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was adopted by "our fathers who framed the
Government under which we live"; while you with one accord reject, and scout, and spit upon that old policy, and insist upon substituting something new. True, you disagree among yourselves as to what that substitute shall be. You are divided into new propositions and plans, but you are unanimous in rejecting and denouncing the old policy of the fathers. Some of you are for reviving the foreign slave trade; some for a Congressional Slave-Code for the Territories; some for Congress forbidding the Territories to prohibit Slavery within their limits; some for maintaining Slavery in the Territories through the judiciary; some for the "gur-reat pur-rinciple" that "if one man would enslave another, no third man should object", fantastically called "Popular Sovereignty"; but never a man among you is in favor of federal prohibition of slavery in federal territories, according to the practice of "our fathers who framed the Government under which we live". Not one of all your various plans can show a precedent or an advocate in the century within which our Government originated. Consider, then, whether your claim of conservatism for yourselves and your charge of destructiveness against us, are based on the clearest and stable foundations.
681:
so assuming, I defy any man to show that any one of them ever, in his whole life, declared that, in his understanding, any proper division of local from federal authority, or any part of the
Constitution, forbade the Federal Government to control as to slavery in the federal territories. I go a step further. I defy any one to show that any living man in the whole world ever did, prior to the beginning of the present century, (and I might almost say prior to the beginning of the last half of the present century,) declare that, in his understanding, any proper division of local from federal authority, or any part of the Constitution, forbade the Federal Government to control as to slavery in the federal territories. To those who now so declare, I give, not only "our fathers who framed the Government under which we live", but with them all other living men within the century in which it was framed, among whom to search, and they shall not be able to find the evidence of a single man agreeing with them. ...
689:
argument which he can. But he has no right to mislead others, who have less access to history, and less leisure to study it, into the false belief that "our fathers who framed the
Government under which we live" were of the same opinionâthus substituting falsehood and deception for truthful evidence and fair argument. If any man at this day sincerely believes "our fathers who framed the Government under which we live", used and applied principles, in other cases, which ought to have led them to understand that a proper division of local from federal authority or some part of the Constitution, forbids the Federal Government to control as to slavery in the federal territories, he is right to say so. But he should, at the same time, brave the responsibility of declaring that, in his opinion, he understands their principles better than they did themselves; and especially should he not shirk that responsibility by asserting that they "understood the question just as well, and even better, than we do now."
677:, Senator Douglas said: "Our fathers, when they framed the Government under which we live, understood this question just as well, and even better than we do now." I fully endorse this, and I adopt it as a text for this discourse. I so adopt it because it furnishes a precise and an agreed starting point for a discussion between Republicans and that wing of the Democracy headed by Senator Douglas. It simply leaves the inquiry: "What was the understanding those fathers had of the question mentioned?" ... The sum of the whole is, that of our thirty-nine fathers who framed the original Constitution, twenty-oneâa clear majority of the wholeâcertainly understood that no proper division of local from federal authority, nor any part of the Constitution, forbade the Federal Government to control slavery in the federal territories; while all the rest probably had the same understanding. Such, unquestionably, was the understanding of our fathers who framed the original Constitution ...
864:. On arrival in their office Lincoln produced the manuscript of his proposed speech, written on blue foolscap, and asked them for their comments on his phraseology and use of words.... Medill and Ray set to work on Lincoln's manuscript and kept at it for hours. They soon amassed a great number of proposed corrections.... When Lincoln arrived, they handed him a large batch of notes setting forth the corrections they recommended. He glanced through them hurriedly, expressed his thanks, told a few funny stories, and left for New York. After the Cooper Institute speech had been delivered, the New York newspapers arrived, with the text of the address, as delivered. Medill and Ray read it through carefully. When they had finished, Ray said: 'Medill, old Abe must have lost out of the car window all our precious notes, for I don't find a trace of one of them in his published talk here.' Medill replied: 'This must have been meant for one of his waggish jokes.'
