837:
1091:
1707:
3461:
3805:
480:
3581:
3521:
1534:
1467:: keeping the gold and silver they received but paying out in notes. This did not happen all around the world at the same time, but occurred sporadically, generally in times of war or financial crisis, beginning in the early 20th century and continuing across the world until the late 20th century, when the regime of floating fiat currencies came into force. One of the last countries to break away from the gold standard was the United States in 1971, an action which was known as the
3501:
64:
3441:
3761:
3400:
3741:
3681:
3561:
3541:
3781:
3661:
3260:, such as transfer payments, taxation ratios, and other factors, dominate the profitability of capital and economic development, and the ratio of national debt issuance to deficit determines the repayment capacity and credit rating of the country. Such policies determine the mechanism of linking domestic and foreign currencies and therefore have a significant impact on the generation of exchange rates.
3421:
3701:
4981:
3861:
3847:
492:
3721:
3641:
3110:
1143:
970:
740:
4794:
1698:
money, the United States
Congress has the concurrent power to restrain the circulation of money which is not issued under its own authority in order to protect and preserve the constitutional currency. It is a violation of federal law for individuals, or organizations to create private coin or currency systems to compete with the official coinage and currency of the United States.
3819:
3621:
3601:
3481:
2859:
2836:
2700:
2621:
2537:
2510:
2483:
2399:
2372:
2345:
2318:
2291:
2264:
2237:
2210:
2183:
2156:
2129:
2102:
2075:
2048:
2021:
1994:
1967:
1940:
1913:
1886:
1859:
1832:
1805:
4782:
3833:
2934:. The institution that has control of monetary policy is referred to as the monetary authority. Monetary authorities have varying degrees of autonomy from the governments that create them. A monetary authority is created and supported by its sponsoring government, so independence can be reduced by the legislative or executive authority that creates it.
2810:
2784:
2753:
2727:
2674:
2648:
2595:
2564:
2452:
2426:
1416:
in the 18th century. Thus paper money would often lead to an inflationary bubble, which could collapse if people began demanding hard money, causing the demand for paper notes to fall to zero. The printing of paper money was also associated with wars, and financing of wars, and therefore regarded as
3281:
Since currency convertibility is the cross-border flow of goods and capital, it will have an impact on the macro economy. This requires that the national economy be in a normal and orderly state, that is, there is no serious inflation and economic overheating. In addition, the government should use
3263:
Currency convertibility is closely linked to economic development and finance. There are strict conditions for countries to achieve currency convertibility, which is a good way for countries to improve their economies. The currencies of some countries or regions in the world are freely convertible,
4267:
One of the most common actions identified across the surveyed jurisdictions is government-issued notices about the pitfalls of investing in the cryptocurrency markets. Many of the warnings issued by various countries also note the opportunities that cryptocurrencies create for illegal activities,
3318:
argue that this enables an economically depressed region to pull itself up, by giving the people living there a medium of exchange that they can use to exchange services and locally produced goods (in a broader sense, this is the original purpose of all money). Opponents of this concept argue that
1697:
the power to coin money and to regulate the value thereof. This power was delegated to
Congress in order to establish and preserve a uniform standard of value and to insure a singular monetary system for all purchases and debts in the United States, public and private. Along with the power to coin
3272:
With a freely convertible currency, domestic firms will have to compete fiercely with their foreign counterparts. The development of competition among them will affect the implementation effect of currency convertibility. In addition, microeconomics is a prerequisite for macroeconomic conditions.
3242:
of each country. The exchange rate mechanism, in which currencies are quoted continuously between countries, is based on foreign exchange markets in which currencies are invested by individuals and traded or speculated by central banks and investment institutions. In addition, changes in interest
1283:
salt industry. The Song government granted several shops the right to issue banknotes, and in the early 12th century the government finally took over these shops to produce state-issued currency. Yet the banknotes issued were still only locally and temporarily valid: it was not until the mid 13th
1098:
Most major economies using coinage had several tiers of coins of different values, made of copper, silver, and gold. Gold coins were the most valuable and were used for large purchases, payment of the military, and backing of state activities. Units of account were often defined as the value of a
1066:
The prevalence of metal coins possibly led to the metal itself being the store of value: first copper, then both silver and gold, and at one point also bronze. Today other non-precious metals are used for coins. Metals were mined, weighed, and stamped into coins. This was to assure the individual
3299:
The level of exchange rate is an important factor in maintaining exchange rate stability, both before and after currency convertibility. The exchange rate of freely convertible currency is too high or too low, which can easily trigger speculation and undermine the stability of macroeconomic and
4526:
The alphabetic code is based on another ISO standard, ISO 3166, which lists the codes for country names. The first two letters of the ISO 4217 three-letter code are the same as the code for the country name, and, where possible, the third letter corresponds to the first letter of the
3290:
The maintainability of international balance of payments is the main performance of reasonable economic structure. Currency convertibility not only causes difficulties in the sustainability of international balance of payments but also affects the government's direct control over international
3188:
Central banks control international investments flowing into and out of a country. While most domestic transactions are handled without any special requirements, there are significant restrictions on international investing, and special approval is often required in order to convert into other
1411:
But there were also disadvantages. First, since a note has no intrinsic value, there was nothing to stop issuing authorities from printing more notes than they had specie to back them with. Second, because this increased the money supply, it increased inflationary pressures, a fact observed by
3181:
When there are no restrictions or limitations on the amount of currency that can be traded on the international market, and the government does not artificially impose a fixed value or minimum value on the currency in international trade. The US dollar is one of the main fully convertible
3228:
are not the only reason affecting the exchange rate. The large number of international tourists and overseas students has resulted in the flow of services and goods at home and abroad. It also represents that the competitiveness of global goods and services directly affects the change of
1692:
Possession and sale of alternative forms of currencies is often outlawed by governments in order to preserve the legitimacy of the constitutional currency for the benefit of all citizens. For example, Article I, section 8, clause 5 of the United States
Constitution delegates to
3223:
Through cost transfer, goods and services circulating in the country (such as hotels, tourism, catering, advertising, household services) will indirectly affect the trade cost of goods and services and the price of export trade. Therefore, services and goods involved in
867:
pointed to a flaw: in an era where there was no place that was safe to store value, the value of a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. A trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late
1396:(money in the form of gold or silver coins rather than notes) never left the possession of the lender until someone else redeemed the note; and it allowed a division of currency into credit- and specie-backed forms. It enabled the sale of
918:, brought the trading system of oxhide ingots to an end. It was only the recovery of Phoenician trade in the 10th and 9th centuries BC that led to a return to prosperity, and the appearance of real coinage, possibly first in Anatolia with
3237:
National currencies will be traded on international markets for investment purposes. Investment opportunities in each country attract other countries into investment programs, so that these foreign currencies become the reserves of the
1303:
2923:. In the former, day-to-day movements in exchange rates are determined by the market; in the latter, governments intervene in the market to buy or sell their currency to balance supply and demand at a static exchange rate.
1421:. For these reasons, paper currency was held in suspicion and hostility in Europe and America. It was also addictive since the speculative profits of trade and capital creation were quite large. Major nations established
1662:
currencies, for example 'obligation' based stores of value, such as quasi-regulated BarterCard, Loyalty Points (Credit Cards, Airlines) or Game-Credits (MMO games) that are based on reputation of commercial products.
3345:'s lending rates ran up to 14% which drove chartered bank lending rates as high as 19%. The resulting currency and credit scarcity left island residents with few options other than to create a local currency.
3243:
rates, capital market fluctuations and changes in investment opportunities will affect the global capital inflows and outflows of countries around the world, and exchange rates will fluctuate accordingly.
