341:
246:
4390:
4184:
3024:
2961:
2898:
2832:
2769:
2666:
2566:
1166:
821:
32:
549:
3887:
3828:
3089:
163:
364:
InChI=1S/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+
374:
InChI=1/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+
1555:. The plasma peak can be observed 6–8 hours after oral administration when taken as a pharmacological substance. In some studies, a second plasma peak also was observed at approximately 24 hours after administration, probably due to both enterohepatic recycling and redistribution from the liver to circulation.
1411:
found a 31% lower mortality and increased exercise capacity, with no significant difference in the endpoints of left heart ejection fraction. A 2021 meta-analysis found that coenzyme Q10 was associated with a 31% lower all-cause mortality in HF patients. In a 2023 meta-analysis of older people,
4819:
1623:. Various approaches have been developed to achieve this goal, with many of them producing significantly better results over oil-based softgel capsules in spite of the many attempts to optimize their composition. Examples of such approaches are use of the aqueous dispersion of solid CoQ
4838:
992:). The capacity of this molecule to act as a two-electron carrier (moving between the quinone and quinol form) and a one-electron carrier (moving between the semiquinone and one of these other forms) is central to its role in the electron transport chain due to the
755:
The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells. This membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation.
1255:. However, the role statins play in CoQ deficiency is controversial. Although statins reduce blood levels of CoQ, studies on the effects of muscle levels of CoQ are yet to come. CoQ supplementation also does not reduce side effects of statin medications.
938:
chemical subunits (shown enclosed in brackets in the diagram) in its tail. In natural ubiquinones, there are from six to ten subunits in the tail, with humans having a tail of 10 isoprene units (50 carbon atoms) connected to its benzoquinone "head".
3891:
3832:
3093:
1243:, usually a target for intervention in cardiovascular complications. The "statin" family of cholesterol-reducing medications inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. One possible side effect of statins is decreased production of CoQ
3278:
1341:
is naturally produced by the body and plays a crucial role in cell growth and protection. Despite its significant role in the body, it is not used as a drug for the treatment of any specific disease.
1348:
is widely available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement and is recommended by some healthcare professionals, despite a lack of definitive scientific evidence supporting these recommendations.
1599:
have been explored as a delivery system for various drugs, such as improving the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption characteristics. However, this has not proved successful with CoQ
4312:
Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Rysz J, Muntner P, et al. (January 2015). "Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
5341:
3943:
870:, a group of gram-negative bacteria. The fact that the coenzyme is ubiquitous gives the origin of its other name, ubiquinone. In humans, the most common form of coenzymes Q is coenzyme Q
3516:
Montero R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Briones P, Hernández AR, Cordero MD, Trevisson E, et al. (June 2008). "Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ
6199:
3914:
490:
5133:
International
Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition
4652:
Mathiowitz E, Jacob JS, Jong YS, Carino GP, Chickering DE, Chaturvedi P, et al. (March 1997). "Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems".
3167:
International
Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition
728:
molecule that is located in all biological membranes of human body and serves as a component for the synthesis of ATP and is a life-sustaining cofactor for the three complexes (
562:
4787:
Ozawa Y, Mizushima Y, Koyama I, Akimoto M, Yamagata Y, Hayashi H, et al. (April 1986). "Intestinal absorption enhancement of coenzyme Q10 with a lipid microsphere".
5680:
1456:
powder insoluble in water. Absorption as a pharmacological substance follows the same process as that of lipids; the uptake mechanism appears to be similar to that of
5334:
946:
cells, primarily in the mitochondria. Ninety-five percent of the human body's energy is generated this way. Organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the
4263:"Comparison of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) and Reduced Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol) as Supplement to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality"
717:(ETC), where it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation, a process required for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy source of cells.
2587:
Kadian M, Sharma G, Pandita S, Sharma K, Shrivasatava K, Saini N, et al. (2022). "The Impact of
Coenzyme Q10 on Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review".
1156:. Q refers to the quinone head and "10" refers to the number of isoprene repeats in the tail. The molecule below has three isoprenoid units and would be called Q
772:(complex I), and succinate ubiquinone reductase (complex II), the fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids oxidation (through flavin-linked dehydrogenases) to
5614:
4852:
Zmitek J, Smidovnik A, Fir M, Prosek M, Zmitek K, Walczak J, et al. (2008). "Relative bioavailability of two forms of a novel water-soluble coenzyme Q10".
390:
3270:
5788:
5784:
5925:
780:
participates in fatty acid and glucose metabolism by transferring electrons generated from the reduction of fatty acids and glucose to electron acceptors;
5717:
5327:
3305:
Desbats MA, Lunardi G, Doimo M, Trevisson E, Salviati L (January 2015). "Genetic bases and clinical manifestations of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10) deficiency".
1619:
Facilitating drug absorption by increasing its solubility in water is a common pharmaceutical strategy and also has been shown to be successful for CoQ
4454:
Bogentoft C, Edlund PO, Olsson B, Widlund L, Westensen K (1991). "Biopharmaceutical aspects of intravenous and oral administration of coenzyme Q10.".
1516:
is metabolized in all tissues, with the metabolites being phosphorylated in cells. CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol during or after absorption in the
5585:
3935:
1293:
Organisms other than humans produce the benzoquinone and isoprene structures from somewhat different source chemicals. For example, the bacteria
760:
plays a role in this process as an essential cofactor of the ETC located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves the following functions:
6391:
6129:
3718:
1488:
substances. Food intake (and the presence of lipids) stimulates bodily biliary excretion of bile acids and greatly enhances absorption of CoQ
1388:
found insufficient evidence to make a conclusion about its use for the prevention of heart disease. A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that CoQ
3650:
1686:. The observed safe level risk assessment method indicated that the evidence of safety is acceptable at intakes up to 1200 mg per day.
838:
3227:
Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L (January 1994). "Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin".
4752:
Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner AD (January 2003). "Comparative bioavailability of two novel coenzyme Q10 preparations in humans".
3782:
Arenas-Jal M, Suñé-Negre JM, García-Montoya E (March 2020). "Coenzyme Q10 supplementation: Efficacy, safety, and formulation challenges".
2406:
1678:, and headaches. Some adverse effects, largely gastrointestinal, are reported with intakes. Doses of 100–300 mg per day may induce
1337:
is commonly used as a dietary supplement with the intent to prevent or improve disease conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders. CoQ
6386:
5467:
5386:
4817:, Westesen K, Siekmann B, "Particles with modified physicochemical properties, their preparation and uses", published 2001
4520:
Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, Motegi K, Morishita N (October 1986). "Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labeled coenzyme Q10 in man".
6396:
5780:
5776:
773:
765:
355:
4239:
398:
O=C1/C(=C(\C(=O)C(\OC)=C1\OC)C)C\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)C
3192:
Aberg F, Appelkvist EL, Dallner G, Ernster L (June 1992). "Distribution and redox state of ubiquinones in rat and human tissues".
3165:
Okamoto T, Matsuya T, Fukunaga Y, Kishi T, Yamagami T (1989). "Human serum ubiquinol-10 levels and relationship to serum lipids".
1317:. Most organisms share the common 4-hydroxybenzoate intermediate, yet again uses different steps to arrive at the "Q" structure.
