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prohibited from conducting services. Through 1773, Missouri parishes lacked resident priests, and residents were served by traveling priests from the east side of the
Mississippi. During the 1770s and 1780s, both Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis gained resident priests, although not without difficulty; during the 1790s, St. Charles and Florissant were forced to share a resident priest, despite both having built parish churches. Throughout the period, both the French and the Spanish provided monetarily for the sustenance of the church; as part of their support, both governments forbade Protestant services in the colony. However, itinerant Protestant ministers frequently visited the settlements in private, and restrictions on Protestant residency were rarely enforced. According to historian William E. Foley, Spanish Missouri lived under a "de facto form of religious toleration," with few residents demanding rigid orthodoxy.
376:(renamed the Company of the West in 1717 upon receiving its charter) was given a monopoly on all trade, ownership of all mines, and use of all military posts in Louisiana in return for a ten-year requirement to settle 6,000 white settlers and 3,000 black slaves in the territory. The Illinois Country, which included what is now Missouri, was also to be part of the charter. Investment in the company began in earnest, and in 1719, Law merged the Company of the West with several other joint stock companies to form the Company of the Indies. Appointed as provincial governor of Louisiana by the company, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founded the city of
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456:. Within a year, Bourgmont negotiated alliances with local Indian tribes along the Missouri River, and in 1725, he brought a party of them to show off in Paris. Fort Orleans was abandoned in 1728 as the company suffered severe losses and returned control of Louisiana to royal authority. During the 1730s and 1740s, French control over Missouri remained weak, and no permanent settlements existed on the western bank of the Mississippi River. Despite this lack of permanence, French fur traders continued to ascend the Missouri River and interact with indigenous peoples; one such duo, Paul and Pierre Mallet, journeyed from Missouri to
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European goods altered cultural patterns of craft production, and an increased emphasis on hunting due to commercialism changed Osage marriage patterns. Younger Osage hunters who had achieved wealth from trade sought to increase their power in Osage society, and they at various times challenged the established political order of tribal elders. Although both the Osage and the
Missouri were exposed to European diseases such as smallpox and typhus, the Osage suffered only slightly compared to the Missouri, who were drastically reduced in population.
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families, and he transferred temporary control to his subordinate, Louis St. Ange de
Bellerive, who was given the responsibility to monitor the remaining settlers in Illinois. Concern about living under British rule led many French settlers to decamp for Missouri, especially with encouragement from Laclede; upon the arrival of the British at Fort de Chartres in October 1765,. St. Ange was the interim commander of the entire upper Louisiana region until 1767.
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a laborer was banished for stealing and illicit relations with slave women. During the late 1770s, a series of robberies was ended by the institution of nightly patrols in St. Louis. Spanish soldiers often were responsible for the major crimes; in 1775, a soldier killed a Ste. Genevieve resident in a drunken knife fight, while soldiers in St. Louis frequently were accused of fighting, drunkenness, and stealing.
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Crime and social indiscretions also were a part of life in
Spanish Missouri; however, government officials quickly dealt with those who broke social norms. In 1770, when a trader mocked Spanish regulations outside the church in St. Louis, he was banished from the colony for ten years; the same year,
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American settlers fundamentally changed the makeup of
Missouri; by the mid-1790s, Spanish officials realized the American Protestant immigrants were not interested in converting to Catholicism or in serious loyalty to Spain. Despite a brief attempt to restrict immigration to Catholics only, the heavy
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Women in the region were responsible for a variety of domestic tasks, including food preparation and making clothing. French women were well known for their cooking, which incorporated both French staples such as soups and fricasses and
African and Creole foods such as gumbo. The colonists also ate
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was begun, During its early years, Ste. Genevieve grew slowly due to its location on a muddy, flat, floodplain, and in 1752, the town had only 23 full-time residents. Despite its proximity to lead mines and salt springs, the majority of its population came as farmers during the 1750s and 1760s, and
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only affected the settlements late in the 1700s. Schools were private and classes were tutor-based; small schools operated intermittently during the 1780s and 1790s in both St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, and a private
English-language school opened in New Madrid during the late 1790s. The wealthiest
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To reduce the influence of
British traders, Spain renewed efforts to encourage French settlers to decamp from Illinois to Missouri, and in 1778, the Spanish granted land and basic supplies to Catholic immigrants to Missouri; however, few settlers actually took up the offers to move to the region. A
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Both of
Missouri's permanent settlements, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, were growing as a result of French immigration from British-held Illinois. Ste. Genevieve continued to suffer from periodic flooding, although during the 1770s its population of 600 made it slightly larger than St. Louis. Ste.
