253:
93:, the Salvadoran coffee industry developed largely without the benefit of external technical and financial help. El Salvador nonetheless became one of the most efficient coffee producers in the world. This was especially true on the large coffee plantations, where the yield per hectare increased in proportion to the size of the plantation, a rare occurrence in plantation agriculture. The effect of coffee production on Salvadoran society has been immeasurable, not only in terms of land tenure but also because the coffee industry has served as a catalyst for the development of infrastructure (roads and railroads) and as a mechanism for the integration of indigenous communities into the national economy.
292:
indirectly through import duties on goods imported with the foreign currencies that coffee sales earned (goods intended for the consumption of the small coffee-producing elite). From 1870 to 1914, an average of 58.7 percent of government revenue derived from this source. Even if the coffee elite did not run the government directly (and many scholars argue that they did), the elite certainly provided the bulk of the government's financial support. This support, coupled with the humbler and more mundane mechanisms of corruption, ensured the coffee growers of overwhelming influence within the government and the military.
19:
65:
320:
Coffee
Growers Association (Asociacion Cafetalera). The direct (in the case of the Melendez-Quinonez mini-dynasty) and indirect connections of the presidents of the period with the country's powerful families undoubtedly came into play as well. Generally speaking, however, the system continued to function without adjustment because it worked well from the perspective of the small percentage of Salvadorans who benefited from it, namely the economic elite, upper-echelon government officials, and the military High Command.
277:
129:, and the imposition of so-called "war taxes" during the 1980s. These difficulties, in addition to their direct impact on production, also decreased investment. Under normal conditions, coffee growers replaced at least 5 percent of their coffee plants each year because the most productive coffee plants are between five and fifteen years old. Many coffee growers in El Salvador, in an effort to avoid further losses, neglected to replant.
446:
2385:
308:
366:
377:(GDP). With the political and economic turmoil resulting from a civil war in the 1980s, the coffee industry struggled to recover entirely and, by 1985, earned around $ 403 million from coffee. Yields of green coffee, a Salvadoran speciality, declined in absolute terms from 175,000 tons in 1979 to 141,000 tons in 1986; a 19% drop attributed directly to decreased levels of investment caused by the war.
273:, on the development of infrastructure (railroads and port facilities) primarily in support of the coffee trade, on the elimination of communal landholdings to facilitate further coffee production, on the passage of antivagrancy laws to ensure that displaced campesinos and other rural residents provided sufficient labor for the coffee fincas (plantations), and on the suppression of rural discontent.
133:
to attack any plantation they thought underpaid workers. They demanded that workers receive the equivalent of US$ 4.00 per 100 pounds picked, a US$ 1.00 increase over what was then the going rate. The fact that growers negotiated with the guerrillas—while the government looked the other way—demonstrated the continuing importance of coffee export revenue to both the growers and the government.
296:
the GN differed from those of the
National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil—PNC), mainly in that GN personnel were specifically responsible for providing security on the coffee fincas. Most fincas enjoyed the services of their own GN units posted on the grounds; regional GN commanders routinely were compensated by the finca owners to ensure the continued loyalty of the guardsmen.
147:
2558:
2372:
460:
695:
570:
82:, previously the dominant export commodity, coffee was a more demanding crop. Since coffee bushes required several years to produce a usable harvest, its production required a greater commitment of capital, labor, and land than did indigo. Coffee also grew best at a certain altitude, whereas indigo flourished almost anywhere.
122:
levels of investment. According to the
Salvadoran Coffee Growers Association (Asociacion Cafetalera de El Salvador—ACES), besides controlling the sale of coffee, Incafe also charged growers export taxes and service charges equal to about 50 percent of the sale price and was often late in paying growers for their coffee.