6356:
1369:
4603:"Bioavailability and Sustained Plasma Concentrations of CoQ10 in Healthy Volunteers by a Novel Oral Timed-Release Preparation"
5844:
5710:
5624:
5454:
5442:
5391:
3621:"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2499:
2297:
quinone found in all animal tissues. In 1958, its full chemical structure was reported. Ubiquinone was later called either
6427:
5463:
3910:
642:
produced by the human body. It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and
569:
5450:
4836:, Ohashi H, Takami T, Koyama N, Kogure Y, Ida K, "Aqueous solution containing ubidecarenone", published 1984
4090:
Al Saadi T, Assaf Y, Farwati M, Turkmani K, Al-Mouakeh A, Shebli B, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021).
3446:
1435:
reducing statin-associated muscle symptoms, including muscle pain, muscle weakness, muscle cramps and muscle tiredness.
1361:
298:
6381:
2468:
5766:
1646:
has been found to have highly increased bioavailability and also is used in pharmaceutical and food industries for CoQ
319:
6422:
6122:
1086:, these measurements reflect dietary intake rather than tissue status. Currently, most clinical centers measure CoQ
2689:
Pradhan N, Singh C, Singh A (November 2021). "Coenzyme Q10 a mitochondrial restorer for various brain disorders".
2305:
due to its participation to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In 1966, a study reported that reduced CoQ
5703:
5551:
3906:
3846:
1431:
had no effect on statin myopathy. A 2018 meta-analysis concluded that there was preliminary evidence for oral CoQ
661:
2789:"Clinical Evidence for Q10 Coenzyme Supplementation in Heart Failure: From Energetics to Functional Improvement"
2285:
membranes of beef heart, with research showing that it transported electrons within mitochondria. It was called
6337:
6332:
5997:
5546:
5506:
5381:
4705:"Preparation and characterization of novel coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors"
4411:
Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK (May 2006). "Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics".
791:
and protecting cells against oxidative stress, inhibiting the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and use of vitamin E.
714:
688:
4349:"Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Statin-Induced Myopathy: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
4204:"Dietary interventions and nutritional supplements for heart failure: a systematic appraisal and evidence map"
993:
3897:
6442:
6342:
6010:
5902:
5729:
5571:
5487:
5398:
5210:
Crane FL, Hatefi Y, Lester RL, Widmer C (July 1957). "Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria".
2498:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. January 2019.
2281:, but later deemed to be quinone found in many animal tissues. In 1957, the same compound was isolated from
859:
788:
635:
241:
6447:
5910:
5752:
5530:
5479:
5446:
5061:
Pravst I, Zmitek K, Zmitek J (April 2010). "Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies".
1604:
1098:, and blood mononuclear cells. Culture fibroblasts can be used also to evaluate the rate of endogenous CoQ
985:
665:
672:
consists of a benzoquinone moiety and an isoprenoid side chain, with the "10" referring to the number of
203:
6417:
6115:
5920:
5915:
5762:
5424:
1229:
1217:
1110:
4833:
4814:
764:
electron transport in the mitochondrial ETC, by shuttling electrons from mitochondrial complexes like
5828:
5595:
5525:
5413:
5176:
4661:
2328:
1683:
1667:
1562:
was used to investigate pharmacokinetics in humans to determine an elimination half-time of 33 hours.
769:
44:
1588:
supplements may be reduced due to the lipophilic nature of its molecule and large molecular weight.
6437:
6002:
5808:
5675:
1635:
336:
129:
4895:
Kagan D, Madhavi D (2010). "A Study on the
Bioavailability of a Novel Sustained-Release Coenzyme Q
4552:"Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10: An Overview of the Absorption Process and Subsequent Metabolism"
3837:
6432:
6351:
6152:
6024:
5566:
5305:
5086:
5036:
4952:
4877:
4685:
4436:
3620:
3601:
1760:
and dietary intake were published in 2010. Besides the endogenous synthesis within organisms, CoQ
1365:
1330:
1063:
643:
3389:
Justine Perrin R, Rousset-Rouvière C, Garaix F, Cano A, Conrath J, Boyer O, et al. (2020).
5104:
Pyo Y, Oh H (2011). "Ubiquinone contents in Korean fermented foods and average daily intakes".
4141:"Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials"
3471:
Trevisson E, DiMauro S, Navas P, Salviati L (October 2011). "Coenzyme Q deficiency in muscle".
2726:"Cellular Consequences of Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency in Neurodegeneration of the Retina and Brain"
2402:
1662:
supplementation is well tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal symptoms (
6452:
6246:
6095:
5854:
5836:
5354:
5297:
5280:
Mellors A, Tappel AL (July 1966). "Quinones and quinols as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation".
5262:
5227:
5192:
5140:
5078:
5028:
4987:
4944:
4869:
4796:
4769:
4734:
4677:
4634:
4583:
4529:
4502:
4428:
4378:
4329:
4294:
4231:
4223:
4172:
4121:
4072:
4023:
3974:
3865:
3809:
3764:
3714:
3708:
3689:
3642:
3593:
3547:
3498:
3424:
3371:
3322:
3244:
3209:
3174:
3147:
3065:
3012:
2949:
2886:
2820:
2757:
2706:
2654:
2554:
2460:
1643:
1469:
1326:
1240:
1199:
1132:
in muscle. Evidence does not support that supplementation improves side effects from statins.
1107:
1025:
833:
223:
5649:
5644:
5517:
5371:
5289:
5254:
5219:
5184:
5113:
5070:
5018:
4979:
4934:
4861:
4761:
4724:
4716:
4669:
4624:
4614:
4573:
4563:
4492:
4482:
4420:
4368:
4360:
4321:
4284:
4274:
4215:
4162:
4152:
4111:
4103:
4062:
4054:
4013:
4005:
3799:
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3754:
3681:
3632:
3583:
3537:
3529:
3488:
3480:
3414:
3406:
3361:
3353:
3314:
3236:
3201:
3137:
3055:
3002:
2992:
2939:
2929:
2876:
2866:
2810:
2800:
2787:
Di
Lorenzo A, Iannuzzo G, Parlato A, Cuomo G, Testa C, Coppola M, et al. (April 2020).
2747:
2737:
2698:
2644:
2634:
2596:
2544:
2534:
2405:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2018.
1733:
1548:
927:
881:
593:
523:
473:
413:
78:
5131:
Weber C, Bysted A, Hłlmer G (1997). "The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet".
1396:. A 2021 Cochrane review found "no convincing evidence to support or refute" the use of CoQ
996:
that can only accept one electron at a time, and as a free radical–scavenging antioxidant.
307:
6365:
6157:
5858:
4394:
4389:
4188:
4183:
3637:
3028:
3023:
2965:
2960:
2902:
2897:
2836:
2831:
2773:
2768:
2670:
2665:
2570:
2565:
2094:
1729:
1517:
1465:
1385:
800:
4202:
Khan MS, Khan F, Fonarow GC, Sreenivasan J, Greene SJ, Khan SU, et al. (June 2021).
3342:"COQ6 mutations in human patients produce nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness"
139:
5319:
5180:
5023:
5006:
4665:
4393: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
4289:
4262:
4203:
4187: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
3395:
mutation in patients with nephrotic syndrome, sensorineural deafness, and optic atrophy"
3027: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2964: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2944:
2917:
2901: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2835: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2772: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2669: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2569: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1634:, formulations based on various solubilising agents, such as hydrogenated lecithin, and
1174:
In its pure state, it is an orange-colored lipophile powder, and has no taste nor odor.
