1259:
244:, indicating that farms on other islands are larger in average size compared to those on Hawaii. Although total production increased from 2007 to about 8.6 million pounds, farm prices actually dropped, so the dollar value decreased by about 8%. (Due to the relatively few coffee farms on Kauai, the numbers of Maui and Honolulu are combined in USDA statistics to avoid disclosure of individual operations in those counties.) Several former sugarcane and
105:
297:
930:
283:
41:
213:
266:
coffee crop, was discovered in Kona coast plantations in 2010. By 2020, the borer had been found on Oahu, Maui, Kauai and LÄnaŹ»i. Borer crop damage has resulted in significant decreases in production per acre between 2010 and 2018, and the cost of spraying crops multiple times a year has decreased
239:
with another 40 on other islands. Average yield was equivalent to 1400 pounds of parchment per acre. A total of about 7,800 acres (3,200 ha) are planted with coffee throughout the state. A little over half the acreage is outside the island of Hawaii, in particular on the island of
174:), the dropping of tariffs meant sugar was even more profitable, and some coffee trees were torn up. Prices dropped in 1899 and 1900, which wiped out some remaining plantations. In 1916, production was about 2.7 million pounds, while sugar continued to expand.
16:
Hawaii is one of the few U.S. states where coffee production is a significant economic industry ā coffee is the second largest crop produced there. The 2019ā2020 coffee harvest in Hawaii was valued at $ 102.9 million. As of the 2019-2020 harvest,
188:
would often start small farms in Kona after their employment contracts expired. By 1922 most coffee production in Hawaii had disappeared except in the Kona district. In 1932, Kona had over 1000 coffee farms; over 90% of these were managed by
93:
self-sustaining. Goodrich planted gardens over his 12 years at Hilo, and taught classes for native
Hawaiians on cultivation of both for cash to support the mission, as well as vegetables and tropical fruits for their own meals.
1131:
220:
The "coffee belt" in Kona is approximately two miles wide and ranging from 700 feet (210 m) to 2,000 feet (610 m) elevation. Other districts on the island where coffee is grown include
204:
By the 1970s, the tourism industry competed for labor, and production declined. The closing of the sugar and pineapple plantations in the 1990s provided a slow resurgence in the coffee industry.
1106:
2250:
1214:
687:
2290:
2285:
1170:
977:
151:
an award for excellence, which gave some recognition to the "Kona" name. Around 1880 John Gaspar, Sr. (Married to Maria Rice Santos), built the first coffee mill in Hawaii near
1246:
2333:
2328:
2260:
1241:
25:
97:
Rev. Samuel
Ruggles (1795ā1871) carried some cuttings of coffee to the Kona District when he was transferred from Hilo on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii to the
89:
More trees were set out in the Kalihi and Niu valleys near
Honolulu, in 1828 or 1829. On the island of Hawaii Rev. Joseph Goodrich tried planting some coffee to make the
2348:
235:
Although coffee can be harvested year-round in Hawaii, the highest production runs from August to
December. In the 2008ā2009 season, there were about 790 farms on the
732:
2343:
1305:
1099:
2165:
2270:
2060:
1283:
1209:
1123:
836:
795:
1197:
24:
The coffee industry in Hawaii is well supported by organizations such as the Hawaii Coffee
Association, the Hawaii Agriculture Resource Center and the
2338:
1092:
2245:
2218:
2132:
755:
2495:
2255:
2213:
1204:
1175:
120:
in 1836 and 1845 ended in failure. The first records of production were made in 1845, of only 248 pounds, grown on KauaŹ»i and Hawaii island. The
1315:
1300:
1273:
1068:
310:
2723:
2556:
2521:
2371:
1372:
891:
663:
548:
473:
691:
1340:
1335:
1310:
1185:
1136:
1032:
90:
29:
2223:
1587:
1355:
1350:
1330:
1325:
1073:
2672:
2637:
2424:
1148:
646:
2195:
513:
Baron Goto (1982). "Ethnic Groups and the Coffee
Industry in Hawaii". Vol. 16. Hawaiian Historical Society. pp. 112ā124.
