129:
169:
210:
46:
230:
which attacked the parchment and had a yellowing effect on the foil itself. The transparency and colour of the parchment were affected, and polymers present in the foil could migrate to the parchment and render it brittle. After the lamination, Sievers rebound the codex. To be able to do so, he cut
200:
A comparative analysis performed in 1994 by Albert
Derolez (University of Ghent) and Nancy Netzer (Boston College) has revealed that manuscript A and manuscript B both date from the same period, that it is highly probable that both were created at the scriptorium of the abbey of Echternach and that
164:
In 1571 the abbey of
Aldeneik was abandoned. From the middle of the tenth century, the Benedictine nuns had been replaced by a collegiate chapter of male canons. With the increasing threat of religious war, the canons took refuge in the walled town of Maaseik. They brought the church treasures from
181:
For centuries, people were convinced the Codex
Eyckensis had been written by Harlindis and Relindis, the first abbesses of the abbey of Aldeneik, who were later canonized. Their hagiography was written down in the course of the ninth century by a local priest. This text mentions that Harlindis and
145:
in “a small and useless wood" near the river Meuse. The convent was named Eyke (“oak”), for the oak trees that grew there. Later, as the neighbouring village of Nieuw-Eyke (“new oak”—present-day
Maaseik) grew and became more important, the name of the original village became Aldeneik (“old oak”).
247:
In 2015, the Codex
Eyckensis was digitised on site in Saint Catherine's church by the Imaging Lab and Illuminare – Centre for the Study of Medieval Art | KU Leuven. This project was led by Prof. Lieve Watteeuw. The high-resolution images were made available on line in cooperation with LIBIS (KU
182:
Relindis had also written an evangelistary. In the course of the ninth century the cult of the relics of the saintly sisters became increasingly important and included the veneration of the Codex
Eyckensis, which inspired deep reverence as a work produced by Harlindis and Relindis themselves.
79:
The Canon Tables provide an overview of corresponding passages in the four
Gospels. In this way, the Canon Tables serve as table of contents and index to ease access to the texts. The Canon Tables in manuscript A are decorated with columns and arcades, the symbols of the four Evangelists and
217:
In 1957 an attempt to conserve and restore the Codex
Eyckensis was made by Karl Sievers, a restorer from DĂĽsseldorf. He removed and destroyed the 18th-century red velvet binding and then proceeded to laminate all folios of the manuscript with Mipofolie. Mipofolie is a polyvinyl chloride
243:
The oldest photographic documentation of the Codex
Eyckensis dates from approximately 1916 (Bildarchiv Marburg). On the occasion of the restoration, the manuscript was photographed at the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK–IRPA). A facsimile was published in 1994.
751:
After just a few decades, the laminate had itself decayed, accelerating the destruction of the manuscripts. In 1990, a team led by Jan
Wouters of the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage in Brussels had to painstakingly peel away the PVC film (The Paper Conservator, vol 19, p
235:, led by the chemist Dr Jan Wouters. For the restoration of the folios after the removal of the laminate, an innovative parchment leafcasting technique was developed. To complete the restoration, the two constituent manuscripts of the Codex were bound separately.
91:, which was characteristic of British and Irish manuscripts from the seventh and eighth centuries, but was also used in mainland Europe. The initial capital of each paragraph is outlined with red and yellow dots. The text was copied by a single scribe.
259:
In the course of 2016–2017 a team of researchers from Illuminare – Centre for the Study of Medieval Art | KU Leuven (Prof. Lieve Watteeuw) and the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (Dr. Marina Van Bos) will again study the Codex Eyckensis.
381:
Die Echternacher Handschriften bis zum Jahr 1628 in den Beständen der Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg sowie Archives diocésaines de Luxembourg, der Archives nationale, der Section historique de l'Institut grand-ducal und des Grand Séminaire de
157:
The Codex Eyckensis was used at the convent to study and also to promulgate the teachings of Christ. Both evangelistaries that now constitute the Codex Eyckensis were presumably brought from the Abbey of Echternach to Aldeneik by Saint Willibrord.
