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entire form into two strongly contrasted areas of brown and white. Considered separately, neither part resembles part of a frog. Together in nature the white configuration alone is conspicuous. This stands out and distracts the observer's attention from the true form and contour of the body and appendages on which it is superimposed.
310:
Such patterns, Cott stressed, embody considerable precision. The markings must line up accurately between the folded limbs and body for the disguise to work. Cott's description and in particular his drawings convinced biologists that the markings must have survival value, rather than occurring by
134:
It is only when the pattern is considered in relation to the frog's normal attitude of rest that its remarkable nature becomes apparent... The attitude and very striking colour-scheme thus combine to produce an extraordinary effect, whose deceptive appearance depends upon the breaking up of the
272:
targets resembling moths, with or without coincident disruptive patterns. The second experiment showed similar targets to humans on computer screens. They found in both experiments that coincident disruption was "an effective mechanism for concealing an otherwise revealing body form".
182:, in which the pattern on the forewing coincides with the pattern on the narrow strip of the hindwing which is visible in the moth's habitual resting position. Many moths and butterflies which often rest with the wings closed, such as the orange-tip
153:, in which the dark and light bands that cross the body and hind legs coincide in the resting position, joining separate anatomical structures visually and breaking up and taking attention away from the body's actual outlines.
1032:
248:; some mammals have similar patterns. The eye has a distinctive shape and dark coloration dictated by its function, and it is housed in the vulnerable head, making it a natural target for
252:. It can be camouflaged by a suitable disruptive pattern arranged to run up to or through the eye, in other words to coincide with it, such as the camouflage eyestripe of the
1017:
1183:
299:
within evolutionary biology." In particular, they argued, Cott's category of "Coincident
Disruptive Coloration" "made Cott's drawings the most compelling evidence for
412:
59:
where the camouflage pattern extends across the body, head, and all four limbs, making the animal look quite unlike a frog when at rest with the limbs tucked in.
1042:
857:
53:
function of breaking up the continuity of an animal's shape, to join up parts of the body that are separate. This is seen in extreme form in frogs such as
1022:
1007:
772:
311:
chance. Further, as
Cuthill and Székely indicate, the bodies of animals that have such patterns must therefore have been shaped by natural selection.
282:
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1441:
1250:
356:
655:
21:
1381:
883:
1447:
614:
597:; Alejandro Párraga, C.; Troscianko, Tom (2006). "Chapter 4 The effectiveness of disruptive coloration as a concealment strategy".
139:
Cott concluded that the effect was concealment "so long as the false configuration is recognized in preference to the real one".
932:
408:
1591:
1453:
919:
112:
757:
1514:
1399:
437:
Evans, David L. (1983). "Relative
Defensive Behavior of Some Moths and the Implications to Predator-Prey Interactions".
80:
119:
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672:
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908:
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843:
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727:
472:
Barlow, G. W. (1972). "The attitude of fish eye-lines in relation to body shape and to stripes and bars".
184:
162:
156:
291:
and A. Székely, Cott's book provided "persuasive arguments for the survival value of coloration, and for
220:
One form of coincident disruptive coloration has special importance. Disruptive eye masks camouflage the
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formed "persuasive arguments" for natural selection. Left: active; right: at rest, marks coinciding.
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Visual
Perception - Fundamentals of Awareness: Multi-Sensory Integration and High-Order Perception
1558:
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807:
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129:, the oak beauty moth, coincides with pattern on the narrow margin of hindwing visible at rest.
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Several moths and butterflies make use of the mechanism; these include the oak beauty moth
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Coincident disruptive coloration is seen in other amphibians including the common frog,
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and Aron Székely. The first experiment presented wild insect-eating birds with edible
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206:, has a strongly disruptive pattern on body and through the eye, forming a
28:'s drawings of 'coincident disruptive coloration' in the frog then called
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84:, the clown treefrog, and saw its similarity with the distantly related
66:
that camouflages the most conspicuous feature of many animals, the eye.
1526:
1498:
1423:
792:
777:
493:
547:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
188:, do the same but on the cryptically coloured underside of the wings.
110:" in the chapter on coincident disruptive coloration in his 1940 book
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a time when natural selection was far from universally accepted
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601:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 155. pp. 49–64.
