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69:. The contents of subsoil vary, and if it does not contain the right mixture, it can be modified with sand or clay. Cob is fireproof, termite proof, resistant to seismic activity, and uses low-cost materials, although it is very labour intensive. It can be used to create artistic and sculptural forms, and its use has been revived in recent years by the natural building and
538:
and researcher Linda Smiley refined the construction technique known as "Oregon Cob" in the 1980s and 1990s. Oregon Cob integrates the variation of wall layup technique which uses loaves of mud mixed with sand and straw with a rounded architectural stylism. They are experimenting with a mixture of
551:
In 2019 an appendix for the
International Residential Code (IRC) was approved by a vote in the public comment hearings. Appendix U of the IRC governs use of cob in load-bearing walls of single story residential structures. Based on currently available test data, the appendix limits the conditions
80:
of the western USA, cob may be referred to as "unburned clay masonry," when used in a structural context. It may also be referred to as "aggregate" in non-structural contexts, such as "clay and sand aggregate," or more simply "organic aggregate," such as where cob is a filler between
468:
there has been a resurgence of cob construction, both as an alternative building practice and one desired for its form, function, and cost effectiveness. Pat
Hennebery, Tracy Calvert, Elke Cole, and the Cobworks workshops erected more than ten cob houses in the Southern
332:
which was easy to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Walls with a high thermal mass value act as a thermal buffer inside the home. The material has a long life-span even in rainy or humid climates, provided a tall foundation and large roof overhang are present
324:. The construction would progress according to the time required for the prior course to dry. After drying, the walls would be trimmed and the next course built, with lintels for later openings such as doors and windows being placed as the wall takes shape.
119:
is an
English term attested to around the year 1600 for an ancient building material that has been used for building since prehistoric times. The use of this material in Iran is more than 4000 years old. The etymology of
344:(the same material, essentially, as unfired common red brick), and historically, has been used to make chimneys, fireplaces, forges and crucibles. Without fiber, however, cob loses most of its tensile strength.
327:
The walls of a cob house are generally about 24 inches (61 cm) thick, and windows were correspondingly deep-set, giving the homes a characteristic internal appearance. The thick walls provided excellent
593: – Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances, the earliest human-made composite materials were straw, combined with mud, to make bricks and walls.
396:
in 1994, it was reputedly the first cob residence built in the country in 70 years. His techniques remained very traditional; the only innovations he made were using a
1105:
509:
1283:(The Real Goods Solar Living Book) by Ianto Evans, Michael G. Smith, Linda Smiley, Deanne Bednar (Illustrator), Chelsea Green Publishing Company; (June 2002),
690:
The
English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use during the Last Two Hundred Years
496:, completed construction on its new 7,500 square foot corporate headquarters, which featured exterior cob walls along with other energy saving features like
461:' Sustainable Building of the Year award in 2005. The total construction cost was £300,000, but the metre (yard) thick outer cob wall cost only £20,000.
438:, was being rebuilt as of 2010. There are a number of other completed modern cob houses and more are planned, including a public education centre.
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1362:
356:
An example of a modern cob building in the
Pacific Northwest style. The exterior cob wall is limewashed for an attractive, uniform appearance.
1302:
1251:
989:
458:
527:, for an estimated $ 210,000 CDN. The home of 2,150 square feet includes heated floors, solar panels, and a southern exposure to enable
1164:
981:
Building Green: A Complete How-to Guide to
Alternative Building Methods : Earth Plaster, Straw Bale, Cordwood, Cob, Living Roofs
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1274:
931:
882:
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Platinum rating in 2012, and it also received one of the highest scores by percentage of total points earned in any LEED category.
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1013:
105:
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Scientific
Bulletin Series D: Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering
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destroyed it shortly before completion. The house, located at The
Hollies Centre for Practical Sustainability in
313:
1204:
661:
649:
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596:
568:
151:
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by
Anthony Dente PE, Michael Smith, and Massey Burke, New Publishers Society; 2024, ISBN 978-0865719682.
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Traditionally, English cob was made by mixing the clay-based subsoil with sand, straw and water using
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1189:
508:. The cob walls, in conjunction with the other sustainable features, enabled the edifice to earn a
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201:
Cob structures can be found in a variety of climates across the globe. European examples include:
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Rarangi Taonga: the
Register of Historic Places, Historic Areas, Wahi Tapu and Wahi Tapu Areas
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Many similar materials and methods of earthen building are used around the world, such as
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The Hand-Sculpted House: A Philosophical and Practical Guide to Building a Cob Cottage
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under which cob may be used without engineering approval, such as seismic activity.