592:, which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are either chosen by users or decreed by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance; i.e.,
3251:
The country's foreign trade, monetary and fiscal policies affect the exchange rate fluctuations. Foreign trade includes policies such as tariffs and import standards for commodity exports. The impact of
1506:
3170:
Subject to variation around the world, local currency can be converted to another currency or vice versa with or without central bank/government intervention. Such conversions take place in the
1452:, to pay for military expenditures. They could also set the terms at which they would redeem notes for specie, by limiting the amount of purchase, or the minimum amount that could be redeemed.
1436:
between the two grew over the course of the 19th century, with the increases both in the supply of these metals, particularly silver, and in trade. The parallel use of both metals is called
1392:
The advantages of paper currency were numerous: it reduced the need to transport gold and silver, which was risky; it facilitated loans of gold or silver at interest, since the underlying
1099:
particular type of gold coin. Silver coins were used for midsized transactions, and sometimes also defined a unit of account, while coins of copper or silver, or some mixture of them (see
4567:
4295:
3330:
Local currencies can also come into being when there is economic turmoil involving the national currency. An example of this is the
Argentinian economic crisis of 2002 in which
3195:
A government neither participates in the international currency market nor allows the conversion of its currency by individuals or companies. These currencies are also known as
2896:), and to restrain the circulation alternative currencies for its own area of circulation (a country or group of countries); it regulates the production of currency by banks (
4759:
1741:
1588:) to denote currencies. These codes are based on two initial letters allocated to a specific country and a final letter denoting a specific monetary unit of account.
1067:
accepting the coin that he was getting a certain known weight of precious metal. Coins could be counterfeited, but the existence of standard coins also created a new
1581:
1389:
was rich in copper, many copper coins were in circulation, but its relatively low value necessitated extraordinarily big coins, often weighing several kilograms.
1111:. The exact ratios between the values of the three metals varied greatly between different eras and places; for example, the opening of silver mines in the
836:
6386:
6342:
4826:
1525:
is used in over 20 countries (over 40 if counting commemorative issues), and dramatically increases the life span of banknotes and reduces counterfeiting.
859:
In this first stage of currency, metals were used as symbols to represent value stored in the form of commodities. This formed the basis of trade in the
4196:
5169:
4280:
1619:
Distinct from centrally controlled government-issued currencies, private decentralized trust-reduced networks support alternative currencies (such as
4575:
1542:
4620:
4726:
3264:
such as the US dollar, Australian dollar and
Japanese yen. The requirements for currency convertibility can be roughly divided into four parts:
3215:, capital flows and national policies, the supply-demand relationship of different currencies determines the exchange ratio between currencies.
1284:
century that a standard and uniform government issue of paper money became an acceptable nationwide currency. The already widespread methods of
721:
purposes, and it provides examples of how long-standing tax principles applicable to transactions involving property apply to virtual currency.
4032:
3314:
In economics, a local currency is a currency not backed by a national government and intended to trade only in a small area. Advocates such as
673:
in China, for example) will be successfully developed and implemented remains unknown. Digital currencies that are not issued by a government
4675:
4371:
4158:
523:
1734:
1648:
1123:. However, the rarity of gold consistently made it more valuable than silver, and likewise silver was consistently worth more than copper.
1083:
weight of the metal, and thus the value of a coin could be determined, even if it had been shaved, debased or otherwise tampered with (see
149:
144:
5390:
5313:
4331:
4645:
4057:
4357:
3157:
1226:
1053:
823:
1322:
was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the
4590:
6416:
4963:
4819:
1727:
689:. Various countries have expressed concern about the opportunities that cryptocurrencies create for illegal activities such as
5824:
4042:
3135:
1548:
1448:. Governments at this point could use currency as an instrument of policy, printing paper currency such as the United States
1164:
991:
926:
and subsequently with the Greeks and
Persians. In Africa, many forms of value store have been used, including beads, ingots,
761:
154:
122:
564:
in common use within a specific environment over time, especially for people in a nation state. Under this definition, the
6005:
5794:
5784:
5477:
5120:
5025:
4649:
4052:
3824:
1679:
214:
173:
139:
129:
3291:
economic transactions. To eliminate the foreign exchange shortage, the government needs adequate international reserves.
5944:
5917:
5226:
4231:
283:
1207:
1034:
804:
6371:
6352:
5929:
5774:
5740:
5725:
5704:
5699:
4062:
4047:
3064:
are the only remaining countries that have theoretical fractional units not based on the decimal system; instead, the
2459:
1397:
308:
241:
192:
134:
3120:
1179:
1006:
776:
1714:
in
Thailand, with the Thailand Baht as the counter (or quote) currency. Note the Korean currency code should be KRW.
6346:
5922:
5612:
5602:
4812:
2920:
1706:
1090:
3139:
3124:
1153:
980:
750:
5492:
4363:
3919:
3131:
1689:
is not tied to any specific country, or the IMF's SDR that is based on a basket of currencies (and assets held).
1160:
987:
757:
516:
276:
256:
31:
3353:
The following table are estimates of the 20 most frequently used currencies in world payments in August 2024 by
3300:
financial markets. Therefore, to maintain the level of exchange rate, a proper exchange rate regime is crucial.
2977:
were legal tender in the United States. At various times countries have either re-stamped foreign coins or used
1186:
1013:
783:
6376:
6322:
6065:
6020:
5859:
5730:
5607:
5209:
5147:
4668:
The collapse of the dollar and how to profit from it: Make a fortune by investing in gold and other hard assets
3894:
1575:
1425:
to print money and mint coins, and branches of their treasury to collect taxes and hold gold and silver stock.
6080:
4539:
4134:
currency 1. Money in any form when in actual use as a medium of exchange, especially circulating paper money.
1243:, the need for lending and for a medium of exchange that was less physically cumbersome than large numbers of
1076:
1497:
or a bill is a type of currency and it is commonly used as legal tender in many jurisdictions. Together with
6030:
5864:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5572:
5562:
5522:
5512:
5385:
5306:
4700:
4090:
3171:
589:
545:
236:
73:
3256:
on the total amount and yield of money directly determines the changes in the international exchange rate.
6200:
6045:
5905:
5848:
5804:
5767:
5517:
5457:
5432:
5402:
5375:
5268:
5197:
5157:
4353:
4013:
3988:
3093:
2916:
1694:
1652:
1571:
1275:' shops. These notes were valid for temporary use in a small regional territory. In the 10th century, the
1193:
1020:
899:
in the southeast. It is not known what was used as a currency for these exchanges, but it is thought that
790:
403:
6015:
3174:. Based on the above restrictions or free and readily conversion features, currencies are classified as:
6332:
5990:
5975:
5949:
5888:
5567:
5507:
5487:
5482:
5251:
3949:
3944:
1644:
1614:
877:
271:
246:
3282:
macro policies to make mature adjustments to deal with the impact of currency exchange on the economy.
1533:
6381:
6085:
5829:
5799:
5752:
5715:
5641:
5592:
5557:
5497:
5462:
5397:
5380:
5130:
4950:
4786:
3404:
2950:
1786:
1608:
1175:
1002:
772:
639:
577:
509:
43:
4362:. Records of Western civilization.; Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 52. New York:
4208:
Determining the relative values of different currencies is the role of the foreign-exchange markets.
1444:
standard where both gold and silver backed currency remained in circulation occupied the efforts of
6311:
6120:
5980:
5939:
5839:
5819:
5779:
5735:
5720:
5676:
5617:
5542:
5532:
5502:
5425:
5278:
4261:
3924:
3225:
3065:
2912:
1401:
1393:
1382:
1363:
1343:
1326:). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of
911:
881:
864:
226:
178:
4487:
6366:
6337:
6295:
6100:
5809:
5789:
5757:
5671:
5666:
5646:
5597:
5537:
5527:
5472:
5467:
5299:
5040:
4835:
4443:
4427:
4182:
4146:
4037:
3993:
3939:
3929:
3810:
3745:
3685:
3320:
3212:
2380:
2245:
2137:
1449:
1315:
1285:
915:
674:
549:
484:
372:
185:
110:
3047:
2926:
In cases where a country has control of its own currency, that control is exercised either by a
1299:
by the 11th century were the impetus for the mass production of paper money in premodern China.