744:
States? If our sense of duty forbids this, then let us stand by our duty, fearlessly and effectively. Let us be diverted by none of those sophistical contrivances wherewith we are so industriously plied and belaboredâcontrivances such as groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong, vain as the search for a man who should be neither a living man nor a dead man â such as a policy of "don't care" on a question about which all true men do care â such as Union appeals beseeching true Union men to yield to
Disunionists, reversing the divine rule, and calling, not the sinners, but the righteous to repentance â such as invocations to
430:
595:
Republicans and
Democrats. He rebukes claims made by the Democrats that they are "conservative", arguing instead that the Republicans' position on slavery is in fact the "conservative" policy, as Lincoln claims it coincides with the views of the American founding fathers, who he said opposed slavery. By supporting slavery, Lincoln claims that the Democrats are in opposition to the teachings of the founding fathers and "reject, and scout, and spit upon that old policy, and insist upon substituting something new." The final section is addressed to Republicans.
59:
424:
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with them. Senator
Douglas' new sedition law must be enacted and enforced, suppressing all declarations that slavery is wrong, whether made in politics, in presses, in pulpits, or in private. We must arrest and return their fugitive slaves with greedy pleasure. We must pull down our Free State constitutions. The whole atmosphere must be disinfected from all taint of opposition to slavery, before they will cease to believe that all their troubles proceed from us. ...
31:
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those fathers marked it, so let it be again marked, as an evil not to be extended, but to be tolerated and protected only because of and so far as its actual presence among us makes that toleration and protection a necessity. Let all the guarantees those fathers gave it, be, not grudgingly, but fully and fairly, maintained. For this
Republicans contend, and with this, so far as I know or believe, they will be content.
2546:
808:, who was the favored candidate for the 1860 election, and attended by Greeley, now an enemy of Seward, the speech put Lincoln in the ideal position to challenge for the nomination. Lincoln used the speech to show that the Republican party was a party of moderates, not crazed fanatics as the South and Democrats claimed. Afterwards, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. He travelled on a tour of
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726:
deliver, or I shall kill you, and then you will be a murderer!" To be sure, what the robber demanded of meâmy moneyâwas my own; and I had a clear right to keep it; but it was no more my own than my vote is my own; and the threat of death to me, to extort my money, and the threat of destruction to the Union, to extort my vote, can scarcely be distinguished in principle.
739:
These natural, and apparently adequate means all failing, what will convince them? This, and this only: cease to call slavery wrong, and join them in calling it right. And this must be done thoroughly - done in acts as well as in words. Silence will not be tolerated - we must place ourselves avowedly
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The sum of the whole is, that of our thirty-nine fathers who framed the original
Constitution, twenty-one â a clear majority of the whole â certainly understood that no proper division of local from federal authority, nor any part of the Constitution, forbade the Federal Government to control slavery
797:
Writing about his visit to
Lincoln's speech place at Cooper Union and the meaning of this place for Lincoln's career and legacy, Holzer states that "only at the Great Hall of Cooper Union can audiences so easily inhale Lincoln's presence tooâthere to imagine not the dying but the living man, not the
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called the Cooper Union address "Lincoln's watershed, the event that transformed him from a regional leader into a national phenomenon. Here the politician known as frontier debater and chronic jokester introduced a new oratorical style: informed by history, suffused with moral certainty, and marked
714:
When you make these declarations, you have a specific and well-understood allusion to an assumed
Constitutional right of yours, to take slaves into the federal territories, and to hold them there as property. But no such right is specifically written in the Constitution. That instrument is literally
703:
But you say you are conservativeâeminently conservativeâwhile we are revolutionary, destructive, or something of the sort. What is conservatism? Is it not adherence to the old and tried, against the new and untried? We stick to, contend for, the identical old policy on the point in controversy which
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But enough! Let all who believe that "our fathers, who framed the Government under which we live, understood this question just as well, and even better, than we do now", speak as they spoke, and act as they acted upon it. This is all Republicans askâall Republicans desireâin relation to slavery. As
680:
It is surely safe to assume that the thirty-nine framers of the original Constitution, and the seventy-six members of the Congress which framed the amendments thereto, taken together, do certainly include those who may be fairly called "our fathers who framed the Government under which we live". And
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church in New York, which he very excitedly accepted. Having not spoken in the East before, Lincoln was eager to make a good impression. He had a new suit fitted (at the cost of $ 100 (about $ 3,000 in current dollars)) and went to great pains to write a sophisticated and well-researched speech. His
688:
If any man at this day sincerely believes that a proper division of local from federal authority, or any part of the Constitution, forbids the Federal Government to control as to slavery in the federal territories, he is right to say so, and to enforce his position by all truthful evidence and fair
684:
I do not mean to say we are bound to follow implicitly in whatever our fathers did. To do so, would be to discard all the lights of current experienceâto reject all progressâall improvement. What I do say is, that if we would supplant the opinions and policy of our fathers in any case, we should do
647:
We must not only let them alone, but we must somehow, convince them that we do let them alone. This, we know by experience, is no easy task. We have been so trying to convince them from the very beginning of our organization, but with no success. In all our platforms and speeches we have constantly
594:
Lincoln's speech has three major parts, each building towards his conclusion. The first part concerns the founders and the legal positions they supported on the question of slavery in the territories. The second part is addressed to the voters of the Southern states by clarifying the issues between
789:
Instead, Abraham Lincoln did triumph in New York. He delivered a learned, witty, and exquisitely reasoned address that electrified his elite audience and, more important, reverberated in newspapers and pamphlets alike until it reached tens of thousands of Republican voters across the North. He had
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Moreover, had Lincoln failed in New York, few might recognize today the nation he went on to defend and rededicate. It can be argued that without Cooper Union, hence without Lincoln at the helm, the United States might be remembered today as a failed experiment that fractured into a North American
743:
Wrong as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone where it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from its actual presence in the nation; but can we, while our votes will prevent it, allow it to spread into the National Territories, and to overrun us here in these Free
711:
which rallies around it. You can scarcely scatter and disperse an army which has been formed into order in the face of your heaviest fire; but if you could, how much would you gain by forcing the sentiment which created it out of the peaceful channel of the ballot-box, into some other channel? ...
710:
Human action can be modified to some extent, but human nature cannot be changed. There are judgment and a feeling against slavery in this nation, which cast at least a million and a half of votes. You cannot destroy that judgment and feelingâthat sentimentâby breaking up the political organization
514:
would agree with this position. The journalist Robert J. McNamara wrote, "Lincoln's Cooper Union speech was one of his longest, at more than 7,000 words. And it is not one of his speeches with passages that are often quoted. Yet, due to the careful research and Lincoln's forceful argument, it was
652:
Lincoln states that the only thing that will convince the Southerners is to "cease to call slavery wrong, and join them in calling it right", supporting all their runaway slave laws and the expansion of slavery. He ends by saying that Republicans, if they cannot end slavery where it exists, must
781:
Had Abraham Lincoln failed at his do-or-die debut in New York, he would never have won his party's presidential nomination three months later, not to mention election to the White House that November. Such was the impact of a triumph in the nation's media capital. Had he stumbled, none of the
725:
But you will not abide the election of a Republican president! In that supposed event, you say, you will destroy the Union; and then, you say, the great crime of having destroyed it will be upon us! That is cool. A highwayman holds a pistol to my ear, and mutters through his teeth, "Stand and
638:
But you will not abide the election of a Republican president! In that supposed event, You say, you will destroy the Union; and then, you say, the great crime of having destroyed it will be upon us! That is cool. A highwayman holds a pistol to my ear, and mutters through his teeth, "Stand and
657:
Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the Government nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand
751:
Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations against us nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the Government nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand
585:
provided a warm introduction. Lincoln's ungainly appearance, ill-fitting suit, and shrill voice gave an initially poor impression to listeners, but he soon warmed up, and his oratory improved. The clarity and logic of his speech quickly wiped away any doubts the audience had.
