Color television - Knowledge (XXG)

246:'s, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years. Indeed, Baird's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Institution in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true, working television system. In spite of these early successes, all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically driven, perfect synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities could result in major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small, roughly rectangular area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical components were not commercially practical for home receivers. 33: 579:". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. Baird's demonstration on 16 August 1944, was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system. 689:

of television manufacturers to create adapter mechanisms for their existing black-and-white sets, and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one. CBS had bought a television manufacturer in April, and in September 1951, production began on the only CBS-Columbia color television model, with the first color sets reaching retail stores on 28 September. However, it was too little, too late. Only 200 sets had been shipped, and only 100 sold, when CBS discontinued its color television system on 20 October 1951, ostensibly by request of the

726:" signal, consisting of two separate signals, the original blue signal minus the luminance (B'–Y'), and red-luma (R'–Y'). These signals could then be broadcast separately on a different frequency; a monochrome set would tune in only the luminance signal on the VHF band, while color televisions would tune in both the luminance and chrominance on two different frequencies, and apply the reverse transforms to retrieve the original RGB signal. The downside to this approach is that it required a major boost in bandwidth use, something the FCC was interested in avoiding. 512:", or for each line in the "line-sequential" system. In both cases a colored filter was rotated in front of the display in sync with the broadcast. Since three separate images were being sent in sequence, if they used existing monochrome radio signaling standards they would have an effective refresh rate of only 20 fields, or 10 frames, a second, well into the region where flicker would become visible. In order to avoid this, these systems increased the frame rate considerably, making the signal incompatible with existing monochrome standards. 635:

findings, on 25 August 1949, RCA broke its silence and introduced its system as well. The JTAC still recommended the CBS system, and after the resolution of an ensuing RCA lawsuit, color broadcasts using the CBS system started on 25 June 1951. By this point the market had changed dramatically; when color was first being considered in 1948 there were fewer than a million television sets in the U.S., but by 1951 there were well over 10 million. The idea that the VHF band could be allowed to "die" was no longer practical.

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over the dots. Three separate guns were aimed at the holes from slightly different angles, and when their beams passed through the holes the angles caused them to separate again and hit the individual spots a short distance away on the back of the screen. The downside to this approach was that the mask cut off the vast majority of the beam energy, allowing it to hit the screen only 15% of the time, requiring a massive increase in beam power to produce acceptable image brightness.

186:, green, and blue (RGB). When displayed together or in rapid succession, these images will blend together to produce a full-color image as seen by the viewer. To do so without making the images flicker, the refresh time of all three images put together would have to be above the critical limit, and generally the same as a single black and white image. This would require three times the number of images to be sent in the same time, greatly increasing the amount of radio 1196:, however, did not use color for a majority of their programming until 1968. The number of color television sets sold in the US did not exceed black-and-white sales until 1972, which was also the first year that more than fifty percent of television households in the US had a color set. This was also the year that "in color" notices before color television programs ended, due to the rise in color television set sales, and color programming having become the norm. 606:(FCC) was inundated with requests to set up new television stations. Worrying about congestion of the limited number of channels available, the FCC put a moratorium on all new licenses in 1948 while considering the problem. A solution was immediately forthcoming; rapid development of radio receiver electronics during the war had opened a wide band of higher frequencies to practical use, and the FCC set aside a large section of these new 1039:, and others. Two days earlier, Admiral had demonstrated to its distributors the prototype of Admiral's first color television set planned for consumer sale using the NTSC standards, priced at $ 1,175 (equivalent to $ 13,331 in 2023). It is not known when actual commercial sales of this receiver began. Production was extremely limited, and no advertisements for it were published in New York newspapers, nor those in Washington, DC. 2120: 556: 944: 1097:, the oldest surviving network color videotape. This system was also used to unveil a demonstration of color television for the press. On 22 May 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the WRC-TV NBC studios in Washington, D.C., and gave a speech touting the new technology's merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress for posterity. 543:(owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The 421: 474:

three separate tubes each looking at the same scene would produce slight differences in parallax between the frames, so in practice a single lens was used with a mirror or prism system to separate the colors for the separate tubes. Each tube captured a complete frame and the signal was converted into radio in a fashion essentially identical to the existing black-and-white systems.

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zero. However, in SECAM the color difference signals, which are frequency modulated, need first to be decoded to e.g. RGB, then the fade-to-black is applied, and finally the resulting signal is re-encoded into SECAM. Because of this, much SECAM video editing was actually done using PAL equipment, then the resultant signal was converted to SECAM. Another drawback of SECAM is that

235:", which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot, which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector. 1214:

B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. These black-and-white displays were still compatible with color signals and remained usable through the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st Century for uses that did not require a full color display. The

993:, in 1957–1958 became the first television show broadcast in color for an entire season. The production costs for these shows were greater than most movies were at the time, not only because of all the stars featured in the musical and on the hour-long variety extravaganza, but also due to the extremely high-intensity lighting and electronics required for the new 491:. This system, however, suffered from the twin problems of costing at least three times as much as a conventional black-and-white set, as well as having very dim pictures, the result of the fairly low illumination given off by tubes of the era. Projection systems of this sort would become common decades later, however, with improvements in technology. 1138:, not affiliated with set manufacturers and not eager to promote their competitor's product, were much slower to broadcast in color. CBS broadcast color specials and sometimes aired its big weekly variety shows in color, but it offered no regularly scheduled color programming until the fall of 1965. At least one CBS show, 323: 1374:. SECAM was a popular choice in countries with much hilly terrain, and countries with a very large installed base of older monochrome equipment, which could cope much better with the greater ruggedness of the SECAM signal. However, for many countries the decision was more down to politics than technical merit. 916:

market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, which regarded it as the best system in the world. Goldmark had actually applied for a patent for the same field-sequential tricolor system in the US on 7 September 1940, while González Camarena had made his Mexican filing 19 days before, on 19 August.

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The relatively small amount of network color programming, combined with the high cost of color television sets, meant that as late as 1964 only 3.1 percent of television households in the US had a color set. However, by the mid-1960s, the subject of color programming turned into a ratings war. A 1965

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A color model from Admiral C1617A became available in the Chicago area on 4 January 1954 and appeared in various stores throughout the country, including those in Maryland on 6 January 1954, San Francisco, 14 January 1954, Indianapolis on 17 January 1954, Pittsburgh on 25 January 1954, and Oakland on

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It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that autumn. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year

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The FCC called for technical demonstrations of color systems in 1948, and the Joint Technical Advisory Committee (JTAC) was formed to study them. CBS displayed improved versions of its original design, now using a single 6 MHz channel (like the existing black-and-white signals) at 144 fields per

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Shortly after his practical demonstration of black and white television, on 3 July 1928, Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission. This used scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and

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It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into a usable system took years of development and several independent advances.