63:
4256:
3189:
currencies. The Indian rupee and the renminbi are examples of partially convertible currencies.
6411:
6230:
6205:
6155:
6115:
5995:
5883:
5686:
5622:
5587:
5577:
5447:
5273:
5219:
5182:
5067:
5030:
4681:
4671:
4435:
4419:
4377:
4367:
4323:
4315:
4164:
4154:
3998:
3983:
3884:
3785:
3525:
2942:
2629:
2407:
2218:
1921:
1513:
in the 1980s; it went into circulation on the nation's bicentenary in 1988. Polymer banknotes
1378:
261:
231:
221:
103:
4461:
3334:
issued by local governments quickly took on some of the characteristics of local currencies.
1547:
For a list of which currency or currencies are used by present-day countries or regions, see
844:
Originally, currency was a form of receipt, representing grain stored in temple granaries in
6280:
6225:
6210:
6195:
6180:
6160:
6110:
6090:
6070:
6025:
5632:
5582:
5552:
5547:
5437:
5363:
5256:
5241:
5186:
5137:
5099:
5089:
4571:
4411:
4307:
4003:
3954:
3934:
3914:
3565:
3545:
3465:
3200:
2931:
2897:
2518:
2083:
2029:
2002:
1522:
1510:
1464:
1433:
1327:
1319:
1240:
1120:
943:
931:
860:
702:
678:
670:
666:
662:), or government agencies (fees, fines). Others simply get traded for their economic value.
340:
325:
251:
206:
3046:
occasionally also occur. Some currencies do not have any smaller units at all, such as the
669:
has arisen in recent years. Whether government-backed digital notes and coins (such as the
6391:
6285:
6250:
6215:
6150:
6075:
6060:
5954:
5910:
5747:
5681:
5656:
5651:
5627:
5358:
5343:
5236:
5164:
5094:
5072:
5045:
4871:
4843:
3978:
3909:
3765:
3645:
3505:
3257:
3253:
3073:
3007:
2974:
2946:
2937:
Several countries can use the same name for their own separate currencies (for example, a
2901:
2602:
2110:
1948:
1763:
1592:
1472:
1405:
1367:
1339:
1335:
1268:
1068:
635:
627:
581:
360:
303:
4385:
3625:
2911:
is a price at which two currencies can be exchanged against each other. This is used for
2326:
4598:
6305:
6290:
6255:
6240:
6220:
6190:
6040:
6010:
5661:
5370:
5338:
5263:
5246:
5231:
4877:
4098:
3959:
3852:
3838:
3445:
3440:
3420:
3342:
3309:
3023:
2978:
2892:
has the exclusive power to issue all forms of currency, including coins and banknotes (
2817:
2760:
2655:
2272:
1867:
1651:
has declared
Bitcoin (and, by extension, similar products) to be a commodity under the
1628:
1104:
690:
623:. This article uses the definition which focuses on the currency systems of countries.
585:
565:
463:
335:
318:
313:
266:
161:
1200:
1115:
mountains of central Europe made silver relatively less valuable, as did the flood of
1027:
797:
6405:
6270:
6260:
6235:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6145:
6135:
6105:
6095:
6000:
5900:
5873:
5637:
4921:
4568:"10 alternative currencies, from Bitcoin to BerkShares to sweat to laundry detergent"
4447:
4008:
3973:
3904:
3889:
3605:
3399:
3239:
2908:
2791:
2681:
2056:
1711:
1671:
1667:
1559:
1488:
1456:
1418:
1355:
1108:
853:
168:
1632:
6300:
6245:
6140:
6130:
6125:
6050:
5895:
5420:
5348:
5152:
5142:
5079:
4986:
4513:
3866:
3740:
3725:
3705:
3485:
3077:
3051:
2962:
2953:). By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency (for example, the
2927:
2889:
2734:
2708:
2545:
2491:
2433:
2299:
2191:
2164:
1840:
1636:
1429:
1293:
1276:
1260:
1256:
900:
655:
651:
647:
593:
573:
496:
384:
379:
330:
1459:, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium. Private
1103:), might be used for everyday transactions. This system had been used in ancient
17:
6275:
6265:
6055:
5934:
5878:
5353:
5052:
5006:
4958:
4905:
4900:
4798:
3760:
3680:
3585:
3580:
3324:
3315:
3109:
2970:
2571:
1975:
1675:
1640:
1596:
1555:
1518:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1248:
1142:
1084:
969:
939:
935:
849:
739:
686:
451:
417:
51:
4638:
6185:
5985:
5762:
5214:
5202:
5002:
4976:
4859:
4853:
4415:
4220:
3899:
3846:
3800:
3331:
3323:
and comparative advantage and that in some cases they can serve as a means of
3204:
3061:
3057:
2981:, issuing one note of currency for each note of a foreign government held, as
2893:
1514:
1413:
1272:
1100:
942:
were one of the currencies used from the 15th century onwards to sell slaves.
869:
718:
694:
631:
601:
434:
4685:
4439:
4423:
4381:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4168:
1381:
records an earlier emergency use of it, by the
Spanish in a siege during the
6035:
5965:
5412:
5330:
5322:
5192:
4793:
4129:
3665:
3560:
3540:
3520:
3089:
2958:
2353:
1445:
1351:
1263:(960–1279). It began as a means for merchants to exchange heavy coinage for
1116:
706:
698:
391:
2915:
between the two currency zones. Exchange rates can be classified as either
1595:. These are not subject to international standards and are not unique: the
1505:
form of a currency. Banknotes were initially mostly paper, but
Australia's
4781:
4103:
3818:
910:
It is thought that the increase in piracy and raiding associated with the
5814:
5020:
5015:
4882:
4027:
3780:
3660:
1894:
1756:
1624:
1585:
1494:
1484:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1252:
1132:
1080:
714:
612:
553:
410:
398:
115:
98:
3341:
currency, founded on Vancouver Island in the early 1980s. In 1982, the
4431:
3700:
3015:
2982:
1686:
1620:
1264:
1167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1072:
994: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
946:
is still notable for its variety, and in many places, various forms of
919:
896:
888:
764: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
682:
643:
597:
5125:
5084:
5035:
4927:
4894:
4804:
4639:
Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022
3720:
3640:
3620:
3600:
3500:
3069:
3011:
2989:
2973:
have declared US currency to be legal tender, and from 1791 to 1857,
2966:
1386:
1374:
1373:
In Europe, paper currency was first introduced on a regular basis in
1331:
1279:
government began to circulate these notes amongst the traders in its
1255:. Their introduction was a gradual process that lasted from the late
1244:
947:
904:
873:
439:
2961:), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be
1558:; that a sovereign state decides which currency it shall use. (See
1302:
1079:
provided the next link: coins could now be easily tested for their
685:, are different because their value is market-dependent and has no
4997:
4933:
3480:
3460:
3381:
3354:
3092:
khoums and iraimbilanja have in practice fallen into disuse. (See
3019:
1705:
1659:
1455:
By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of
1323:
1301:
1089:
927:
923:
884:
845:
835:
620:
541:
458:
444:
427:
422:
4359:
Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: Illustrative documents
5104:
5057:
4888:
4865:
3425:
3338:
2993:
2954:
1813:
1722:
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover
1710:
A list of exchange rates for various base currencies given by a
1502:
1498:
1460:
1359:
1347:
1112:
1094:
The world's oldest coin, created in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia
959:
892:
616:
569:
557:
367:
93:
5295:
4808:
4670:(Paperback ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp. 43 of 252.