324:
many cases were slow to recognize the potential of coffee and lost some wealth and standing by delaying their switch from indigo production). New blood also was introduced into the oligarchy by way of foreign immigration. These immigrants, who would eventually come to constitute the bulk of the
Salvadoran
319:
Throughout the period of the liberal state in El
Salvador, the preeminent position of the oligarchy was never threatened by the actions of the government. Some have attributed this to the pervasive influence of the organization that has been described as the "invisible government" of the country, the
323:
Although society in general appeared to be static under the liberal state, the same truly cannot be said for the
Salvadoran oligarchy. The introduction of coffee production in itself changed the composition of that group, as the new coffee barons joined the ranks of the old plantation owners (who in
132:
Although most coffee production took place in the western section of El
Salvador, coffee growers who operated in the eastern region were sometimes compelled to strike a modus vivendi with the guerrillas. During the 1984-85 harvest, for example, the guerrillas added to their "war tax" demand a threat
380:
The coffee industry in El
Salvador has shown a greater decline in recent years and since 2000, the industry has been greatly affected by increased competition from other countries on the world market, whose cheaper coffee beans have caused prices to plummet. As of 2002 coffee trading is responsible
344:
Undaunted, the governments of El
Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua formed the "Greater Republic of Central America" (RepĂşblica Mayor de Centroamerica) via the Pact of Amapala (1895). Although Guatemala and Costa Rica considered joining the Greater Republic (which was rechristened "the United States
295:
The priorities of the coffee industry dictated a shift in the mission of the embryonic
Salvadoran armed forces from external defense of the national territory to the maintenance of internal order. The creation of the National Guard (Guardia Nacional—GN) in 1912 epitomizes this change. The duties of
260:
Despite the continued participation of conservatives, however, the period of the establishment of the coffee republic (roughly 1871 to 1927) is described commonly as the era of the liberal state in El Salvador. The church was not as powerful in El Salvador as in other Latin American states at the
121:
Although the area in production remained fairly constant at approximately 180,000 hectares, production of green coffee declined in absolute terms from 175,000 tons in 1979 to 141,000 tons in 1986; this 19 percent drop was a direct result of lower yields, which in turn were attributed to decreased
109:
Government control of coffee marketing and export was regarded as one of the strongest deterrents to investment in the industry. In the first year of Incafe's existence, coffee yields dropped by over 20 percent. During each of the ensuing four years, yields were about 30 percent lower than those
48:
Yields of green coffee, a Salvadoran speciality declined in absolute terms from 175,000 tons in 1979 to 141,000 tons in 1986; a 19 percent drop attributed directly to decreased levels of investment caused by the war. Since 2000, the industry has been greatly affected by increased competition from
331:
Another process worthy of note during this period despite its lack of tangible results was the ongoing series of unification efforts by the Central American states. El Salvador was a prime mover in most of these attempts to reestablish an isthmian federation. In 1872 El Salvador signed a pact of
72:
Coffee was first cultivated in El Salvador for domestic use early in the 19th century. By mid-century its commercial promise was evident, and the government began to favor its production through legislation such as tax breaks for producers, exemption from military service for coffee workers, and
44:
has traditionally provided more than 50% of the country's export revenues, reaching a peak in 1980 with a revenue of more than $ 615 million. With the political and economic turmoil resulting from a civil war in the 1980s, the coffee industry has struggled to recover entirely, and by 1985 earned
291:
The coffee industry grew inexorably in El Salvador, after a somewhat tentative start in the mid-19th century. Between 1880 and 1914, the value of coffee exports rose by more than 1,100 percent. Although the coffee industry itself was not taxed by the government, tremendous revenue was raised
265:
was a distinctly secondary theme, expressed primarily through social legislation (such as the establishment of secular marriage and education) rather than through the kind of direct action, e.g., repression and expropriation, taken against the church in 19th- and early 20th-century Mexico.
357:'s seizure of power in El Salvador in 1898. Although the Central American spirit seemed willing, the commitment was weak. The notion of unification was another manifestation of the idealistic liberal ethos, and it proved durable and quite resistant to political realities.
340:
but the union was never implemented. In 1876 a congress of all five Central American states failed to achieve agreement on federation. A provisional pact signed by the five states in 1889 technically created the "Republic of Central America" - that was never realized.
106:, and natural disasters reduced investment, impeding the coffee industry's growth. To make matters worse, after a price jump in 1986 world coffee prices fell by 35 percent in 1987, causing coffee exports to decline in value from US$ 539 million to US$ 347 million.
249:, a figure of several hundred families lies much closer to the truth. A succession of presidents, nominally both conservative and liberal, throughout the last half of the 19th century supported the seizure of land from individual smallholders and communal owners.
101:
In the decades prior to the civil conflict of the 1980s, export earnings from coffee allowed growers to expand production, finance the development of a cotton industry, and establish a light manufacturing sector. After 1979, however, government policies,
381:
for 3.5% of El Salvador's GDP. Since 2000, 70,000 have lost their jobs as a result of the rapid decline in the Salvadoran coffee trade. The heavy coffee production of the past has taken its toll on the environment in many areas of the country.