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A drawback of SECAM for production is that, unlike PAL or NTSC, certain post-production operations of encoded SECAM signals are not really possible without a significant drop in quality. As an example, a simple fade to black is trivial in NTSC and PAL: one merely reduces the signal level until it is

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dropped its ban on the manufacture of color television receivers, and the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953, which was granted on 17 December. The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an

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While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week (but never into prime time), and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago, its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch the programs, the refusal

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bands for television broadcast. At the time, black-and-white television broadcasting was still in its infancy in the U.S., and the FCC started to look at ways of using this newly available bandwidth for color broadcasts. Since no existing television would be able to tune in these stations, they were

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sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first

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set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, the year sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color

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While the FCC was holding its JTAC meetings, development was taking place on a number of systems allowing true simultaneous color broadcasts, "dot-sequential color systems". Unlike the hybrid systems, dot-sequential televisions used a signal very similar to existing black-and-white broadcasts, with

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The first practical example of this sort of system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep", but was later improved with a mirror folding the

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that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided into three types, each one with a characteristic profile of excitability by different wavelengths of the spectrum of visible light. This means that the eye has far more

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The system used in The Americas and part of the Far East is NTSC. Most of Asia, Western Europe, Australia, Africa, and Eastern South America use PAL (though Brazil uses a hybrid PAL-M system). Eastern Europe and France uses SECAM. Generally, a device (such as a television) can only read or display

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Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL. The first country in the Middle East to introduce color television was Lebanon in 1967. Jordan, Iraq and Oman, become second in the early-1970s. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar followed in the mid-1970s, but

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would be almost entirely in color. ABC and CBS followed suit and over half of their combined prime-time programming also moved to color that season, but they were still reluctant to telecast all their programming in color due to production costs. All three broadcast networks were airing full color

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After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949, the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems, inaccurate color reproduction, and expensive equipment, and so formally approved the CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on 11 October 1950. An unsuccessful

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Another solution would be to use a single screen, but break it up into a pattern of closely spaced colored phosphors instead of an even coating of white. Three receivers would be used, each sending its output to a separate electron gun, aimed at its colored phosphor. However, this solution was not

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The problem with this approach was there was no simple way to recombine them on the receiver end. If each image was sent at the same time on different frequencies, the images would have to be "stacked" somehow on the display, in real time. The simplest way to do this would be to reverse the system

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NBC was at the forefront of color programming because its parent company RCA manufactured the most successful line of color sets in the 1950s and, at the end of August 1956, announced that in comparison with 1955–56 (when only three of its regularly scheduled programs were broadcast in color) the

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independently invented and developed a field-sequential tricolor disk system in Mexico in the late 1930s, for which he requested a patent in Mexico on 19 August 1940, and in the United States in 1941. González Camarena produced his color television system in his Gon-Cam laboratory for the Mexican

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in 1939. Most CRT color televisions used today are based on this technology. His solution to the problem of focusing the electron guns on the tiny colored dots was one of brute-force; a metal sheet with holes punched in it allowed the beams to reach the screen only when they were properly aligned

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RCA used Valensi's concept as the basis of all of its developments, believing it to be the only proper solution to the broadcast problem. However, RCA's early sets using mirrors and other projection systems all suffered from image and color quality problems, and were easily bested by CBS's hybrid

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in Washington, D.C., where the programs could be viewed on eight 16-inch color receivers in a public building. Due to high public demand, the broadcasts were resumed 13–21 February, with several evening programs added. CBS initiated a limited schedule of color broadcasts from its New York station

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As was the case with black-and-white television, an electronic means of scanning would be superior to the mechanical systems like Baird's. The obvious solution on the broadcast end would be to use three conventional Iconoscopes with colored filters in front of them to produce an RGB signal. Using

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color standard that was compatible with the prior monochrome system. Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953, and limited programming soon became available, it was not until the early 1970s that color television in North America outsold black-and-white units. Color broadcasting in

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image transmission systems that used radio broadcasts to transmit images date to the 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made television practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D" radio signal; some form of

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For SECAM the color sub-carrier alternates between 4.25000 MHz for the lines containing the Db color signal and 4.40625 MHz for the Dr signal (both are frequency modulated unlike both PAL and NTSC, which are phase modulated). The frequency of the sub-carrier is the only means that the

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By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s,

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The possibility of a compatible color broadcast system was so compelling that the NTSC decided to re-form, and held a second series of meetings starting in January 1950. Having only recently selected the CBS system, the FCC heavily opposed the NTSC's efforts. One of the FCC Commissioners, R. F.

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that encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while

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While the meetings were taking place it was widely known within the industry that RCA was working on a dot-sequential system that was compatible with existing black-and-white broadcasts, but RCA declined to demonstrate it during the first series of meetings. Just before the JTAC presented its

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The eye has limited bandwidth to the rest of the visual system, estimated at just under 8 Mbit/s. This manifests itself in a number of ways, but the most important in terms of producing moving images is the way that a series of still images displayed in quick succession will appear to be

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Colour broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centres near the border from the mid-1950s. At the time that NTSC colour broadcasting was officially introduced into Canada in 1966, less than one percent of Canadian households had a colour television set. Colour

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60-fields-per-second standard to 59.94 fields per second to make the color circuitry simpler; the 1950s TV sets had matured enough that the power frequency/field rate mismatch was no longer important. Modern TV sets can display multiple field rates (50, 59.94, or 60, in either interlaced or

795:, worked in 1950–1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black-and-white sets and would pass FCC quality standards, with RCA developing the hardware elements. RCA first made publicly announced field tests of the dot sequential color system over its New York station 3659:

Although Harry Truman's 1949 inauguration was the first to be televised, Eisenhower proved to be the first real television president. His 1952 campaign introduced TV ads; on Jan. 19, 1955 he held the first presidential press conference to be covered by television as well as by radio and

99:, but civilian electronics development was frozen during much of the war. In August 1944, Baird gave the world's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display. In the United States, competing color standards were developed, finally resulting in the 345:

photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. An

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González Camarena also invented the "simplified Mexican color TV system" as a much simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system. Due to its simplicity, NASA used a modified version of the system in its Voyager mission of 1979, to take pictures and video of Jupiter.

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color-capable televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the eye to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The

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1956–57 season would feature 17 series in color. By 1959 RCA was the only remaining major manufacturer of color sets, competitors having discontinued models that used RCA picture tubes because of poor sales, while working on their own improved tube designs. CBS and

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became the first network color-filmed series that October; however, due to the high cost of the first fifteen color episodes, Ford ordered that two black-and-white episodes be filmed for every color episode. The first series to be filmed entirely in color was NBC's

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had filmed many of its earlier shows in color so they were able to be repeated on NBC, and since most of Disney's feature-length films were also made in color, they could now also be telecast in that format. To emphasize the new feature, the series was re-dubbed

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During its campaign for FCC approval, CBS gave the first demonstrations of color television to the general public, showing an hour of color programs daily Mondays through Saturdays, beginning 12 January 1950, and running for the remainder of the month, over

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study that proposed an emerging trend in color television set sales convinced NBC that a full shift to color would gain a ratings advantage over its two competitors. As a result, NBC provided the catalyst for rapid color expansion by announcing that its

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light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better.

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was the last network show to switch to color after airing its last black-and-white performance on 11 March 1968, making it the last black-and-white series on commercial network television. The last black-and-white series on network television was

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Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. Polish inventor

857:, was broadcasting colour programming on its television network for 15 hours a week in 1968. Full-time colour transmissions started in 1974 on the CBC, with other private sector broadcasters in the country doing so by the end of the 1970s. 1144:, was filmed in color beginning in 1963, but continued to be telecast in black and white through the end of the 1964–65 season. ABC delayed its first color programs until 1962, but these were initially only broadcasts of the cartoon shows 507:

Instead, a number of hybrid solutions were developed that combined a conventional monochrome display with a colored disk or mirror. In these systems the three colored images were sent one after each other, in either complete frames in the

2762:, 26 June 1951, p. 31. A total of about 40 color receivers was available in the five cities on the color network. The CBS affiliate in Washington had three receivers and a monitor. "First Sponsored TV in Color Praised by WTOP Audience", 717:

demonstrated an encoding scheme that would allow color broadcasts to be encoded so they could be picked up on existing black-and-white sets as well. In his system the output of the three camera tubes were re-combined to produce a single

2766:, 26 June 1951, p. 1. Most of the remainder of the prototype color receivers were given to advertisers sponsoring the color broadcasts. "Today, June 25, 1951, is a turning point in broadcasting history" (WTOP-TV advertisement), 923:. The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz and the audio in the 40-metre band. He obtained authorization to make the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico, on 8 February 1963, of the program 730:

system. But solutions to these problems were in the pipeline, and RCA in particular was investing massive sums (later estimated at $ 100 million) to develop a usable dot-sequential tube. RCA was beaten to the punch by the

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RCA's manufacture of color sets began on 25 March 1954, and 5,000 Model CT-100s were produced. Initially $ 1,000, its price was cut to $ 495 in August 1954 ($ 5,616 in today's dollars). "R.C.A. Halves Cost of Color TV Sets",