136:
The Codex dates from the eighth century and was first kept at the former Benedictine abbey of Aldeneik, which was consecrated in 728 CE. The Merovingian nobles Adelard, Lord of Denain, and his wife Grinuara founded this abbey for their daughters
28:
that were bound as a single codex from (presumably) the twelfth century until 1988. The Codex Eyckensis is the oldest book in Belgium. Since the eighth century it has been kept and preserved on the territory of the present-day municipality of
763:
Wouters, J., Gancedo, G., Peckstadt, A., Watteeuw, L. (1992). The conservation of the Codex Eyckensis: the evolution of the project and the assessment of materials and adhesives for the repair of parchment. The Paper Conservator 16,
471:
Wouters, J., G. Gancedo, A. Peckstadt and L. Watteeuw (1990) The Codex Eyckensis: an illuminated manuscript on parchment from the 8th century: Laboratory investigation and removal of a 30 year old PVC lamination,
231:
the edges of the folios, which resulted in fragments of the illumination being lost. In a new extensive restoration effort between 1987 and 1993 the Mipofolie lamination was meticulously removed by a team of the
805:
286:
448:
The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany. Being the Lives of SS. Willibrord, Boniface, Sturm, Leoba and Lebuin, together with the Hodoeporicon of St. Willibald and a selection of the Correspondence of Boniface
479:
Wouters, J., G. Gancedo, A. Peckstadt and L. Watteeuw (1992) The conservation of the Codex Eyckensis: The evolution of the project and the assessment of materials and adhesives for the repair of parchment,
685:
High-level destructiveness analysis of synthetic membranes without touching the 8th century parchment of the Codex Eyckensis revealed a polyvinylchloride polymer with 30 % (w/w) monomeric plasticizer;
487:
Wouters, J., A. Peckstadt and L. Watteeuw (1995) Leafcasting with dermal tissue preparations: a new method for repairing fragile parchment and its application to the Codex Eyckensis,
263:
Further information, regularly updated, is available on the websites of the Maaseik Museums, the Book Heritage Lab-KU Leuven, and the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (
87:. The Canon Tables are embellished with columns and arcades, depictions of Apostles and the Evangelists’ symbols. The Gospel texts are written in a rounded form of the
813:
283:
70:
currently kept in the Vatican Library (Barberini Lat. 570). The portrait is framed in a border of Anglo-Saxon knotwork, comparable to the decoration elements in the
774:
980:
302:
623:"The Codex Eyckensis, an illuminated manuscript on parchment from the 8th century AD. Laboratory investigation and removal of a 30-year-old PVC lamination"
622:
251:
The Codex Eyckensis was recognised and protected as immovable heritage in 1986. In 2003 the Codex Eyckensis was recognised as a Flemish Masterpiece.
102:(Hieronymus of Stridon, 347–420 CE), with a number of additions and transpositions. Comparable versions of the Gospel texts can be found in the
737:
634:
232:
56:
The first manuscript (Codex A) is incomplete. It consists of five folios, opening with a full-page Evangelist portrait (presumably depicting
975:
866:
311:
582:
652:
In 1957, the parchment of the Codex Eyckensis (8th century) was systematically laminated with the commercial plastic film, Mipofolie.
592:
699:"Conservation At Arm's Length;Researchers at IUPAC congress advocate a measured approach to the conservation of cultural artifacts"
501:
Wouters, J., B. Rigoli, A. Peckstadt and L. Watteeuw (1997) Un matériel nouveau pour le traitement de parchemins fragiles,
627:
ICOM Committee for Conservation, 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26–31 August 1990: Preprints
916:
327:
321:
53:
The Codex Eyckensis consists of two evangelistaries on 133 parchment folios measuring 244 by 183 mm each.
494:
Wouters, J., L. Watteeuw and A. Peckstadt (1996) The conservation of parchment manuscripts: two case studies,
128:
640:
401:
Hendrickx, M. en W. Sangers (1963) De kerkschat der Sint-Catharinakerk te Maaseik. Beschrijvende Inventaris,
64:. The Evangelist portrait is rendered in Italian-Byzantine style, which is clearly related to that of the
609:
Cultural Interplay in the Eighth Century. The Trier Gospels and the Making of a Scriptorium at Echternach
970:
83:
The second manuscript (Codex B) contains a full set of twelve Canon Tables and all four Gospel texts in
138:
161:
The two manuscripts were merged into one binding, most likely in the course of the twelfth century.
33:, in Belgium (hence the name "Eyckensis"). The book was probably produced in the scriptorium in the
498:
ICOM triennial meeting. Edinburgh, 1–6 September 1996, London, James & James, pp. 529–544.
142:
72:
57:
34:
665:
621:
Wouters, Jan; Gancedo, Gely; Peckstadt, An; Watteeuw, Lieve (July 1991), Grimstad, Kirsten (ed.),
466:
De Codex Eyckensis, een kerkschat. De waardestelling van een 8ste eeuws Evangeliarium in Maaseik,
334:
219:
116:
372:
Dierkens, A. (1979) Evangéliaires et tissus de l’abbaye d’Aldeneik. Aspect historiographique,
630:
588:
264:
227:
223:
66:
308:
710:
187:
Finito volumine deposco ut quicumque ista legerint pro laboratore huius operis depraecentur
168:
952:
315:
290:
209:
61:
150:
consecrated Harlindis as the first abbess of this religious community. After her demise,
898:
151:
110:
88:
333:
The Codex Eyckensis before and after the restoration in the late 20th century, on the
964:
104:
45:
955:
698:
852:
476:. ICOM triennial meeting. Dresden, 26–31 August 1990, Preprints: pp. 495–499.
