282:. However, this compilation did not eliminate all the conflicts that had arisen over the years in Roman jurisprudence, and the constitutions in the Code were to be used alongside the conflicting opinions of ancient jurists. "The citation of the said constitutions of Our Code, with the opinions of the ancient interpreters of the law, will suffice for the disposal of all cases." Justinian attempted to harmonize these conflicting opinions by issuing his "Fifty Decisions" and by passing additional new laws. This meant that his Code no longer reflected the latest imperial law. Thus, Justinian ordered a new compilation to supersede the first, and this Codex was published in 534. No copies of the first edition of the Code have survived; only a fragment of an index of contents on an Egyptian papyrus remains. Known as the
46:
313:. It appears as if the Latin Code was shortened in the Middle Ages into an "Epitome Codex", with inscriptions being dropped and numerous other changes made. Some time in the 8th or 9th century, the last three books of the Code were separated from the others, and many other laws in the first nine books, including all of those written in Greek, were dropped. Substantially complete versions of Justinian's Codex were restored around the end of the 12th century, and the humanists of the 16th century added the laws originally promulgated in Greek.
222:
2789:
286:, this second edition of the Code was published on November 16, 534, and took effect on December 30. The Codex consists of twelve books: book 1 concerns ecclesiastical law, sources of law, and the duties of higher offices; books 2–8 cover private law; book 9 deals with crimes; and books 10–12 contain administrative law. The Code's structure is based on ancient classifications set out in the
364:
was translating the Code and Novels, using the standard
Mommsen, Krüger, Schöll, and Kroll version. While this was not printed in his lifetime, in 2005 his translation of both the Code and the Novels was published on the Annotated Justinian Code website. A new English translation of the Codex, based
298:
In the West, Justinian's Codex was largely lost, or in many places never present, due to the limited western extent of the Roman territories. The Latin version known today was painstakingly restored over many centuries. The only known manuscript that once contained the entire Latin Codex is a
264:, by which was created a ten-man commission to review these earlier compilations as well as individual laws, eliminate everything unnecessary or obsolete, make changes as it saw fit, and create a single compilation of imperial laws in force. The commission was headed by the
359:
and has produced a version written in an
English which can be read with pleasure. But much more than that was needed, and the work cannot be said to satisfy these further requirements." Around the same time that Scott was active, Wyoming Supreme Court Justice
540:
Honoré, supra note 1 at 804. For an
English translation of the law putting this second edition into force, see "Concerning the Correction of the Justinian Code, and the Second Edition Thereof" (November 16, 534), translated by Justice Fred Blume in the
958:
306:
of the 6th or 7th century; it is now only fragments. Within its home in the Roman Empire, the code was translated into Greek, which had become the governing language, and adapted, in the 9th century as the
355:, which is accepted as the most reliable, and his translation was severely criticized. Reviewing Scott's work, the Roman law scholar W. W. Buckland wrote that Scott "...had at his disposal an adequate
249:
were unofficial compilations. (The term "Codex" refers to the physical aspect of the works, being in book form, rather than on papyrus rolls. The transition to the codex occurred around AD 300.) The
1668:
775:, Simon Corcoran, Michael Crawford, John Noël Dillon, Dennis P. Kehoe, Noel Lenski, Thomas A.J. McGinn, Charles F. Pazdernik, and Benet Salway, with contributions by T. Kearley. (2016),
241:
in 527, he decided the empire's legal system needed repair. There existed three codices of imperial laws and other individual laws, many of which conflicted or were out of date. The
1901:
423:
881:
50:
Excerpt from the manuscript "Codex
Justiniani I-IX". Medieval copy of the famous Code of Justinian. Copied by Franciscus Accursius in the 13th century. Preserved in the
2777:
1131:
1032:
2465:
1042:
975:
990:
985:
2066:
1052:
1027:
2417:
2400:
1057:
1037:
45:
2116:
1962:
1934:
1578:
1570:
1047:
980:
703:
2312:
1673:
2161:
2641:
2166:
2565:
1325:
1318:
874:
828:
810:
2176:
1464:
2317:
1308:
658:
including the Twelve Tables, the
Institutes of Gaius, the Rules of Ulpian, the Enactments of Justinian, and the Constitutions of Leo...