1229:, started broadcasting in color on 16 October 1986, after its black-and-white transmitter, which dated from the 1950s, broke down in February 1985 and the parts required to fix it were no longer available. The owner of WQEX, 1382:, allowing better color separation, is of limited use in SECAM receivers. This was not, however, much of a drawback in the early days of SECAM as such filters were not readily available in high-end TV sets before the 1990s. 1166:

network, although it did have a television-manufacturing parent company, was in financial decline by 1954 and was dissolved two years later. The only known original color programming broadcast over the DuMont network was a

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used in monochrome televisions had limited resolution, and if one wanted to retain the resolution of existing monochrome displays, the guns would have to focus on individual dots three times smaller. This was beyond the

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built just such a system in order to present the first electronically scanned color television demonstration on 5 February 1940, privately shown to members of the US Federal Communications Commission at the RCA plant in

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Four-hundred guests watched the premiere commercial broadcast on eight color receivers at a CBS studio in New York, as no color receivers were available to the general public. "C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First'",

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Mondays to Saturdays beginning 14 November 1950, making ten color receivers available for the viewing public. All were broadcast using the single color camera that CBS owned. The New York broadcasts were extended by

3008: 3211:^ *Enrique Krauze – Guillermo Gonzalez-Camarena Jr. "50 años de la televisión mexicana" (50th anniversary of Mexican TV) – 1999 Mexican TV documentary produced by Editorial Clío & Televisa, broadcast in 2000 4493:

CCIR Report 308-2 Characteristics of Monochrome Television Systems (All characteristics are identical between the monochrome system and the superimposed color variant with the exception of the color subcarrier

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Although all-electronic color was introduced in the US in 1953, high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954

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stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white to color transmission between the 1960s and the 1980s. The invention of color television standards was an important part of the

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system. They were followed by the Netherlands in September (PAL). On 1 October 1968, the first scheduled television program in color was broadcast in Switzerland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria,

154:. However, post-processing of the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image. 314:

meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts. US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era, and by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States.

1743:(SLBS) started television broadcasting in 1963 as a cooperation between the SLBS and commercial interests; coverage was extended to all districts in 1978 when the service was also upgraded to color. 1431:(1964–1965), which was claimed to be the first British TV show to be filmed entirely in color, although when this claim was made in the 1960s it was protested by Francis Coudrill who said his series 1493:, were shot on film owing to a technician's strike, with videotape being used thereafter). Although marginal, some UK viewers are still using black and white tv sets. The number of black and white 825: 701:

later charged that the NPA's order had come "out of a situation artificially created by one company to solve its own perplexing problems" because CBS had been unsuccessful in its color venture.

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in 1928, but its limitations were apparent even then. Development of electronic scanning and display made a practical system possible. Monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to

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halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942, to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public.

4450: 1047:($ 1,295, or equivalent to $ 14,693 in 2023) became available in the New York area on 28 February 1954; Only 30 sets were sold in its first month. A less expensive color model from RCA ( 5303: 1408:

in France, until the beginning of the 1980s. Countries elsewhere that were already broadcasting 625-line monochrome on VHF and UHF, simply transmitted color programs on the same channels.

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video encoded to a standard that the device is designed to support; otherwise, the source must be converted (such as when European programs are broadcast in North America or vice versa).

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Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice, they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of

1415:, were shot on color film before the introduction of color television to the UK, for the purpose of sales to US networks. The first British show to be made in color was the drama series 4626: 810:

on 30 August 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first network broadcast to go out over the air in NTSC color was a performance of the opera

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used in the camera: arrange three separate black-and-white displays behind colored filters and then optically combine their images using mirrors or prisms onto a suitable screen, like

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was broadcast live in color on 31 March 1957. It was their only musical written directly for television, and had the highest one-night number of viewers to date at 107 million. CBS's

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was the desire to conserve bandwidth. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee approved an all-electronic system developed by

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Unlike the FCC approach where a standard was simply selected from the existing candidates, the NTSC would produce a board that was considerably more pro-active in development.

3016: 1215: 3221: 970:) occurred on 1 January 1954, but over the next dozen years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. In 1956, NBC's 174:

per second to match the 60 Hz power, while in most other countries it was 50 fields per second to match the 50 Hz power. The NTSC color system changed from the

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The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built.

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Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s. A demonstration of mechanically scanned color television was given by

4400: 3038: 1124:. The first was carried by some stations equipped for color telecasts well before NBC began its regular weekly color dramas in 1959, beginning with the Western series 919:

On 31 August 1946, González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of the Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. No. 1, in

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In spite of these problems in both the broadcast and display systems, RCA pressed ahead with development and was ready for a second assault on the standards by 1950.

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Northwest Territories (including Nunavut) (1972; Major networks in large centers, many remote areas in the far north did not get colour until at least 1977 and 1978)

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was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The

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being supplied – in North America, some Central and South American countries, Taiwan, Korea, part of Japan, the Philippines, and a few other countries, this was 60

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had been filmed in color since 1949 in anticipation of color broadcasting. Several other syndicated shows had episodes filmed in color during the 1950s, including

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estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in the New York area. Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series

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Israel and Cyprus continued to broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s. Israeli television even erased the color signals using a device called the

722:" value that was very similar to a monochrome signal and could be broadcast on the existing VHF frequencies. The color information was encoded in a separate " 4619: 977: 1785:

Some other countries in South America, including Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay , did not broadcast full-time color television until the early 1980s.

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process introduced in 1947. It was not until September 1956 that NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts.

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Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The

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was shown over a network of five East Coast CBS affiliates. Viewing was again restricted: the program could not be seen on black-and-white sets, and

571:'s first all-electronic color television system, which used two projection CRTs. The two-color image would be similar to the basic Telechrome system. 5053: 2822: 1405: 1321: 4612: 4008: 1206: 785:

Jones, went so far as to assert that the engineers testifying in favor of a compatible system were "in a conspiracy against the public interest".

2829:, which offered adapters to receive color broadcasts in black and white. "Philco Offers 11 TV Sets To Receive CBS Color TV in Black and White", 1218:

in 2009 rendered the remaining black-and-white television sets obsolete; all digital television receivers are capable of displaying full color.

590:

used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The

407:, amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image. 388:. Baird also made the world's first color over-the-air broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's 3773: 3673: 32: 5083: 4300: 4255: 4189: 3630: 956: 888:

Cuba in 1958 became the second country in the world to introduce color television broadcasting, with Havana's Channel 12 using the American

734:, which used three B&W tubes aimed at different faces of colored pyramids to produce a color image. All-electronic systems included the 125:; the exact year varies by country. While the changeover is complete in many countries, analog television remains in use in some countries. 4508: 4153: 3889: 952: 1731:

adopted PAL for color transmissions in 1974 in the Benue Plateau state in the north central region of the country, but countries such as

1425:

network in the United States. Other British color television programs made before the introduction of color television in the UK include

1778:

Also in April 1978, Chile adopted color television officially through the NTSC standard, This led to experimental broadcasts during the

661:

lawsuit by RCA delayed the first commercial network broadcast in color until 25 June 1951, when a musical variety special titled simply

631:-based "Apple" tube technology. Of the entrants, the CBS system was by far the best-developed, and won head-to-head testing every time. 3756:

RCA made about 95 percent of the color television sets sold in the US in 1960. Peter Bart, "Advertising: Color TV Set Output Spurred",

3187: 1782:

and the widespread use of color TV during the 1978 FIFA World Cup, followed by the charity event Teletón in December of the same year.