633:
He also tried to show that the Southern Democrats' demand to secede from the Union if a Republican were to be elected president was like armed robbery: "the threat of destruction to the Union, to extort my vote, can scarcely be distinguished in principle" from that of a
619:
of a mock debate between Republicans and the South, Lincoln denies that Republicans are a "sectional" party, representing only the North and helping to incite slave rebellions. He rebukes the Southern Democrats' accusation that Republicans helped
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Your purpose, then, plainly stated, is that you will destroy the Government, unless you be allowed to construe and enforce the Constitution as you please, on all points in dispute between you and us. You will rule or ruin in all events. ...
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so upon evidence so conclusive, and argument so clear, that even their great authority, fairly considered and weighed, cannot stand; and most surely not in a case whereof we ourselves declare they understood the question better than we. ...
628:
Your purpose, then, plainly stated, is that you will destroy the Government, unless you be allowed to construe and enforce the Constitution as you please, on all points in dispute between you and us. You will rule or ruin in all
606:" From there, he begins his reasoning on why the federal government can regulate slavery in the federal territories (but not states), especially resting on the character of the founders, and how they thought of slavery:
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ad he not triumphed before the sophisticated and demanding audience he faced at New York's Cooper Union on February 27, 1860, Lincoln would never have been nominated, much less elected, to the presidency that
905:
ad he not triumphed before the sophisticated and demanding audience he faced at New York's Cooper Union on February 27, 1860, Lincoln would never have been nominated, much less elected, to the presidency that
503:
was scheduled for May. It is considered one of his most important speeches. Some historians have argued that the speech was responsible for his victory in the presidential election later that year.
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by saying, "John Brown was no Republican; and you have failed to implicate a single Republican in his Harper's Ferry enterprise." He addressed the single-mindedness of the Southern Democrats:
537:, he now eyed the presidency. However, it was expected that "the office should seek the man", and Lincoln refrained from announcing his candidacy. In February 1860, he was invited to speak at
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hailed it as "one of the most happiest and most convincing political arguments ever made in this City. ... No man ever made such an impression on his first appeal to a New-York audience."
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By the time Lincoln got to New York, he had learned that the speech would instead be sponsored by the Young Men's Central Republican Union and would now be given at the eponymous
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560:, who had the power to act as a presidential king-maker and was on a campaign to prevent the presidential nomination of his longtime friend, and now sworn rival,
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549:. Lincoln hurriedly re-wrote his speech for a less religious audience. The night before the speech, he painstakingly "review and typesett" it with the aid of
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bearded icon of myth but the clean-shaven, fresh-voiced political original who conquered all New York here on the way to the White House and immortality."
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
171:
602:, Lincoln asks rhetorically, "What is the frame of government under which we live?" He answers that it "must be: 'The Constitution of the United States.
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The third section, addressed to fellow Republicans, encourages level-headed thinking and cool actions, doing "nothing through passion and ill temper":
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919:"Lincoln's Cooper Union Address Propelled Him to the White House. A Speaking Engagement in New York City Makes an Illinois Lawyer a Political Star"
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337:
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1932:
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149:
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new suit was of little impact, as the suit still fit the massive and lanky Lincoln poorly. But his speech proved to be very well written.
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silent about any such right. We, on the contrary, deny that such a right has any existence in the Constitution, even by implication. ...
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An inspection of the Constitution will show that the right of property in a slave is not "distinctly and expressly affirmed" in it. ...
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891:
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327:
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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2005:
1959:
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396:
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Michael C. Leff and Gerald P. Mohrmann, "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Text", rpt. in
820:, repeating his arguments of the speech. The speech may have been a critical factor in ensuring his election.
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As 1860 dawned, Lincoln's political tides were turning. Although he had lost a chance at a Senate seat in the
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arrived at Cooper Union a politician with more defeats than victories, but he departed politically reborn.
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by affirming that he did not wish it to be expanded into the western territories and claiming that the
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At the Cooper Union, Lincoln became more than a regional curiosity. He became a national leader.
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protested our purpose to let them alone; but this has had no tendency to convince them.