340:
245:
183:
6237:
6209:
5874:
4729:
4704:
4629:
4602:
4578:
4551:
4373:
4348:
4167:
4140:
4116:
4091:
4067:
4042:
4018:
3993:
3759:
3742:
3419:
3390:
3366:
3341:
3007:
2980:
2881:
2854:
2815:
2788:
2752:
2725:
2649:
2622:
2549:
2522:
2149:
1698:
1671:
1477:
1393:
1252:
867:
540:
3672:
Bentinger M, Tekle M, Dallner G (May 2010). "Coenzyme Q--biosynthesis and functions".
3533:
1144:
is shown below. The various kinds of coenzyme Q may be distinguished by the number of
6411:
5987:
5940:
5892:
5223:
3205:
3142:
3125:
2195:
1828:
1818:
1793:
1718:
1694:
1639:
1497:
1404:
1313:, however, derives the former from either chorismate or tyrosine and the latter from
1309:
1191:
725:
692:
527:
462:
234:
5090:
4970:
Hathcock JN, Shao A (August 2006). "Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)".
4956:
4440:
3994:"Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
3098:
1748:
is not recommended in people taking warfarin due to the increased risk of clotting.
287:
5992:
5982:
5590:
5498:
5309:
5040:
4689:
4107:
4058:
4009:
3605:
2282:
2119:
1929:
1714:
1596:
1225:
1187:
1083:
1009:
804:
658:
501:
496:
4881:
3860:
PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and
Complementary Therapies Editorial Board (2002).
4325:
3484:
3240:
3060:
3043:
6295:
6270:
6255:
6204:
6167:
6138:
5977:
5930:
4983:
2495:
2456:
2310:
2207:
2074:
2011:
1986:
1798:
1584:
bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement. Bioavailability of CoQ
1525:
1521:
1496:
is absorbed from the small intestine and is best absorbed if taken with a meal.
1420:
1048:
974:
737:
639:
5117:
4469:
Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K (August 2007).
4279:
3710:
Inherited
Neuromuscular Diseases: Translation from Pathomechanisms to Therapies
3685:
2702:
2600:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6260:
6232:
6222:
6179:
6057:
5945:
5935:
5798:
5434:
5350:
5074:
4424:
4157:
3318:
2159:
2139:
1838:
1485:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1233:
1210:
1149:
1145:
1091:
863:
733:
668:(ATP), which is involved in energy transfer within cells. The structure of CoQ
441:
214:
5266:
4487:
4470:
4227:
3864:. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board.
3572:"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in the management of statin-associated myalgia"
3443:"Nephrotic Syndrome - COQ6 Associated (Concept Id: C4054393) - MedGen - NCBI"
3442:
3340:
Heeringa SF, Chernin G, Chaki M, Zhou W, Sloan AJ, Ji Z, et al. (2011).
1744:, which competes with and counteracts warfarin's anticoagulation effects. CoQ
1713:
taken as a pharmacological substance has potential to inhibit the effects of
6316:
6299:
6289:
6227:
6214:
6194:
6183:
6173:
6052:
6047:
5882:
5868:
5376:
5245:
Wolf DE (1958). "Coenzyme Q. I. structure studies on the coenzyme Q group".
4364:
3795:
2322:
2021:
1808:
1741:
1631:
1536:
1461:
1457:
1103:
989:
943:
784:
729:
531:
5301:
5231:
5196:
5082:
5032:
4991:
4948:
4939:
4922:
4873:
4773:
4738:
4638:
4587:
4506:
4432:
4382:
4333:
4298:
4235:
4176:
4125:
4076:
4043:"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension"
4027:
3978:
3869:
3813:
3768:
3693:
3646:
3597:
3551:
3502:
3428:
3375:
3326:
3069:
3016:
2997:
2953:
2934:
2890:
2824:
2761:
2710:
2658:
2639:
2558:
2464:
2277:
was isolated from the lining of a horse's gut, a compound initially called
1412:
ubiquinone had evidence of a cardiovascular effect, but ubiquinol did not.
1376:
is not regulated, and different batches and brands may vary significantly.
1364:(FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition. However, it is sold as a
1024:
levels also may be affected by other genetic defects (such as mutations of
5144:
4800:
4681:
4568:
4533:
3248:
3213:
3178:
3151:
1460:, another lipid-soluble nutrient. This process in the human body involves
31:
6280:
6189:
5408:
3542:
2871:
2742:
2539:
2238:
has been determined at 3–6 mg per day, derived primarily from meat.
2203:
2064:
2031:
1955:
1944:
1721:
1679:
1248:
1206:
1195:
1067:
935:
749:
684:
673:
5258:
3942:. UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 28 March 2017.
3493:
1165:
1012:, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ
6305:
6088:
6032:
5744:
5293:
4619:
4522:
International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology
3992:
Flowers N, Hartley L, Todkill D, Stranges S, Rees K (4 December 2014).
3804:
3588:
3571:
3410:
3271:"Improving the bioavailability of coenzyme q10 from theory to practice"
3126:"Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function"
2805:
2219:
2109:
2084:
2054:
1934:
1628:
1481:
1453:
1295:
1182:
Biosynthesis occurs in most human tissue. There are three major steps:
931:
704:
517:
274:
5188:
5005:
Sharma A, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Ezekowitz JA, Felker GM (April 2016).
4923:"Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia?"
4865:
4497:
4219:
2916:
Mantle D, Millichap L, Castro-Marrero J, Hargreaves IP (August 2023).
6062:
6037:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5818:
5726:
5357:
4765:
4720:
4673:
3357:
2250:
2179:
2041:
2001:
1991:
1966:
1663:
1424:
1095:
955:
745:
194:
539:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5695:
262:
5659:
5654:
4471:"Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake"
2169:
2129:
2104:
1533:
1278:
1266:
1260:
1030:
966:
951:
947:
942:
This family of fat-soluble substances is present in all respiring
783:
antioxidant activity as a lipid-soluble antioxidant together with
174:
162:
152:
6067:
6042:
5955:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5619:
5609:
5402:
3130:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1976:
1675:
1529:
1473:
1372:, and is an ingredient in some cosmetics. The manufacture of CoQ
1272:
1058:
1036:
1017:
253:
6111:
6107:
5699:
5323:
4754:
International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2724:
Manzar H, Abdulhussein D, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF (December 2020).
1701:
disease, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or in the elderly.
3044:"Occurrence, biosynthesis and function of isoprenoid quinones"
1576:
as a constituent of food, such as nuts or meat, from which CoQ
1042:
814:
4347:
Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, Wang WT, Gao ZY, Shi DZ (October 2018).
2325:– synthetic analog with reduced oxidant generating properties
899:
611:
1603:, although reports have differed widely. The use of aqueous
1164:
1020:, and mutations in any of them can cause CoQ deficiency. CoQ
650:
is found in many organisms, including animals and bacteria.