4638: 4564: 3683: 3248: 1708: 1120: 354:, also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him, and was patented in 4580: 4477: 2668: 4541: 3258: 3152: 2594: 2349:

Pioneering in Electronics: A Short History of the Origins and Growth of RCA Laboratories, Radio Corporation of America, 1919 to 1964

2252: 1740: 1473: 1171: 1053: 603: 533: 460: 438: 864:

Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec (1966; Major networks only – private sector around 1968 to 1972)

2509: 2377:, 1971. "The system used two color filters in combination with photocells and a flying spot scanner for pickup." Alfred V. Roman, 182:

In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of

4081: 2546: 1348:(1983, but not fully implemented until 1985–1991). In Italy there were debates to adopt a national color television system, the 4968: 3977: 2826: 1193: 274:

in 1939. In this time thousands of television sets had been sold. The receivers developed for this program, notably those from

2263:

Western technology and Soviet economic development: 1945 to 1965, by Antony C. Sutton, Business & Economics - 1973, p. 330

1221:

Color broadcasting in Hawaii started on 5 May 1957. One of the last television stations in North America to convert to color,

746:

that were being developed by various companies. While investigating all of these, RCA's teams quickly started focusing on the

5298: 5132: 4306: 4261: 4195: 3925: 2100: 2072: 1417: 976:

became the first live network television series to present a majority of episodes in color. The CBS television production of

675: 442: 384: 4397: 3972: 2370: 2355: 912: 3843: 5103: 4932: 3571: 3274: 3142: 2920: 1771:. However domestic color broadcasting remained black & white until 1 May 1980 when regular broadcasting started using 1135: 800: 799:

in July 1951. When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system, the

769:

The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using a "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's

690: 509: 270:

began regularly scheduled black-and-white television broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of

187: 179:

progressive scan) while accepting power at various frequencies (often the operating range is specified as 48–62 Hz).

2282: 892:

standard and technology patented by RCA. But the color transmissions ended when broadcasting stations were seized in the

5175: 4876: 4646: 4059: 3732: 2609: 2399: 1808: 1639:

The People's Republic of China began plans and early testing for color TV as early as 1960, but were quickly cancelled.

1312:

More European countries introduced color television using the PAL system in the 1970s and early 1980s; examples include

1306: 1114: 1093: 4029: 3292: 3089: 5308: 5073: 3119: 1108: 1011:

was accompanied by public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers by manufacturers

3992: 1192:, and ABC aired its last new black-and-white daytime programming in December 1967. Public broadcasting networks like 854: 3596: 3064: 2912:, 20 October 1951, p. 1. "Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry", 2169:

National Television System Committee (1951–1953), , 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386

63:

information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the

4973: 4911: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 1724: 1401: 1008: 967: 431: 4886: 1427: 1163: 1102: 539:

CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940, and live cameras by 12 November.

378:

to alternate their illumination. The demonstration was of a young girl wearing different colored hats. The girl,

286: 4331: 4120: 1623:) until 1980–1981, although it was already manufacturing color television sets for export. The last country in 1455: 1437: 85: 3867: 697:, and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent lawsuits by disappointed customers. RCA chairman 2146: 5205: 5078: 2488: 1363: 1303: 1200: 76: 4420: 3362: 1360:, Italy was one of the last European countries to officially adopt the PAL system in the 1976–1977 season. 5127: 5093: 5088: 5048: 4901: 4841: 4556: 850: 3733:"N. B. C.-TV Lists Colorful Plans / 17 Series of Tinted Shows Slated on Regular Basis, an Increase of 14" 2335: 5262: 4999: 3222:"news/rca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube/article_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497" 3168: 1650:

since October 1973, and full-time color transmissions for the CCTV's then-two channels since July 1977.

1449: 1443: 1044: 806: 770: 662: 620: 375: 239: 81: 3293:"Television in Review / Intra-Industry Row Over TV Color Credits Beginning to Assume Silly Proportions" 2170: 594:

used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube.

4601:. 27 February 1950. About the FCC debating which color television system to approve for US broadcasts. 5241: 5226: 5137: 4963: 4871: 4589:. April 1944. One of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television. 2878: 1489: 1393: 1357: 1299: 1168: 657:

beginning 13 December, and to Chicago on 10 January, making them the first network color broadcasts.

607: 544: 298: 263: 206: 199: 52: 3783: 5180: 5142: 5043: 5003: 4451:"A 40 años de la TV a color en Chile, recuerda con qué programas debutó la nueva tecnología Fuente" 2626: 2182: 1768: 1397: 1294:, and Hungary all started regular color broadcasts around 1969–1970. Ireland's national TV station 972: 612: 520: 195: 167: 3660:

motion-picture newsreels; and in 1958 Eisenhower became the first president to appear on color TV.

5068: 5018: 4383: 4082:"PAGINE 70 - anni 70 - anni settanta, 70's, investigatori privati.Confronta i prezzi degli hotel" 3946: 3940: 2892: 2439: 1032: 669: 488: 389: 116: 4516: 3118:. filed in Mexico 19 August 1940, filed in US 1941, patented 1942. United States Patent Office. 1788: 1759:, on 19 February 1972. Ecuador was the first South American country to broadcast in color using 860:

The following provinces and areas of Canada introduced colour television by the years as stated

791:

Starting before CBS color even got on the air, the U.S. television industry, represented by the

2572: 1653:

The following provinces and areas of China introduced color television by the years as stated:

1536:) on 10 September 1960, making it the first country in Asia to introduce color television. The 1421:(1956–57), which was initially made in black and white but later shot in color for sale to the 231:

image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems generally used a device known as a "

5195: 5152: 5013: 4821: 4817: 4635: 4585: 4560: 4537: 4366: 4296: 4251: 4185: 3679: 3626: 3254: 3148: 2590: 2466: 2248: 2125: 1525: 1461: 1412: 1069: 681: 400: 255: 4592: 4121:"Thousands of black and white TVs still in use as BBC One in colour hits 50 - TV Licensing ™" 3714: 3698: 3553: 3552:

After 15 episodes in color, Ford reduced costs by making only every third episode in color. "

285:

By 22 March 1935, 180-line black-and-white television programs were being broadcast from the

5122: 5063: 4906: 4408: 3965: 3874:. The small amount of color programming that DuMont broadcast in 1954–1955 (mostly its show 3797: 2873: 2564: 1241: 1073:, a sitcom that lasted 13 weeks, from January to April 1955, and was replaced by repeats of 1058: 1016: 931:, using the NTSC system that had by now been adopted as the standard for color programming. 893: 568: 501: 393: 351: 326: 251: 243: 92: 44: 1763:, on 5 November 1974. In 1978, Argentina started international broadcasting in color using 1559:(1967, originally scheduled for 1972, but not fully implemented until 1975–1978), and then 853:

also started colour broadcasts in early September 1966. The CBC's French-language service,

115:

Broadcasters began to upgrade from analog color television technology to higher resolution

5221: 5113: 5038: 4994: 4861: 4597: 4481: 4474: 4404: 3996: 3871: 3847: 3827: 3815: 3778: 3484: 3466: 3448: 3430: 3416: 3398: 3380: 3093: 2924: 2672: 2665: 2613: 2550: 2374: 2359: 2153: 2105: 1158: 1146: 1036: 897: 758: 743: 714: 628: 294: 175: 163: 68: 1483:(1963–89; 2005–present) did not begin color production until later, with the first color 4604: 2817:, 17 October 1950, p. 1. Three exceptions among the major television manufacturers were 2069:

decoder has of determining which color difference signal is actually being transmitted.

1257:

The first two color television broadcasts in Europe were made by early tests in France (

1051:) reached dealers in April 1954. Television's first prime time network color series was 773:

on 10 October 1949, viewable in color only at the FCC. It did not receive FCC approval.

555: 5293: 5200: 5028: 4942: 4831: 2821:, which offered 11 models that could show CBS color broadcasts in black-and-white; and 1291: 1262: 985: 846: 842: 560: 359: 338: 191: 2543: 943: 293:. In 1936, under the guidance of the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 5287: 4916: 4866: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4673: 2565: 1179: 1140: 1028: 698: 650: 575:

As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the "

479: 171: 4385:

Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication

2119: 5267: 5058: 4947: 4881: 4851: 4776: 2338:, previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. had been via closed circuit. 1716: 1686: 1467: 1287: 1270: 1062: 719: 496: 379: 271: 96: 3917: 2506: 2624:"Washington Chosen for First Color Showing; From Ages 4 to 90, Audience Amazed", 2415:

Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television",

2367: 2352: 1477:(1967–1968). However, most UK series predominantly made using videotape, such as 1174:

from New Jersey in 1957, a year after the network had ceased regular operations.