1682:(LETS), is a form of barter rather than being a true currency.
1543:
Tables of historical exchange rates to the United States dollar
4939:
4731:
4402:
Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".
4356:; Raymond, Irving Woodworth; Constable, Olivia Remie (2001) .
3103:
1685:
The currency may be Internet-based and digital, for instance,
1136:
963:
733:
710:
659:
4281:"Frequently Asked Questions on Virtual Currency Transactions"
3337:
One of the best examples of a local currency is the original
658:, or for specific purposes, such as payment to a government (
5291:
3873:
1507:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
4707:(Interview). Interviewed by Seth Moser-Katz; Justin Ritchie
3361:
20 major currencies in world payments (in % of world)
3096:
for other historic currencies with non-decimal divisions.)
3319:
local currency creates a barrier that can interfere with
938:, and ochre and other earth oxides. The manilla rings of
642:, depending on what guarantees a currency's value (the
4516:. International Organisation for Standardisation. 2015
4221:"Electronic finance: a new perspective and challenges"
3088:"were simply names for given weights of gold". Due to
2988:
Each currency typically has a main currency unit (the
876:
had established safe passage for merchants around the
4296:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism"
1428:
At that time, both silver and gold were considered a
1584:
published a system of three-digit alphabetic codes (
1432:
and accepted by governments for taxes. However, the
560:. A more general definition is that a currency is a
6321:
5963:
5697:
5446:
5411:
5329:
5113:
4996:
4949:
4914:
4842:
4699:Linton, Michael; Bober, Jordan (November 7, 2012).
3277:
The macroeconomic situation and policies are stable
1762:
1666:Historically, pseudo-currencies have also included
1670:, a form of wages that could only be exchanged in
840:Cowry shells being used as money by an Arab trader
596:laws may require a particular unit of account for
4621:"Defendant Convicted of Minting His Own Currency"
1471:. No country has an enforceable gold standard or
1537:Name of currency units by country, in Portuguese
4257:"Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World"
1582:International Organization for Standardization
611:appear in the respective synonymous articles:
5307:
4820:
1735:
1554:The currency used is based on the concept of
517:
8:
2768:
2579:
2467:
713:advised that virtual currency is treated as
3211:According to the three aspects of trade in
3138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
930:, various forms of weapons, livestock, the
865:collapse of the Near Eastern trading system
580:(US$ ) are examples of (government-issued)
5314:
5300:
5292:
4911:
4827:
4813:
4805:
3359:
3295:Appropriate exchange rate regime and level
2996:) and a fractional unit, often defined as
1742:
1728:
1717:
1463:and governments across the world followed
524:
510:
38:
3158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1649:U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
1054:Learn how and when to remove this message
824:Learn how and when to remove this message
4591:"The Currency That's Up 200,000 Percent"
4488:"The Future Is Plastic – Currency Notes"
4397:
4395:
1532:
27:Medium of exchange for goods or services
4268:such as money laundering and terrorism.
4121:
4082:
2842:
1776:
626:One can classify currencies into three
50:
4655:from the original on October 27, 2022.
4033:List of alternative names for currency
3349:List of major world payment currencies
2769:
2580:
2468:
5193:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
4108:, literally 'running' or 'traversing'
907:, may have functioned as a currency.
7:
4595:SmartMoney (The Wall Street Journal)
4547:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
4237:from the original on October 9, 2022
4153:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3136:adding citations to reliable sources
1165:adding citations to reliable sources
992:adding citations to reliable sources
762:adding citations to reliable sources
5391:Agent-based computational economics
4666:Turk, James; Rubino, John (2007) .
4151:A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold
1566:Currency codes and currency symbols
4646:Bank for International Settlements
4228:Bank for International Settlements
4058:List of international trade topics
863:for over 1500 years. However, the
25:
5170:Akkadian standards of measurement
3080:. In these countries, words like
1678:, such as the tokens operated by
1635:transactions are assured through
1247:coins led to the introduction of
588:and be traded between nations in
5849:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
4979:
4792:
4780:
4648:. October 27, 2022. p. 12.
4197:"Guide to the Financial Markets"
3859:
3845:
3831:
3817:
3803:
3779:
3759:
3739:
3719:
3699:
3679:
3659:
3639:
3619:
3599:
3579:
3559:
3539:
3519:
3499:
3479:
3459:
3439:
3419:
3398:
3108:
3076:is theoretically divided into 5
2858:
2857:
2835:
2834:
2808:
2782:
2751:
2725:
2699:
2698:
2672:
2646:
2620:
2619:
2593:
2562:
2536:
2535:
2509:
2508:
2482:
2481:
2450:
2424:
2398:
2397:
2371:
2370:
2344:
2343:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2289:
2263:
2262:
2236:
2235:
2209:
2208:
2182:
2181:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2127:
2101:
2100:
2074:
2073:
2047:
2046:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1992:
1966:
1965:
1939:
1938:
1912:
1911:
1885:
1884:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1830:
1804:
1803:
1434:instability in the exchange rate
1310:the world's earliest paper money
1141:
968:
738:
490:
478:
62:
4856:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
4574:. July 25, 2013. Archived from
4404:The Journal of Economic History
1719:Most traded currencies by value
1674:owned by the employers. Modern
1314:At around the same time in the
1152:needs additional citations for
979:needs additional citations for
749:needs additional citations for
650:). Some currencies function as
4265:. August 16, 2019. p. 1.
4043:List of circulating currencies
3229:international exchange rates.
2809:
2783:
2752:
2726:
2673:
2647:
2594:
2563:
2451:
2425:
1680:local exchange trading systems
1549:List of circulating currencies
1440:, and the attempt to create a
646:at large vs. the government's
607:Other definitions of the term
1:
5785:Critique of political economy
5173:
5121:List of historical currencies
5026:Central bank digital currency
4760:"RMB Tracker document centre"
4494:. International Monetary Fund
4053:List of historical currencies
3825:Business and economics portal
3286:A reasonable and open economy
1639:validated by all users. With
1599:in particular has many uses.
1358:, the transfer of credit and
709:. In 2014, the United States
5227:Standard of deferred payment
4589:Hough, Jack (June 3, 2011).
3068:is in theory divided into 5
1404:and the redemption of those
4514:"ISO 4217 - Currency Codes"
4063:List of motifs on banknotes
4048:List of proposed currencies
3219:Trade in goods and services
1768:Proportion of daily volume
1643:, these currencies are not
1515:had already been introduced
1121:after the Spanish conquests
914:, possibly produced by the
6433:
5923:Real business-cycle theory
3777:
3757:
3737:
3717:
3697:
3677:
3657:
3637:
3617:
3597:
3577:
3557:
3537:
3517:
3497:
3477:
3457:
3437:
3417:
3395:
3378:
3307:
3268:Sound microeconomic agency
3022:, 100 pence = 1
1627:, which are classified as
1612:
1606:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1482:
1130:
957:
29:
6363:
4974:
4738:The Extraenvironmentalist
4705:The Extraenvironmentalist
4492:Finance & Development
4466:Reserve Bank of Australia
4416:10.1017/S0022050700097837
4364:Columbia University Press
4097:, 'in circulation', from
3920:Foreign exchange reserves
3915:Foreign currency exchange
2866:
2843:
1770:
1767:
1755:
1752:
32:Currency (disambiguation)
5210:Quantity theory of money
5031:Chattel/movable property
4486:Wang, Ping (June 2016).
4312:10.1163/156920607X171591
3895:Currency transaction tax
1637:cryptographic signatures
1576:List of currency symbols
1501:, banknotes make up the
590:foreign exchange markets
584:. Currencies may act as
540:is a standardization of
6417:Foreign exchange market
5563:Industrial organization
5386:Computational economics
4294:Banaji, Jairus (2007).
4132:. The Free Dictionary.