324:
96:
5007:"Coenzyme Q10 and Heart Failure: A State-of-the-Art Review"
2331:– synthetic analog with improved mitochondrial permeability
1056:
biosynthetic process). Some of these, such as mutations in
908:
890:
620:
602:
105:
87:
1728:
may interfere with warfarin's actions by interacting with
1236:, indicating multiple sites of synthesis in animal cells.
2855:"Disorders of Human Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: An Overview"
2234:
In the developed world, the estimated daily intake of CoQ
1152:. The most common coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ
1062:, can lead to serious diseases such as steroid-resistant
896:
608:
3083:
3081:
3079:
2523:"Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: A Review of Unresolved Issues"
691:, and its use as a supplement is not associated with or
2521:
Mantle D, Lopez-Lluch G, Hargreaves IP (January 2023).
2455:
Sood B, Preeti Patel P, Keenaghan M (30 January 2024).
2289:
as a quinone. The Q-275/substance SA was later renamed
1504:
in fed condition is higher than in fasting conditions.
557:
49:
2--5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
3784:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
911:
893:
887:
884:
623:
605:
599:
596:
108:
93:
90:
84:
81:
3936:"Mitochondrial disorders in children: Co-enzyme Q10"
2853:
Hargreaves I, Heaton RA, Mantle D (September 2020).
2241:
South Koreans have an estimated average daily CoQ (Q
1407:
of people with heart failure 30–100 mg/d of CoQ
905:
679:
Although a ubiquitous molecule in human tissues, CoQ
617:
102:
6374:
6325:
6145:
6080:
6023:
5901:
5743:
5736:
5668:
5559:
5543:
5515:
5496:
5477:
5432:
5423:
5364:
3674:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
3048:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
2249:) intake of 11.6 mg/d, derived primarily from
2190:
Vegetable oils, meat and fish are quite rich in CoQ
1736:, a measure of blood clotting. The structure of CoQ
902:
634:also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring
614:
99:
1693:supplementation is not recommended in people with
1580:is normally absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ
803:by modulating the expression of genes involved in
61:In general: Ubiquinone, coenzyme Q, CoQ, vitamin Q
4601:Martucci A, Reurean-Pintilei D, Manole A (2019).
1004:There are two major pathways of deficiency of CoQ
5681:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
3105:. US National Library of Medicine. 30 March 2024
2214:. Most fruit and berries are poor sources of CoQ
1611:in pure water also reveals only a minor effect.
1427:medications, a 2015 meta-analysis found that CoQ
1419:has been used to treat purported muscle-related
1052:, genes that are not directly related to the CoQ
934:chemical group and "10" refers to the number of
752:membranes to regulate pH in lysosome functions.
467:48–52 °C (118–126 °F; 321–325 K)
286:
5586:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
4916:
4914:
4406:
4404:
3619:Kennedy C, Köller Y, Surkova E (1 April 2020).
3565:
3563:
3561:
3466:
3464:
3300:
3298:
3296:
2848:
2846:
2623:"Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview"
2621:Mantle D, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP (May 2021).
2459:. StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine.
1247:, which may be connected to the development of
138:
5063:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
830:needs attention from an expert in biochemistry
6123:
5711:
5335:
4456:Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q
3881:
3879:
2582:
2580:
1128:in the blood it is unclear if they reduce CoQ
8:
4921:Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T (July 2010).
2918:"Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: An Update"
4261:Fladerer JP, Grollitsch S (December 2023).
4096:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4047:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3998:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3743:"Ubiquinone biosynthesis in microorganisms"
2527:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
6130:
6116:
6108:
5740:
5718:
5704:
5696:
5556:
5429:
5342:
5328:
5320:
3576:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
2222:, which have a relatively high oil and CoQ
339:
244:
222:
20:
5167:Morton RA (December 1958). "Ubiquinone".
5022:
4938:
4728:
4628:
4618:
4577:
4567:
4545:
4543:
4496:
4486:
4372:
4353:Journal of the American Heart Association
4288:
4278:
4166:
4156:
4115:
4066:
4017:
3862:Coenzyme Q10: Health Professional Version
3803:
3758:
3636:
3587:
3541:
3492:
3418:
3365:
3141:
3059:
3006:
2996:
2943:
2933:
2880:
2870:
2814:
2804:
2751:
2741:
2648:
2638:
2548:
2538:
1102:biosynthesis, by measuring the uptake of
306:
5247:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5106:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
4703:Hsu CH, Cui Z, Mumper RJ, Jay M (2003).
3229:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1770:
1547:Some reports have been published on the
1524:, and redistributed in the blood within
4316:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
3915:U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
3194:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2490:
2488:
2486:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2341:
2202:than animal tissues. Among vegetables,
1239:An important enzyme in this pathway is
695:for any health or anti-disease effect.
395:
360:
335:
4972:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
4041:Ho MJ, Li EC, Wright JM (March 2016).
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
1764:also is supplied by various foods. CoQ
841:may be able to help recruit an expert.
235:
3707:Espinós C, Felipo V, Palau F (2009).
3653:from the original on 28 December 2022
3638:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
1768:concentrations in various foods are:
1756:Detailed reviews on occurrence of CoQ
1642:; among the latter, the complex with
1484:formation required for absorption of
740:) of the ETC in the mitochondria. CoQ
367:Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N
202:
182:
7:
4927:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
4854:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
3946:from the original on 10 October 2019
3269:Žmitek J, ŽMitek K, Pravs I (2008).
3042:Nowicka B, Kruk J (September 2010).
1400:for the treatment of heart failure.
1016:. Biosynthesis requires at least 15
713:is a component of the mitochondrial
500:
16:Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
5024:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002639
4242:from the original on 2 January 2023
2691:Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
2471:from the original on 2 October 2023
1224:The initial two reactions occur in
377:Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDBK
277:
261:
5572:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
5468:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
3760:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10831.x
3281:from the original on 23 April 2024
2409:from the original on 15 March 2024
14:
4208:European Journal of Heart Failure
3534:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.007
3449:from the original on 6 April 2024
3346:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3124:Ernster L, Dallner G (May 1995).
2979:Barcelos IP, Haas RH (May 2019).
2502:from the original on 4 April 2024
1558:Deuterium-labeled crystalline CoQ
766:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
4458:. Vol. 6. pp. 215–224.
4388:
4182:
4092:"Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure"
3890: This article incorporates
3885:
3831: This article incorporates
3826:
3092: This article incorporates
3087:
3022:
2959:
2896:
2830:
2767:
2664:
2564:
880:
819:
774:ubiquinol–cytochrome-c reductase
592:
547:
425:
77:
30:
5596:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
3741:Meganathan R (September 2001).
1654:Adverse effects and precautions
1124:Although statins may reduce CoQ
969:states of CoQ: fully oxidized (
744:has a role in the transport of
676:chemical subunits in its tail.
543:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5443:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
4108:10.1002/14651858.CD008684.pub3
4059:10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3
4010:10.1002/14651858.CD010405.pub2
3570:Tan JT, Barry AR (June 2017).
2273:In 1950, a small amount of CoQ
2198:are much poorer sources of CoQ
1370:regulations as medicinal drugs
664:, aiding in the production of
431:
419:
1:
5464:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
5212:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
3911:National Institutes of Health
2261:Cooking by frying reduces CoQ
2257:Effect of heat and processing
1732:enzymes thereby reducing the
1528:. Its elimination occurs via
1140:The oxidized structure of CoQ
930:, in which "Q" refers to the
776:(complex III) of the ETC: CoQ
5567:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
5224:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90457-2
4550:Mantle D, Dybring A (2020).
