65:
in the 1970s. These protocols were designed to enable communication and data exchange between different computer systems and networks. The name originated with each protocol being identified by the colour of the cover of its specification document. The protocols were in use until the 1990s when the
170:
The Yellow Book
Transport Service was somewhat misnamed, as it does not fulfill the Transport role in the OSI 7-layer model. It really occupies the top of the Network layer, making up for X.25's lack of NSAP addressing at the time, which did not appear until the X.25 (1980) revision, and was nopt
162:
The Yellow Book defined the Yellow Book
Transport Service (YBTS) protocol, also known as Network Independent Transport Service (NITS), which was mainly run over X.25. It was developed by the Data Communications Protocols Unit of the Department of Industry in the late 1970s. It could also run over
258:
Over time, as technology evolved, many of the concepts and principles from the
Coloured Book Protocols were integrated into broader international standards. They remain an important part of the history and evolution of computer networking, showcasing an early effort to establish standards and
106:
academic network from 1984. The protocols were influential in the development of computer networks, particularly in the UK, gained some acceptance internationally as the first complete X.25 standard, and gave the UK "several years lead over other countries".
243:
The Red Book defined the Job
Transfer and Manipulation Protocol (JTMP), a mechanism for jobs to be transferred from one computer to another, and for the output to be returned to the originating (or another) computer, running over Blue Book FTP.
82:
division (BPO-T) worked with the academic community in the United
Kingdom and the computer industry to develop a set of standards to enable interoperability among different computer systems based on the
911:
686:
122:
The standards were defined in several documents, each addressing different aspects of computer network communication. They were identified by the colour of the cover:
392:
657:
628:
114:
were adopted on the Janet network instead; they were operated simultaneously for a while, until X.25 support was phased out entirely in August 1997.
259:
protocols for efficient and reliable communication between computers. One famous quirk of
Coloured Book was that components of hostnames used
841:
779:
612:
348:
321:
768:
Mansell, Robin; Mansell, Dixons Chair in New Media and the
Internet Interdepartmental Programme in Media and Communications Robin (2002).
891:
151:
694:
737:
280:
188:
79:
796:
184:
164:
377:
260:
665:
636:
921:
916:
102:
The
Coloured Book protocols were used on SERCnet from 1980, and SWUCN from 1982, both of which became part of the
91:(WAN) communication. First defined in 1975, the standards evolved through experience developing protocols for the
365:
187:
running over X.25, and the TS29 protocol modelled on Triple-X PAD, but running over YBTS. It was developed by
483:
183:
The Green Book defined two protocols to connect terminals across a network: an early version of what became
67:
212:
54:
751:
211:
The Blue Book defined the
Network-Independent File Transfer Protocol (NIFTP), analogous to Internet
462:
427:
111:
896:
515:
445:
Kirstein, P.T. (1999). "Early experiences with the
Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom".
862:
540:
837:
831:
775:
769:
608:
580:
344:
338:
317:
88:
39:
602:
741:
572:
454:
419:
311:
96:
58:
771:
Inside the Communication Revolution: Evolving Patterns of Social and Technical Interaction
731:
172:
62:
43:
709:
560:
926:
905:
576:
285:
35:
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From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995
542:
From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995
431:
466:
31:
235:
transfer (not file transfer as is sometimes claimed), running over Blue Book FTP.
175:
addressing between YBTS nodes—there was no global addressing scheme at that time.
687:"Janet(UK) Quarterly Report to the Janet Community: July 1997 to September 1997"
220:
92:
807:
754:
727:
423:
410:
Kirstein, Peter T. (2009). "The early history of packet switching in the UK".
216:
150:
The Orange Book defined protocols for transport over local networks using the
584:
313:
A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen
17:
253:
516:"Computing Service History - BUCS - History and Archive - University Wiki"
393:"Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society"
131:
263:
as compared to the Internet standard. For example, an address might be
503:
See "15:00 Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK (Peter Houlder)"
458:
746:
366:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"
232:
192:
491:
203:
The Fawn Book defined the Simple Screen Management Protocol (SSMP)
103:
892:
alt.folklore.computers: "What is the British Grey Book protocol?"
215:, running over YBTS. Unlike Internet FTP, NIFTP was intended for
171:
available in implementations for some years afterward. YBTS used
139:
135:
84:
797:"The Good Old Days: Networking in UK Academia ~25 Years Ago"
710:"The Yellow Book Transport Service: Principles and Status"
833:
The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking
880:. Oxford University Press, 2004, s.v. "coloured book"
870:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.
607:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42.
548:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.
38:. For the series of U.S. government publications on
130:The Pink Book defined protocols for transport over
191:. These protocols are similar in functionality to
561:"Evolution of networks using standard protocols"
484:"6th UK Network Operators' Forum Meeting Agenda"
310:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010-04-26).