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224:
98:
1129:, 4th ed., Carl R. Burgchardt, Ed., State College, Pennsylvania: Strata, 2010, p. 166.
1063:"Abraham Lincoln as Media Manipulator-in-Chief: The 150 Year History of Corrupt Press"
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considers the speech to be a masterful political move. Delivered in the home state of
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748:, imploring men to unsay what Washington said, and undo what Washington did. ...
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fight through their votes to prevent its expansion. He ends with a call to duty:
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challenges that roiled his presidency would ever have tested his iron will.
1313:
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1141:"Jon Stewart Delivers Fiery Address to President Trump: 'We Will Prevail'"
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The new audience proved to be very useful for Lincoln, as it now included
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1024:
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Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President
1091:
Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President
879:
Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President
598:
In the first section, in response to a statement by Illinois Democrat
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His first stop was at Chicago. There, he went to visit his friends
668:
Section addressed to "Mr. President and fellow citizens of New York"
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921:. About.com (A part of The New York Times Company). Archived from
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571:(who would later serve as an advisor to Lincoln) and abolitionist
29:
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deliver, or I shall kill you, and then you will be a murderer!"
673:
In his speech last autumn, at Columbus, Ohio, as reported in
567:
Lincoln was the third speaker in a series, going after
860:
and Charles Ray, publisher and editor-in-chief of the
842:. The Civil War Round Table of New York, Inc. p.
777:
Holzer wrote about Lincoln's speech in New York City:
1298:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 230â256.
1029:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 237â241.
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506:In the speech, Lincoln elaborated his views on
1377:Summary of Lincoln's Arguments at Cooper Union
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1388:Text of the speech from American Rhetoric.com
448:
8:
46:, the day of his famous Cooper Union speech
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1427:
1413:
1405:
698:Section addressed "to the Southern people"
455:
441:
49:
615:In the second part, in which he uses the
2031:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
1940:1860 United States presidential election
1166:"Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union Address"
998:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800â"
828:
52:
1860:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial
944:"New York Tribune". February 28, 1860.
1900:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site
1516:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
996:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
7:
1918:Republican National Convention, 1856
1018:
1016:
1014:
156:16th President of the United States
2268:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State
1280:April/May 2004. Volume 55, Issue 2
1217:April/May 2004. Volume 55, Issue 2
734:Section addressed "to Republicans"
25:
2148:Association of Lincoln Presenters
1587:13th Amendment abolishing slavery
839:Lincoln's Cooper Institute Speech
2556:
2545:
2544:
2126:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
1649:State of the Union Address, 1863
1127:Readings in Rhetorical Criticism
428:
422:
57:
2557:
2111:Illinois Centennial half dollar
2052:Presidential Library and Museum
1728:Second inaugural address (1865)
1246:Winter 2010. Volume 59, Issue 4
1139:Wilstein, Matt (29 June 2018).
2215:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
1772:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.
1715:First inaugural address (1861)
1700:LincolnâDouglas debates (1858)
1450:President of the United States
1292:Donald, David Herbert (1995).
1260:"Still a Great Hall After All"
1231:"The Speech That Made The Man"
1197:"Still a Great Hall After All"
1023:Donald, David Herbert (1995).
611:in the federal territories ...
535:1858 Illinois Senate elections
27:1860 speech by Abraham Lincoln
1:
1880:Cottage at the Soldier's Home
1853:Little Pigeon Creek Community
2503:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith
2210:LincolnâKennedy coincidences
2205:Lincoln Trail State Memorial
1634:National Academy of Sciences
990:American Antiquarian Society
970:American Antiquarian Society
836:Barondess, Benjamin (1953).