244:
dried up. The huge profits that it yielded served as a further impetus for the process whereby land became concentrated in the hands of an oligarchy. Although legend and radical propaganda have quantified the oligarchy at the level of the
299:
Suppression of rural dissent was subtle and institutionalized; campesinos generally accepted the status quo because of the implied threat of retaliation from the GN or other military units. One exception to this pattern was
49:
other countries on the world market, whose cheaper coffee beans have caused prices to plummet. As of 2002 coffee trading is only responsible for 3.5% of El Salvador's GNP and over 90% of El Salvador's coffee is grown in
388:
mountains of eastern El Salvador since the late 1970s, was producing approximately 8.5 million pounds of coffee annually until 2003. The Cooperative has since been involved with organizations such as
373:
Coffee production flourished in El Salvador throughout much of the 20th century, reaching a peak in the late 1970s, culminating in 1980 when it was responsible for 50% of El Salvador's
2605:
418:
2135:
269:
Despite some differences over the degree of emphasis of political versus economic issues, Salvadoran liberals generally agreed on the promotion of coffee as the predominant
785:
345:
of Central America" when its constitution went into effect in 1898), neither country joined. This union, which had planned to establish its capital city at
2464:
2423:
2335:
1230:
620:
396:
certification. Other coffee producers have also been increasingly influenced by international campaign organizations, with many producers now cultivating
252:
1172:
1256:
798:
157:
929:
354:
1010:
2105:
261:
time; therefore, the economic aspects of liberalism—an adherence to the principles of free-market capitalism—dominated the conduct of the state.
2696:
1389:
712:
590:
431:
392:
which has aided small and medium-sized Salvadoran coffee producers to produce for international higher-grade coffee markets, and was awarded a
215:
114:
2722:
2519:
990:
914:
384:
In some parts of El Salvador coffee is still highly important to the economy. The Ciudad Barrios Cooperative, for instance, operating in the
187:
2660:
867:
862:
485:
742:
328:
class, frequently married into the landowning oligarchic families, further diversifying the composition of the elite stratum of society.
2732:
2701:
1046:
1000:
995:
857:
852:
194:
2284:
904:
847:
256:
Workers on a coffee plantation in El Salvador waiting for the distribution of wages in the form of food. Photo taken by Eduard Paulig.
416:
in the agricultural sector, harvesting coffee among other dangerous activities. Coffee has also been listed in the department's 2014
1081:
1066:
201:
2665:
2504:
1303:
1142:
975:
924:
778:
2727:
2645:
2615:
2459:
2416:
1105:
819:
301:
2680:
2670:
2610:
2514:
2499:
2484:
1220:
1190:
1162:
909:
829:
624:
183:
172:
2655:
2595:
2534:
2529:
2489:
2479:
2454:
1735:
1444:
1157:
919:
899:
894:
555:
2630:
2585:
2544:
2469:
680:
2675:
2650:
2580:
2539:
2509:
2449:
1195:
1152:
1132:
1005:
980:
965:
960:
771:
240:
export commodities in El Salvador. Its widespread cultivation began in the mid-19th century as the world demand for
18:
2635:
2625:
2590:
2494:
2409:
2289:
2069:
1715:
984:
955:
842:
837:
64:
2640:
2620:
2600:
2524:
1122:
1076:
304:. Although it predated the coffee boom, its reverberations were felt throughout Salvadoran society for decades.
2064:
2033:
1424:
1341:
1147:
1137:
1091:
1015:
970:
882:
824:
628:
409:
208:
2059:
1167:
1117:
943:
2345:
1783:
1637:
1569:
1249:
1182:
1086:
1041:
1029:
806:
374:
164:
73:
elimination of export duties for new producers. By 1880 coffee had become virtually the sole export crop.
37:
33:
2150:
2003:
1898:
1745:
1681:
1210:
1071:
2013:
1793:
2310:
1913:
1449:
1409:
1346:
1296:
1265:
1225:
1215:
1127:
1056:
872:
720:
598:
2350:
2208:
1903:
1730:
1497:
1326:
1205:
1061:
676:
551:
412:
reported that 6.3% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that 56% of them engaged in
393:
493:
2355:
1612:
1584:
1469:
1382:
1377:
1270:
1200:
451:
50:
2263:
2168:
1823:
1758:
2432:
2294:
2239:
2160:
1918:
1813:
1798:
1720:
1474:
1399:
1367:
1351:
1336:
1331:
746:
397:
312:
280:
246:
103:
2325:
2198:
2095:
1988:
1983:
1883:
1671:
1632:
408:
Harvesting coffee has been determined by national law as a hazardous activity. In 2013, the
350:
262:
276:
45:
around $ 403 million from coffee. Brazil has been buying to sell the goods of El Salvador.