2646:
2059:
686:
394:
841:
2747:
1313:
784:
1810:
867:
2782:
2604:
1136:
904:
2752:
2742:
2614:
2535:
2221:
1793:
1737:
1658:
1525:
2353:
2826:
2609:
2599:
2514:
2269:
2054:
604:
The Corpus Iuris
Civilis in the Middle Ages: Manuscripts and Transmissions from the Sixth Century to the Juristic Revival
2683:
2651:
2555:
2264:
2236:
2044:
1583:
2407:
2049:
1896:
1653:
1404:
754:
For further discussion of the work of Scott, Blume, and Clyde Pharr on Roman law translation see
Kearley, Timothy G.,
500:
161, 163 (Michael Maas ed. 2005). Humfress also describes the diverse forms of imperial enactments that were included.
805:. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. 3rd rev. ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
209:(New Constitutions, or Novels), was compiled unofficially after his death but is now also thought of as part of the
2727:
2673:
2412:
2284:
2274:
1974:
1854:
1732:
1663:
1551:
1520:
1363:
1303:
339:
was published posthumously. Unfortunately, Scott used the
Kriegel brothers' edition of the CJC rather than that of
238:
2587:
2111:
1967:
1752:
1643:
1530:
1886:
1638:
1125:
258:
51:
1004:
756:"From Rome to the Restatement: S.P. Scott, Fred Blume, Clyde Pharr, and Roman Law in Early Twentieth-Century".
670:
2792:
2216:
1942:
1762:
1648:
344:
314:
205:
200:
138:
133:
760:
Roman Law, Classical
Education, and Limits on Classical Participation in America into the Twentieth-Century
2816:
2717:
2307:
2149:
1593:
1399:
1373:
1368:
1141:
1117:
1113:
1080:
230:
2435:
2289:
1479:
1389:
1353:
1238:
968:
963:
638:
389:
2026:
424:"Codex Justiniani I-IX, cum glosa /Franciscus Accursius, Guido de Suzaria ... e.a.[manuscript]"
278:
The commission finished its work in 14 months, and the compilation was promulgated in April 529 by the
221:
2821:
2678:
2661:
2482:
2241:
2206:
2089:
2021:
1556:
1499:
336:
331:
268:
175:
71:
1588:
1504:
1494:
1358:
1121:
1109:
996:
246:
2788:
2831:
2666:
2656:
2530:
2201:
2084:
2001:
1864:
1216:
1196:
1176:
1166:
932:
399:
265:
250:
196:
128:
109:
2722:
2627:
2560:
2540:
2508:
2440:
2427:
2348:
2343:
1859:
1709:
1228:
1181:
1171:
1161:
824:
806:
780:
493:
384:
242:
2592:
2385:
2333:
2279:
2246:
2196:
1989:
1979:
1757:
1445:
1337:
1260:
1243:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1105:
890:
606:
133 (2007); pages 133–168 give a detailed account of the Code's transmission in this period.
348:
188:
683:
2737:
2570:
2550:
2545:
2500:
2490:
2450:
2445:
2390:
2171:
1777:
1694:
1689:
1429:
1419:
1255:
1249:
1233:
1211:
1201:
1186:
772:
690:
340:
2575:
2455:
2188:
1947:
1841:
1827:
1626:
1489:
1330:
1085:
816:
798:
777:
The Codex of
Justinian. A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text
192:
154:
89:
856:, A database on Carolingian secular law texts (Karl Ubl, Cologne University, Germany).
2810:
2495:
2372:
2338:
2076:
2011:
1984:
1869:
1484:
1424:
404:
374:
361:
352:
254:
82:
61:
2256:
2231:
2211:
2016:
1994:
1849:
1097:
1092:
926:
17:
448:
2757:
2732:
2226:
2036:
1803:
1409:
1394:
184:
2031:
1891:
1881:
1714:
1704:
1414:
738:
303:
2580:
2460:
1952:
1820:
1767:
1699:
587:
Research in Roman Law; a Guide to the Sources and Their English Translations
379:
272:
180:
113:
859:
652:
2106:
2006:
1957:
1815:
1747:
1535:
356:
309:
2472:
2358:
2299:
1798:
1772:
1450:
329:
until the 20th century. In 1932, the English translation of the entire
2395:
2101:
1876:
1742:
300:
226:
755:
220:
275:, who was later to head the other Corpus Juris Civilis projects.
2380:
821:
A Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law, CUP Archive
2706:
2137:
1922:
1614:
1281:
902:
863:
450:
Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge
704:
A selective English translation of Kroll's Preface to Novels
671:"Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Code"
317:
created the modern, standard version of the Codex in 1877.
556:
An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History
27:
529 codification of Roman law by Justinian I of Byzantium
779:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 2963,
496:, "Law and Legal Practice in the Age of Justinian," in
660:, 17 vols. (1932). Reprinted in 1973 by the AMS Press.