17: 5236: 5231: 5170: 4896: 4836: 4826: 3840: 3821: 2529:, 3 June 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output", 2230:

M. Le Blanc, "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses",

1616: 1576: 1572: 1537: 1379: 1367: 1245: 1152: 920: 754: 747: 723: 420: 232: 190:

required to send the complete signal and thus similarly increasing the required

3085:

Roberto Diaz-Martin, "The Recent History of Satellite Communications in Cuba",

2917: 1385:

The first regular color broadcasts in SECAM were started on 1 October 1967, on

5165: 5098: 5033: 4846: 4055: 3288: 3111: 2936: 2833:, 4 June 1951, p. 9. "Westinghouse to Sell Adapter for CBS Color TV Signals", 2416: 2300: 2286: 2115: 2110: 1612: 1592: 1479: 1226: 990: 896:

in 1959, and did not return until 1975, using equipment acquired from Japan's

762: 735: 694: 591: 576: 564: 528: 404: 259: 162:, and common motion pictures use 24 frame/s. Television, using power from the 159: 64: 56: 4370: 4220: 4089: 2606: 2391: 2312:

As detailed by ITV in their on-air obituary broadcast prior to an episode of

1775:, a variation of PAL-B specially suited for Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. 1261:) between 1963 and 1966, then officially launched in October 1967 and by the 194:. Early plans for color television in the United States included a move from 5272: 5257: 5190: 5185: 5160: 5008: 4989: 4146:"TVR a scris istorie: 30 de ani de la prima transmisie tv color din România" 4105: 3086: 1720: 1712: 1584: 1580: 1564: 1556: 1274: 1234: 1084: 994: 731: 640: 583: 374:

three light sources, controlled by the signal, at the receiving end, with a

347: 266:'s early patents, superseded the Farnsworth-system. With these systems, the 147: 142: 72: 1210:, which premiered in September 1961, and retained that moniker until 1969. 4553:

Primetime 1966-1967: The Full Spectrum Television's First All-Color Season

3989: 5023: 4891: 4741: 2091:, have superseded these analog transmission standards in many countries. 1736: 1704: 1700: 1628: 1600: 1588: 1560: 1386: 1333: 1317: 1024: 904:

equipment from the Soviet Union, adapted for the American NTSC standard.

739: 587: 342: 275: 138: 3675:

Into the Fray: How NBC's Washington Documentary Unit Reinvented the News

1057:, a situation comedy broadcast live by NBC in the summer of 1954. NBC's 242:

systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was

4796: 2525:, 8 March 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations", 1796: 1728: 1719:

did not have a television service at all, owing to opposition from the

1608: 1596: 1505: 1356:, but that idea was scrapped. As a result, and after a test during the 1353: 1345: 1337: 1329: 1313: 1266: 1222: 1126: 928: 645: 445: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 355: 1563:(1967–69; this country converted from 525-line NTSC to 625-line PAL), 1487:

episodes not airing until 1970. (The first four, comprising the story

1091:

introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958, which NBC used to tape

166:, historically tuned its rate in order to avoid interference with the 4771: 2818: 2272:

The History of Television, 1880–1941, by Albert Abramson, 1987, p. 27

2084: 1647: 1541: 1533: 1501: 1341: 1083:

Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white

1048: 1020: 948: 812: 624: 367: 363: 290: 134: 4019:"Kaiser Station On The Air Tonight", Honolulu Advertiser; 5 May 1957 2947:"RCA to Test Color TV System On Three Shows Daily Beginning Today", 1715:

broadcast the OCAMM Conference, in color, using SECAM. At the time,

1411:

Some British television programs, particularly those made by or for

1295: 322: 3864: 2486:, 30 August 1940, p. 21. "CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television", 1699:

The first color television service in Africa was introduced on the

1646:

the next year. Regular full-time color broadcasts on what is now

1043:

26 January 1954, among other cities thereafter. A color model from

710:

the intensity of every dot on the screen being sent in succession.

158:

continuous smooth motion. This illusion starts to work at about 16

71:

television technology, which displays the image in shades of gray (

4937: 4801: 4791: 4786: 3980:. Production of this series switched over to color in August 1968. 3644:"From telegrams to Instagram, a look at presidents and technology" 2859:"CBS Subsidiary Starts Mass Production of Color Television Sets", 2080: 1820: 1799:, was responsible for bringing color television to South America. 1772: 1764: 1756: 1732: 1604: 1568: 1517: 1371: 1325: 1258: 1088: 997:

cameras, which were the first practical color television cameras.

942: 901: 554: 321: 279: 151: 109: 60: 3175:. 97–99. Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística: 287. 1964. 2973:"N.P.A. Decides to End Restrictions on Output Of Color TV Sets", 36:

An RCA Victor Color TV ad featuring milliner Lilly Daché in 1959.

4766: 3449:"Purchase price $ 1,175.00 installed with your existing antenna" 2088: 2076: 1816: 1760: 1752: 1624: 1620: 1545: 1529: 1390: 889: 796: 792: 654: 536:(FCC) on 29 August 1940, and shown to the press on 4 September. 311: 215: 100: 4608: 2692:, 15 January 1950, p. L1. "Video Color Test Begins on C.B.S.", 2652:"CBS Color Television To Make Public Debut In N.Y. Next Week", 1751:

Unlike most other countries in the Americas, which had adopted

399:

Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by

4781: 1812: 1792: 1643: 1552: 1521: 1422: 1282: 1278: 1230: 1012: 1004: 540: 524: 483: 414: 267: 227: 210: 183: 105: 4241:中国电子视像行业协会; 武世鹏; 李倜 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 二 • 中国广播电视设备的发展历程". 3918:"Color Revolution: Television In The Sixties – TVObscurities" 3098:

Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication

3065:"SRC Radio-Canada Network – History of Canadian Broadcasting" 1823:(Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire—Sequential Color with Memory). 1302:

made in color for RTÉ Television was when Ireland hosted the

826:

Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

2392:"The World's First High Definition Colour Television System" 1237:, used some of its pledge money to buy a color transmitter. 3715:

Ziv to Shoot All New Series in B & W and Color Versions

2245:

Television: An International History of the Formative Years

1298:

began using color in 1968 for recorded programs; the first

205:

One of the great technical challenges of introducing color

4175:中国电子视像行业协会; 全子一 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 一 • 中国广播电视产业发展历史回顾". 3173:

Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística

2607:

The World's First High Definition Colour Television System

2381:, doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1967, p. 49. 961:. The RCA CT-100 was the first mass-produced color TV set. 1007:'s pioneering coast-to-coast color broadcast of the 1954 4439:, Alan Wells, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, page 173 3516:"Color TV Reduced by Westinghouse", 2 April 1954, p. 36. 2813:"CBS Color System Makes Television Set Makers See Red", 1309:. The PAL system spread through most of Western Europe. 611:

free to pick an incompatible system and allow the older

297:, direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the 4475:

http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html

2283:"A. Rokhlin, Tak rozhdalos' dal'novidenie (in Russian)" 1435:

had been shot entirely in color some years previously;

3890:"Thanksgiving football games a disappearing tradition" 2722:, 6 January 1951, television and radio section, p. C4. 2379:

The Historical Development of Color Television Systems

1528:

introduced color television, using a variation of the

301:

were transmitted to selected small television houses (

141:

that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the

3381:"Admiral introduces their first color set in Chicago" 1389:. In France and the UK color broadcasts were made on 3912: 3910: 3865:

The DuMont Television Network, Chapter Seven: Finale

2521:"Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22", 2492:, 5 September 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set", 2467:

New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color

2368:

Chapter 10 – Television Becomes a Reality, 1945–1954

849:

on 1 September 1966. Private television broadcaster

761:(1900–1981) in Germany, and was demonstrated at the 341:

patented a color television system in 1897, using a

218:

standard represented a major technical achievement.