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The exposure to French activities brought significant changes to the indigenous peoples of
Missouri. Although interactions were generally positive between them, the introduction of diseases, alcohol, and firearms proved detrimental to traditional lifestyles and cultures. The increased dependence on
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The black enslaved population of Missouri and the region was 38% in 1772, declining to 20% by 1803. Slaves worked in households as servants, and in mines, fields, and in transportation. French and Spanish law provided them certain protections for what was considered an economic investment, such as
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Social class was particularly fluid during the Spanish period, although there were some distinctions. There were no aristocrats. The highest class was based upon wealth and constituted of a mixed group of creole merchants linked by familial ties. Below this class were the artisans and craftsmen of
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By 1800, the population of Upper Louisiana was primarily concentrated in a few settlements along the Mississippi in present-day Missouri. Travel between towns was by the river. Subsistence agriculture was the primary economic activity, although most farmers also raised livestock. Fur trading, lead
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After the American victory in its war of independence, Spain retained Louisiana, but the region east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States. American settlers started coming across. Rather than attempt to stifle the immigration of American Protestants, however, Spanish officials
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in the mid-19th century, the Mississippi-Missouri river system waterways were the main means of communication and transportation in the region. The earliest traffic up the Missouri likely occurred in the 1680s by unlicensed fur traders; the first known ascent occurred in 1693, and within a decade,
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Local administrators of Ste. Genevieve also were Spaniards, but frequently were forced to acquiesce to local customs. Throughout the 1770s, Spanish officials were forced to contend not only with the wishes of their predominantly French populations, but also with repeated incursions from British
775:, who considered Morgan's infant colony as flawed due to its lack of provisos for ensuring the settlement's loyalty to Spain. New Madrid's early American settlers departed, as did Morgan, and New Madrid became primarily a hunting and trading outpost rather than a full-fledged agricultural city.
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Although Laclede had brought the news in December 1763 of the transfer of the eastern Illinois Country to the United Kingdom, the French commander Pierre Joseph Neyon de Villiers only received his orders to begin evacuations in April 1764. Villiers departed for New Orleans in June 1764 with 80
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were the primary religious authority in the region, the French expelled the order in 1763 due to its growing wealth and power. Combined with the expulsion of the Jesuits, the transfer of the colony to Spain also caused a shortage of priests, as French priests under Canadian jurisdiction were
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about eighteen miles north of Kaskaskia as the base of operations and headquarters for the company in the area. After the construction of Fort de Chartres, the company directed a series of prospecting expeditions to an area 30 miles west of the Mississippi River in present-day
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as a trading post and settlement for newly arriving Americans. The largest district, St. Louis, was the provincial capital and center of trade; by 1800, its district population stood at nearly 2,500. Aside from Carondelet, other settlements in the St. Louis district included
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people, who fled from the eastern Illinois Country to the station in the hope of receiving French protection from the Iroquois. Marest became involved in learning their language and constructed several cabins, a chapel, and a basic fort at the station. However, bands of
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However, Spanish aid to the Americans came with the risk of a British attack. In June 1779, Spain declared war on Britain. By March 1780, St. Louis was warned of an impending British attack, and the Spanish built Fort San Carlos. In late May 1780, a British war party
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for France. During the journey, La Salle built several trading posts in the Illinois Country in an effort to create a trading empire; however, before La Salle could fully implement his plans, he died on a second journey to the region during a mutiny in 1685.
