coastal villages from the eastern township of
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burial sites, one of which was excavated close to a present Vedar settlement,
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171:
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as Morana and Unapana. By the 1980s the Vedar had no knowledge of any word
384:; their name suggests they had originally lived in the jungles close to the
339:
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67:
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that is used in the region. During religious festivals, people who enter a
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period (1469 to 1815). Tennent noted that Vedars were found chiefly from
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Revisiting the cultural heritage of Sri Lanka:The Veddas (Vanniyaletto)
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Ethnic identity and marginality among the coast Veddas of Sri Lanka
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Left:Vedar settlement from 1900. Right:Vedar settlement from 2006.
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and were placed in refugee camps along with other Tamil refugees.
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222:
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rituals. The devil-dancing is unique to Vedar, but the aspect of
555:
Vedar are nominally Hindus; they were known to wear the marks of
509:
As with local Tamils, the preferred marriage pattern is based on
1108:
The Vanishing aborigines : Sri Lanka's Veddas in transition
756:
591:
154:), by self-designation, form a social group within the minority
1198:
380:("Temple precincts" in Tamil) within the southern edges of the
1167:
16:
Social group within the minority Sri Lankan Tamil ethnic group
699:
in Vedda language and Tamil, but that is no longer the case.
1173:
Sinhala-Tamil Nationalism and Sri Lanka’s East Coast Veddas
217:
sometimes use a mixed language that contains words from the
638:, installed in their middle, a construction similar to the
634:. These Pandals may have a weapon, such a lance known as a
353:
Emerson (1858) documented the presence of Vedar north of
649:. Vedars also participate in Tamil folk dramas called
149:
947:
Dharmadasa(Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), pp. 150−151
1955:
1910:
1877:
1809:
1715:
1654:
1604:
1556:
1510:
1460:
1453:
1373:
1347:
1294:
1248:
1241:
132:
94:
73:
57:
47:
1000:
998:
1054:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), pp. 82-83
1031:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), pp. 73-76
980:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), pp. 70-71
956:Meegaskumbura(Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.109
1127:Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District
502:. But these clan divisions and related rules of
369:who provided land for them to start cultivating
976:
974:
729:, in a village called Pallanchenai, and in the
725:and Kayankerni. There are also Vedars close to
1041:
1039:
1037:
988:
986:
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962:
1210:
835:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p. 70
8:
1622:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
1178:Veddas celebrate Kataragama wedding festival
1168:East Coast Veddas: Caught between two worlds
1013:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.75
906:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.69
902:
900:
894:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.68
863:
861:
859:
857:
823:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.73
800:Jon Dart (Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A), p.83
655:that depict scenes from Hindu epics such as
478:, although they vaguely used the Tamil term
232:, as well as the main Hindu deities such as
22:
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819:
817:
815:
1712:
1457:
1245:
1217:
1203:
1195:
21:
847:
845:
843:
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621:("ceremony" in Tamil) and orthodox Hindu
613:The worship pattern is a combination of
496:, who had ruled feudal divisions called
1642:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
793:
469:Retention of Clan system amongst Vedar
1106:Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A. (1990).
7:
58:Regions with significant populations
1473:Government of the Northern Province
578:, they propitiate local deities of
1538:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
293:(barbers), Vannar (washerman) and
14:
34:Team of Vedars preparing for the
1983:
1982:
1728:Representations in Indian cinema
1548:Tamil People's National Alliance
539:
530:
88:also used for religious purposes
28:
1401:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
916:Harrigan, Patrick (June 2002).
460:Kovil Vannam (Temple precincts)
1125:Subramaniam, Suganthy (2006).
1097:Wijesekera, Nandadeva (1964).
1:
1543:Tamil National People's Front
1528:Tamil United Liberation Front
413:Clans and family organization
918:"Sri Lanka's Coastal Veddas"
759:and government forces.(See
691:of the interior Vedas. This
418:Clans of the interior Veddas
1940:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
1468:Northern Provincial Council
1188:Vedda from Everyculture.com
1078:Seligman, Charles (1976) .