2391:
1965:
1180:
1115:
1037:
876:
846:
603:
2677:
2536:
2429:
2409:
1278:
1017:
987:
831:
788:
74:
on OŹ»ahu. However, Wilkinson died in March 1827, and the trees did not thrive. Some cuttings were taken to other areas around
2728:
1052:
1042:
982:
886:
871:
856:
2687:
2632:
2647:
2627:
2599:
201:, and another frost in South America, prices rose again in the 1950s. Production peaked in 1957 at over 18 million pounds.
2566:
1886:
1737:
1288:
1027:
967:
906:
901:
861:
851:
826:
101:
on the western side in July 1828. Although it would take time to get established, this area would be the most successful.
63:
2667:
2622:
2662:
2642:
1545:
1447:
1360:
1345:
1236:
1158:
1143:
1002:
957:
916:
841:
124:
in 1848 allowed private ownership of land for the first time. Large areas were once grown on Maui, but were replaced by
48:
2718:
2546:
2488:
1943:
1577:
1550:
1163:
1022:
952:
911:
881:
821:
185:
581:
2516:
315:
2713:
2531:
2310:
2300:
1955:
1503:
1320:
1007:
997:
962:
866:
781:
2682:
2581:
2708:
2652:
2576:
2280:
1717:
1560:
1459:
1365:
1293:
1012:
992:
972:
896:
144:
79:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
1258:
2604:
2526:
2097:
2092:
1975:
1219:
381:
148:
109:
2265:
2275:
1960:
1849:
1697:
1655:
1508:
1486:
83:
2481:
2305:
2070:
1869:
1837:
1621:
1535:
1469:
1395:
2376:
2142:
1567:
1474:
1464:
1412:
1407:
132:
infected many of the coffee trees on the other islands. The slopes in the Kona area were unsuitable for
67:
51:
recorded in his journal dated
January 21, 1813, that he had planted coffee seedlings on the island of
2045:
1854:
1772:
1732:
1702:
1680:
1609:
1594:
1523:
1496:
2419:
2030:
1990:
1891:
1787:
1633:
1437:
255:
171:
160:
538:
2085:
1936:
1827:
1812:
1722:
1417:
1153:
400:
448:
2295:
2170:
2000:
1980:
1948:
1901:
1685:
804:
642:
564:
544:
469:
190:
98:
56:
55:, but not much is known of the fate of that planting. John Wilkinson, a gardener who came on
2353:
2122:
1874:
1762:
1513:
633:
514:
423:
268:
194:
2404:
2399:
2075:
1879:
1842:
1479:
1192:
236:
104:
442:
418:
Merze Tate (1962). "Sandwich Island
Missionaries: The First American Point Four Agents".
197:
of the 1930s depressed prices, and caused many farmers to default on their debts. After
2381:
2102:
2010:
1752:
1670:
496:
249:
178:
in 1917 and a severe frost in Brazil in 1918 caused a world shortage, and prices rose.
152:
2702:
2050:
1921:
1859:
1802:
1777:
1742:
1707:
1660:
1614:
1528:
1491:
1452:
1377:
935:
611:
302:
288:
164:
2112:
2035:
1792:
1626:
1540:
1432:
1400:
1084:
705:
225:
198:
129:
121:
662:
National
Agricultural Statistics Service Hawaii Field Office (September 3, 2009).
463:
2180:
1931:
1817:
1648:
1582:
1422:
221:
175:
137:
136:, so the area became the center for the coffee industry in Hawaii. To be called
2473:
2460:
2185:
2147:
1690:
1599:
1229:
925:
773:
357:
278:
490:
2445:
2414:
2190:
2175:
2020:
1911:
1638:
1224:
733:"Economists, farmers say overtreatment of coffee berry borer breaking banks"
688:"Tiny Pest Threatens Hawaii's Coffee Crop | KHON2 Hawaii's News Leader"
245:
182:
133:
125:
40:
569:. United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1917. p. 470.