2605:Speeches by Abraham Lincoln
2138:Abraham Lincoln Association
1870:Lincoln-Berry General Store
1798:Political career, 1849â1861
1705:Cooper Union Address (1860)
1695:House Divided speech (1858)
1597:Department of the Northwest
475:, known at the time as the
130:Political career, 1849â1861
38:taken February 27, 1860 in
2636:
1555:Overland Campaign strategy
491:. Lincoln was not yet the
2590:1860 in the United States
2524:
2425:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln
2348:Parliament Square, London
2143:Abraham Lincoln Institute
1788:Medical and mental health
1720:Gettysburg Address (1863,
1639:Department of Agriculture
1545:Emancipation Proclamation
1442:
483:on February 27, 1860, at
197:Emancipation Proclamation
2615:1860 in New York (state)
2419:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III
2261:Abraham Lincoln: The Man
1843:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial
1560:Hampton Roads Conference
774:by lawyerly precision."
375:Assassination and legacy
66:This article is part of
2493:(17th-century ancestor)
2413:William Wallace Lincoln
1895:Lincoln Pioneer Village
1710:Farewell Address (1861)
1619:Fanny McCullough letter
1550:West Virginia statehood
1540:Habeas Corpus suspended
1393:Recording of the speech
1382:Recording of the speech
1372:Full text of the speech
765:The Cooper Union (2007)
515:stunningly effective."
477:Cooper Institute speech
356:The Suicide's Soliloquy
135:LincolnâDouglas debates
2200:Lincoln Heritage Trail
2185:Lincoln Park (Chicago)
2084:Photographs of Lincoln
2024:O Captain! My Captain!
795:
766:
754:
731:
695:
660:
650:
641:
631:
613:
236:Presidential elections
47:
2499:(great-granddaughter)
2497:Mary Lincoln Beckwith
2455:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby
2431:Jessie Harlan Lincoln
2308:Hodgenville, Kentucky
2288:Emancipation Memorial
1746:Early life and career
1680:Lyceum address (1838)
1664:Judicial appointments
1609:National Banking Acts
1604:Homestead Act of 1862
764:
636:
583:William Cullen Bryant
578:New York Evening Post
392:Historical reputation
94:Early life and career
33:
2620:February 1860 events
2407:Edward Baker Lincoln
2333:Louisville, Kentucky
2069:Artifacts and relics
1933:National Union Party
1890:Lincoln Sitting Room
1690:"Lost Speech" (1856)
1685:Peoria speech (1854)
1521:War based income tax
802:David Herbert Donald
539:Henry Ward Beecher's
18:Cooper Union address
2487:(great-grandfather)
2443:Nancy Hanks Lincoln
2401:Robert Todd Lincoln
2363:U.S. Capitol statue
2313:Indianapolis relief
2190:Lincoln Park (D.C.)
2089:Cultural depictions
1993:Sic semper tyrannis
1974:Our American Cousin
1865:Lincoln's New Salem
1766:Boat lifting patent
1501:Second inauguration
1456:U.S. Representative
1170:showcase.netins.net
925:on January 14, 2013
479:, was delivered by
469:Cooper Union speech
287:State of the Union
272:Inaugural speeches
2473:Mary Lincoln Crume
2449:Sarah Bush Lincoln
2338:Newark, New Jersey
2275:Lincoln the Lawyer
2011:Lincoln catafalque
1950:1860 campaign song
1848:Lincoln State Park
1831:Lincoln Birthplace
1592:Dakota War of 1862
1484:First inauguration
767:
675:The New York Times
600:Stephen A. Douglas
268:Speeches and works
187:American Civil War
48:
2572:
2571:
2395:Mary Todd Lincoln
2376:
2375:
2358:U.S. Capitol bust
2323:Lincoln, Nebraska
2282:Young Abe Lincoln
2220:White House ghost
2180:Lincoln, Nebraska
1987:John Wilkes Booth
1526:Seaports blockade
1511:Confiscation Acts
1264:American Heritage
1235:American Heritage
1201:American Heritage
1176:on 17 August 2000
806:William H. Seward
562:William H. Seward
465:
464:
369:McCullough letter
150:Electoral history
145:Views on religion
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2627:
2585:1860 in politics
2560:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2537:Andrew Johnson â
2530:â James Buchanan
2505:(great-grandson)
2467:Mordecai Lincoln
2318:Laramie, Wyoming
2238:Lincoln Memorial
2226:
2121:Five-dollar bill
1761:Spot Resolutions
1614:Thanksgiving Day
1570:Ten percent plan
1565:Tour of Richmond
1429:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1327:Holzer, Harold.