310:; they lived at the village primarily during the spring planting and fall harvesting seasons, while pursued game at other time. The Missouri became an ally of the French, eventually even traveling to Detroit to assist in the defense of the town against a
823:; by 1804, more than three-fifths of the population were American. With little return on their investment of time and money in the colony, the Spanish negotiated the return of Louisiana, including Missouri, to France in 1800, which was codified in the
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in 1796, Spain again needed an influx of settlement to defend the region. To that end, Spain began advertising free land and no taxes in Spanish territory throughout American cities, and Americans responded in a wave of immigration. Among these
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to Missouri to protect the company's trade networks on the Missouri River from Spanish influence. Bourgmont arrived in February 1723 with a poorly equipped force. In November 1723, Bourgmont and the party arrived in present-day
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in 1701 along the Great Lakes. From these outposts departed a variety of fur traders and Jesuit missionaries that enabled France to build strong relationships with indigenous tribes and retain control of the continental interior.
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However, due to slow transit times, word of the Treaty of Fontainebleau did not arrive in Louisiana until 1765. In that period, the French governor of Louisiana granted a trade monopoly over Missouri to New Orleans merchant
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Although both Marquette and La Salle had passed Missouri on their journeys, neither had established bases of operations in what would become the state. Encouraged by the building of Mobile and Biloxi, the first to do so was
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The first Spanish military commander, Captain Francisco RĂu y Morales, 1767–68, proved incompetent. Many of his soldiers grumbled and others deserted; rations ran short; he had trouble hiring laborers.
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Early St. Louis had a particular focus on fur trading, which led to periodic food shortages and the city's nickname of 'Paincourt', meaning short of bread. South of St. Louis a satellite city known as
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second effort by the Spanish against the British found greater success: starting in the late 1770s, the Spanish officials began openly supporting American rebels fighting against British rule in the
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local meats, including deer, squirrel, rabbits, and bear, although they preferred beef, pork and fowl. Most foods were local, although sugar and liquor were imported until the late Spanish period.
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to work in the mines, the first black slaves in Missouri. Despite these efforts, weather and hostility from Indians slowed production, and Renault sold his lands in 1742 having made little profit.
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During the late 1680s and 1690s, the French pursued colonization of central North America not only to promote trade, but also to thwart the efforts of England on the continent. In that vein,
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were angry at the encroachment of the Kaskaskia onto Sioux lands at Des Peres; these Sioux forced Marest to move the station south and east in 1703 to a new location in Illinois known as
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Austin, Moses. "A Memorandum of M. Austin's Journey from the Lead Mines in the County of Wythe in the State of Virginia to the Province of Louisiana West of the Mississippi, 1796-1797."
688:, was based in New Orleans, and he removed RĂu y Morales. The next rulers proved more confident, but even so, Spain was stretched to the limits in its ability to govern the vast region.
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prohibitions on imprisonment, mutilation, and death. Spanish law permitted them to own property, appear as parties to lawsuits, work on their own account, and purchase their freedom.
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in 1739. In 1744, the French commander of Fort de Chartres gave five years of fur trading rights along the Missouri River to Joseph Deruisseau, who built a small fort (
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more than a hundred traders were moving along the Mississippi and Missouri. These early traders met two tribes within what would become Missouri: the Missouri and the
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To better govern the region of Missouri, the Spanish split the province into five administrative districts in the mid-1790s: St. Louis, St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve,
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the society, followed by laborers of all types, including boatmen, hunters, and soldiers. Near the bottom of the social system were free blacks, servants, and
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and near the Missouri village in Saline County. Like the Missouri, the Osage lived in semi-permanent villages, and they also both had acquired horses.
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Gilbert C. Din, "Empires Too Far: The Demographic Limitations of Three Imperial Powers in the Eighteenth-Century Mississippi Valley,"
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French settlers remained on the east bank of the Mississippi at Kaskaskia and Fort de Chartres until 1750, when the new settlement of
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522:. About 1000 French settlers lived in Missouri, in small farming villages stretched out along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.