403:
401:
160:
Disruptive patterns on underside of orange-tip butterfly
264:
The effect was tested in two experiments in 2009 by
224:
of a variety of animals, both invertebrates such as
104:
explained, while discussing "a little frog known as
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1018:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
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132:
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8:
16:Camouflage joining up separate parts of body
858:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
287:In the words of the camouflage researchers
1483:
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1047:
1023:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
1008:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
987:
827:
656:
642:
634:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
344:Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function
1239:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
566:
283:Coloration evidence for natural selection
507:Gavish, Leah; Gavish, Benjamin (1981).
439:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
413:"Some Aspects of Camouflage in Animals"
319:
123:Forewing pattern of many moths such as
166:coincide across fore- and hind-wings.
78:Cott noted the mechanism when he saw
7:
509:"Patterns that conceal a bird's eye"
49:in animals that go beyond the usual
1382:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
543:"Coincident disruptive coloration"
525:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1981.tb01296.x
451:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1983.tb03240.x
14:
773:As evidence for natural selection
420:Qatar University Science Bulletin
884:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
756:
706:Coincident disruptive coloration
409:Cloudsley-Thompson, John Leonard
39:Coincident disruptive coloration
1454:Operational Camouflage Pattern
920:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
387:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
277:Evidence for natural selection
113:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
43:coincident disruptive patterns
1:
1251:Australian Disruptive Pattern
607:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55004-6
1515:Diffused lighting camouflage
1400:Universal Camouflage Pattern
1033:USN WWII camouflage measures
81:Dendropsophus leucophyllatus
1460:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
1394:Tactical Assault Camouflage
1227:Disruptive Pattern Material
303:enhancing survival through
176:and the scalloped oak moth
1608:
349:Cambridge University Press
341:; Merilaita, Sami (eds.).
280:
213:
97:The English zoologist and
1323:Camouflage Central-Europe
1317:Desert Camouflage Pattern
754:
733:Multi-spectral camouflage
909:Johann Georg Otto Schick
1299:Desert Night Camouflage
852:Abbott Handerson Thayer
844:The Colours of Animals
838:Edward Bagnall Poulton
728:Multi-scale camouflage
559:10.1098/rstb.2008.0266
541:; Szekely, A. (2009).
337:; Székely, A. (2011).
211:
185:Anthocharis cardamines
167:
163:Anthocharis cardamines
137:
130:
107:Megalixalus fornasinii
93:Historical description
89:
62:A special case is the
35:
31:Megalixalus fornasinii
1592:Disruptive coloration
1436:Multi-Terrain Pattern
1418:Airman Battle Uniform
1215:Rhodesian Brushstroke
815:Underwater camouflage
701:Disruptive coloration
305:disruptive camouflage
281:Further information:
199:
159:
122:
77:
47:disruptive coloration
24:
1553:Dazzled and Deceived
718:Distractive markings
696:Counter-illumination
390:. Methuen. pp.
256:and certain fishes.
200:The jack-knifefish,
179:Crocallis elinguaria
70:Camouflage mechanism
1442:Australian Multicam
1245:U.S. "M81" Woodland
1003:Aircraft camouflage
998:Military camouflage
711:Disruptive eye mask
216:Disruptive eye mask
208:disruptive eye mask
203:Equetus lanceolatus
192:Disruptive eye mask
64:disruptive eye mask
56:Afrixalus fornasini
1559:Stealth technology
1069:Splittertarnmuster
964:Thomas N. Sherratt
254:Mexican vine snake
212:
168:
131:
90:
36:
1579:
1578:
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1536:
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1287:Camouflage Daguet
1160:
1159:
1013:Dazzle camouflage
977:
976:
879:Mary Taylor Brush
723:Motion camouflage
691:Active camouflage
595:Cuthill, Innes C.
553:(1516): 489–496.
358:978-1-139-49623-0
301:natural selection
260:Experimental test
99:camouflage expert
1599:
1484:
1055:
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988:
894:Norman Wilkinson
889:John Graham Kerr
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748:Urban camouflage
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173:Biston strataria
126:Biston strataria
45:are patterns of
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1564:Cloaking device
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1471:
1370:
1364:
1275:Type 87 (China)
1195:
1189:
1156:
1130:(1917 aircraft)
1122:Camouflage tree
1110:
1081:Rauchtarnmuster
1060:
1037:
1028:Ship camouflage
973:
937:
933:Timothy O'Neill
928:Geoffrey Barkas
865:
819:
761:
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743:Snow camouflage
738:Self-decoration
667:
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632:
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591:Stevens, Martin
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486:10.2307/1442777
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339:Stevens, Martin
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295:in general, at
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150:Rana temporaria
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143:Taxonomic range
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1341:wz. 93 Pantera
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1075:Platanenmuster
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539:Cuthill, I. C.