167:(also called ladybird beetles) were able to control the scale infestation.
929:
282:
212:
75:
383:
Coffee
Acreage, Yield, Production, Price and Value State of Hawaii, 2020
337:
229:
2455:
518:
756:"Fungicide not 'silver bullet,' could help against coffee leaf rust"
427:
2450:
241:
211:
117:
103:
71:
39:
332:
327:
52:
2477:
1088:
777:
358:"Hawaii Coffee Association - Coffee Industry Valued Higher Now"
706:"THE COFFEE BERRY BORER IS IN HAWAI'I; HOW CAN WE MANAGE IT?"
170:
When the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 (forming the
641:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 8.
44:
Samuel Ruggles brought coffee to the Kona District in 1828
2251:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1215:
Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
444:
Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii
248:
plantations have shifted to coffee production, such as
2291:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
2286:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1171:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
582:"Boki's Beans: A People's History of Hawaiian Coffee"
495:. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company. pp.
271:
also has been found and threatened 2021 production.
2613:
2590:
2509:
2438:
2390:
2364:
2319:
2261:
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
2236:
2204:
2158:
1386:
1266:
1122:
1061:
945:
812:
710:
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
632:Bittenbender, H.C.; Easton Smith, Virginia (2008).
159:variety was introduced to Hawaii by German planter
26:
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
420:Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society
407:. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1891. pp. 63ā68.
66:, brought coffee plants from Brazil. Governor
2489:
1100:
789:
78:. Some plants from Manila were also grown by
8:
441:Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901).
1210:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
543:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 123.
32:and the state's Department of Agriculture.
2496:
2482:
2474:
1198:List of food plants native to the Americas
1107:
1093:
1085:
796:
782:
774:
140:, it must be grown in this district only.
2271:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
669:. United States Department of Agriculture
468:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6.
447:. Honolulu: Hawaiian gazette co. p.
2219:National Agricultural Statistics Service
610:. County of Hawaii. 1998. Archived from
2256:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
2214:United States Department of Agriculture
1176:Indentured servitude in British America
349:
1069:List of countries by coffee production
508:
506:
311:List of countries by coffee production
532:
530:
528:
7:
580:Melillo, Edward (18 February 2019).
540:A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic
2224:United States Census of Agriculture
1074:List of countries by coffee exports
21:accounted for 6,900 acres of land.
2425:United Food and Commercial Workers
2329:Agricultural workers mental health
754:Grossman, Dakota (13 April 2021).
338:Hawaii Agriculture Research Center
262:), the most harmful beetle to the
14:
2196:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
116:Early commercial ventures on the
1257:
1116:Agriculture in the United States
978:Democratic Republic of the Congo
928:
462:Kona Historical Society (1997).
295:
281:
128:and other crops. In particular,
2410:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
489:William Harrison Ukers (1922).
422:. Hawaiian Historical Society.
2522:Federated States of Micronesia
316:Coffee production in Australia
49:Don Francisco de Paula y Marin
1:
401:"History of Coffee in Hawaii"
30:University of Hawaii at Manoa
2724:Coffee production by country
2504:Coffee production in Oceania
2430:Woman's Land Army of America
1159:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1144:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
1205:Native American in Virginia
19:coffee production in Hawaii
2745:
2311:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
2301:Packers and Stockyards Act
2166:Southwestern United States
1255:
566:Commerce reports, Volume 4
70:provided some land in the
2344:Genetically modified food
2281:Food Security Act of 1985
2129:Northern Mariana Islands
1588:genetically modified food
1366:Connecticut shade tobacco
923:
731:Dible, Max (1 May 2018).
333:Hawaii Coffee Association
2673:Northern Mariana Islands
635:Growing coffee in Hawaii
149:Henry Nicholas Greenwell
110:Henry Nicholas Greenwell
108:Pioneer coffee merchant
2638:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
712:. University of Hawaiāi
181:Japanese laborers from
163:. Also about this time
2306:Pure Food and Drug Act
1048:United States (Hawaii)
604:"Agriculture - coffee"
228:in the southeast, and
217:
216:Coffee trees in Hawaii
145:world's fair in Vienna
113:
45:
2729:Agriculture in Hawaii
2616:and other territories
2377:California nut crimes
1389:or territory-specific
537:Gerald Kinro (2003).