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During the 1710s, the French government again began to pursue a course of increased development of Louisiana. In August 1717, King
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were frequent maladies throughout the period, with malaria particularly affecting low-lying settlements such as Ste. Genevieve.
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The food supply was ample, wars were infrequent, and fertility was high so the French population grew to about 10,000 by 1803.
703:, a Canadian trader, set up a trading post on the northwest bank of the Missouri River, which eventually grew into the town of
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attack. The Osage for their part became a more significant player in the development of Missouri history; they lived along the
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in 1754. The British won and France lost all of its holdings. France gave Spain control of Louisiana in November 1762 in the
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History of Missouri, Vol. 1.: From the Earliest Explorations and Settlements until the Admission of the State into the Union
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as commander of the mines, and in 1723 Boisbriand ceded land to Renault in Washington County in an area now known as the
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of Ste. Genevieve sent his son to New York City in 1796, while Auguste Chouteau sent his eldest son to Canada in 1802.
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274:, a Jesuit priest who in late 1700 established a mission on the west bank of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the
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covers the French and Spanish exploration and colonization: 1673–1803, and ends with the American takeover through the
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217:. The earliest recorded use of "Missouri" is found on a map drawn by Marquette after his 1673 journey, naming both a
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area. Because of the harshness of mine work, white laborers demanded high wages; in response, Renault brought five
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counties. These mining operations generally focused on discovering either lead or silver ore; the company appointed
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and New Madrid. Of the five administrative districts, the newest was Cape Girardeau, founded in 1792 by trader
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was established in 1767, although it never thrived. A third major settlement was established in 1769, when
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Women were responsible for child-rearing and basic schooling, and for nursing the sick. Diseases such as
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Shortly after the founding of Ste. Genevieve, disputes between France and England over control of the
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had been a significant part of life among the colonists since the earliest settlements. Although the
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The Missouri were a semisedentary people with a major village along the Missouri River in northern
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278:. Marest established his mission station with a handful of French settlers and a large band of the
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Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri: A Compendium of History and Biography for Ready Reference
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Gilbert C. Din, "Captain Francisco Riu y Morales and the Beginnings of Spanish Rule in Missouri."
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mining, and salt making were also significant economic activities for residents during the 1790s.
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traders and hostile indigenous tribes. Furthermore, American settlers were starting to arrive.
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Despite severe financial losses in late 1720, in January 1722 the company's directors sent
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Map of the Marquette-Jolliet expedition of 1673 showing the first use of the word Missouri
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Most Missourians traveled longer distances by water, and large cargo was transported by
724:. Spanish officials in both St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve were instrumental in supplying
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Before Lewis and Clark: documents illustrating the history of the Missouri, 1785-1804
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Christensen, Lawrence O.; Foley, William E.; Kremer, Gary R.; Winn, Kennedy H., eds.
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After Boisbriand's arrival in the Illinois Country, he ordered the construction of
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began encouraging it in an effort to create an economically successful province.
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Gardner, James A. "The Business Career of Moses Austin in Missouri, 1798-1821."
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From French Community to Missouri Town: Ste. Genevieve in the Nineteenth Century
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immigration from the United States changed the lifestyle and even the primary
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As part of this effort, in 1789 Spanish diplomats in Philadelphia encouraged
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The bourgeois frontier: French towns, French traders, and American expansion
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Loring Bullard, “Missouri Salt: The Rise and Fall of a Frontier Industry,”
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Religion in Spanish Missouri was a strong element of cultural life, and the
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Parrish, William Earl; Jones, Charles T.; Christensen, Lawrence O. (2004).