203:, were created during his reign. The fourth part, the
2623:
2523:
2481:
2426:
2371:
2326:
2298:
2255:
2187:
2148:
2075:
1933:
1840:
1786:
1725:
1682:
1625:
1569:
1544:
1513:
1472:
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1438:
1382:
1346:
1292:
1150:
1066:
1013:
944:
915:
119:
105:
88:
77:
67:
59:
32:
762:(Fort Collins, CO: Veterrimus Publishing, 2022).
1250:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
471:
469:
875:
850:Bibliotheca legum regni Francorum manuscripta
290:(perpetual edict), as is that of the Digest.
257:. In February 528, Justinian promulgated the
8:
848:
602:Charles M. Radding & Antonio Ciaralli,
527:Humfress, supra note 5 at 165, quoting the
365:on Blume's, was published in October 2016.
168:
162:
2703:
2154:
2145:
2134:
1930:
1919:
1631:
1622:
1611:
1469:
1296:
1289:
1278:
912:
899:
882:
868:
860:
325:No English translations were made of the
447:Patrick, David; Geddie, William (1923).
415:
253:was an official compilation ordered by
183:ordered early in the 6th century AD by
81:Petrvs Sabbativs Ivstinianvs Avgvstvs,
60:Petrvs Sabbativs Ivstinianvs Avgvstvs,
819:; Nicholas, Barry (October 26, 1972),
684:Mommsen, KrĂĽger, Schoell and Kroll CJC
29:
558:166 (J.M. Kelly trans. 2nd ed. 1973).
7:
846:and its manuscript tradition on the
628:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 496.
617:Roman law, Mechanisms of Development
567:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 494.
576:Jolowicz, 1972, supra note 2 at 495
395:International Roman Law Moot Court
25:
2748:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
771:Bruce W. Frier (General Editor),
518:Honoré, 2003, supra note 1 at 803
2787:
715:W.W. Buckland, "Book Review," 7
44:
1137:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
959:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
237:Shortly after Justinian became
2222:Great Palace of Constantinople
1963:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1:
758:See also Timothy G. Kearley,
284:Codex Repetitae Praelectionis
2684:University of Constantinople
2265:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1415:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1104:Byzantine successor states (
2354:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1410:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1405:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
803:Oxford Classical Dictionary
728:See Kearley, supra note 20.
463:See generally, Honoré, 2003
2848:
2743:Neo-Byzantine architecture
1364:Comes sacrarum largitionum
702:Miller and Kearley (2013)
509:Honoré, 2003, supra note 1
225:Justinian I depicted on a
2770:
2713:
2702:
2313:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2157:
2144:
2133:
1929:
1918:
1634:
1621:
1610:
1299:
1288:
1277:
911:
898:
124:
43:
1887:Droungarios of the Fleet
543:Annotated Justinian Code
52:Ghent University Library
2401:Early Byzantine mosaics
1763:Domestic of the Schools
484:Jolowicz, 1972, p. 479.
206:Novellae Constitutiones
195:. Two other units, the
139:Novellae Constitutiones
134:Institutes of Justinian
2718:Byzantine commonwealth
1480:Praetorian prefectures
1400:Logothetes tou genikou
1374:Quaestor sacri palatii
1369:Comes rerum privatarum
1142:Fall of Constantinople
1081:Sack of Constantinople
849:
637:Krueger, Paul (1877),
475:Jolowicz, 1972, p. 463
234:
179:, the codification of
169:
163:
158:
2418:Komnenian renaissance
2413:Macedonian period art
2318:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2290:Walls of Thessaloniki
1390:Logothetes tou dromou
1005:Twenty Years' Anarchy
969:Valentinianic dynasty
964:Constantinian dynasty
739:"Blume and Justinian"
682:Each of the units of
390:Corpus Juris Canonici
224:
173:) is one part of the
94:7 April 529
2827:Prose texts in Latin
2615:Units of measurement
2349:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2242:Pammakaristos Church
2090:Corpus Juris Civilis
2041:Missionary activity
1500:Exarchate of Ravenna
1326:Imperial bureaucracy
615:A. Arthur Schiller,
498:The Age of Justinian
337:Samuel Parsons Scott
332:Corpus Juris Civilis
321:English translations
269:John the Cappadocian
231:church of San Vitale
211:Corpus Juris Civilis
176:Corpus Juris Civilis
72:Eastern Roman Empire
2139:Culture and society
2002:Ecumenical councils
1505:Exarchate of Africa
1495:Quaestura exercitus
1359:Magister officiorum
1354:Praetorian prefects
997:Byzantine Dark Ages
842:Information on the
719:627, 629 (1932–33).