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initiated the construction of a cob house for his family, the first new one in
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in circa one hundred years. It was a community project, but an unidentified
337:
1071:"Trends In The Techniques Of Design And Building Traditional Earth Houses"
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580:
515:
In 2007, Ann and Gord Baird began constructing a two-storey cob house in
431:
253:
229:
210:
1310:
Essential Cob Construction: A Guide to Design, Engineering, and Building
1165:"Sota Construction Services, Inc. - Sota Construction Corporate Offices"
260:
Some of the oldest human-made structures in Afghanistan are composed of
1269:
by Adam Weismann and Katy Bryce. Published by Green Books ; 2006,
1190:"Sota Construction Office Expansion | U.S. Green Building Council"
574:
446:
427:
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389:
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269:
256:, where many homes have survived over 500 years and are still inhabited
243:
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54:
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670: – Historic house in Devon, England, a typical Devon cob building
457:, was sold for £999,000. Cobtun House was erected in 2001 and won the
291:. A number of cob cottages survive from mid-19th-century New Zealand.
524:
478:
388:
When Kevin McCabe constructed a two-story, four bedroom cob house in
284:
239:
875:
The Architecture of Wales From the First to the Twenty-First Century
833:"cat and clay" Websters Online Dictionary accessed March 23, 2015.
614:
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141:
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62:
29:
922:(1996). "Engineering". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.).
664: – Architecture based on local needs, materials, traditions
295:
400:
to mix the cob and adding sand or shillet, a gravel of crushed
287:, the Middle East, and the southwestern United States like the
276:
in the 11th and 12th centuries, and was described in detail by
637:
819:
Edwards, Jay Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. "mud with straw",
76:
In technical building and engineering documents, such as the
1295:
The Cob Builders Handbook: You Can Hand-Sculpt Your Own Home
571: – Concept in the philosophy and politics of technology
302:, and cob made with significant amounts of chalk are called
450:
393:
320:
and trodden onto the wall by workers in a process known as
1014:"Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations"
605: – Building or other structure made largely from soil
364:
The Sota Construction Services Corporate Headquarters in
617: – Demographic defining a particular market segment
565: – Building material of earth and organic materials
298:
to trample it. English soils contain varying amounts of
1143:
646: – Turf house used in early colonial North America
585:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
97:"Cob stitch" repair on old traditional cob cottage in
340:, while "fire cob" (cob without straw or fiber) is a
984:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 276–.
312:. The earthen mixture was then ladled onto a stone
959:. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga
136:, which is how cob material is applied to a wall.
789:Oliver, Paul; Hess, Janet B. (23 February 2012).
112:, Sévérac-le-Château. Timber and cob construction
821:A Creole Lexicon Architecture, Landscape, People
652: – Building method that uses bales of straw
441:In 2000-01, a modern, four bedroom cob house in
1106:"The performance of cob as a building material"
950:of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, e.g.
823:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2004. Print.
577:, a German Research-Institute for Cob-buildings
924:Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science
629: – Construction material of damp subsoil
422:From 2002 to 2004, sustainability enthusiast
8:
1012:Goodhew, Steven; Griffiths, Richard (2005).
775:Rapp, George Robert. "Unbaked clay or mud",
1252:Cob code appendix approved for the 2021 IRC
692:. London: H. Frowde;, 1898. 676-677. Print.
587:(a variant of cob used in southern Romania)
128:is unclear, but in several senses means to
877:. University of Wales Press. p. 13.
779:. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2009. Print.
379:
351:
27:Building material made of soil and fiber
1267:Building With Cob, A Step by Step Guide
1118:The Institution of Structural Engineers
681:
484:In 2010, Sota Construction Services in
283:Many old cob buildings can be found in
205:in England, notably in the counties of
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
1142:Welcome to The Hollies (2010-08-03).
978:Snell, Clarke; Callahan, Tim (2009).
658: – Form of earthbag construction
640: – Upper layer of soil and grass
623: – Earth blocks for construction
583: – Earth blocks for construction
459:Royal Institute of British Architects
7:
815:
813:
811:
702:Goodnow, Cecelia (October 5, 2007).
190:(French mud with moss), beaten clay-
1328:How to Build a Traditional Cob Oven
898:McArdle, Patricia (June 19, 2011).
846:"Earth Buildings and Their Repair"
704:"Thinking of building a cob home?"
688:Wright, Joseph. "COB(B, sb3. 1.",
25:
1203:Barton, Adriana (3 August 2007).
1297:by Becky Bee, Groundworks, 1997
539:cob and straw bale denominated "
464:In the Pacific Northwest of the
1131:Practical Sustainability: About
900:"Afghanistan's Last Locavores"
633:Rice-hull bagwall construction
1:
1363:Soil-based building materials
1083:North University of Baia Mare
1041:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.08.005
753:(transitive) British informal
926:. Vol. 3. p. 766.