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American Confluence: The Missouri Frontier from Borderland to Border State
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departed New Orleans for Missouri where in February 1764,they established
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Carolyn Gilman, "L'Anneé du Coup: The Battle of St. Louis, 1780 Part 2,"
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214:
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Cleary, Patricia. "The Global Village on the Banks of the Mississippi,"
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Patricia Cleary, "The Global Village on the Banks of the Mississippi,"
1984:
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families sometimes sent children to other regions to obtain education:
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A. P. Nasatir, "Anglo-Spanish Rivalry on the Upper Missouri," part 1
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Genevieve took a balanced approach between fur trading and farming.
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The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia
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From this time up until the building of the first railways in the
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in canoes along the area that would later become the state of
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The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood
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The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood
1820:
1344:
Lynn Morrow, "New Madrid and its Hinterland: 1783-1826,"
1749:
Land of Big Rivers: French and Indian Illinois, 1699-1778
868:, with black and Indian slaves forming the bottom class.
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In the early 1790s both Governor MirĂł and his successor,
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Daniel Boone: the life and legend of an American pioneer
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1201:
1684:(2015) 109#2 pp 79–92. The early history of St. Louis.
1282:(2015) 109#2 pp 79-92. The early history of St. Louis.
1817:- Digital collections of Missouri history and culture
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came to Spanish-controlled Missouri during the 1790s.
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complete text online at U. Missouri Digital Library
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Map of early Missouri settlements and trading posts
1209:Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980
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1742:The Spanish in the Mississippi Valley, 1762-1804
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1826:State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia
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476:they primarily grew wheat, corn and tobacco.
452:in northern Missouri, where they constructed
259:Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac
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8:
1268:. Cape Girardeau, Missouri: Ten-Digit Press.
542:on high bluffs overlooking the Mississippi.
1346:Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society
981:List of commandants of the Illinois Country
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1875:
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1318:"New Madrid - 220+ Years Old and Counting"
1023:(University of Missouri Press, 1989) p. 1.
534:. In August 1763, Laclede and his stepson
247:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville
166:
152:
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464:) on the Missouri River near present-day
364:accepted the offer of Scottish financier
189:Early explorations and indigenous peoples
1646:Missouri: A Guide to the 'Show Me' State
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395:, the first mine in Missouri, opened by
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986:History of the Midwestern United States
231:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
29:
18:
1821:Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis
445:Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont
384:as commander of the Illinois Country.
7:
1848:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1804:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1952)
1744:(University of Illinois Press, 1974)
1737:(University of Illinois Press, 1965)
1735:The French in the Mississippi Valley
1701:(University of Missouri Press, 1989)
1677:(University of Missouri Press, 1999)
1418:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1406:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
257:in 1701 along the Gulf coast, while
1831:Missouri's African American History
1652:, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce
1293:"History of Mine A Breton / Potosi"
780:Francisco Luis HĂ©ctor de Carondelet
399:in the 1710s and later expanded by
380:in 1718, and the company appointed
14:
1836:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1758:Missouri, the Heart of the Nation
372:to manage colonial growth. Law's
2939:
1675:Dictionary of Missouri Biography
959:
945:
931:
917:
514:resulted in the outbreak of the
330:French settlement and government
135:
37:
847:Social life in Spanish Missouri
1800:Nasatir, Abraham Phineas, ed.
975:Historical outline of Missouri
738:attacked the town of St. Louis
550:Early settlements in Missouri
1:
1715:(Yale University Press, 2009)
686:Spanish governor of Louisiana
528:Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent
2987:History of the United States
722:American War of Independence
711:Competition with the British
397:Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac
180:Colonial history of Missouri
1761:(3 ed.). H. Davidson.
598:1767, St. Louis annex 1870
243:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
201:In May 1673, Jesuit priest
3394:
1792:American Historical Review
1706:Missouri Historical Review
1682:Missouri Historical Review
1548:Missouri Historical Review
1456:Missouri Historical Review
1359:Missouri Historical Review
1280:Missouri Historical Review
1266:The Commandant's Last Ride
972:
751:American pioneers such as
483:
468:. It disappeared by 1764.
382:Pierre Dugué de Boisbriand
333:
2935:
1894:
1815:Missouri Digital Heritage
1776:Rodriguez, Junius P. ed.