591:Law Library Journal
262:Hac quae necessario
247:Codex Hermogenianus
120:Related legislation
2556:Flags and insignia
2202:Baths of Zeuxippus
2085:Codex Theodosianus
1975:Oriental Orthodoxy
933:Later Roman Empire
689:2013-04-06 at the
400:List of Roman laws
271:and also included
266:praetorian prefect
251:Codex Theodosianus
235:
110:John of Cappadocia
68:Territorial extent
37:Codex Justinianeus
18:Codex Justinianeus
2804:
2803:
2766:
2765:
2723:Byzantine studies
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2509:Alexander Romance
2367:
2366:
2344:Nea Moni of Chios
2207:Blachernae Palace
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2095:Code of Justinian
1943:Eastern Orthodoxy
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1836:
1835:
1710:Scholae Palatinae
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1571:Foreign relations
1565:
1564:
1459:
1458:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1072:(1204–1453)
829:978-0-521-08253-2
811:978-0-19-860641-3
717:Tulane Law Review
669:Timothy Kearley,
640:Codex iustinianus
585:Stephen L. Sass,
554:Wolfgang Kunkel,
529:Constitutio Summa
494:Caroline Humfress
385:Code of Hammurabi
288:edictum perpetuum
280:Constitutio Summa
243:Codex Gregorianus
159:Codex Justinianus
151:Code of Justinian
147:
146:
33:Code of Justinian
16:(Redirected from
2839:
2791:
2704:
2647:Imperial Library
2593:Byzantine Greeks
2334:Daphni Monastery
2285:Panagia Chalkeon
2280:Hagios Demetrios
2247:Prison of Anemas
2197:Basilica Cistern
2155:
2146:
2135:
1990:West Syriac Rite
1980:Alexandrian Rite
1931:
1924:Religion and law
1920:
1855:Maritime themata
1811:Palaiologan army
1664:Military manuals
1632:
1623:
1612:
1470:
1446:Megas logothetes
1297:
1290:
1279:
1152:By modern region
1073:
1020:
1019:(717–1204)
951:
913:
900:
891:Byzantine Empire
884:
877:
870:
861:
852:
787:
769:
763:
753:
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629:
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593:210, 225 (1963).
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233:, Ravenna, Italy
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2738:Cyrillic script
2709:
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2501:Digenes Akritas
2477:
2422:
2363:
2327:Other locations
2322:
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2183:
2172:Cross-in-square
2140:
2121:
2071:
1925:
1906:
1832:
1782:
1778:Varangian Guard
1721:
1695:East Roman army
1690:Late Roman army
1678:
1617:
1598:
1561:
1540:
1509:
1455:
1434:
1430:Epi ton deeseon
1420:Epi tou eidikou
1378:
1342:
1284:
1265:
1252:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1132:Palaiologan era
1074:
1071:
1062:
1033:Nikephorian era
1021:
1018:
1009:
952:
950:(330–717)
949:
940:
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907:
894:
888:
838:
817:Jolowicz, H. F.
795:
790:
773:Serena Connolly
770:
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736:
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691:Wayback Machine
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78:Enacted by
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2270:Byzantine Bath
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2189:Constantinople
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405:Twelve Tables
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375:Byzantine law
373:
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362:Fred H. Blume
358:
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353:Wilhelm Kroll
350:
349:Rudolf Schöll
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255:Theodosius II
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189:Eastern Roman
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106:Introduced by
104:
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83:Roman emperor
80:
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73:
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62:Roman emperor
58:
53:
47:
42:
38:
31:
19:
2507:
2275:Hagia Sophia
2257:Thessalonica
2232:Hagia Sophia
2212:Chora Church
2150:Architecture
2094:
2027:Great Schism
2017:Paulicianism
1995:Miaphysitism
1850:Karabisianoi
1154:or territory
1114:Thessalonica
1098:Latin Empire
1093:Frankokratia
1068:
1028:Isaurian era
1015:
946:
931:
927:Roman Empire
917:
847:
843:
820:
802:
776:
767:
759:
746:. Retrieved
742:
733:
724:
716:
711:
698:
678:
665:
657:
653:
648:
643:(in German).