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519:(3): 193–204.
513:Z. Tierpsychol
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445:(1): 103–111.
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351:. p. 50.
335:Cuthill, I. C.
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214:Main article:
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1521:Yehudi lights
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19:
1569:Invisibility
1551:
1329:Soldier 2000
1209:Tiger stripe
1152:Ghillie suit
1105:Leibermuster
1099:Erbsenmuster
1087:Palmenmuster
918:
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18:
1281:wz. 89 Puma
1233:wz. 68 Moro
1136:(1929 tent)
1093:Sumpfmuster
949:Roy Behrens
942:Researchers
871:Camoufleurs
480:(1): 4–12.
230:vertebrates
86:Megalixalus
1508:Prototypes
1494:Berberys-R
1480:Technology
1311:Tropentarn
1178:Strichtarn
1051:Up to WWII
808:Aggressive
681:Camouflage
665:Camouflage
426:: 141–158.
315:References
293:adaptation
51:camouflage
1305:Flecktarn
1194:Late 20th
1146:Frog Skin
914:Hugh Cott
803:MĂĽllerian
766:In nature
250:predators
102:Hugh Cott
26:Hugh Cott
1586:Category
1487:Deployed
1466:Xingkong
1388:MultiCam
1380:(2001) (
1165:Post-war
1089:(c 1941)
1043:Patterns
983:Military
954:Tim Caro
798:Batesian
625:17027379
577:18990668
459:85407476
411:(1989).
384:(1940).
232:such as
1545:Related
1527:Adaptiv
1499:Nakidka
1424:Type 07
1384:(2002))
1371:century
1196:century
1128:Lozenge
793:Mimicry
778:Crypsis
673:Methods
568:2674087
494:1442777
116:, that
1529:(2011)
1523:(1943)
1517:(1941)
1468:(2019)
1462:(2019)
1456:(2015)
1450:(2015)
1448:HunCam
1444:(2014)
1438:(2010)
1432:(2008)
1426:(2007)
1420:(2007)
1414:(2007)
1408:(2006)
1406:ESTDCU
1402:(2004)
1396:(2004)
1390:(2002)
1378:MARPAT
1361:(1998)
1355:(1998)
1349:(1997)
1347:CADPAT
1343:(1993)
1337:(1993)
1335:TAZ 90
1331:(1993)
1325:(1991)
1319:(1990)
1313:(1990)
1307:(1990)
1301:(1990)
1295:(1990)
1289:(1989)
1283:(1989)
1277:(1987)
1271:(1984)
1265:(1984)
1259:(1983)
1257:TAZ 83
1253:(1982)
1247:(1981)
1241:(1981)
1235:(1969)
1229:(1969)
1223:(1967)
1217:(1965)
1211:(1962)
1205:(1958)
1203:Jigsaw
1186:(1968)
1180:(1960)
1174:(1947)
1172:Lizard
1148:(1942)
1142:(1941)
1124:(1915)
1107:(1945)
1101:(1944)
1095:(1943)
1083:(1939)
1077:(1937)
1071:(1931)
1059:German
991:Topics
824:People
623:
613:
575:
565:
492:
474:Copeia
457:
355:
270:pastry
246:snakes
234:fishes
1359:Flora
1263:Dubok
1115:Other
831:Early
490:JSTOR
455:S2CID
416:(PDF)
242:birds
238:frogs
1369:21st
1221:ERDL
1184:KLMK
1061:WWII
621:PMID
611:ISBN
573:PMID
478:1972
394:–72.
353:ISBN
244:and
228:and
222:eyes
1430:EMR
1412:M05
1353:M98
1293:M90
1269:M84
603:doi
563:PMC
555:doi
551:364
521:doi
482:doi
447:doi
307:."
41:or
1588::
619:.
609:.
593:;
571:.
561:.
549:.
545:.
517:56
515:.
511:.
488:.
476:.
453:.
443:33
441:.
422:.
418:.
400:^
392:68
367:^
347:.
322:^
240:,
236:,
657:e
650:t
643:v
627:.
605::
579:.
557::
527:.
523::
496:.
484::
461:.
449::
424:9
361:.
210:.
88:.
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