362:hawaiicoffeeassoc.org
215:
107:
43:
1387:State, commonwealth,
147:awarded Kona trader
2420:United Farm Workers
2266:CapperāVolstead Act
2246:Agricultural policy
735:. West Hawaii Today
584:. Honolulu Magazine
465:A Guide to Old Kona
389:. Hawaii. May 2020.
260:Hypothenemus hampei
172:territory of Hawaii
161:Hermann A. Widemann
2719:Business in Hawaii
1154:Columbian exchange
837:Dominican Republic
256:Coffee berry borer
232:in the northeast.
224:in the far south,
218:
191:Japanese Hawaiians
114:
64:Captain Lord Byron
46:
2714:Coffee in Oceania
2696:
2695:
2688:Wallis and Futuna
2633:Clipperton Island
2591:Associated states
2471:
2470:
2296:Grain Futures Act
2171:Black Dirt Region
1082:
1081:
946:Other cultivators
805:Coffee production
694:on June 16, 2011.
608:official web site
550:978-0-8248-2678-9
475:978-0-8248-2010-7
208:Modern production
99:Kealakekua Church
2736:
2709:Coffee in Hawaii
2678:Pitcairn Islands
2648:French Polynesia
2628:Christmas Island
2557:Papua New Guinea
2537:Marshall Islands
2510:Sovereign states
2498:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2372:Adulterated food
2354:Ogallala Aquifer
1261:
1132:African-American
1109:
1102:
1095:
1086:
938:
933:
932:
892:Papua New Guinea
815:producers (2014)
798:
791:
784:
775:
768:
767:
765:
763:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
702:
696:
695:
690:. Archived from
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
668:
659:
653:
652:
640:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
600:
594:
593:
591:
589:
577:
571:
570:
561:
555:
554:
534:
523:
522:
510:
501:
500:
492:All about coffee
486:
480:
479:
459:
453:
452:
438:
432:
431:
415:
409:
408:
405:All about Hawaii
397:
391:
390:
388:
378:
372:
371:
369:
368:
354:
305:
300:
299:
298:
291:
286:
285:
269:Coffee leaf rust
237:island of Hawaii
195:Great Depression
118:island of KauaŹ»i
80:Richard Charlton
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2615:
2609:
2592:
2586:
2567:Solomon Islands
2505:
2502:
2472:
2467:
2434:
2405:Convict leasing
2400:Bracero Program
2386:
2360:
2321:
2315:
2238:
2232:
2206:
2200:
2154:
2057:Virgin Islands
1987:South Carolina
1388:
1382:
1262:
1253:
1242:Native American
1193:New World crops
1137:Black land loss
1118:
1113:
1083:
1078:
1057:
941:
934:
927:
921:
814:
808:
802:
772:
771:
761:
759:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
704:
703:
699:
686:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
664:"Hawaii Coffee"
661:
660:
656:
649:
638:
631:
630:
626:
617:
615:
602:
601:
597:
587:
585:
579:
578:
574:
563:
562:
558:
551:
536:
535:
526:
512:
511:
504:
488:
487:
483:
476:
461:
460:
456:
440:
439:
435:
417:
416:
412:
399:
398:
394:
386:
380:
379:
375:
366:
364:
356:
355:
351:
346:
324:
301:
296:
294:
287:
280:
277:
250:MolokaŹ»i coffee
210:
38:
12:
11:
5:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Norfolk Island
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:American Samoa
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2593:of New Zealand
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2382:Cattle raiding
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2339:Farmer suicide
2336:
2334:Climate change
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2082:West Virginia
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:North Carolina
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1824:New Hampshire
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:Massachusetts
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1671:Louisiana wine
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Christmas tree
1303:
1298:
1297:
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424:hdl
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