1740:McDermott, John Francis.
1733:McDermott, John Francis.
1408:(1929) 16#3 pp. 359-382,
494:Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)
352:Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)
219:group of Native Americans
3289:Northern Mariana Islands
1638:Federal Writers' Project
1458:(2009) 103#4 pp: 195–211
1374:(2009) 50#3 pp. 261-292
1064:Christensen (1999), 519.
480:Spanish period 1762–1803
473:Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
142:United States portal
1550:106 (Jan. 2012), 91–99.
1420:(1930) 16#4 pp 507-528
825:Treaty of San Ildefonso
520:Treaty of Fontainebleau
426:Philip Francois Renault
401:Philip Francois Renault
320:Vernon County, Missouri
308:Saline County, Missouri
2131:St. Francois Mountains
1708:(1956) 50#3 pp 235–47.
1348:(1980) 36#4 pp 241-250
1264:Mark L. Evans (2001).
839:
773:Esteban RodrĂguez MirĂł
756:
507:
404:
348:Treaty of Paris (1763)
340:Louisiana (New France)
198:
119:St. Louis World's Fair
2096:Mississippi Embayment
1845:Catholic Encyclopedia
1773:; university textbook
1650:American Guide Series
1642:"Missouri Chronology"
1445:Foley, 1989, pp 40–41
1168:Foley, 1989, pp 20-24
991:Timeline of St. Louis
833:
750:
516:French and Indian War
505:
490:Louisiana (New Spain)
466:Kansas City, Missouri
390:
344:French and Indian War
272:Pierre Gabriel Marest
196:
1618:Foley 1989 pp 110-14
1537:Foley (1989), 93-97.
1507:Foley (1989), 85-91.
1485:John Mack Faragher,
1395:Foley (1989), 85-87.
996:Timeline of Missouri
953:United States portal
939:North America portal
821:language of Missouri
458:Santa Fe, New Mexico
3378:History of Missouri
3299:U.S. Virgin Islands
2946:Missouri portal
1970:Tourist attractions
1586:Foley 1989 pp 108-9
1568:Foley 1989 pp 105-6
1559:Foley 1989 pp 102-4
1238:Foley 1989 pp 29-32
1157:History of Missouri
1101:Foley (1989), 9–10.
726:George Rogers Clark
551:
374:Mississippi Company
370:joint stock company
235:Louisiana Territory
31:History of Missouri
2832:St. Louis (County)
2101:Missouri Rhineland
1697:Foley, William E.
1687:Conard, Howard L.
1609:Foley (1989), 112.
1600:Foley (1989), 110.
1361:94 (2000): 121-45.
1250:Bonnie Stepenoff,
1207:James Neal Primm,
1146:Foley 1989 p 16-17
1037:Foley (1989), 4–5.
1019:William E. Foley,
840:
757:
549:
508:
498:Louisiana Purchase
405:
356:Louisiana Purchase
205:and French trader
199:
184:Louisiana Purchase
66:Territorial period
3365:
3364:
2953:
2952:
1751:(SIU Press, 2010)
1528:Foley (1989), 79.
1519:Foley (1989), 78.
1498:Foley (1989), 84.
1476:Foley (1989), 61.
1467:Foley (1989), 58.
1436:Foley (1989), 40.
1386:Foley 1989, p. 35
1372:Louisiana History
1229:Foley (1989), 28.
1220:Foley (1989), 27.
1195:Foley (1989), 26.
1186:Foley (1989), 25.
1177:Foley, 1989, p 25
1128:Foley (1989), 13.
1119:Foley (1989), 12.
789:American pioneers
784:Anglo-Spanish War
730:Illinois campaign
672:
671:
530:and his partner,
296:Mississippi Basin
211:Mississippi River
203:Jacques Marquette
176:
175:
3385:
3309:Outlying islands
3263:Washington, D.C.