4094:
3172:foreign exchange market
3100:Currency convertibility
1071:, which helped lead to
903:of copper, produced in
872:, however, a series of
648:precious metal reserves
544:in any form, in use or
404:Commemorative banknotes
5768:Modern monetary theory
5433:Experimental economics
5403:Pluralism in economics
5376:Mathematical economics
5269:Complementary currency
5198:Credit theory of money
5158:Depository institution
4797:Quotations related to
4462:"History of Banknotes"
4354:Lopez, Robert Sabatino
4300:Historical Materialism
4102:
4014:Special drawing rights
3989:European Currency Unit
3094:non-decimal currencies
3006:of the main unit: 100
2992:, for example, or the
1715:
1702:Control and production
1653:Commodity Exchange Act
1603:Alternative currencies
1591:Many currencies use a
1572:List of currency codes
1538:
1417:part of maintaining a
1316:medieval Islamic world
1311:
1107:since the time of the
1095:
841:
566:British Pound sterling
485:Numismatics portal
123:Circulating currencies
5252:Digital gold currency
3950:Slang terms for money
3945:Optimum currency area
3343:Canadian Central Bank
3185:Partially convertible
1709:
1615:Cryptocurrency bubble
1613:Further information:
1541:Further information:
1536:
1521:in 1983. As of 2016,
1402:joint-stock companies
1305:
1267:of deposit issued as
1093:
1077:Archimedes' principle
878:Eastern Mediterranean
839:
215:Historical currencies
56:the study of currency
5642:Social choice theory
5398:Behavioral economics
5381:Complexity economics
5131:Coincidence of wants
4951:Representative money
4789:at Wikimedia Commons
4283:. December 31, 2019.
3405:United States dollar
3132:improve this section
3026:, although units of
1609:Alternative currency
1364:banking institutions
1344:transaction accounts
1161:improve this article
988:improve this article
901:oxhide-shaped ingots
891:in the northwest to
758:improve this article
640:representative money
186:Fictional currencies
30:For other uses, see
5726:American (National)
5426:Economic statistics
5279:Time-based currency
4601:on October 24, 2012
4262:Library of Congress
3925:Functional currency
3362:
3226:international trade
3066:Mauritanian ouguiya
2932:Ministry of Finance
1749:
1383:Conquest of Granada
1259:(618–907) into the
912:Bronze Age collapse
373:Commemorative coins
284:Medieval currencies
193:Proposed currencies
5148:Clearinghouse bank
4836:Medium of exchange
4038:List of currencies
3994:Fictional currency
3940:Mutilated currency
3930:History of banking
3811:Numismatics portal
3746:South African rand
3686:New Zealand dollar
3360:
3321:economies of scale
3213:goods and services
2381:Israeli new shekel
2246:South African rand
2138:New Zealand dollar
1718:
1716:
1539:
1377:in 1661 (although
1312:
1286:woodblock printing
1096:
916:Peoples of the Sea
842:
675:monetary authority
550:medium of exchange
6399:
6398:
5930:New institutional
5289:
5288:
5274:Sectoral currency
5220:Market monetarism
5183:Code of Hammurabi
4972:
4971:
4964:Gold certificates
4785:Media related to
4677:978-0-385-51224-4
4627:. March 18, 2011.
4578:on July 25, 2013.
4388:on March 9, 2012.
4373:978-0-231-12357-0
4230:. November 2001.
4160:978-0-470-28758-3
4073:
4072:
3984:Currency strength
3885:Counterfeit money
3794:
3793:
3786:Malaysian ringgit
3526:Australian dollar
3247:National policies
3178:Fully convertible
3168:
3167:
3160:
2879:
2878:
2630:Malaysian ringgit
2408:Indonesian rupiah
2219:New Taiwan dollar
1922:Australian dollar
1529:Modern currencies
1475:currency system.
1379:Washington Irving
1237:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1038:
880:, spreading from
834:
833:
826:
808:
665:The concept of a
534:
533:
18:Coin of the realm
16:(Redirected from
6424:
5603:Natural resource
5438:Economic history
5364:Mechanism design
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5257:Virtual currency
5242:Digital currency
5178:
5175:
5138:Bureau de change
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4915:Domestic animals
4912:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4806:
4796:
4784:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4597:. Archived from
4586:
4580:
4579:
4572:TED (conference)
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4544:
4540:"Bitcoin Basics"
4536:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4384:. Archived from
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4330:. Archived from
4291:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4149:(2008) . "4–5".
4147:Bernstein, Peter
4143:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4109:
4087:
4004:Local currencies
3968:Accounting units
3955:Virtual currency
3935:History of money
3879:Related concepts
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3784:
3783:
3764:
3763:
3744:
3743:
3724:
3723:
3704:
3703:
3684:
3683:
3664:
3663:
3644:
3643:
3624:
3623:
3604:
3603:
3584:
3583:
3566:Singapore dollar
3564:
3563:
3546:Hong Kong dollar
3544:
3543:
3524:
3523:
3504:
3503:
3484:
3483:
3466:Chinese renminbi
3464:
3463:
3444:
3443:
3424:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3363:
3201:North Korean won
3163:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3112:
3104:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2985:currently does.
2861:
2860:
2848:
2846:Other currencies
2838:
2837:
2812:
2811:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2755:
2754:
2729:
2728:
2702:
2701:
2676:
2675:
2650:
2649:
2623:
2622:
2597:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2566:
2565:
2539:
2538:
2519:Hungarian forint
2512:
2511:
2485:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2428:
2427:
2401:
2400:
2374:
2373:
2347:
2346:
2320:
2319:
2293:
2292:
2266:
2265:
2239:
2238:
2212:
2211:
2185:
2184:
2158:
2157:
2131:
2130:
2104:
2103:
2084:South Korean won
2077:
2076:
2050:
2049:
2030:Singapore dollar
2023:
2022:
2003:Hong Kong dollar
1996:
1995:
1969:
1968:
1942:
1941:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1887:
1861:
1860:
1834:
1833:
1807:
1806:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1625:Ethereum's ether
1523:polymer currency
1511:polymer currency
1340:savings accounts
1336:promissory notes
1320:monetary economy
1269:promissory notes
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1169:
1145:
1137:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1037:
996:
972:
964:
944:African currency
932:manilla currency
861:Fertile Crescent
829:
822:
818:
815:
809:
807:
766:
742:
734:
703:money laundering
679:cryptocurrencies
671:digital renminbi
667:digital currency
628:monetary systems
526:
519:
512:
497:Money portal
495:
494:
493:
483:
482:
481:
207:History of money
162:Local currencies
66:
57:
39:
21:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6392:Business portal
6359:
6358:
6357:
6317:
6081:von Böhm-Bawerk
5969:
5968:
5959:
5731:Ancient thought
5709:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5442:
5407:
5359:Contract theory
5344:Decision theory
5325:
5320:
5290:
5285:
5237:Unit of account
5176:
5109:
5095:Promissory note
5073:Deposit account
5046:Cheque clearing
5000:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4968:
4945:
4910:
4878:Precious metals
4845:
4838:
4833:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4729:
4727:"Opening Money"
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4701:"Opening Money"
4698:
4697:
4693:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4374:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4334:on May 23, 2009
4293:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4185:. Investopedia.