639:
633:
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431:. Retrieved
428:lib.ugent.be
427:
418:
330:
326:
324:
308:
297:
287:
283:
279:
277:
261:
259:constitution
236:
210:
204:
174:
164:Justinianeus
150:
148:
36:
2822:Justinian I
2758:Megali Idea
2733:Byzantinism
2436:Agriculture
2227:Hagia Irene
2060:Kievan Rus'
2037:Mount Athos
1860:Cibyrrhaeot
1804:Vestiaritai
1659:Mercenaries
1536:Catepanates
1395:Sakellarios
1314:Family tree
1239:Mesopotamia
1058:Angelid era
1038:Amorian era
799:Tony Honoré
748:October 26,
345:Paul KrĂĽger
315:Paul KrĂĽger
294:Rediscovery
191:emperor in
185:Justinian I
2811:Categories
2753:Third Rome
2679:University
2662:Philosophy
2652:Inventions
2515:Historians
2483:Literature
2466:Varangians
2308:San Vitale
2237:Hippodrome
2217:City Walls
2117:Mutilation
2112:Hexabiblos
2032:Bogomilism
2022:Iconoclasm
1892:Megas doux
1882:Greek fire
1865:Aegean Sea
1738:Kleisourai
1715:Excubitors
1705:Bucellarii
1557:Despotates
1526:Kleisourai
1465:Provincial
1309:Coronation
1283:Governance
1048:Doukid era
981:Leonid era
823:, p. 463,
619:37 (1978).
545:at page 4.
433:2020-08-26
411:References
304:palimpsest
201:Institutes
187:, who was
170:Justiniani
2832:Roman law
2581:Octoechos
2461:Silk Road
1953:Hesychasm
1821:Paramonai
1768:Hetaireia
1700:Foederati
1589:Diplomacy
1584:Diplomats
1490:Provinces
1319:Empresses
1122:Trebizond
918:Preceding
380:Roman law
335:(CJC) by
273:Tribonian
181:Roman law
114:Tribonian
98:529-04-07
90:Effective
2674:Scholars
2667:Rhetoric
2657:Medicine
2632:Learning
2531:Calendar
2408:Painters
2107:Basilika
2045:Bulgaria
2007:Arianism
1958:Hayhurum
1935:Religion
1897:Admirals
1816:Allagion
1748:Droungos
1654:Generals
1616:Military
1579:Treaties
1485:Dioceses
1304:Emperors
1217:Sardinia
1197:Dalmatia
1177:Bulgaria
1167:Anatolia
1126:Theodoro
1120: /
1116: /
1108: /
743:Uwyo.edu
687:Archived
369:See also
357:latinity
310:Basilika
301:Veronese
245:and the
217:Creation
199:and the
2783:Outline
2728:Museums
2628:Science
2605:Slavery
2561:Gardens
2541:Cuisine
2473:Dynatoi
2441:Coinage
2428:Economy
2396:Mosaics
2359:Mystras
2300:Ravenna
2162:Secular
2050:Moravia
1799:Pronoia
1773:Akritai
1758:Tagmata
1733:Themata
1674:Revolts
1644:Battles
1552:Kephale
1521:Themata
1451:Mesazon
1293:Central
1229:Maghreb
1182:Corsica
1172:Armenia
1162:Albania
905:History
854:website
793:Sources
239:emperor
229:in the
96: (
2793:Portal
2708:Impact
2588:People
2536:Cities
2386:Enamel
2167:Sacred
2102:Ecloga
1968:Saints
1877:Dromon
1753:Bandon
1743:Tourma
1726:Middle
1649:Beacon
1531:Bandon
1514:Middle
1383:Middle
1338:Senate
1261:Thrace
1244:Serbia
1222:Sicily
1207:Greece
1192:Cyprus
1110:Epirus
1106:Nicaea
1016:Middle
893:topics
827:
809:
783:
227:mosaic
197:Digest
129:Digest
2778:Index
2610:Death
2600:Women
2571:Music
2551:Dress
2546:Dance
2491:Novel
2451:Trade
2446:Mints
2391:Glass
2381:Icons
2177:Domes
2055:Serbs
1870:Samos
1683:Early
1473:Early
1347:Early
1256:Syria
1234:Malta
1212:Italy
1202:Egypt
1187:Crete
1118:Morea
947:Early
589:, 56
327:Codex
155:Latin
2576:Lyra
2456:silk
2067:Jews
1842:Navy
1787:Late
1627:Army
1594:Wars
1545:Late
1439:Late
1069:Late
825:ISBN
807:ISBN
781:ISBN
750:2016
351:and
149:The
2373:Art
2077:Law
167:or
2813::
801:,
741:.
468:^
426:.
347:,
343:,
213:.
161:,
157::
112:,
1128:)
1124:–
1112:–
999:"
995:"
883:e
876:t
869:v
831:.
813:.
752:.
706:.
693:.
673:.
531:.
436:.
153:(
100:)
54:.
20:)
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