747:Nadu Kadu Paraveni Kalvettu
150:
133:
2033:
1490:Eastern Provincial Council
1441:NPC Resolution on Genocide
1360:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
745:Native chronicles such as
488:matrilineal descent system
336:Nadukadu paraveni kalvettu
264:Western observers such as
228:and worship a plethora of
1980:
1518:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
1426:Burning of Jaffna library
1261:Tissamaharama inscription
1256:History of Eastern Tamils
1235:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
1232:
1067:Tennent, Emerson (1860).
920:. Cultural Survival trust
778:History of Eastern Tamils
244:. They also maintain the
142:
125:
99:
78:
62:
52:
27:
2012:Sri Lankan Tamil society
1928:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
1637:Tamil Youth Organisation
1082:. Ams Press Inc. Green.
673:Sri Lankan Tamil dialect
439:Morana (after Mora tree)
270:Charles Gabriel Seligman
2007:Sri Lankan Tamil castes
1632:Tamils Against Genocide
1617:Canadian Tamil Congress
1533:Tamil National Alliance
1355:American Ceylon Mission
1226:Sri Lankan Tamil people
1004:Seligman, pp. 336 - 337
733:, between the towns of
703:Geographic distribution
109:Sri Lankan Tamil people
1879:Languages and dialects
1416:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1129:. Kumaran Publishing.
445:Namudana (Namuda tree)
373:and other vegetables.
1365:Jaffna Youth Congress
1319:Kotagama inscriptions
876:Seligman, pp. 330–331
422:Interior Veddas have
367:Wesleyan missionaries
365:officers, as well as
266:James Emerson Tennent
95:Related ethnic groups
1612:British Tamils Forum
1099:Veddas in transition
731:Trincomalee District
683:(Vedar Sinhala") or
457:Rugam (Village name)
307:Sri Lankan civil war
254:Sri Lankan civil war
158:ethnic group of the
1923:Naguleswaram temple
1324:Portuguese conquest
1314:Jaffna Palace ruins
1271:Ketheeswaram temple
938:Seligman, pp. 11−12
773:Anuradhapura Veddas
390:Hambantota District
105:Anuradhapura Veddas
24:
1627:Global Tamil Forum
1281:Munneswaram temple
885:Wijesekera, p. 60
382:Batticalo District
134:Karaiyōra Vēṭarkaḷ
1994:
1993:
1976:
1975:
1650:
1649:
1511:Political parties
1449:
1448:
1276:Koneswaram temple
1163:East Coast Veddas
1117:978-0-7069-5298-8
1073:. Longman, Green.
992:Subramaniam, p.50
627:spirit possession
394:Southern Province
221:. Most Vedar are
215:spirit possession
184:paddy cultivation
148:
131:
114:
113:
2024:
1986:
1985:
1887:Batticaloa Tamil
1713:
1458:
1391:Sinhala Only Act
1286:Tenavaram temple
1266:Annaicoddai seal
1246:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1140:
1121:
1102:
1093:
1074:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:Seligman, p. 332
1043:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:Seligman, p. 335
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
993:
990:
981:
978:
969:
968:Seligman, p. 333
966:
957:
954:
948:
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939:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
913:
907:
904:
895:
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877:
874:
868:
865:
852:
849:
836:
833:
824:
821:
810:
807:
801:
798:
737:and Foul Point.
543:
534:
515:Parallel cousins
363:British colonial
274:hunter-gatherers
246:ancestor worship
207:Sri Lankan Tamil
160:Eastern province
156:Sri Lankan Tamil
153:
147:romanized:
146:
144:
136:
130:romanized:
129:
127:
90:
80:Sri Lankan Tamil
64:Eastern Province
53:ca. 8,000 (1983)
48:Total population
32:
25:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
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2021:
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1947:Village deities
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1742:Saturday Review
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1667:Genetic studies
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1558:Militant groups
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1500:Chief Ministers
1483:Chief Ministers
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1406:Standardisation
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1339:Demala Hatpattu
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1145:Further reading
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871:
867:Tennent, p.448
866:
855:
851:Tennent, p.441
850:
839:
834:
827:
822:
813:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
769:
761:Vaharai bombing
743:
741:Economic status
710:Kandyan Kingdom
705:
669:
608:Periyasami cult
604:Ampara District
553:
552:
551:
550:
546:
545:
544:
536:
535:
524:
448:Ura (Wild boar)
442:Unapana (Water)
415:
410:
398:Kokkadichcholai
344:Ampara District
315:
262:
126:கரையோர வேடர்கள்
83:
82:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2028:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
1999:
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1875:
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1866:
1864:United Kingdom
1861:
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1756:Tamil Guardian
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182:agriculture,
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151:Veraḷē Væddan
143:වෙරළේ වැද්දන්
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1892:Jaffna Tamil
1796:
1789:
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1697:Thesavalamai
1386:Colonisation
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1107:
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922:. Retrieved
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588:Virapathirar
554:
513:preference.