4181:
4180:
4176:
4161:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
3979:Currency symbol
3910:Fiscal localism
3865:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3778:
3766:Philippine peso
3758:
3738:
3718:
3698:
3678:
3658:
3646:Norwegian krone
3638:
3618:
3598:
3578:
3558:
3538:
3518:
3506:Canadian dollar
3498:
3478:
3458:
3438:
3418:
3397:
3396:
3351:
3312:
3306:
3258:Fiscal policies
3254:monetary policy
3164:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3129:
3113:
3102:
3074:Malagasy ariary
3048:Icelandic króna
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3018: = 1
3010: = 1
3002:
2998:
2997:
2979:currency boards
2975:Spanish dollars
2965:. For example,
2902:monetary policy
2887:
2884:
2881:
2844:
2603:Philippine peso
2111:Norwegian krone
1949:Canadian dollar
1772:
1759:
1748:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1658:There are also
1617:
1611:
1605:
1593:currency symbol
1578:
1570:Main articles:
1568:
1552:
1545:
1531:
1491:
1483:Main articles:
1481:
1473:silver standard
1241:premodern China
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1069:unit of account
1060:
1049:
1043:
1040:
997:
995:
985:
973:
962:
956:
830:
819:
813:
810:
767:
765:
755:
743:
732:
727:
636:commodity money
586:stores of value
582:fiat currencies
562:system of money
530:
501:
491:
489:
479:
477:
469:
468:
361:Coin collecting
356:
355:
346:
345:
299:
298:
289:
288:
210:
209:
198:
197:
89:
88:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Disequilibrium
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5608:Organizational
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5371:Macroeconomics
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5339:Microeconomics
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5264:Local currency
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Cryptocurrency
5239:
5234:
5232:Store of value
5229:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5190:
5187:§100; §122–125
5180:
5177: 2150 BC
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4942:(Tibet, China)
4937:
4931:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4885:(cotton cloth)
4880:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4790:
4776:
4775:External links
4773:
4770:
4769:
4751:
4718:
4691:
4676:
4658:
4630:
4612:
4581:
4559:
4531:
4527:currency name.
4505:
4478:
4453:
4391:
4372:
4345:
4286:
4272:
4248:
4212:
4206:. p. 14.
4188:
4174:
4159:
4138:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4091:Middle English
4081:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Franc Poincaré
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3960:World currency
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3856:
3853:Society portal
3842:
3839:History portal
3828:
3814:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:Pound sterling
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3350:
3347:
3310:Local currency
3308:Main article:
3305:
3304:Local currency
3302:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3209:
3208:
3193:
3192:Nonconvertible
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3098:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:Argentine peso
2814:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2761:Bahraini dinar
2757:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:Colombian peso
2652:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:Brazilian real
2269:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1703:
1700:
1672:company stores
1641:few exceptions
1629:cryptocurrency
1607:Main article:
1604:
1601:
1567:
1564:
1530:
1527:
1480:
1477:
1366:for loans and
1356:exchange rates
1235:
1234:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1131:Main article:
1128:
1125:
1062:
1061:
976:
974:
967:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
832:
831:
746:
744:
737:
731:
730:Early currency
728:
726:
723:
552:, for example
532:
531:
529:
528:
521:
514:
506:
503:
502:
500:
499:
487:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
461:
455:
454:
448:
447:
442:
437:
431:
430:
425:
420:
414:
413:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
382:
376:
375:
370:
364:
363:
357:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
217:
211:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
182:
181:
176:
171:
165:
164:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
68:
67:
59:
58:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6429:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:de Mandeville
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:New classical
5916:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Malthusianism
5872:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Institutional
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5638:Public choice
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:Participation
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Institutional
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:Expeditionary
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Environmental
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:; c. 1750 BC)
5188:
5184:
5181:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4977:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:Water buffalo
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4891:(Roman world)
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4862:(Mesoamerica)
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4739:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4548:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:The Economist
4198:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Petrocurrency
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Currency pair
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:Exchange rate
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Currency band
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:Swedish krona
3602:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:central banks
3235:
3234:
3233:Capital flows
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3151:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3117:This section
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:United States
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:exchange rate
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2799:лв., lv., lev
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Bulgarian lev
2790:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Russian ruble
2680:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Swedish krona
2055:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:money changer
1708:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:company scrip
1664:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:Fiat currency
1557:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:Fiat currency
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:Gresham's law
1462:
1458:
1457:gold standard
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:inflationists
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:standing army
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:, a vigorous
1317:
1309:
1306:Song dynasty
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178: –
1177:
1173:
1172:Find sources:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:This section
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Mahajanapadas
1106:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1055:
1047:
1044:December 2017
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005: –
1004:
1000:
999:Find sources:
993:
989:
983:
982:
977:This section
975:
971:
966:
965:
961:
953:
951:
950:still apply.
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
855:
854:Ancient Egypt
851:
847:
838:
828:
825:
817:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775: –
774:
770:
769:Find sources:
763:
759:
753:
752:
747:This section
745:
741:
736:
735:
729:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:jurisdictions
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
507:
505:
504:
498:
488:
486:
476:
475:
473:
472:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
381:
380:Bullion coins
378:
377:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
293:
292:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
208:
202:
201:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Company scrip
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
151:
150:South America
148:
146:
145:North America
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6387:Publications
6343:Publications
6310:
5906:Neoclassical
5896:Mercantilism
5805:Evolutionary
5667:Sociological
5640: /
5538:Geographical
5518:Evolutionary
5493:Digitization
5458:Agricultural
5421:Econometrics
5349:Price theory
5153:Savings bank
5143:Central bank
5080:Legal tender
5062:
4987:Money portal
4801:at Wikiquote
4763:
4754:
4744:December 29,
4742:. Retrieved
4737:
4721:
4711:December 29,
4709:. Retrieved
4704:
4694:
4667:
4661:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4605:December 14,
4603:. Retrieved
4599:the original
4594:
4584:
4576:the original
4562:
4552:September 9,
4550:. Retrieved
4546:
4534:
4525:
4518:. Retrieved
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4491:
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:
4456:
4410:(1): 79–86.
4407:
4403:
4386:the original
4358:
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4332:the original
4306:(1): 47–74.
4303:
4299:
4289:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4227:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4191:
4177:
4150:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4085:
4067:
4021:
4020:
3967:
3966:
3878:
3877:
3867:Money portal
3726:Mexican peso
3706:Danish krone
3626:Polish złoty
3486:Japanese yen
3380:
3379:
3372:August 2024
3352:
3336:
3329:
3313:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3196:
3169:
3154:
3145:
3130:Please help
3118:
3085:
3081:
3078:iraimbilanja
3072:, while the
3056:
3052:Japanese yen
2987:
2963:legal tender
2938:
2936:
2928:central bank
2925:
2906:
2890:central bank
2886:
2883:
2880:
2845:
2735:Peruvian sol
2709:Romanian leu
2546:Chilean peso
2492:Turkish lira
2434:Czech koruna
2327:Polish złoty
2300:Danish krone
2226:$ , NT$ , 元
2192:Mexican peso
2165:Indian rupee
1841:Japanese yen
1773:(2019–2022)
1691:
1684:
1665:
1657:
1645:asset backed
1633:transference
1618:
1590:
1580:In 1978 the
1579:
1553:
1509:developed a
1492:
1479:Banknote era
1454:
1430:legal tender
1427:
1410:
1408:in a paper.
1391:
1372:
1313:
1307:
1294:movable type
1277:Song dynasty
1261:Song dynasty
1257:Tang dynasty
1238:
1223:
1214:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1171:
1159:Please help
1154:verification
1151:
1097:
1065:
1050:
1041:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
998:
986:Please help
981:verification
978:
909:
858:
843:
820:
811:
801:
794:
787:
780:
768:
756:Please help
751:verification
748:
717:for federal
664:
652:legal tender
625:
608:
606:
594:legal tender
578:U.S. dollars
574:Japanese yen
561:
537:
535:
418:Credit cards
179:Time dollars
85:
36:
6181:von Neumann
5950:Supply-side
5935:Physiocracy
5879:Marginalism
5568:Information
5508:Engineering
5488:Development
5483:Demographic
5354:Game theory
5331:Theoretical
5105:Safekeeping
4959:Bimetallism
4874:(W. Africa)
4498:December 8,
4471:December 9,
3586:Swiss franc
3325:tax evasion
3316:Jane Jacobs
3199:, e.g. the
3182:currencies.