4326:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.021
4145:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
3713:. Springer. pp. 122ff.
3485:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834ab528
3473:Current Opinion in Neurology
3241:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371744
3206:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90511-T
3143:10.1016/0925-4439(95)00028-3
3061:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.06.007
2589:Current Pharmacology Reports
1572:In contrast to intake of CoQ
1362:Food and Drug Administration
1360:is not approved by the U.S.
4984:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.006
3965:Hojerová J (May 2000). "".
1705:Potential drug interactions
1220:of the above two structures
6469:
5387:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
5118:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.018
5011:Circulation: Heart Failure
4899:-β-Cyclodextrin Complex".
4280:10.1007/s11886-023-01992-6
4267:Current Cardiology Reports
4139:Lei L, Liu Y (July 2017).
3967:Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie
3686:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.147
3275:Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech
2703:10.1007/s00210-021-02161-8
2601:10.1007/s40495-021-00273-6
1592:Reduction of particle size
1352:Regulation and composition
1303:and the latter from a non-
702:
5552:oxidative phosphorylation
5075:10.1080/10408390902773037
4425:10.1080/10715760600617843
4158:10.1186/s12872-017-0628-9
3907:National Cancer Institute
3847:National Cancer Institute
3747:FEMS Microbiology Letters
3319:10.1007/s10545-014-9749-9
2103:
2050:
1985:
1928:
1901:
1874:
1847:
1792:
1780:
1776:levels in selected foods
1307:source. The common yeast
1299:produces the former from
662:oxidative phosphorylation
537:
509:
483:
406:
386:
351:
122:
64:This form: ubidecarenone,
55:
43:
38:
29:
6338:Butylated hydroxytoluene
6333:Butylated hydroxyanisole
5547:electron transport chain
5507:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
5382:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4488:10.1248/yakushi.127.1251
2218:, with the exception of
1368:not subject to the same
1090:levels in cultured skin
839:WikiProject Biochemistry
715:electron transport chain
689:recommended intake level
5488:Glutamate dehydrogenase
5399:Succinate dehydrogenase
5392:Succinyl CoA synthetase
4365:10.1161/JAHA.118.009835
4314:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3896:White J (14 May 2014).
3796:10.1111/1541-4337.12539
3520:deficiency syndromes".
2210:are good sources of CoQ
1258:Genes involved include
789:reactive oxygen species
457:yellow or orange solid
5531:Aspartate transaminase
4940:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078
4789:Arzneimittel-Forschung
3892:public domain material
3833:public domain material
3094:public domain material
2998:10.3390/biology8020028
2935:10.3390/antiox12081652
2640:10.3390/antiox10050759
1788:concentration (mg/kg)
1752:Dietary concentrations
1740:is similar to that of
1607:of finely powdered CoQ
1452:in the pure form is a
1169:
666:adenosine triphosphate
4569:10.3390/antiox9050386
4413:Free Radical Research
3522:Clinical Biochemistry
1230:endoplasmic reticulum
1168:
958:—have the highest CoQ
6428:Cellular respiration
5526:Pyruvate carboxylase
5414:Malate dehydrogenase
4901:Integrative Medicine
2872:10.3390/ijms21186695
2743:10.3390/ijms21239299
2540:10.3390/ijms24032585
2329:Mitoquinone mesylate
1668:appetite suppression
1520:. It is absorbed by
1500:concentration of CoQ
1476:, which facilitates
994:iron–sulfur clusters
984:quinone), and fully
919:) or ubiquinone-10.
866:in animals and many
770:ubiquinone reductase
699:Biological functions
687:and does not have a
636:biochemical cofactor
45:Preferred IUPAC name
5676:Alternative oxidase
5480:α-ketoglutaric acid
5259:10.1021/ja01550a096
5181:1958Natur.182.1764M
5175:(4652): 1764–1767.
4666:1997Natur.386..410M
3307:J Inherit Metab Dis
2265:content by 14–32%.
1777:
1658:Generally, oral CoQ
1325:Although neither a
1136:Chemical properties
1082:may be measured in
1066:with sensorineural
1008:in humans: reduced
799:also may influence
644:dietary supplements
474:Solubility in water
449: g·mol
26:
6352:1,2-Diaminopropane
6153:6-Hydroxymelatonin
5294:10.1007/BF02531617
4620:10.3390/nu11030527
3589:10.2146/ajhp160714
3411:10.1002/jmd2.12068
2806:10.3390/jcm9051266
1771:
1470:pancreatic enzymes
1366:dietary supplement
1331:essential nutrient
1321:Dietary supplement
1209:side chain (using
1170:
1148:subunits in their
1064:nephrotic syndrome
638:(coenzyme) and an
570:Infobox references
510:Related compounds
21:
6423:1,4-Benzoquinones
6405:
6404:
6326:Fuel antioxidants
6217:
6168:Alpha-lipoic acid
6161:
6146:Food antioxidants
6105:
6104:
6076:
6075:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5539:
5538:
5355:Citric acid cycle
5189:10.1038/1821764a0
4866:10.1159/000129661
4709:AAPS PharmSciTech
4660:(6623): 410–414.
4273:(12): 1759–1767.
4220:10.1002/ejhf.2278
3720:978-90-481-2812-9
2981:"CoQ10 and Aging"
2697:(11): 2197–2222.
2309:was an effective
2188:
2187:
1392:had no effect on
1344:Nevertheless, CoQ
1327:prescription drug
1241:HMG-CoA reductase
1200:4-hydroxybenzoate
1190:structure (using
1026:mitochondrial DNA
874:, also called CoQ
858:Coenzymes Q is a
856:
855:
683:is not a dietary
578:Chemical compound
576:
575:
320:CompTox Dashboard
164:Interactive image
6460:
6250:-Acetylserotonin
6215:
6159:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6109:
5741:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5697:
5557:
5518:oxaloacetic acid
5430:
5372:Citrate synthase
5344:
5337:
5330:
5321:
5314:
5313:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5164:
5149:
5148:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5112:(8): 1123–1129.
5101:
5095:
5094:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5026:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4942:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4766:10.5414/CPP41042
4749:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4721:10.1208/pt040332
4700:
4694:
4693:
4674:10.1038/386410a0
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4481:(8): 1251–1254.
4466:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4408:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4376:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4214:(9): 1468–1476.
4199:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4004:(12): CD010405.
3989:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3640:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3591:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3358:10.1172/JCI45693
3352:(5): 2013–2024.
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3054:(9): 1587–1605.
3039:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2850:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2452:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
1778:
1650:-fortification.
1615:Water-solubility
1549:pharmacokinetics
1543:Pharmacokinetics
1205:Creation of the
1186:Creation of the
1114:-hydroxybenzoate
965:There are three
962:concentrations.