511:cross cousin
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335:
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230:folk deities
200:
118:Coast Veddas
117:
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101:Vedda people
84:
38:ceremony in
35:
19:Ethnic group
1935:Catholicism
1854:New Zealand
1784:Thinakkural
1770:Tamil Times
1421:Tamil Eelam
1381:Nationalism
1101:. Gunasena.
378:Kovil Vanam
334:chronicle,
328:Kathiraveli
268:(1858) and
168:Trincomalee
23:Coast Vedda
2001:Categories
1798:Virakesari
1777:Thinakaran
1733:Literature
1461:Government
1431:Black July
1080:The Veddas
1061:References
924:29 January
641:Kirikoroha
596:Narasingan
386:Kataragama
324:Megalithic
319:Mesolithic
192:indigenous
172:Batticalao
1902:Loanwords
1819:Australia
1749:Sudar Oli
1495:Governors
1478:Governors
1436:Civil War
1411:Militancy
697:bilingual
600:Gonagolla
572:Pillaiyar
340:Tirukovil
238:Pillaiyar
186:of rice,
164:Sri Lanka
74:Languages
68:Sri Lanka
1988:Category
1968:Football
1918:Hinduism
1911:Religion
1859:Pakistan
1849:Malaysia
1811:Diaspora
1763:TamilNet
1702:Vellalar
1692:Paraiyar
1682:Mukkuvar
1672:Karaiyar
1605:Diaspora
1454:Politics
1348:Colonial
1329:Vannimai
767:See also
727:Kalkudah
723:Mankerni
667:Language
661:Ramayana
619:Sandangu
584:Vairavar
562:such as
560:Hinduism
522:Religion
504:endogamy
499:Vannimai
493:Vanniyar
291:Ambattar
287:Karaiyar
283:Vellalar
260:Identity
226:Saivites
42:in 1900s
1963:Cricket
1834:Germany
1791:Uthayan
1716:Culture
1687:Nalavar
1655:Society
1334:Vanniar
1304:History
1249:Ancient
1242:History
718:Vaharai
677:Sadangu
632:Pandals
617:called
602:in the
568:Murugan
564:Vibuthi
557:Saivite
480:Vamisam
426:called
408:Culture
392:in the
342:in the
313:History
234:Murugan
203:dialect
176:fishing
139:Sinhala
40:Vaharai
36:Sadangu
1829:France
1824:Canada
1723:Cinema
1677:Koviar
1133:
1114:
1086:
752:barter
735:Muttur
714:Eravur
652:Kuttus
647:Vishnu
623:Agamic
476:Waruge
432:Variga
428:Waruge
402:Mandur
359:Muslim
355:Eravur
295:Pallar
211:trance
198:past.
2017:Vedda
1956:Sport
1844:India
1839:Italy
1737:News
1707:Vedar
1662:Eelam
1591:PLOTE
1576:EPRLF
1566:ENDLF
1396:Riots
789:Notes
594:and
424:clans
332:Tamil
250:caste
242:Amman
223:Hindu
195:Vedda
122:Tamil
1596:TELO
1586:LTTE
1581:EORS
1571:ENLF
1131:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1084:ISBN
926:2010
757:LTTE
659:and
592:Kali
576:Siva
574:and
484:Kuti
400:and
371:yams
240:and
116:The
636:Vel
486:or
430:or
213:or
205:of
170:to
162:of
2003::
1036:^
997:^
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814:^
763:)
663:.
610:.
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256:.
236:,
178:,
145:,
141::
137:,
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124::
107:,
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66:,
1218:e
1211:t
1204:v
1139:.
1120:.
1092:.
928:.
120:(
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