2971:El Salvador
2888:Commonly a
2572:Saudi riyal
2010:$ , HK$ , 元
1976:Swiss franc
1787:U.S. dollar
1781:April 2022
1778:April 2019
1676:token money
1597:dollar sign
1556:lex monetae
1519:Isle of Man
1469:Nixon shock
1438:bimetallism
1281:monopolized
1273:wholesalers
1249:paper money
1127:Paper money
1085:Numismatics
940:West Africa
936:shell money
850:Mesopotamia
848:in ancient
654:in certain
546:circulation
452:Scripophily
52:Numismatics
6406:Categories
6338:Economists
6211:Schumacher
6116:Schumpeter
6086:von Wieser
6006:von Thünen
5966:Economists
5865:Circuitism
5830:Humanistic
5825:Historical
5800:Ecological
5790:Democratic
5763:Chartalism
5753:Behavioral
5716:Mainstream
5677:Statistics
5672:Solidarity
5593:Managerial
5558:Humanistic
5553:Historical
5498:Ecological
5463:Behavioral
5215:Monetarism
5203:Chartalism
5100:Redemption
5090:Possession
5053:Clay token
4906:Trade bead
4860:Cocoa bean
4844:Commodity
4644:(Report).
4338:August 28,
4183:"Currency"
4130:"Currency"
4116:References
3900:Debasement
3205:Cuban peso
3062:Madagascar
3058:Mauritania
2949:, and the
2900:) through
2894:fiat money
2460:UAE dirham
1442:bimetallic
1414:David Hume
1398:investment
1187:newspapers
1176:"Currency"
1101:debasement
1014:newspapers
1003:"Currency"
870:Bronze Age
784:newspapers
773:"Currency"
719:income-tax
695:ransomware
687:safety net
677:, such as
632:fiat money
604:agencies.
602:government
354:Collection
297:Production
227:Achaemenid
6256:Greenspan
6221:Samuelson
6201:Galbraith
6171:Tinbergen
6111:von Mises
6106:Heckscher
6066:Edgeworth
5945:Stockholm
5940:Socialist
5840:Keynesian
5820:Happiness
5780:Classical
5741:Mutualism
5736:Anarchist
5721:Heterodox
5618:Personnel
5578:Knowledge
5543:Happiness
5533:Financial
5503:Education
5478:Democracy
5413:Empirical
5323:Economics
4924:(SE Asia)
4854:Axe-money
4740:(Podcast)
4686:192055959
4448:153962294
4440:478662641
4424:0022-0507
4382:466877309
4328:440360743
4320:1465-4466
4169:233484849
3666:Thai baht
3119:does not
3090:inflation
2959:CFA franc
2943:Australia
2825:$ , Arg$
2663:$ , Col$
2354:Thai baht
2199:$ , Mex$
1956:$ , Can$
1753:Currency
1450:greenback
1288:and then
1253:banknotes
1217:June 2024
1117:New World
814:July 2024
707:terrorism
699:extortion
576:(¥), and
554:banknotes
399:Banknotes
392:Notaphily
326:Hammering
309:Designers
232:Byzantine
99:Banknotes
6412:Currency
6367:Category
6347:journals
6333:Glossary
6286:Stiglitz
6251:Rothbard
6231:Buchanan
6216:Friedman
6206:Koopmans
6196:Leontief
6176:Robinson
6061:Marshall
5911:Lausanne
5815:Georgism
5810:Feminist
5758:Buddhist
5748:Austrian
5647:Regional
5623:Planning
5598:Monetary
5528:Feminist
5473:Cultural
5468:Business
5063:Currency
5041:Clearing
5021:Banknote
5016:Bailment
4936:(Arabia)
4897:(barley)
4883:Quachtli
4799:Currency
4787:Currency
4650:Archived
4520:June 27,
4232:Archived
4106:, -entis
4095:curraunt
4028:ISO 4217
3797:See also
3388:100.00%
3369:Currency
3203:and the
3148:May 2022
3050:and the
3016:centimes
2930:or by a
2917:floating
2584:, SRl(s)
2553:$ , Ch$
2307:kr., DKr
2145:$ , $ NZ
1983:Fr., fr.
1895:Renminbi
1868:Sterling
1794:$ , US$
1757:ISO 4217
1695:Congress
1586:ISO 4217
1495:banknote
1485:Banknote
1368:deposits
1297:printing
1290:Bi Sheng
1265:receipts
1133:Banknote
874:treaties
715:property
613:banknote
609:currency
598:payments
538:currency
411:Exonumia
262:Japanese
242:Filipino
222:Aksumite
86:Currency
74:Glossary
44:a series
42:Part of
6382:Outline
6353:Schools
6345: (
6306:Piketty
6301:Krugman
6166:Kuznets
6156:Kalecki
6131:Polanyi
6021:Cournot
6016:Bastiat
6001:Ricardo
5991:Malthus
5981:Quesnay
5884:Marxian
5775:Chicago
5705:history
5700:Schools
5687:Welfare
5657:Service
5448:Applied
5114:General
5068:Deposit
5058:Coinage
4930:(Hindu)
4872:Manilla
4432:2115499
4241:May 11,
4104:currens
3430:21.58%
3410:49.07%
3197:blocked
3140:removed
3125:sources
3041:⁄
3031:⁄
3001:⁄
2983:Ecuador
2957:or the
2472:, Dh(s)
2441:Kč, CZK
2334:zł, Zl
2118:kr, Nkr
2064:kr, Skr
2037:$ , S$
1929:$ , $ A
1764:Symbols
1687:Bitcoin
1660:branded
1621:Bitcoin
1517:in the
1348:loaning
1332:cheques
1308:Jiaozi,
1251:, i.e.