137:

consists primarily of two types of light detectors:

5250: 5214: 5151: 5112: 4982: 4956: 4925: 4810: 4759: 4645: 4184:(in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. pp. 86–87. 4030:"WQEX-TV returns to air with new look, sound, feel" 3147:. Vol. 1 A-C. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1484. 2705:"CBS Color Preview Seen By 2,000 in Philadelphia", 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 1216:digital television transition in the United States 627:demonstrated a dot-sequential system based on its 2544:Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives 2364:Iconoscope: An Autobiography of Vladimir Zworykin 1607:(1979, but not fully implemented until 1982–86), 1587:(1974, but not fully implemented until 1979–82), 523:introduced an electro-mechanical system while at 5304:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1940 4295:(in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 532. 4250:(in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 139. 2718:"CBS to Display Color Video in City Next Week", 1767:in connection with the country's hosting of the 1642:China started testing again in 1970 and adopted 1627:and the world to introduce color television was 1370:along with their overseas territories opted for 358:on 31 March 1908, patent number 197183, then in 4388:, Arrie De Beer, J.L. van Schaik, 1998, page 56 3768: 3766: 3112:"Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment" 3045:. Calgary, Alberta. 1 September 1966. p. 4 2986:"F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once", 2731:"Preview of CBS Color TV Wins City's Acclaim", 1819:(National Television Standards Committee), and 1739:continued with black and white until 1984. The 1551:Other countries in the region instead used the 623:demonstrated its line-sequential system, while 382:, later became a TV actress in the soap opera 3990:Television Facts and Statistics – 1939 to 2000 2639:"Color TV Tests To Be Resumed In Washington", 2507:RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented) 2353:Chapter Nine – Television: Monochrome to Color 1603:(1978, but not fully implemented until 1980), 1591:(1976, but not fully implemented until 1982), 1571:(1970, but not fully implemented until 1984), 1336:(1975, but not fully implemented until 1980), 1332:(1973, but not fully implemented until 1976), 1328:(1972, but not fully implemented until 1977), 1320:(1971, but not fully implemented until 1972), 4620: 4398:TV in South Africa marks its 40th anniversary 3467:"See your first color television at Maxwells" 3275:"Cinderella - 1957 Live Television Broadcast" 3250:Television: Critical Methods and Applications 2362:, 1964. V.K. Zworykin with Frederick Olessi, 2234:, vol. 11, 1 December 1880, pp. 477–481. 403:in June 1929 using three complete systems of 8: 4425:, Donatus Bonde, Mambo Press, 1988, page 410 3850:. Jack Gould, "Tinted TV Shows Its Colors", 2846:"Hytron's Deal With CBS Seen TV Color Aid", 2589:, McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13–14. 2411: 2409: 1497:issued was 212000 in 2000 and 6586 in 2019. 302: 4536:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 173. 2325:As noted in BBC One's TV Heros series, 1991 1755:, Brazil began broadcasting in color using 392:studios to a projection screen at London's 4627: 4613: 4605: 4357:郭, 镇之 (1 May 1989). "中国电视大事记(1955—1978)". 3999:, Television History – The First 75 Years. 3144:Encyclopedia of Television, second edition 1619:did not introduce color television (using 362:, on 1 April 1908, patent number 7219, in 278:, played a key role in the development of 2893:Text of Note to CBS Asking Color Set Halt 2744:"C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First'", 841:television in Canada was launched on the 461:Learn how and when to remove this message 5054:Output power of an analog TV transmitter 4509:"Block diagram of color television sets" 4286:中国电子视像行业协会 (March 2010). "中国电视产业发展大事记". 3839:, 23 September 1962, p. 145. Ed Reitan, 3798:"ABC to Go Tint at First Sponsor Nibble" 3597:"Kodak to Sub Gems' 'Fords' for 'Norby'" 3431:"Admiral color set at dealer open house" 2960:"CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV", 2688:"You Can See The Blood on Color Video", 1832: 1830:This table illustrates the differences: 1387:France's Second Channel (ORTF 2e chaîne) 133:The human eye's detection system in the 31: 4109:. London. 3 September 1964. p. 13. 4056:"The Advent of Colour Television: 1971" 4009:Walt Disney anthology television series 3831:. "A.B.C.-TV To Start Color Programs", 3623:The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 2587:The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 2567:Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology 2138: 4534:World Broadcasting: A Comparative View 4449:Espectaculos, Equipo (13 April 2018). 4436:World Broadcasting: A Comparative View 3317:"Television in Review: N.B.C. Color". 3075:from the original on 26 December 2017. 2908:"Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step", 1207:Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color 202:(UHF) to open up additional spectrum. 59:transmission technology that includes 5084:Direct-broadcast satellite television 3835:, 1 April 1962, p. 84. "More Color", 3572:"Eastman May Spot-Book 'Norby' Color" 3399:"Invitation to see Admiral color set" 3169:"Historia de la televisión en México" 2916:, 22 October 1951, p. 23. Ed Reitan, 2874:Para-TV Color Sets To Go On Sale Soon 2452:"Color Television Achieves Realism", 2303:, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928. 1400:band being used for black and white, 763:International radio exhibition Berlin 7: 4062:from the original on 4 February 2012 3928:from the original on 3 January 2015. 3699:'Cisco Kid' for TV Via Pact With Ziv 2802:Programming for the CBS Color System 2785:Programming for the CBS Color System 2482:"Color Television Success in Test", 2437:"Color Television Success in Test", 1707:, in 1973, using PAL. In 1973 also, 1672:Xinjiang (1982, peripheral in 1984) 953:SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention 793:National Television System Committee 619:second and 405 lines of resolution. 443:adding citations to reliable sources 4974:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) 3122:from the original on April 25, 2017 2798:CBS Color System Network Affiliates 1244:relatively compact and lightweight 602:In the immediate post-war era, the 254:'s electronic scanning system, and 4551:Shubilla, Thom "Beefstew" (2022). 4422:A Concise Encyclopedia of Zimbabwe 3642:Drew Desilver (13 February 2015). 3417:"Orders taken on a priority basis" 3363:"TV Firm Moves to Golden Triangle" 2402:from the original on 3 April 2015. 2183:"BBC - History - John Logie Baird" 2171:Library of Congress Online Catalog 1504:to introduce color television was 104:Europe did not standardize on the 27:Television transmission technology 25: 3253:. Psychology Press. p. 290. 2937:"Kukla, Fran and Ollie" broadcast 2918:CBS Field Sequential Color System 2336:Crystal Palace Television Studios 2301:Television Apparatus and the Like 1741:Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service 1474:Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 1433:The Stoopendus Adventures of Hank 1185:prime time schedule for fall 1965 870:Nova Scotia, New Brunswick (1968) 843:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 757:color television was patented by 604:Federal Communications Commission 534:Federal Communications Commission 262:camera. The Iconoscope, based on 3347:"Admiral's First Color TV Set". 2147:"Calculating the speed of sight" 2118: 1795:of the South American branch of 867:Newfoundland and Labrador (1967) 419: 4969:Quadrature amplitude modulation 4058:. RTÉ Archives. 