2389:
2256:
1953:
1518:
1504:
1459:
1394:
1289:
489:
1803:
1788:
2320:
2120:
2115:
2090:
2038:
2023:
1963:
1948:
1863:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1818:
1725:
1693:
1525:
1479:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1404:
1372:
113:
56:
and around 80% of El Salvador's forests are associated with shade coffee plantations.
2716:
2563:
2376:
2340:
2188:
2125:
1808:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1607:
1597:
1510:
1489:
699:
574:
465:
23:
307:
2203:
2183:
2100:
2028:
2018:
1933:
1923:
1698:
1688:
1554:
385:
365:
2330:
2130:
1943:
1908:
1888:
1848:
1676:
1644:
1627:
1564:
1484:
1464:
814:
794:
413:
237:
146:
41:
2553:
2401:
2315:
2234:
2173:
1998:
1978:
1968:
1938:
1878:
1868:
1833:
1622:
1531:
547:
441:
337:
241:
90:
78:
53:
672:
2251:
2178:
2145:
2140:
2110:
2043:
2008:
1838:
1664:
1592:
270:
126:
86:
2557:
2371:
459:
1893:
1873:
1753:
1710:
1705:
1649:
1559:
1549:
333:
325:
40:
for more than a century. Rapidly growing in the 19th century, coffee in
2193:
2085:
1853:
1773:
1574:
763:
346:
713:"Success Story:Cooperative invests coffee revenue back into community"
2213:
1993:
1654:
1602:
1419:
1312:
284:
422:
among 4 other goods from the agricultural sector for the most part.
2246:
2218:
1973:
1958:
1928:
1659:
1617:
716:
594:
389:
251:
17:
698:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
573:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2268:
2405:
1285:
767:
743:"El Salvador, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor"
140:
1281:
369:
The Ciudad Barrios Cooperative inspecting their coffee.
168:
621:"Coffee and Biodiversity Conservation in El Salvador"
419:
List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor
125:
Coffee growers also suffered from guerrilla attacks,
2689:
2573:
2440:
2303:
2277:
2227:
2159:
2078:
2052:
1744:
1583:
1542:
1418:
1360:
1319:
1181:
1104:
1028:
942:
881:
805:
673:"El Salvador: A Country Study:The Coffee Republic"
2417:
1297:
779:
8:
173:introducing citations to additional sources
68:Dark roasted coffee beans from El Salvador.
2424:
2410:
2402:
1304:
1290:
1282:
1110:
1034:
948:
887:
786:
772:
764:
236:Coffee would become the last of the great
2336:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
591:"Coffee Makes a Comeback in El Salvador"
364:
306:
275:
163:Relevant discussion may be found on the
112:
110:registered during the 1978-80 period.
63:
2106:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
666:
585:
583:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
473:
2697:List of countries by coffee production
1390:List of countries by coffee production
873:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
479:
477:
432:List of countries by coffee production
548:"El Salvador: A Country Study:Coffee"
7:
719:. September 15, 2006. Archived from
484:Russell, George (January 14, 1985).
2702:List of countries by coffee exports
858:Greater Republic of Central America
853:Federal Republic of Central America
2285:United States Barista Championship
184:"Coffee production in El Salvador"
14:
683:from the original on July 6, 2009
558:from the original on July 6, 2009
2606:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2556:
2384:
2383:
2370:
693:
568:
458:
444:
156:relies largely or entirely on a
145:
137:History and political background
30:Coffee production in El Salvador
1:
1736:Single-serve coffee container
2723:Coffee production by country
1173:Water supply and sanitation
627:. 1999–2002. Archived from
117:A Salvadoran coffee farmer.
22:Green Coffee processing in
2749:
2733:Agriculture in El Salvador
2290:World Barista Championship
1716:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1062:pre-dollarization currency
843:1811 Independence Movement
486:"El Salvador Coffee Caper"
2551:
2364:
1243:
1113:
1037:
951:
890:
1342:International Coffee Day
956:Administrative divisions
410:U.S. Department of Labor
2136:Historical coffeehouses
287:in western El Salvador.
2728:Economy of El Salvador
2676:United States (Hawaii)
2346:Coffee vending machine
1570:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
991:International rankings
625:Natural History Museum
375:gross domestic product
370:
332:union with Guatemala,
316:
288:
257:
118:
69:
26:
2151:Viennese coffee house
1682:Karlsbad coffee maker
863:Military dictatorship
815:Pre-Columbian history
671:Haggarty, Richard A.