1201:scholar
1119:silver
1073:banking
1028:scholar
954:Coinage
920:Croesus
897:Bahrain
889:Mycenae
852:and in
798:scholar
725:History
683:Bitcoin
644:economy
440:Cheques
385:Grading
319:Milling
314:Coining
277:Tibetan
257:Italian
237:Chinese
155:Oceania
104:Forgery
6291:Thaler
6271:Ostrom
6266:Becker
6261:Sowell
6241:Baumol
6146:Myrdal
6141:Sraffa
6136:Frisch
6126:Knight
6121:Keynes
6096:Fisher
6091:Veblen
6076:Pareto
6056:Menger
6051:George
6046:Jevons
6041:Walras
6031:Gossen
5955:Thermo
5633:Public
5628:Policy
5583:Labour
5548:Health
5126:Barter
5085:Notary
5036:Cheque
4901:Shells
4895:Shekel
4868:(rice)
4684:
4674:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4380:
4370:
4326:
4318:
4167:
4157:
4068:
3790:0.24%
3770:0.26%
3750:0.29%
3730:0.30%
3710:0.37%
3690:0.38%
3670:0.44%
3650:0.63%
3630:0.71%
3610:0.79%
3590:0.93%
3570:1.39%
3550:1.64%
3530:1.67%
3510:2.36%
3490:3.98%
3470:4.69%
3450:6.50%
3082:dollar
3070:khoums
3014:, 100
3012:dollar
2990:dollar
2967:Panama
2947:Canada
2939:dollar
2898:credit
2873:200.0%
2870:200.0%
2867:Total:
2862:0.5pp
2839:0.1pp
2716:—, leu
2703:0.9pp
2689:₽, Rub
2624:0.1pp
2540:0.1pp
2513:0.7pp
2486:0.2pp
2402:0.1pp
2388:₪, NIS
2375:0.1pp
2348:0.1pp
2321:0.1pp
2294:0.2pp
2267:0.1pp
2240:0.2pp
2213:0.2pp
2186:0.1pp
2159:0.4pp
2132:0.1pp
2105:0.1pp
2078:0.2pp
2051:0.6pp
2024:0.9pp
1997:0.3pp
1970:1.2pp
1943:0.4pp
1916:2.7pp
1889:0.1pp
1862:0.1pp
1835:1.8pp
1808:0.2pp
1771:Change
1647:. The
1631:since
1406:shares
1394:specie
1387:Sweden
1385:). As
1375:Sweden
1362:, and
1352:trusts
1328:credit
1245:copper
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
948:barter
905:Cyprus
882:Minoan
800:
793:
786:
779:
771:
638:, and
619:, and
459:Stocks
445:Scrips
435:Tokens
428:Medals
423:Jetons
341:Errors
336:Metals
252:Indian
140:Europe
130:Africa
6377:Lists
6372:Index
6323:Lists
6296:Hoppe
6281:Lucas
6246:Solow
6236:Arrow
6226:Simon
6191:Lange
6186:Hicks
6161:Röpke
6151:Hayek
6101:Pigou
6071:Clark
5986:Smith
5901:Mixed
5860:Post-
5682:Urban
5662:Socio
5652:Rural
5007:Token
4998:Money
4934:Camel
4846:money
4764:Swift
4653:(PDF)
4642:(PDF)
4543:(PDF)
4444:S2CID
4428:JSTOR
4235:(PDF)
4224:(PDF)
4200:(PDF)
4099:Latin
4089:From
4077:Notes
4022:Lists
3382:World
3355:SWIFT
3086:pound
3024:pound
3020:franc
3008:cents
2921:fixed
2913:trade
2499:₺, TL
1881:12.9%
1878:12.8%
1854:16.7%
1851:16.8%
1827:30.5%
1824:32.3%
1800:88.5%
1797:88.3%
1760:code
1499:coins
1461:banks
1423:mints
1324:dinar
1208:JSTOR
1194:books
1105:India
1035:JSTOR
1021:books
928:ivory
924:Lydia
885:Crete
846:Sumer
805:JSTOR
791:books
691:scams
681:like
660:taxes
621:money
572:(€),
570:euros
568:(£),
558:coins
548:as a
542:money
464:Bonds
368:Coins
267:Roman
247:Greek
94:Coins
6312:more
6036:Marx
6026:Mill
6011:List
5889:Neo-
5845:Neo-
5165:Mint
5003:Fiat
4889:Salt
4866:Koku
4746:2016
4713:2016
4682:OCLC
4672:ISBN
4607:2012
4554:2023
4522:2022
4500:2019
4473:2019
4436:OCLC
4420:ISSN
4378:OCLC
4368:ISBN
4340:2010
4324:OCLC
4316:ISSN
4243:2020
4165:OCLC
4155:ISBN
3426:Euro
3366:Rank
3339:LETS
3332:IOUs
3123:any
3121:cite
3060:and
3043:1000
2994:euro
2969:and
2955:euro
2854:2.3%
2851:1.8%
2831:0.0%
2828:0.1%
2805:0.0%
2802:0.0%
2779:0.0%
2776:0.0%
2773:, BD
2770:.د.ب
2748:0.1%
2745:0.1%
2722:0.1%
2719:0.1%
2695:0.2%
2692:1.1%
2669:0.2%
2666:0.2%
2643:0.2%
2640:0.2%
2616:0.2%
2613:0.3%
2590:0.2%
2587:0.2%
2559:0.3%
2556:0.3%
2532:0.3%
2529:0.4%
2505:0.4%
2502:1.1%
2478:0.4%
2475:0.2%
2447:0.4%
2444:0.4%
2421:0.4%
2418:0.4%
2394:0.4%
2391:0.3%
2367:0.4%
2364:0.5%
2361:฿, B
2340:0.7%
2337:0.6%
2313:0.7%
2310:0.6%
2286:0.9%
2283:1.1%
2259:1.0%
2256:1.1%
2232:1.1%
2229:0.9%
2205:1.5%
2202:1.7%
2178:1.6%
2175:1.7%
2151:1.7%
2148:2.1%
2124:1.7%
2121:1.8%
2097:1.9%
2094:2.0%
2070:2.2%
2067:2.0%
2043:2.4%
2040:1.8%
2016:2.6%
2013:3.5%
1989:5.2%
1986:4.9%
1962:6.2%
1959:5.0%
1935:6.4%
1932:6.8%
1908:7.0%
1905:4.3%
1814:Euro
1623:and
1574:and
1503:cash
1487:and
1360:debt
1180:news
1113:Harz
1081:fine
1007:news
960:Coin
895:and
893:Elam
887:and
777:news
705:and
617:coin
556:and
331:Cast
304:Mint
272:Thai
174:LETS
135:Asia
111:List
6276:Sen
5996:Say
5855:New
5588:Law
4940:Yak
4928:Cow
4732:MP3
4625:FBI
4412:doi
4308:doi
3134:by
3084:or
3036:or
3003:100
2941:in
2919:or
2907:An
2822:ARS
2796:BGN
2765:BHD
2742:S/.
2739:PEN
2713:RON
2686:RUB
2660:COP
2634:MYR
2607:PHP
2576:SAR
2550:CLP
2523:HUF
2496:TRY
2469:د.إ
2464:AED
2438:CZK
2412:IDR
2385:ILS
2358:THB
2331:PLN
2304:DKK
2280:R$
2277:BRL
2250:ZAR
2223:TWD
2196:MXN
2169:INR
2142:NZD
2115:NOK
2088:KRW
2061:SEK
2034:SGD
2007:HKD
1980:CHF
1953:CAD
1926:AUD
1899:CNY
1872:GBP
1845:JPY
1818:EUR
1791:USD
1562:.)
1400:in
1292:'s
1271:by
1239:In
1163:by
1087:).
990:by
922:of
760:by
711:IRS
701:),
600:to
116:ISO
6408::
5174:c.
4762:.
4736:.
4703:.
4680:.
4623:.
4593:.
4570:.
4545:.
4524:.
4490:.
4464:.
4442:.
4434:.
4426:.
4418:.
4408:29
4406:.
4394:^
4376:.
4366:.
4322:.
4314:.
4304:15
4302:.
4298:.
4259:.
4226:.
4202:.
4163:.
4101::
4093::
3775:20
3755:19
3735:18
3715:17
3695:16
3675:15
3655:14
3635:13
3615:12
3595:11
3575:10
3357:.
3327:.
3054:.
3033:10
2945:,
2904:.
2637:RM
2526:Ft
2415:Rp
1655:.
1493:A
1370:.
1354:,
1350:,
1346:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
1330:,
1075:.
934:,
856:.
693:,
634:,
630::
615:,
536:A
46:on
6349:)
5851:)
5847:(
5707:)
5703:(
5315:e
5308:t
5301:v
5185:(
5179:)
5172:(
5009:)
5005:/
5001:(
4828:e
4821:t
4814:v
4766:.
4748:.
4734:)
4730:(
4715:.
4688:.
4609:.
4556:.
4502:.
4475:.
4450:.
4414::
4342:.
4310::
4245:.
4171:.
3555:9
3535:8
3515:7
3495:6
3475:5
3455:4
3435:3
3415:2
3393:1
3207:.
3161:)
3155:(
3150:)
3146:(
3142:.
3128:.
3039:1
3029:1
2999:1
2610:₱
2581:﷼
2253:R
2172:₹
2091:₩
1902:¥
1875:£
1848:¥
1821:€
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1551:.
1230:)
1224:(
1219:)
1215:(
1205:·
1198:·
1191:·
1184:·
1157:.
1057:)
1051:(
1046:)
1042:(
1032:·
1025:·
1018:·
1011:·
984:.
827:)
821:(
816:)
812:(
802:·
795:·
788:·
781:·
754:.
697:(
525:e
518:t
511:v
34:.
20:)
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