18 April 2006. 3506:. 28 February 1954. p. 57. 3336:. 31 December 1953. p. 22. 2553:", Early Television Foundation. 2073:Digital television broadcasting 1666:Tibet and Inner Mongolia (1979) 615:channels to die off over time. 504:of the technology at the time. 430:needs additional citations for 370:in 1910 (patent number 17912). 5133:Television channel frequencies 4103:"Hank Says He Was The First". 3804:. 4 September 1954. p. 8. 3782:. 30 June 1958. Archived from 3369:. 23 February 1954. p. 9. 3351:. 31 December 1953. p. 5. 3110:González Camarena, Guillermo. 3007:CBC Staff (5 September 1991). 2666:CBS Announces Color Television 1418:The Adventures of Sir Lancelot 1366:, Luxembourg, and most of the 1180:American Research Bureau (ARB) 366:(patent number 390326) and in 146:resolution in brightness, or " 1: 5104:Digital television transition 4933:Multichannel television sound 4036:. 14 October 1986. p. 11 3731:Adams, Val (31 August 1956). 3321:. 5 January 1954. p. 28. 3188:"Simplified Mexican Color TV" 3087:Selection of a Color Standard 1723:regime, but in 1976, one was 1269:beginning on 1 July 1967 and 801:National Production Authority 691:National Production Authority 510:field-sequential color system 119: 5176:Field strength in free space 4877:Horizontal blanking interval 4338:(in Chinese). 13 August 2011 3841:RCA-NBC Firsts in Television 3705:, September 24, 1949, p. 47. 3554:Ford Cuts Back on Color Film 3186:Leslie Solomon (July 1964). 2781:Progress of CBS Colorcasting 1809:broadcast television systems 1807:There are three main analog 1188:prime time schedules by the 1094:An Evening with Fred Astaire 978:Rodgers & Hammerstein's 519:In 1939, Hungarian engineer 5074:Superheterodyne transmitter 3963:. CBS's daytime soap opera 3878:) was all from color films. 3854:, 29 November 1964, p. X17. 3570:no byline (26 March 1955). 3502:"Westinghouse display ad". 3069:www.broadcasting-history.ca 2863:, 13 September 1951, p. 18. 2512:25 December 2014 at Wikiwix 2219:The World Book Encyclopedia 2203:Kamm, Antony; Baird, John. 1951:Color Subcarrier Frequency 1199:In a display of foresight, 913:Guillermo González Camarena 873:Prince Edward Island (1969) 847:English language TV service 621:Color Television Inc. (CTI) 559:This live image of actress 5325: 4912:Vertical blanking interval 3625:, McFarland, 2003, p. 74. 3332:"First Admiral Color TV". 3247:Butler, Jeremy G. (2006). 2709:, 16 December 1950, p. 10. 2696:, 14 November 1950, p. 44. 2675:(advertisement), New York 2643:, 12 February 1950, p. M5. 2549:December 23, 2014, at the 2496:, 13 November 1940, p. 26. 2456:, 5 September 1940, p. 18. 2316:broadcast on 14 April 1985 1815:(Phase Alternating Line), 1569:People's Republic of China 1281:in August, both using the 1009:Tournament of Roses Parade 968:Tournament of Roses Parade 823: 250:The two key advances were 4887:Nominal analogue blanking 3973:MisteRogers' Neighborhood 3485:"Admiral C1617A Color TV" 2990:, 19 December 1953, p. 1. 2735:, 10 January 1951, p. A8. 2656:, 9 November 1950, p. 18. 2630:, 13 January 1950, p. B2. 2563:Hempstead, Colin (2005). 2428:Current Broadcasting 1940 2419:, filed 7 September 1940. 2152:10 September 2017 at the 1975:4.25000/4.40625 MHz 1972:4.25000/4.40625 MHz 1969:4.25000/4.40625 MHz 1811:in use around the world, 307:) in Berlin and Hamburg. 112:formats until the 1960s. 4403:15 February 2016 at the 4221:"咱成电那些事儿 | 彩电攻关大会战" 3894:North Jersey Media Group 3846:19 December 2008 at the 3560:, 30 October 1954, p. 6. 3539:"News of TV and Radio", 3530:, 10 August 1954, p. 21. 3141:Newcomb, Horace (2004). 3092:25 December 2017 at the 3015:. Ottawa. Archived from 2473:, December 1940, p. 120. 2443:, 30 August 1940, p. 21. 2205:John Logie Baird: A Life 1544:(1969) also adopted the 1190:1966–67 broadcast season 989:, starring pop vocalist 693:for the duration of the 563:was used to demonstrate 86:technology of television 5206:Television interference 5079:Television receive-only 4034:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3543:, 20 June 1954, p. X11. 3349:The Wall Street Journal 3116:Patent No. US 2,296,019 2975:The Wall Street Journal 2964:, 26 March 1953, p. 39. 2949:The Wall Street Journal 2899:, 27 October 1951, p. 5 2882:, 6 October 1951, p. 6. 2861:The Wall Street Journal 2850:, 12 April 1951, p. 15. 2837:, 7 August 1951, p. 18. 2835:The Wall Street Journal 2831:The Wall Street Journal 2815:The Wall Street Journal 2707:The Wall Street Journal 2654:The Wall Street Journal 2533:, 21 August 1945, p. 1. 2527:The Wall Street Journal 2489:The Wall Street Journal 2396:www.bairdtelevision.com 1304:Eurovision Song Contest 299:Olympic Games in Berlin 77:Television broadcasting 5128:Microwave transmission 5094:Terrestrial television 5089:Television transmitter 5049:Intermediate frequency 4842:Chrominance subcarrier 4593:"TV Color Controversy" 4361:(in Chinese (China)). 4332:"新疆少数民族语言广播电视在发展中不断壮大" 3976:on the non-commercial 3760:, 31 July 1961, p. 27. 3721:, 4 April 1953, p. 10. 3489:visions4netjournal.com 3009:"CBC in Living Colour" 2977:, 21 March 1953, p. 1. 2923:5 January 2010 at the 2770:, 25 June 1951, p. 10. 2748:, 26 June 1951, p. 31. 1555:system, starting with 1121:Adventures of Superman 962: 572: 330: 303: 287:Paul Nipkow TV station 37: 5299:Television technology 5000:Broadcast transmitter 4581:"Television in Color" 4480:19 April 2023 at the 4125:www.tvlicensing.co.uk 3938:The exceptions being 3870:4 August 2009 at the 3774:"Chasing the Rainbow" 3672:Mascaro, Tom (2012). 3435:The Indianapolis Star 3100:(NASA SP-4217, 1997). 2671:4 August 2008 at the 2571:. Routledge. p. 2417:U.S. Patent 2,480,571 2373:19 April 2008 at the 2358:30 April 2008 at the 2232:La Lumière Electrique 1893:Horizontal Frequency 1791:, director and later 1780:Viña del Mar Festival 1459:(from 1967 to 1969), 1453:(from 1966 to 1969), 1045:Westinghouse H840CK15 946: 807:Kukla, Fran and Ollie 771:Kukla, Fran and Ollie 558: 527:, which contained an 325: 240:mechanical television 35: 5242:Zero reference pulse 5227:Field strength meter 4964:Frequency modulation 4872:Horizontal scan rate 4532:Wells, Alan (1997). 4092:on 29 February 2012. 3995:31 July 2008 at the 3367:The Pittsburgh Press 3039:"Color It Expensive" 2951:, 9 July 1951, p. 3. 2612:3 April 2015 at the 2247:, IET, 1998, p. 98. 2101:Ban on CBS Color TVs 1960:4.43361875 MHz 1957:4.43361875 MHz 1512:Asia and the Pacific 1500:The last country in 1490:Spearhead from Space 1358:1972 Summer Olympics 1169:high school football 816:on 31 October 1953. 545:War Production Board 532:demonstrated to the 439:improve this article 318:All-mechanical color 207:broadcast television 200:ultra high frequency 53:Commonwealth English 5181:Noise (electronics) 5044:Intercarrier method 5004:Transmitter station 4639:broadcasting topics 4484:World TV standards. 3961:Everybody's Talking 3471:The Oakland Tribune 3403:The Cumberland News 3277:. 23 November 2020. 3226:lancasteronline.com 2962:The Washington Post 2848:The Washington Post 2768:The Washington Post 2764:The Washington Post 2690:The Washington Post 2679:, 13 November 1950. 2641:The Washington Post 2627:The Washington Post 2075:standards, such as 1922:Vertical Frequency 973:The Perry Como Show 521:Peter Carl Goldmark 405:photoelectric cells 310:In 1941, the first 196:very high frequency 168:alternating current 5309:Display technology 5069:Split sound system 5019:Differential phase 4519:on 6 December 2013 3941:I Dream of Jeannie 3852:The New York Times 3837:The New York Times 3833:The New York Times 3758:The New York Times 3737:The New York Times 3541:The New York Times 3528:The New York Times 3504:The New York Times 3334:The New York Times 3319:The New York Times 3297:The New York Times 3291:(1 January 1954). 