928:1,4-benzoquinone
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
851:
848:
842:
823:
822:
815:
657:plays a role in
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
560:
554:
551:
550:
524:1,4-Benzoquinone
504:
448:
433:
427:
421:
414:Chemical formula
344:
343:
328:
326:
310:
290:
279:
265:
248:
237:
226:
206:
186:
166:
142:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
34:
27:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6370:
6366:Ethylenediamine
6357:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
6321:
6241:-Acetylcysteine
6141:
6136:
6106:
6101:
6072:
6019:
6014:
6006:
5897:
5888:
5880:
5864:
5850:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5814:
5804:
5794:
5772:
5758:
5732:
5724:
5694:
5685:
5664:
5606:
5580:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5419:
5360:
5348:
5318:
5317:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5166:
5165:
5152:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5060:
5059:
5048:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4528:(10): 536–541.
4519:
4518:
4514:
4475:Yakugaku Zasshi
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4359:(19): e009835.
4346:
4345:
4341:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4102:(2): CD008684.
4089:
4088:
4084:
4053:(3): CD007435.
4040:
4039:
4035:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3842:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3625:Atherosclerosis
3618:
3617:
3613:
3582:(11): 786–793.
3569:
3568:
3559:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3099:"Ubidecarenone"
3097:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2454:
2453:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2343:
2338:
2319:
2308:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2193:
2095:Chinese cabbage
1787:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1730:cytochrome p450
1727:
1717:as well as the
1712:
1707:
1692:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:Bioavailability
1561:
1554:
1545:
1518:small intestine
1515:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1492:. Exogenous CoQ
1491:
1466:small intestine
1451:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1391:
1386:Cochrane review
1382:
1375:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1246:
1216:The joining or
1180:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1101:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1055:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1002:
961:
925:
883:
879:
877:
873:
862:family that is
852:
846:
843:
837:
824:
820:
813:
801:immune response
798:
779:
759:
743:
723:
712:
707:
701:
682:
671:
656:
649:
595:
591:
589:
585:
579:
572:
567:
566:
565: ?)
556:
552:
548:
544:
530:
526:
520:
493:
476:
446:
436:
430:
424:
416:
402:
399:
394:
393:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
347:
329:
322:
313:
293:
280:
268:
229:
209:
189:
169:
156:
145:
132:
118:
117:
80:
76:
75:
71:
51:
50:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6466:
6464:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Meroterpenoids
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6349:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6244:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6210:Hydroxytyrosol
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5462:(regulated by
5459:
5458:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5411:
5406:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5288:(4): 282–284.
5272:
5237:
5218:(1): 220–221.
5202:
5150:
5139:(2): 123–129.
5123:
5096:
5069:(4): 269–280.
5046:
5017:(4): e002639.
4997:
4978:(3): 282–288.
4962:
4933:(7): 435–442.
4910:
4896:
4887:
4860:(4): 281–287.
4844:
4825:
4806:
4795:(4): 689–690.
4779:
4744:
4695:
4644:
4593:
4539:
4512:
4461:
4446:
4419:(5): 445–453.
4400:
4339:
4304:
4253:
4194:
4131:
4082:
4033:
3984:
3973:(3): 119–123.
3957:
3927:
3900:
3899:PDQ Coenzyme Q
3875:
3852:
3840:
3819:
3790:(2): 574–594.
3774:
3753:(2): 131–139.
3733:
3719:
3699:
3664:
3611:
3557:
3528:(9): 697–700.
3517:
3508:
3479:(5): 449–456.
3460:
3434:
3381:
3332:
3292:
3254:
3235:(1): 122–124.
3219:
3200:(2): 230–234.
3184:
3173:(3): 288–292.
3157:
3136:(1): 195–204.
3116:
3075:
3034:
2971:
2908:
2842:
2779:
2716:
2676:
2606:
2576:
2513:
2496:"Coenzyme Q10"
2482:
2457:"Coenzyme Q10"
2420:
2403:"Coenzyme Q10"
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2306:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2196:Dairy products
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:Vegetable oils
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1672:abdominal pain
1659:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:β-cyclodextrin
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1478:emulsification
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1408:
1397:
1394:blood pressure
1389:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1319:
1253:rhabdomyolysis
1244:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1203:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1099:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1053:
1021:
1013:
1005:
1001:
998:
959:
923:
875:
871:
868:Pseudomonadota
854:
853:
827:
825:
818:
812:
809:
796:
793:
792:
781:
777:
757:
741:
721:
710:
700:
697:
680:
669:
654:
647:
587:
583:
577:
574:
573:
568:
546:
545:
541:standard state
538:
535:
534:
521:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:
494:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
477:
472:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
444:
438:
437:
434:
428:
422:
417:
412:
409:
408:
404:
403:
401:
400:
397:
389:
388:
387:
384:
383:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
370:
366:
363:
362:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
346:
345:
332:
330:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
273:
270:
269:
267:
266:
258:
256:
250:
249:
239:
231:
230:
228:
227:
219:
217:
211:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
159:
157:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
135:
133:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
73:
69:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6465:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Phenol ethers
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6174:Ascorbic acid
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5988:Molybdopterin
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Cofactor F430
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5893:Coenzyme F420
5891:
5884:
5876:
5875:Phylloquinone
5873:
5870:
5869:Ascorbic acid
5867:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5846:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5817:
5810:
5807:
5800:
5797:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5768:
5764:
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5709:
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5555:
5553:
5548:
5544:Mitochondrial
5542:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5508:
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4074:
4069:
4064:
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4056:
4052:
4048:
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4037:
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4025:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3916:
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3908:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3853:
3849:. April 2022.
3848:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
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3716:
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3691:
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3652:
3648:
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3639:
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3622:
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3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3543:11577/2447079
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
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3416:
3412:
3408:
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3400:
3396:
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3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:(1): 145–56.
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
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3018:
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2999:
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2906:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:Int J Mol Sci
2856:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
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2798:
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2777:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:Int J Mol Sci
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
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2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
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2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
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2577:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
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2487:
2483:
2470:
2466:
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2447:
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2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
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2427:
2425:
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2374:
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2354:
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2350:
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2346:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:mitochondrial
2280:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:– white flesh
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:sunflower oil
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:grapeseed oil
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1719:anticoagulant
1716:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1684:liver enzymes
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1640:cyclodextrins
1637:
1633:
1630:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1597:Nanoparticles
1591:
1589:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1405:meta-analysis
1401:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:S. cerevisiae
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:phenylalanine
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1133:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1011:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
977:
972:
968:
963:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
929:
920:
916:
869:
865:
861:
850:
840:
835:
831:
828:This article
826:
817:
816:
810:
808:
806:
802:
790:
787:, scavenging
786:
782:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
761:
753:
751:
747:
739:
735:
731:
727:
718:
716:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
677:
675:
667:
663:
660:
659:mitochondrial
651:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
590:
571:
564:
559:
542:
536:
533:
529:
528:Plastoquinone
525:
522:
519:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:Pharmacology
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:Melting point
461:
460:
456:
453:
452:
445:
443:
440:
439:
418:
415:
411:
410:
405:
396:
392:
385:
371:
361:
357:
350:
342:
338:
337:DTXSID6046054
334:
333:
331:
321:
317:
316:
309:
305:
304:
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
282:
276:
272:
271:
264:
260:
259:
257:
255:
252:
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:
236:ECHA InfoCard
233:
232:
225:
221:
220:
218:
216:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
196:
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
178:
176:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
158:
154:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
116:
113:
63:
60:
59:
54:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
19:
6418:Antioxidants
6382:Folin method
6375:Measurements
6361:-butylphenol
6358:
6347:-butylphenol
6344:
6313:(coenzyme Q)
6310:
6296:Tocotrienols
6247:
6238:
6139:Antioxidants
6093:
6087:
5993:Mycofactocin
5983:Methanofuran
5950:
5903:non-vitamins
5737:Active forms
5602:
5591:Cytochrome c
5576:
5499:succinyl-CoA
5285:
5281:
5275:
5253:(17): 4752.