391:Smith, Ed; Miller, Chris; Norton, Jim (2017).
604:Digital Convergence - Libraries of the Future
8:
912:History of computing in the United Kingdom
745:
601:Earnshaw, Rae; Vince, John (2007-09-20).
167:was extended to allow running over NITS.
774:. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
281:Internet in the United Kingdom § History
662:Central Computing Department Newsletter
633:Central Computing Department Newsletter
447:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
316:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–3.
297:
596:
594:
7:
664:(16). September 1991. Archived from
478:
476:
305:
303:
301:
231:The Grey Book defined protocols for
97:Experimental Packet Switched Service
635:(12). January 1991. Archived from
370:Annals of the History of Computing
25:
152:Cambridge Ring (computer network)
27:UK set of communication protocols
708:C. J. Bennett (12 August 1980).
364:Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987).
189:Post Office Telecommunications
80:Post Office Telecommunications
78:In the mid-1970s, the British
1:
733:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
340:A Brief History of the Future
165:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
134:. The protocol was basically
806:. Manchester. Archived from
577:10.1016/0140-3664(80)90069-9
412:IEEE Communications Magazine
397:National Physical Laboratory
261:reverse domain name notation
943:
559:Powell, Kit (1980-07-01).
251:
95:in the late 1960s and the
70:came into widespread use.
29:
878:A Dictionary of Computing
424:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4785372
795:Reid, Jim (2007-04-03).
269:user@star.hatfield.ac.uk
265:user@UK.AC.HATFIELD.STAR
861:Rutter, Dorian (2005).
836:. Trafford Publishing.
565:Computer Communications
539:Rutter, Dorian (2005).
337:Naughton, John (2015).
68:Internet protocol suite
55:communication protocols
51:Coloured Book protocols
693:. 1997. Archived from
34:standards series, see
697:on February 16, 2012.
252:Further information:
138:level 3 running over
99:in the early 1970s.
87:for packet-switched
85:X.25 protocol suite
922:Wide area networks
112:Internet protocols
917:Network protocols
843:978-1-4669-3935-6
781:978-0-19-829656-0
614:978-1-84628-903-3
459:10.1109/85.759368
350:978-1-4746-0277-8
323:978-3-527-32710-2
89:wide area network
61:developed in the
59:computer networks
40:computer security
16:(Redirected from
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747:10.17487/RFC0821
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691:Janet webarchive
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490:. Archived from
488:www.uknof.org.uk
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740:. sec. C.
730:(August 1982).
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42:standards, see
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571:(3): 117–122.
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173:source routing
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63:United Kingdom
53:were a set of
44:Rainbow Series
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897:Janet website
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36:Rainbow Books
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18:Coloured Book
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826:
815:. Retrieved
808:the original
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695:the original
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670:. Retrieved
666:the original
661:
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641:. Retrieved
637:the original
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541:
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523:. Retrieved
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496:. Retrieved
492:the original
487:
453:(1): 38–44.
450:
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418:(2): 18–26.
415:
411:
405:
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386:
373:
369:
359:
339:
332:
312:
257:
242:
230:
219:rather than
210:
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185:Triple-X PAD
182:
169:
161:
149:
129:
121:
109:
101:
77:
50:
48:
32:compact disc
267:instead of
221:interactive
158:Yellow Book
146:Orange Book
93:NPL network
906:Categories
817:2008-04-16
728:Jon Postel
672:2020-02-13
658:"FLAGSHIP"
643:2020-02-13
629:"FLAGSHIP"
525:2022-12-21
498:2020-02-12
292:References
217:batch mode
179:Green Book
585:0140-3664
343:. Orion.
254:JANET NRS
227:Grey Book
207:Blue Book
199:Fawn Book
163:TCP. The
126:Pink Book
118:Protocols
432:34735326
275:See also
239:Red Book
132:Ethernet
30:For the
855:Sources
467:1558618
376:(3/4):
223:usage.
74:History
840:
804:UKNOF7
778:
611:
583:
465:
430:
347:
320:
248:Legacy
233:e-mail
193:TELNET
868:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
546:(PDF)
463:S2CID
428:S2CID
380:-247.
104:JANET
927:X.25
838:ISBN
776:ISBN
738:IETF
609:ISBN
581:ISSN
345:ISBN
318:ISBN
140:LLC2
136:X.25
57:for
49:The
755:821
752:RFC
742:doi
573:doi
455:doi
420:doi
378:221
213:FTP
908::
802:.
750:.
736:.
712:.
689:.
660:.
631:.
593:^
579:.
567:.
563:.
518:.
501:.
486:.
475:^
461:.
451:21
449:.
426:.
416:47
414:.
395:.
372:.
368:.
300:^
271:.
195:.
154:.
142:.
846:.
820:.
784:.
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617:.
587:.
575::
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457::
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399:.
374:9
353:.
326:.
46:.
20:)
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