852:. Cathedral Publications Ltd
755:to beat, esp on the buttocks
221:(where it is referred to as
946:Dozens of cob cottages are
242:and in Munster, South-West
228:in Wales, notably in rural
1389:
1205:"A Dream Home Made of Mud"
739:Collins English Dictionary
708:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
376:, constructed of cob walls
34:Building a wall out of cob
1323:The Cob Builders Handbook
873:Hilling, John B. (2018).
722:Oxford English Dictionary
599: – Building material
1241:Building with Oregon Cob
1069:Cioruța, Bogdan (2016).
850:buildingconservation.com
411:A modern cob house near
49:(in Wales) is a natural
1110:The Structural Engineer
953:"Ferrymead Cob Cottage"
795:Encyclopædia Britannica
662:Vernacular architecture
650:Straw-bale construction
611: – Building method
404:, to reduce shrinkage.
252:and Ille-et-Vilaine in
1348:Appropriate technology
1104:Saxton, R. H. (1995).
948:listed on the Register
920:Routledge Hill, Donald
791:"African architecture"
724:2nd. ed. 2009. CD-rom.
597:Compressed earth block
569:Appropriate technology
419:
385:
377:
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113:
102:
35:
1093:– via ProQuest.
609:Earthbag construction
529:passive solar heating
455:Associated Architects
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384:Decorating a cob oven
383:
363:
355:
280:in the 14th century.
108:
96:
78:Uniform Building Code
33:
1368:Sustainable products
1343:Sustainable building
1021:Energy and Buildings
500:flooring, a rooftop
348:Modern cob buildings
194:(Central Asia), and
1033:2005EneBu..37..451G
342:refractory material
1230:The History of Cob
1210:The Globe and Mail
1050:on 10 January 2015
1027:(5). Elsevier: 1.
905:The New York Times
591:Composite material
420:
386:
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268:) was used in the
264:and cob. Cobwork (
114:
103:
36:
1353:Natural materials
1303:978-0-9659082-0-7
991:978-1-60059-534-9
777:Archaeomineralogy
547:Cob building code
89:History and usage
65:), and sometimes
57:, water, fibrous
51:building material
16:(Redirected from
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504:array, and
502:solar panel
436:County Cork
424:Rob Hopkins
289:Taos Pueblo
278:Ibn Khaldun
236:Donegal Bay
219:East Anglia
73:movements.
61:(typically
1337:Categories
1216:2008-09-26
1175:2013-11-28
1150:2010-12-04
1091:1856858074
1054:24 January
856:13 January
800:13 January
745:13 January
676:References
656:Superadobe
486:Pittsburgh
366:Pittsburgh
314:foundation
274:al-Andalus
250:Finisterre
186:(French),
182:(French),
176:Asante Twi
53:made from
1120:: 111–15.
1085:: 21–31.
963:21 August
644:Sod house
338:fireproof
304:chalk cob
223:clay lump
217:, and in
158:chalk mud
147:lump clay
101:, England
1087:ProQuest
621:Mudbrick
581:Chirpici
556:See also
517:Victoria
432:arsonist
254:Brittany
230:Anglesey
211:Cornwall
188:bousille
1029:Bibcode
575:ARGE-SH
541:balecob
447:England
428:Ireland
398:tractor
390:England
336:Cob is
322:cobbing
318:courses
309:wychert
270:Maghreb
244:Ireland
213:in the
180:torchis
163:wychert
152:puddled
126:cobbing
55:subsoil
1301:
1287:
1273:
1089:
997:1 June
988:
930:
881:
751:verb:
525:Canada
479:Canada
285:Africa
240:Ulster
134:strike
1116:(7).
1081:(2).
1048:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
735:"cob"
615:LOHAS
563:Adobe
402:shale
300:chalk
266:tabya
207:Devon
192:pahsa
184:bauge
172:swish
142:adobe
99:Devon
63:straw
45:, or
1373:Clay
1299:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1056:2013
999:2013
986:ISBN
965:2013
928:ISBN
879:ISBN
858:2017
802:2017
747:2017
510:LEED
296:oxen
272:and
209:and
154:clay
130:beat
124:and
67:lime
47:clom
43:cobb
1037:doi
638:Sod
543:".
473:of
316:in
306:or
248:in
238:in
234:in
178:),
132:or
122:cob
117:Cob
39:Cob
1339::
1207:.
1114:73
1112:.
1108:.
1079:30
1077:.
1073:.
1035:.
1025:37
1023:.
1019:.
955:.
902:.
848:.
810:^
793:.
762:^
749:.
737:.
706:.
531:.
523:,
519:,
492:,
488:,
481:.
477:,
451:UK
449:,
445:,
415:,
394:UK
392:,
372:,
368:,
198:.
170:,
166:,
160:,
156:,
149:,
145:,
41:,
1291:.
1277:.
1219:.
1192:.
1178:.
1153:.
1058:.
1039::
1031::
1001:.
967:.
936:.
908:.
887:.
860:.
804:.
710:.
225:)
174:(
20:)
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