197:(“worker”) clearly indicates that the person who wrote the manuscript was a man.
515:, Sektion, Malerei, I. Abteilung, Berlin, pp. 66–67; 128; 142–143, 303–304.
21:
555:, unter Leitung von J. Carnandet, 3. Teil, Paris-Rom, 1865, S. 383–390, Abs. 7.
714:
147:
25:
948:
339:
189:(At the completion of this volume, I ask all who read this to pray for the
185:
However, the final lines of the second manuscript refute this explicitly:
924:
425:
Nordenfalk, C. (1932) On the age of the earliest Echternach manuscripts,
666:"Reflections on the Position of Science in Multidisciplinary Approaches"
49:
Full-page evangelist portrait and canon tables in the Codex Eyckensis A.
365:
De Bruyne, D. (1908) L'évangéliaire du 8e siècle, conservé à Maeseyck,
296:
95:
30:
429:, vol. 3, fasc. 1, Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, pp. 57–62.
420:
Cultural Interplay in the 8th century and the making of a scriptorium
132:
The Codex Eyckensis displayed in the St Catherine's Church in Maaseik
99:
165:
Aldeneik—including the Codex Eyckensis—to Saint Catherine's church.
793:
Codex Eyckensis: an insular gospel book from the abbey of Aldeneik.
510:
Vorkarolingische Miniaturen, Deutscher Verein fĂĽr Kunstwissenschaft
360:
Codex Eyckensis: An Insular Gospel Book from the Abbey of Aldeneik
167:
84:
725:
In the '60s, people believed in the eternal existence of plastics
367:
Bulletin de la Société d'Art et d'Histoire du Diocèse de Liège 17
384:
Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2 Banden: 311pp. + ill., 792pp.
277:
884:
503:
Techné: Journal of the Society for Philosophy and Technology, 5
432:
Schumacher, R. (1958) L'enluminure d'Echternach: art européen,
834:
439:
Spang, P. (1958) La bibliothèque de l'abbaye d'Echternach,
376:(Les publications de Scriptorium 8), Ghent, pp. 31–40.
37:. It is housed in the church of St Catherine in Maaseik.
396:
Bulletin Koninklijke Commissie voor Kunst en Oudheden 30
297:
BALaT – Belgian Art Links and Tools (KIK-IRPA, Brussels)
394:
Gielen, J. (1891) Evangélaire d'Eyck du VIIIe siècle,
282:
The Codex Eyckensis, online high-resolution images on
330:, Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum fĂĽr Kunstgeschichte
326:
The Codex Eyckensis in the early 20th century in the
201:
they may even have been produced by the same scribe.
453:
Verlinden, C. (1928) Het evangelieboek van Maaseik,
408:Mersch, B. (1982) Het evangeliarium van Aldeneik,
154:consecrated her sister Relindis as her successor.
387:Gielen J. (1880) Le plus vieux manuscrit Belge,
791:Coppens, C. , A. Derolez und H. Heymans (1994)
422:. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 258pp.
226:. With the passing of time, this foil produced
389:Journal des Beaux-Arts et de la Littérature 22
358:Coppens, C., A. Derolez and H. Heymans (1994)
351:Coenen, J. (1921) Het oudste boek van België,
340:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
335:Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage website
233:Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage
41:Descriptions of manuscript A and manuscript B
8:
205:Conservation and restoration attempt of 1957
60:), followed by an incomplete set of eight
569:Monasticon belge, 6, Province de Limbourg
468:unpublished M.A. dissertation, KU Leuven.
193:who made this manuscript). The male form
114:(Dublin, Trinity College, ms 52) and the
532:Coenen, J., Het oudste boek van België,
374:Miscellanea codicologica F. Masai Dicata
208:
127:
44:
739:Drastic measures save plastic treasures
525:
664:Wouters, Jan (January–February 2008),
581:Lindsay, Wallace Martin (6 May 1974).
108:(Dublin, Trinity College, ms 58), the
7:
544:
542:
222:) foil, externally plasticized with
94:The Gospel text is a version of the
981:8th-century illuminated manuscripts
697:Everts, Sarah (September 3, 2007),
436:, vol. 30, nr. 6, pp. 181–195.