631:on September 12, 2008
546:Haggarty, Richard A.
368:
310:
279:
255:
116:
67:
21:
2311:Coffee and doughnuts
1914:Indian filter coffee
1347:Single-origin coffee
1001:Legislative Assembly
723:on September 3, 2009
601:on September 3, 2009
169:improve this article
2351:Used coffee grounds
679:, Washington, D.C.
677:Library of Congress
554:, Washington, D.C.
552:Library of Congress
496:on October 29, 2010
394:Rainforest Alliance
361:Recent developments
97:Political obstacles
2465:Dominican Republic
2356:Sustainable coffee
2053:Organization lists
2014:RĂĽdesheimer Kaffee
1794:Café com cheirinho
1383:Sustainable coffee
1378:Shade-grown coffee
1082:Telecommunications
830:Captaincy General
452:El Salvador portal
371:
353:, did not survive
317:
302:Aquino's rebellion
289:
258:
119:
70:
34:Salvadoran economy
27:
2710:
2709:
2574:Other cultivators
2433:Coffee production
2399:
2398:
2377:Coffee portal
2295:World Brewers Cup
1919:Ipoh white coffee
1400:Coffee wastewater
1368:Coffee production
1352:Third-wave coffee
1279:
1278:
1239:
1238:
1143:Gender inequality
1100:
1099:
1052:Coffee production
1024:
1023:
1011:Political parties
976:Foreign relations
938:
937:
398:fair trade coffee
313:Fair trade coffee
281:Fair trade coffee
247:Fourteen Families
234:
233:
219:
104:guerrilla attacks
2740:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2520:Papua New Guinea
2443:producers (2014)
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2390:Category: Coffee
2387:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2326:Coffee leaf rust
2199:Dandelion coffee
2065:Coffee companies
1904:Gassosa al caffè
1672:Espresso machine
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1259:
1252:
1111:
1042:Bitcoin adoption
1035:
949:
888:
833:
820:Spanish conquest
788:
781:
774:
765:
758:
757:
755:
754:
745:. Archived from
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
709:
703:
697:
696:
692:
690:
688:
668:
641:
640:
638:
636:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
597:. Archived from
587:
578:
572:
571:
567:
565:
563:
543:
506:
505:
503:
501:
492:. Archived from
481:
468:
463:
462:
454:
449:
448:
447:
351:Golfo de Fonseca
263:Anti-clericalism
229:
226:
220:
218:
177:
149:
141:
85:Unlike those of
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2685:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2400:
2395:
2369:
2360:
2299:
2273:
2228:Serving vessels
2223:
2155:
2074:
2048:
1954:Latte macchiato
1824:Caffè macchiato
1740:
1579:
1538:
1423:
1414:
1395:Coffee roasting
1356:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1235:
1221:Public holidays
1177:
1163:Sex trafficking
1096:
1020:
996:Law enforcement
934:
930:Water resources
877:
831:
801:
792:
762:
761:
752:
750:
741:
740:
736:
726:
724:
711:
710:
706:
694:
686:
684:
670:
669:
644:
634:
632:
619:
618:
614:
604:
602:
589:
588:
581:
569:
561:
559:
545:
544:
509:
499:
497:
483:
482:
475:
464:
457:
450:
445:
443:
440:
428:
406:
363:
230:
224:
221:
178:
176:
162:
150:
139:
99:
62:
32:has fueled the
12:
11:
5:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
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76:Compared with
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2034:White Russian
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1784:Cà phê sữa đá
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1779:Black Russian
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1764:Beaten coffee
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1598:Arabic coffee
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1445:Blue Mountain
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749:on 2016-03-07
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700:public domain
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466:Coffee portal
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186: –
185:
181:
180:Find sources:
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160:
159:
158:single source
154:This article
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31:
25:
20:
16:
2474:
2382:
2368:
2278:Competitions
2264:Tasse à café
2101:Coffee break
2070:Coffeehouses
2060:Bakery cafés
2029:White coffee