1324:
1318:
1317:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:on March 4, 2016
1266:. Archived from
1258:Holzer, Harold.
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1229:Holzer, Harold.
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:on March 4, 2016
1203:. Archived from
1195:Holzer, Harold.
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1088:Holzer, Harold.
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1020:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
993:
987:
973:
967:
952:
946:
945:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
908:
902:
900:
876:Holzer, Harold.
873:
867:
866:
833:
769:Lincoln scholar
605:
523:New York Tribune
512:Founding Fathers
495:nominee for the
457:
450:
443:
432:
431:
426:
338:Farewell address
220:2nd inauguration
202:Ten percent plan
177:1st inauguration
140:Views on slavery
125:Spot Resolutions
79:
78:
76:
69:
61:
54:
53:
50:
21:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2520:
2461:Abraham Lincoln
2433:(granddaughter)
2427:(granddaughter)
2372:
2368:Wabash, Indiana
2293:Brooklyn relief
2248:reflecting pool
2224:
2175:Lincoln Highway
2155:Abraham Lincoln
2042:
2036:
1954:
1904:
1885:Lincoln Bedroom
1836:Knob Creek Farm
1823:
1817:
1803:Religious views
1783:Lincoln's beard
1738:
1732:
1668:
1624:Birchard Letter
1489:Perpetual Union
1465:
1438:
1436:Abraham Lincoln
1433:
1402:
1384:from eJunto.com
1368:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1145:The Daily Beast
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
985:
977:McCusker, J. J.
975:
965:
957:McCusker, J. J.
955:
953:
949:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
898:
896:
894:
875:
874:
870:
862:Chicago Tribune
835:
834:
830:
826:
759:
736:
700:
670:
665:
603:
592:
573:Cassius M. Clay
553:acquaintances.
531:
481:Abraham Lincoln
461:
429:
427:
420:
376:
373:
269:
266:
237:
234:
216:
213:
182:Hannibal Hamlin
168:
165:
157:
154:
121:
118:
90:
75:Abraham Lincoln
74:
72:
71:
70:
67:
65:
36:Abraham Lincoln
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:1860s speeches
2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2491:Samuel Lincoln
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2437:Thomas Lincoln
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:D.C. City Hall
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2255:Mount Rushmore
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:Here I Grew Up
2164:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Postage stamps
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2001:Petersen House
1998:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1968:Ford's Theater
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Baltimore Plot
1775:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Black Hawk War
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1582:Foreign policy
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:Reconstruction
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1366:External links
1364:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1319:
1304:
1284:
1250:
1221:
1187:
1157:
1131:
1118:
1104:
1080:
1061:(2014-11-05).