14:
867:"Topstukken - Kunsten en Erfgoed"
450:, , Londen-New York, 1954, 234pp.
443:vol. 30, nr. 6, pp. 139–163.
362:. Antwerp and Maaseik, facsimile.
124:History (origin to 20th century)
899:"Book Heritage Lab – KU Leuven"
703:Chemical & Engineering News
775:"Codex Eyckensis — Kanontafel"
239:Documentation and digitisation
1:
565:Abbaye d’Aldeneik, à Maaseik
976:8th-century Christian texts
441:Les Cahiers luxembourgeois,
405:, Averbode, pp. 33–35.
403:Limburgs Kunstpatrimonium I
391:, no. 15, pp. 114–115.
120:(Paris, Bnf, ms Lat.9389).
997:
434:Les Cahiers luxembourgeois
98:, mostly as translated by
715:10.1021/cen-v085n036.p043
597:– via Google Books.
172:Text folio in the Codex B
24:based on two constituent
489:The Paper Conservator 19
482:The Paper Conservator 16
410:Maaslandse Sprokkelingen
871:www.kunstenenerfgoed.be
670:Chemistry International
571:, LĂĽttich, 1976, S. 87.
508:Zimmerman, E.H. (1916)
496:ICOM triennial meeting,
320:The Codex Eyckensis on
307:The Codex Eyckensis on
301:The Codex Eyckensis on
295:The Codex Eyckensis on
276:The Codex Eyckensis on
213:Detail from the Codex B
474:ICOM triennial meeting
214:
173:
133:
50:
779:Europeana Collections
611:, Cambridge-New York.
587:. Georg Olms Verlag.
278:www.codexeyckensis.be
212:
171:
131:
80:portraits of saints.
48:
795:Maaseik: Museactron.
584:Palaeographia Latina
446:Talbot, C.H. (1954)
379:Falmagne, T. (2009)
835:"Home - Illuminare"
369:, pp. 385–392.
355:, pp. 189–194.
309:www.museamaaseik.be
73:Lindisfarne Gospels
35:Abbey of Echternach
16:The eighth-century
536:, 1921, S. 189–194
464:Vriens, H. (2016)
418:Netzer, N. (1994)
328:Marburg Bildarchiv
314:2017-02-05 at the
289:2016-12-13 at the
215:
174:
134:
117:Echternach Gospels
51:
953:online repository
885:"Codex Eyckensis"
873:. 23 August 2023.
839:www.illuminare.be
806:"Codex Eyckensis"
636:978-0-89236-185-4
607:Netzer, N.(1994)
505:, pp. 89–96.
484:, pp. 67–77.
427:Acta Archeologica
415:, pp. 55–79.
398:, pp. 19–28.
228:hydrochloric acid
224:dioctyl phthalate
89:insular minuscule
67:Barberini Gospels
988:
936:
935:
933:
932:
923:. Archived from
913:
907:
906:
903:theo.kuleuven.be
895:
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812:. Archived from
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747:
742:, pp. 42–45
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639:, archived from
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491:, pp. 5–22.
255:Current research
148:Saint Willibrord
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949:Codex Eyckensis
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348:
316:Wayback Machine
291:Wayback Machine
273:
257:
241:
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126:
43:
18:Codex Eyckensis
12:
11:
5:
994:
992:
984:
983:
978:
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963:
962:
959:
958:
944:
943:External links
941:
938:
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921:www.kikirpa.be
908:
890:
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784:
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643:on 6 July 2011
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549:Acta Sanctorum
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271:External links
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152:Saint-Boniface
125:
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111:Book of Armagh
42:
39:
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58:Saint Matthew
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971:Gospel Books
956:Flandrica.be
929:. Retrieved
925:the original
920:
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829:
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
809:
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778:
769:
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750:
744:, retrieved
738:
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724:
718:, retrieved
706:
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684:
678:, retrieved
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669:
659:
651:
645:, retrieved
641:the original
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100:Saint Jerome
93:
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71:
65:
62:Canon Tables
55:
52:
17:
15:
853:"eyckensis"
629:: 495–499,
534:Het Boek 10
382:Luxembourg,
353:Het Boek 10
303:Erfgoedplus
26:manuscripts
22:Gospel Book
965:Categories
931:2017-02-09
820:2016-01-07
746:2010-06-23
720:2010-06-23
680:2010-06-23
647:2010-06-23
520:References
177:Authorship
322:Europeana
248:Leuven).
195:laborator
139:Harlindis
312:Archived
287:Archived
265:KIK–IRPA
143:Relindis
951:at the
457:, vol.
455:Limburg
96:Vulgate
31:Maaseik
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