3043:The Calgary Herald 2988:The New York Times 2914:The New York Times 2910:The New York Times 2760:The New York Times 2746:The New York Times 2694:The New York Times 2605:Baird Television: 2531:The New York Times 2523:The New York Times 2494:The New York Times 2484:The New York Times 2454:The New York Times 2440:The New York Times 2334:Baird Television: 2299:John Logie Baird, 1966:3.575611 MHz 1963:3.582056 MHz 1954:3.579545 MHz 1080:s color episodes. 963: 676:The World Is Yours 653:to Philadelphia's 573: 489:Camden, New Jersey 331: 117:digital television 38: 5281: 5280: 5196:Radiation pattern 5014:Differential gain 4636:Analog television 4586:Popular Mechanics 4302:978-7-121-07439-4 4257:978-7-121-07439-4 4191:978-7-121-07439-4 4156:on 24 August 2013 4086:www.at-hotels.com 3924:. 14 March 2009. 3922:tvobscurities.com 3876:Sunday Supplement 3678:. Potomac Books. 3631:978-0-7864-1220-4 3621:Albert Abramson, 3453:The New Palladium 3195:Electronics World 3019:on 2 January 2014 2585:Albert Abramson, 2289:on 24 April 2013. 2126:Television portal 2066: 2065: 2038:Video Modulation 1462:Man in a Suitcase 1413:ITC Entertainment 1396:frequencies, the 1307:in Dublin in 1971 1300:outside broadcast 1225:(now WINP-TV) in 1172:Thanksgiving game 927:on Mexico City's 804:episode of NBC's 753:In July 1938 the 682:Modern Homemakers 471: 470: 463: 401:Bell Laboratories 256:Vladimir Zworykin 238:A number of such 226:Experiments with 49:colour television 18:Colour television 16:(Redirected from 5316: 5123:Frequency offset 5064:Residual carrier 5009:Cavity amplifier 4907:Television lines 4629: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4570: 4547: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4515:. 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January 1954. 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455:. January 1954. 3447: 3446: 3442: 3437:. January 1954. 3429: 3428: 3424: 3419:. January 1954. 3415: 3414: 3410: 3405:. January 1954. 3397: 3396: 3392: 3387:. January 1954. 3379: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201:(1): 48 and 71. 3190: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094:Wayback Machine 3084: 3080: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3006: 3005: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2925:Wayback Machine 2907: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2812: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2778: 2774: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2733:Chicago Tribune 2730: 2726: 2720:Chicago Tribune 2717: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2673:Wayback Machine 2664: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2614:Wayback Machine 2604: 2600: 2584: 2580: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2551:Wayback Machine 2541: 2537: 2520: 2516: 2504: 2500: 2481: 2477: 2471:Popular Science 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2407: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375:Wayback Machine 2360:Wayback Machine 2347:Kenyon Kilbon, 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2154:Wayback Machine 2144: 2140: 2135: 2124: 2117: 2106:Beam-index tube 2097: 1805: 1803:Color standards 1749: 1697: 1682: 1660:Shanghai (1974) 1637: 1567:(1967–70), the 1532:system (called 1514: 1352:, developed by 1255: 1233:member station 1159:Beany and Cecil 1147:The Flintstones 1109:The Lone Ranger 1100:The syndicated 1077: 1037:Pacific Mercury 941: 910: 898:NEC Corporation 886: 838: 833: 828: 822: 782: 759:Werner Flechsig 744:beam-index tube 715:Georges Valensi 707: 629:beam-index tube 600: 553: 495:practical. The 467: 456: 450: 447: 436: 424: 413: 320: 295:Joseph Goebbels 224: 176:black-and-white 164:electrical grid 131: 122: 69:black-and-white 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029:Dipole antenna 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4943:Sound-in-Syncs 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4832:Blanking level 4829: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 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Burns, 2240: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2207:. p. 69. 2206: 2199: 2196: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158:New Scientist 2155: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033:6.5 MHz 2032: 2030:6.5 MHz 2029: 2027:5.5 MHz 2026: 2024:4.5 MHz 2023: 2021:4.5 MHz 2020: 2017: 2015:5.5 MHz 2014: 2012:4.5 MHz 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004:6.0 MHz 2003: 2001:6.0 MHz 2000: 1998:5.0 MHz 1997: 1995:4.2 MHz 1994: 1992:4.2 MHz 1991: 1989:5.5 MHz 1988: 1986:5.0 MHz 1985: 1983:4.2 MHz 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864:Lines/Fields 1863: 1862: 1858: 1856:SECAM D,K,K' 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747:South America 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1465:(1967–1968), 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1447:(1966–1967), 1446: 1445: 1441:(1965–1966), 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1141:The Lucy Show 1137: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103:The Cisco Kid 1098: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:Hallicrafters 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987: 982: 981: 975: 974: 969: 960: 959: 954: 950: 945: 939:United States 938: 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 914: 907: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 862: 861: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 835: 831:North America 830: 827: 819: 817: 815: 814: 809: 808: 802: 798: 794: 789: 786: 779: 777: 774: 772: 767: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 727: 725: 721: 716: 711: 704: 702: 700: 699:David Sarnoff 696: 692: 686: 684: 683: 678: 677: 672: 671: 666: 665: 658: 656: 652: 651:coaxial cable 647: 642: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 616: 614: 609: 605: 597: 595: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 570: 566: 562: 557: 550: 548: 546: 542: 537: 535: 530: 526: 522: 517: 513: 511: 505: 503: 498: 497:electron guns 492: 490: 485: 481: 480:frosted glass 475: 465: 462: 454: 444: 440: 434: 433: 428:This section 426: 422: 417: 416: 410: 408: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 340: 334: 328: 324: 317: 315: 313: 308: 305: 304:Fernsehstuben 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 247: 245: 241: 236: 234: 229: 221: 219: 217: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 155: 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 128: 126: 118: 113: 111: 107: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 34: 30: 19: 5268:Hanover bars 5059:Pre-emphasis 4983:Transmission 4948:Zweikanalton 4856: 4852:Color killer 4777:Clear-Vision 4596: 4584: 4552: 4533: 4521:. 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January 4244:中国彩电工业发展回顾 4205:18 January 4178:中国彩电工业发展回顾 4130:11 January 3742:1 December 3653:29 October 3607:1 December 3581:1 December 2677:Daily News 2314:Crossroads 2133:References 2111:Triniscope 1841:PAL B,G,H 1789:Cor Dillen 1703:island of 1613:Bangladesh 1593:Kazakhstan 1485:Doctor Who 1480:Doctor Who 1227:Pittsburgh 991:Patti Page 980:Cinderella 824:See also: 736:Chromatron 695:Korean War 592:Chromatron 577:Telechrome 565:Telechrome 529:Iconoscope 385:Crossroads 376:commutator 350:inventor, 260:Iconoscope 143:cone cells 65:monochrome 57:television 5273:Sparklies 5258:Dot crawl 5251:Artifacts 5191:Path loss 5186:Null fill 5161:Beam tilt 4902:Safe area 4557:McFarland 4409:channel24 4371:1005-2577 4106:The Stage 3899:28 August 3802:Billboard 3719:Billboard 3703:Billboard 3601:Billboard 3576:Billboard 3558:Billboard 3232:9 January 3126:April 22, 3023:1 January 2897:Billboard 2879:Billboard 2221:2003: 119 2062:Positive 2059:Negative 2056:Negative 2053:Negative 2050:Negative 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