5250:
5246:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5172:
5168:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5066:
5062:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4930:
4926:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4828:
4809:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4760:(1): 42–48.
4757:
4753:
4747:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4559:
4556:Antioxidants
4555:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4416:
4412:
4387:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4320:(1): 24–34.
4317:
4313:
4307:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4211:
4207:
4197:
4181:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3939:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3898:
3861:
3855:
3838:
3822:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3709:
3702:
3680:(1): 74–79.
3677:
3673:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3628:
3624:
3614:
3579:
3575:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3494:10261/129020
3476:
3472:
3451:. Retrieved
3437:
3405:(1): 37–44.
3402:
3399:Jimd Reports
3398:
3392:
3384:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3283:. Retrieved
3274:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3102:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3021:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2958:
2925:
2922:Antioxidants
2921:
2911:
2895:
2865:(18): 6695.
2862:
2858:
2829:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2766:
2736:(23): 9299.
2733:
2729:
2719:
2694:
2690:
2663:
2630:
2627:Antioxidants
2626:
2592:
2588:
2563:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2473:. Retrieved
2411:. Retrieved
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:as it was a
2290:
2286:
2279:substance SA
2278:
2272:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2189:
2120:blackcurrant
1755:
1715:theophylline
1708:
1688:
1666:, vomiting,
1657:
1636:complexation
1618:
1595:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1546:
1526:lipoproteins
1522:chylomicrons
1511:
1447:
1439:Pharmacology
1421:side effects
1415:Although CoQ
1414:
1402:
1383:
1355:
1343:
1324:
1308:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1238:
1226:mitochondria
1223:
1218:condensation
1188:benzoquinone
1181:
1178:Biosynthesis
1173:
1139:
1123:
1111:
1084:blood plasma
1078:Although CoQ
1077:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1010:biosynthesis
1003:
981:
975:
970:
964:
941:
921:
857:
844:
836:for details.
829:
811:Biochemistry
805:inflammation
794:
754:
719:
708:
678:
652:
631:
581:
580:
204:ChEMBL454801
123:Identifiers
67:
56:Other names
18:
6286:Tocopherols
6271:Resveratrol
6256:Oleocanthal
6205:Glutathione
6200:Polyphenols
6180:Carotenoids
6176:(vitamin C)
5978:Lipoic Acid
5956:Heme / Haem
5883:Menaquinone
5608:synthesis:
5425:Anaplerotic
3940:nice.org.uk
3805:2445/181270
2928:(8): 1652.
2799:(5): 1266.
2533:(3): 2585.
2311:antioxidant
2299:mitoquinone
2208:cauliflower
2075:cauliflower
2051:Vegetables
2012:sesame seed
1947:– red flesh
1799:soybean oil
1682:or elevate
1454:crystalline
1234:peroxisomes
1150:side-chains
1092:fibroblasts
832:. See the
738:complex III
640:antioxidant
454:Appearance
407:Properties
242:100.005.590
184:CHEBI:46245
6438:Glycolysis
6412:Categories
6311:Ubiquinone
6276:Selegiline
6266:Rasagiline
6261:Oleuropein
6233:Mofegiline
6223:Ladostigil
6218:-carnitine
6162:-carnitine
6081:Base forms
6025:metal ions
5951:Coenzyme Q
5946:Coenzyme M
5936:Coenzyme B
5799:Coenzyme A
5753:TPP / ThDP
5603:Coenzyme Q
5577:Coenzyme Q
5435:acetyl-CoA
5351:Metabolism
4834:US 4483873
4815:US 6197349
4715:(3): E32.
4613:(3): 527.
4562:(5): 386.
4498:2115/30144
4151:(1): 196.
3950:10 October
3839:Coenzyme Q
2793:J Clin Med
2633:(5): 759.
2336:References
2313:in cells.
2303:coenzyme Q
2295:ubiquitous
2291:ubiquinone
2160:grapefruit
2140:strawberry
1839:canola oil
1689:Use of CoQ
1605:suspension
1508:Metabolism
1486:lipophilic
1444:Absorption
1315:mevalonate
1305:mevalonate
1301:chorismate
1211:acetyl-CoA
1146:isoprenoid
1074:Assessment
1000:Deficiency
973:quinone),
944:eukaryotic
922:Coenzyme Q
864:ubiquitous
847:April 2024
734:complex II
726:lipophilic
703:See also:
582:Coenzyme Q
479:insoluble
442:Molar mass
308:EJ27X76M46
215:ChemSpider
151:3D model (
130:CAS Number
22:Coenzyme Q
6433:Coenzymes
6317:Uric acid
6300:vitamin E
6290:vitamin E
6228:Melatonin
6195:Edaravone
6184:vitamin A
6011:THMPT / H
5809:PLP / P5P
5730:cofactors
5377:Aconitase
5267:0002-7863
4607:Nutrients
4395:CC BY 4.0
4228:1388-9842
4189:CC BY 4.0
3726:4 January
3029:CC BY 4.0
2991:(2): 28.
2966:CC BY 4.0
2903:CC BY 4.0
2837:CC BY 4.0
2774:CC BY 4.0
2671:CC BY 4.0
2571:CC BY 4.0
2323:Idebenone
2226:content.
2089:up to 10
2022:pistachio
1809:olive oil
1742:vitamin K
1632:tyloxapol
1627:with the
1537:excretion
1464:into the
1462:secretion
1458:vitamin E
1094:, muscle
990:ubiquinol
936:isoprenyl
834:talk page
785:vitamin E
750:lysosomal
730:complex I
674:isoprenyl
532:Ubiquinol
6453:Polyenes
6281:Selenium
6190:Curcumin
6096:vitamins
6089:vitamins
6003:THB / BH
5837:DHFA / H
5829:THFA / H
5745:vitamins
5409:Fumarase
5302:17805631
5232:13445756
5197:13622652
5091:38779392
5083:20301015
5033:27012265
4992:16814438
4957:26572524
4949:20601617
4874:18645245
4774:12564745
4739:14621964
4639:30823449
4588:32380795
4507:17666877
4441:39001523
4433:16551570
4397:license.
4383:30371340
4334:25440725
4299:37971634
4290:10811087
4240:Archived
4236:34173307
4191:license.
4177:28738783
4126:35608922
4077:26935713
4028:25474484
3979:10953455
3944:Archived
3870:26389329
3814:33325173
3769:11583838
3694:20494114
3651:Archived
3647:32179207
3598:28546301
3552:18387363
3503:21844807
3447:Archived
3429:32685349
3376:21540551
3327:25091424
3279:Archived
3070:20599680
3031:license.
3017:31083534
2968:license.
2954:37627647
2945:10451954
2905:license.
2891:32933108
2839:license.
2825:32349341
2776:license.
2762:33291255
2711:34596729
2673:license.
2659:34064686
2595:: 1–19.
2573:license.