2019:Tenom coffee
1924:Irish coffee
1804:Café de olla
1789:Café au lait
1731:Vacuum maker
1699:Coffee syrup
1689:French press
1555:Caffeic acid
1524:
1517:
1503:
1498:Charrieriana
1496:
1432:
1196:Coat of arms
1153:Prostitution
1133:Demographics
1051:
1047:Central bank
981:Human rights
966:Court system
961:Constitution
868:World War II
848:Mexican rule
832:(Guatemalan)
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
737:
727:December 22,
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
707:
685:. Retrieved
633:. Retrieved
629:the original
615:
605:December 22,
603:. Retrieved
599:the original
560:. Retrieved
498:. Retrieved
494:the original
417:
407:
404:Labor issues
386:Cacahuatique
383:
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225:January 2009
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75:
71:
51:shade coffee
47:
29:
28:
15:
2666:Puerto Rico
2661:Philippines
2505:Ivory Coast
2475:El Salvador
2331:Coffee wars
2161:Substitutes
2131:Coffeehouse
1944:Kopi tubruk
1909:Iced coffee
1889:Frappuccino
1859:Café Cubano
1849:Coffee milk
1829:Caffè mocha
1819:Caffè crema
1677:French drip
1645:Drip coffee
1628:Coffeemaker
1585:Preparation
1565:Coffee bean
1470:Maracaturra
985:LGBT rights
905:Earthquakes
795:El Salvador
687:January 22,
635:January 22,
562:January 22,
500:January 22,
414:child labor
283:growers in
238:monoculture
54:plantations
42:El Salvador
38:its history
36:and shaped
2717:Categories
2646:Martinique
2616:Guadeloupe
2611:East Timor
2460:Costa Rica
2316:Coffee bag
2235:Coffee cup
2174:Barley tea
1999:Raf coffee
1979:Marocchino
1969:Long black
1939:Kopi luwak
1879:Flat white
1869:Egg coffee
1834:Cappuccino
1809:Café Touba
1721:Percolator
1623:Chorreador
1543:Components
1475:Maragogipe
1361:Production
1332:Fair trade
1231:Television
1211:Literature
1123:Corruption
1016:Presidents
838:Intendancy
753:2015-03-11
438:References
338:Costa Rica
242:indigo dye
195:newspapers
91:Costa Rica
79:Indigofera
60:Background
24:Ahuachapán
2681:Venezuela
2671:Sri Lanka
2515:Nicaragua
2500:Indonesia
2485:Guatemala
2435:by region
2252:Demitasse
2179:Barleycup
2146:Latte art
2141:Kopi tiam
2111:CoffeeCon
2079:Lifestyle
2044:Yuenyeung
2009:Ristretto
1839:Carajillo
1759:Americano
1665:ristretto
1633:Cold brew
1593:AeroPress
1450:Bonifieur
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883:Geography
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271:cash crop
165:talk page
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1984:Mazagran
1874:Espresso
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1711:Moka pot
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1650:Espresso
1560:Caffeine
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1266:Category
1168:Religion
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556:Archived
426:See also
334:Honduras
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2631:Jamaica
2586:Bolivia
2545:Vietnam
2470:Ecuador
2441:Top 20
2194:Chicory
2086:Barista
2004:Red eye
1989:Moretta
1854:Cortado
1774:Bicerin
1575:Kahweol
1526:Robusta
1480:Molokai
1455:Bourbon
1440:Benguet
1434:Arabica
1420:Species
1337:History
1250:Outline
1201:Cuisine
1183:Culture
1106:Society
1087:Tourism
1030:Economy
910:Islands
807:History
349:on the
347:Amapala
315:grower.
209:scholar
2651:Panama
2581:Angola
2540:Uganda
2510:Mexico
2450:Brazil
2388:
2240:sleeve
2214:Postum
1994:Oliang
1899:Garoto
1655:doppio
1613:Chemex
1603:Jebena
1511:Barako
1490:Sagada
1460:Geisha
1320:Topics
1313:Coffee
1271:Portal
1191:Anthem
1072:Mining
1067:Energy
920:Rivers
900:Cities
797:
336:, and
285:Tacuba
211:
204:
197:
190:
182:
2690:Lists
2636:Kenya
2626:Haiti
2591:China
2495:India
2304:Misc.
2257:spoon
2247:Cezve
2219:Qishr
1974:Lungo
1959:Latte
1929:Karsk
1894:GalĂŁo
1660:lungo
1638:nitro
1618:Cezve
1257:Index
1226:Sport
1216:Music
1128:Crime
895:Biota
717:USAID
595:USAID
390:USAID
216:JSTOR
202:books
2641:Laos
2621:Guam
2601:Cuba
2525:Peru
2269:Zarf
2204:Inka
2184:Caro
1934:Kopi
1769:Bica
1532:Sulu
1485:S795
1465:Kona
1422:and
1206:Flag
729:2009
689:2009
637:2009
607:2009
564:2009
502:2009
490:Time
188:news
89:and
171:by
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