1050:
1035:
1010:
994:1800âpresent:
947:
936:
910:
892:
868:
827:
825:
822:
758:
755:
735:
732:
699:
696:
669:
666:
664:
661:
591:
588:
558:Horace Greeley
530:
527:
519:Horace Greeley
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
437:
434:
433:
421:
419:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
382:
374:
372:
371:
366:
361:
360:
359:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
285:
284:
283:
278:
267:
265:
264:
263:
262:
251:
250:
249:
248:
235:
233:
232:
230:Reconstruction
227:
225:Andrew Johnson
222:
214:
212:
211:
210:
209:
207:13th Amendment
204:
199:
194:
184:
179:
174:
166:
164:
163:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
68:a series about
64:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:(grandfather)
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:New York City
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Lincoln Prize
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Lincoln penny
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:State funeral
2004:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:Assassination
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:Lincoln Bible
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:Sam Waterston
1395:performed by
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1344:0-7432-9964-7
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:0-684-80846-3
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1107:
1105:0-7432-9964-7
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:Holiday, Ryan
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:0-684-80846-3
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
999:
991:
984:
983:
978:
971:
964:
963:
958:
951:
948:
940:
937:
924:
920:
914:
911:
907:
895:
893:0-7432-9964-7
889:
885:
881:
880:
872:
869:
865:
863:
859:
858:Joseph Medill
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
829:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:New Hampshire
807:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
783:
778:
775:
772:
771:Harold Holzer
763:
756:
753:
749:
747:
741:
733:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
667:
662:
659:
654:
649:
644:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:
618:
612:
607:
601:
596:
589:
587:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:New York City
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:
436:
435:
425:
417:
416:Topical guide
414:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
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2353:Philadelphia
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2074:Bibliography
2018:Lincoln Tomb
1972:
1875:Lincoln Home
1770:
1756:Matson Trial
1704:
1629:Bixby letter
1532:
1401:
1355:
1348:. Retrieved
1329:
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1294:
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1279:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1253:
1245:
1240:February 27,
1238:. Retrieved
1224:
1216:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1169:
1160:
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1090:
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1068:Observer.com
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1003:February 29,
1001:. Retrieved
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929:February 24,
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
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409:Bibliography
364:Bixby letter
333:Cooper Union
332:
44:Mathew Brady
2390:Family tree
2328:Los Angeles
2062:Lincoln/Net
1462:(1847â1849)
1452:(1861â1865)
1094:. pp.
974:1700â1799:
954:1634â1699:
814:Connecticut
569:Frank Blair
323:Lost Speech
215:Second term
2595:1860 works
2579:Categories
2479:John Hanks
2298:Cincinnati
2041:Legacy and
1824:and places
1479:Transition
1471:Presidency
1333:. p.
1074:2023-06-02
882:. p.
824:References
746:Washington
622:John Brown
551:journalist
529:Background
501:convention
497:presidency
493:Republican
402:Depictions
343:Gettysburg
260:Convention
246:Convention
172:Transition
167:First term
161:Presidency
2044:memorials
1910:Elections
1808:Sexuality
1739:and views
1506:Civil War
1357:November.
1350:March 12,
1274:March 16,
1111:March 12,
906:November.
899:March 12,
786:Balkans.
499:, as the
397:Memorials
192:The Union
120:Political
109:Sexuality
34:Photo of
2551:Category
2481:(cousin)
2457:(sister)
2445:(mother)
2439:(father)
2106:Currency
2079:Birthday
1673:Speeches
1314:32589068
1211:March 4,
1045:32589068
979:(1992).
959:(1997).
852:54001460
89:Personal
2563:Outline
2511:(horse)
2509:Old Bob
2469:(uncle)
2230:Statues
1813:Slavery
1659:Cabinet
1644:Pardons
1295:Lincoln
1180:29 June
1150:29 June
1026:Lincoln
634:robber.
629:events.
590:Summary
581:editor
508:slavery
473:address
2475:(aunt)
2397:(wife)
2382:Family
2243:statue
2171:mosaic
2157:(1960,
2057:Papers
1793:Poetry
1723:event)
1535:Affair
1341:
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757:Legacy
350:Poetry
318:Peoria
313:Lyceum
281:Second
114:Patent
104:Health
99:Family
2517:(dog)
2421:(son)
2415:(son)
2409:(son)
2403:(son)
2162:1988)
2094:films
1980:opera
1822:Homes
1533:Trent
1096:37â39
986:(PDF)
966:(PDF)
487:, in
276:First
2515:Fido
2153:USS
1945:1864
1928:1864
1923:1860
1737:Life
1654:1864
1531:RMS
1460:ILâ7
1458:for
1447:16th
1352:2016
1339:ISBN
1310:OCLC
1300:ISBN
1276:2012
1242:2011
1213:2016
1182:2018
1152:2018
1113:2016
1100:ISBN
1041:OCLC
1031:ISBN
1005:2024
931:2011
901:2016
888:ISBN
848:LCCN
846:â7.
816:and
707:...
467:The
306:1864
301:1863
296:1862
291:1861
255:1864
241:1860
2099:Art
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729:...
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521:'s
471:or
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