2559:36768907
2506:13 April
2500:Archived
2475:17 April
2469:Archived
2465:30285386
2413:13 April
2407:Archived
2317:See also
2220:avocados
2204:broccoli
2194:levels.
2065:broccoli
2032:hazelnut
1956:mackerel
1945:mackerel
1902:Chicken
1722:warfarin
1680:insomnia
1380:Research
1249:myopathy
1207:isoprene
1196:tyrosine
1096:biopsies
1068:deafness
860:coenzyme
768:(NADH),
693:approved
685:nutrient
518:quinones
516:Related
505:)
491:ATC code
140:303-98-0
6343:2,6-Di-
6306:Tyrosol
6164:(ALCAR)
6158:Acetyl-
5581:(CoQ10)
5560:Primary
5416:and ETC
5358:enzymes
5310:2129339
5177:Bibcode
5145:9129255
5041:2034503
4801:3718593
4730:2750625
4690:4324209
4682:9121559
4662:Bibcode
4630:6471387
4579:7278738
4534:3781673
4374:6404871
4246:10 June
4168:5525208
4117:8092430
4068:6486033
4019:9759150
3920:29 June
3631:: 1–8.
3606:3825396
3453:6 April
3420:7358665
3367:3083770
3285:5 April
3249:8288904
3214:1586151
3179:2599795
3152:7599208
3109:4 April
3103:PubChem
3008:6627360
2985:Biology
2882:7555759
2816:7287951
2753:7730520
2650:8150987
2550:9916783
2269:History
2110:avocado
2085:spinach
2055:parsley
1935:sardine
1881:12–128
1813:40–160
1803:54–280
1629:polymer
1530:biliary
1482:micelle
1403:A 2017
1384:A 2014
1329:nor an
1296:E. coli
1120:Statins
1108:labeled
986:reduced
982:ubisemi
978:quinone
932:quinone
748:across
746:protons
705:Q cycle
563:what is
561: (
499: (
497:C01EB09
447:863.365
288:5281915
275:PubChem
224:4445197
6043:Fe, Fe
5855:AdoCbl
5819:Biotin
5727:Enzyme
5650:COQ10B
5645:COQ10A
5308:
5300:
5282:Lipids
5265:
5230:
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5169:Nature
5143:
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2251:kimchi
2230:Intake
2180:banana
2150:orange
2042:almond
2016:18–23
2002:walnut
1992:peanut
1967:salmon
1961:11–16
1950:43–67
1916:24–25
1913:thigh
1905:breast
1897:14–45
1894:muscle
1889:23–54
1870:26–40
1867:muscle
1862:39–50
1843:64–73
1823:64–73
1699:kidney
1676:rashes
1670:, and
1664:nausea
1551:of CoQ
1425:statin
1276:, and
1232:, and
1228:, the
1198:, via
1046:, and
956:kidney
954:, and
736:, and
558:verify
555:
391:SMILES
263:C11378
195:ChEMBL
39:Names
6252:(NAS)
6243:(NAC)
6170:(ALA)
5859:MeCbl
5789:NADPH
5669:Other
5660:PDSS2
5655:PDSS1
5365:Cycle
5306:S2CID
5087:S2CID
5037:S2CID
4953:S2CID
4878:S2CID
4686:S2CID
4437:S2CID
3894:from
3835:from
3602:S2CID
3096:from
2287:Q-275
2170:apple
2130:grape
2105:Fruit
2059:8–26
2046:5–14
1939:5–64
1921:wing
1908:8–17
1886:liver
1878:heart
1875:Pork
1859:liver
1851:heart
1848:Beef
1833:4–15
1724:; CoQ
1695:liver
1638:with
1534:fecal
1498:Serum
1333:, CoQ
1288:CABC1
1279:ADCK3
1267:PDSS2
1261:PDSS1
1031:ETFDH
1018:genes
967:redox
952:liver
948:heart
926:is a
724:is a
646:. CoQ
356:InChI
175:ChEBI
153:JSmol
72:, CoQ
6397:FRAP
6392:TEAC
6387:ORAC
6359:tert
6345:tert
6094:see
5926:PAPS
5921:SAMe
5845:MTHF
5785:NADP
5781:NADH
5640:COQ9
5635:COQ7
5630:COQ6
5625:COQ5
5620:COQ4
5615:COQ3
5610:COQ2
5466:and
5403:SDHA
5298:PMID
5263:ISSN
5228:PMID
5193:PMID
5141:PMID
5079:PMID
5029:PMID
4988:PMID
4945:PMID
4907:(1).
4870:PMID
4797:PMID
4770:PMID
4735:PMID
4678:PMID
4635:PMID
4584:PMID
4530:PMID
4503:PMID
4429:PMID
4379:PMID
4330:PMID
4295:PMID
4248:2024
4232:PMID
4224:ISSN
4173:PMID
4122:PMID
4100:2021
4073:PMID
4051:2016
4024:PMID
4002:2014
3975:PMID
3952:2019
3922:2014
3866:PMID
3810:PMID
3765:PMID
3728:2011
3715:ISBN
3690:PMID
3659:2024
3643:PMID
3594:PMID
3548:PMID
3499:PMID
3455:2024
3425:PMID
3393:COQ6
3372:PMID
3323:PMID
3287:2024
3245:PMID
3210:PMID
3175:PMID
3148:PMID
3134:1271
3111:2024
3066:PMID
3052:1797
3013:PMID
2950:PMID
2887:PMID
2821:PMID
2758:PMID
2707:PMID
2655:PMID
2555:PMID
2508:2024
2477:2024
2461:PMID
2415:2024
2206:and
2154:1–2
2134:6–7
2099:2–5
2079:2–7
2069:6–9
1987:Nuts
1977:tuna
1971:4–8
1930:Fish
1854:113
1781:Food
1532:and
1480:and
1474:bile
1472:and
1284:COQ8
1273:COQ2
1251:and
1059:COQ6
1049:BRAF
1037:APTX
976:semi
586:(CoQ
299:UNII
254:KEGG
6015:MPT
5998:PQQ
5931:GSH
5916:CTP
5911:ATP
5881:),
5871:(C)
5777:NAD
5767:FAD
5763:FMN
5516:to
5497:to
5478:to
5433:to
5290:doi
5255:doi
5220:doi
5185:doi
5173:182
5114:doi
5071:doi
5019:doi
4980:doi
4935:doi
4862:doi
4762:doi
4725:PMC
4717:doi
4670:doi
4658:386
4625:PMC
4615:doi
4574:PMC
4564:doi
4493:hdl
4483:doi
4479:127
4421:doi
4369:PMC
4361:doi
4322:doi
4285:PMC
4275:doi
4216:doi
4163:PMC
4153:doi
4112:PMC
4104:doi
4063:PMC
4055:doi
4014:PMC
4006:doi
3800:hdl
3792:doi
3755:doi
3751:203
3682:doi
3678:396
3633:doi
3629:299
3584:doi
3538:hdl
3530:doi
3489:hdl
3481:doi
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3407:doi
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3354:doi
3350:121
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3237:doi
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3202:doi
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2867:doi
2811:PMC
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2748:PMC
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2645:PMC
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2245:+ Q
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2036:17
2026:20
2006:19
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1194:or
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325:EPA
278:CID
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