3257:Federal district
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2827:St. Louis (City)
2349:independent city
2312:Maryland Heights
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1839:"Missouri"
1780:(ABC-CLIO, 2002)
1772:
1654:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1627:Foley 1989 p 114
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:Foley 1989 p 107
1575:
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1551:
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1396:
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1387:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1295:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
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1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:Foley (1989), 8.
1090:
1079:
1078:Foley (1989), 7.
1076:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:Foley (1989), 6.
1053:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1017:
969:
964:
963:
962:
955:
950:
949:
948:
941:
936:
935:
934:
927:
922:
921:
920:
866:coureur des bois
701:Louis Blanchette
682:Antonio de Ulloa
618:1770, 1760-1780
578:1750, 1735-1785
568:1717 settlement
552:
536:Auguste Chouteau
462:Fort de Cavagnal
409:Fort de Chartres
391:The location of
227:Illinois Country
209:sailed down the
168:
161:
154:
140:
139:
138:
76:
41:
16:
3393:
3392:
3388:
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3386:
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3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3303:
3265:
3251:
2990:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2348:
2341:
2287:University City
2183:
2135:
2121:Platte Purchase
2106:Northern Plains
2061:Four State Area
2037:
1979:
1902:
1890:
1881:
1835:
1811:
1787:
1785:Primary sources
1769:
1754:
1666:Aron, Stephen.
1663:
1661:Further reading
1658:
1657:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1590:
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1215:
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1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:vol 1 pp 269-86
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:Foley 1989 p 15
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
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958:
951:
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944:
937:
932:
930:
923:
918:
916:
913:
853:Catholic Church
849:
713:
677:
500:
484:Main articles:
482:
358:
334:Main articles:
332:
276:River Des Peres
191:
172:
136:
134:
129:
128:
114:Platte Purchase
89:
81:
80:
72:
61:Colonial period
51:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Navassa Island
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Johnston Atoll
3329:
3324:
3322:Howland Island
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:American Samoa
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3253:
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3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:South Carolina
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:North Carolina
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
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3119:
3114:
3109:
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3099:
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3034:
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2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Ste. Genevieve
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
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2779:
2774:
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2529:
2524:
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2474:
2469:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Cape Girardeau
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
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2379:
2374:
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2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Cape Girardeau
2274:
2272:Jefferson City
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2189:Largest cities
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:Jefferson City
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1975:Transportation
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1921:Climate change
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:Jefferson City
1895:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1809:External links
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1752:
1747:Morgan, M. J.
1745:
1738:
1731:
1718:Houck, Louis.
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1691:(6 vol 1901);
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
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1500:
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1438:
1429:
1416:. and part 2,
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1000:
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988:
983:
973:Main article:
971:
970:
956:
942:
928:
925:History portal
912:
909:
898:François Vallé
885:whooping cough
848:
845:
838:(shown above).
804:Louis Lorimier
800:Cape Girardeau
712:
709:
676:
673:
670:
669:
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660:
659:
656:
654:Cape Girardeau
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574:Ste. Genevieve
570:
569:
566:
560:
559:
556:
532:Pierre Laclède
481:
478:
450:Carroll County
331:
328:
190:
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3352:Palmyra Atoll
3350:
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3328:
3327:Jarvis Island
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3237:West Virginia
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3143:
3142:New Hampshire
3140:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Massachusetts
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
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3342:Midway Atoll
3337:Kingman Reef
3317:Baker Island
3294:Puerto Rico
3202:South Dakota
3192:Rhode Island
3187:Pennsylvania
3167:North Dakota
2937:
2822:St. Francois
2262:Chesterfield
2242:Blue Springs
2222:Lee's Summit
2217:Independence
2126:Pony Express
2111:Osage Plains
2091:Mid-Missouri
2081:Little Dixie
2008:Demographics
1896:
1843:
1801:
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1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1312:
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1297:the original
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793:Daniel Boone
777:
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753:Daniel Boone
742:
734:
718:
714:
694:
690:
684:, the first
678:
675:Spanish rule
544:
524:
509:
470:
454:Fort Orleans
442:
438:black slaves
418:St. Francois
406:
368:to create a
359:
324:
305:
293:
268:
261:established
253:in 1699 and
249:established
240:
233:claimed the
223:nearby river
200:
179:
177:
73:
60:
56:Pre-colonial
3357:Wake Island
3271:Territories
3117:Mississippi
3032:Connecticut
2812:St. Charles
2687:Mississippi
2232:St. Charles
2207:Springfield
2197:Kansas City
2169:Springfield
2164:Kansas City
2141:Metro areas
2086:Loess Hills
2066:Honey Lands
2028:LGBT rights
1936:Delegations
1211:(1990) ch 1
728:during his
705:St. Charles
664:Wolf Island
628:1783, 1789
604:St. Charles
555:Settlement
512:Ohio Valley
432:and in the
378:New Orleans
316:Osage River
3232:Washington
3152:New Mexico
3147:New Jersey
3022:California
2907:Washington
2712:New Madrid
2702:Montgomery
2647:Livingston
2267:Wentzville
2257:Florissant
2247:St. Peters
2237:St. Joseph
2174:St. Joseph
2116:The Ozarks
1931:Government
1724:online v 1
1328:2014-11-01
1303:2015-01-11
809:Florissant
769:New Madrid
765:Ohio River
697:Carondelet
634:Florissant
624:New Madrid
594:Carondelet
422:Washington
336:New France
109:Mormon War
3242:Wisconsin
3207:Tennessee
3112:Minnesota
3087:Louisiana
2989:by polity
2817:St. Clair
2622:Lafayette
2602:Jefferson
2537:Gasconade
2462:Christian
2397:Bollinger
2327:Grandview
2317:Gladstone
2202:St. Louis
2179:St. Louis
2071:Lead Belt
2051:Boonslick
2018:Education
1953:Civil War
1926:Geography
1901:(capital)
1728:online v2
813:Bridgeton
732:of 1779.
584:St. Louis
558:Founding
540:St. Louis
486:New Spain
430:Old Mines
312:Fox tribe
289:Kaskaskia
280:Kaskaskia
104:Honey War
99:Education
94:Civil War
3372:Category
3227:Virginia
3177:Oklahoma
3157:New York
3132:Nebraska
3122:Missouri
3107:Michigan
3097:Maryland
3082:Kentucky
3062:Illinois
3037:Delaware
3027:Colorado
3017:Arkansas
2882:Sullivan
2872:Stoddard
2852:Scotland
2847:Schuyler
2802:Reynolds
2792:Randolph
2742:Pemiscot
2692:Moniteau
2672:McDonald
2627:Lawrence
2557:Harrison
2532:Franklin
2492:Crawford
2457:Chariton
2422:Callaway
2417:Caldwell
2407:Buchanan
2367:Atchison
2302:Kirkwood
2282:Wildwood
2227:O'Fallon
2212:Columbia
2149:Columbia
2056:Bootheel
2033:Politics
2023:Gun laws
1993:Abortion
1888:Missouri
1794:5: 526.
1640:(1941),
1376:in JSTOR
911:See also
893:Smallpox
767:. Named
644:Commerce
366:John Law
362:Louis XV
215:Missouri
88:By topic
49:Timeline
22:a series
20:Part of
3247:Wyoming
3222:Vermont
3127:Montana
3067:Indiana
3047:Georgia
3042:Florida
3012:Arizona
3002:Alabama
2917:Webster
2862:Shannon
2777:Pulaski
2722:Nodaway
2657:Madison
2637:Lincoln
2617:Laclede
2607:Johnson
2592:Jackson
2567:Hickory
2527:Dunklin
2522:Douglas
2507:Daviess
2477:Clinton
2437:Carroll
2372:Audrain
2337:Raymore
2307:Raytown
2297:Ballwin
2292:Liberty
2043:Regions
2013:Economy
1998:Culture
1985:Society
1965:Symbols
1948:Battles
1943:History
1489:(1993).
1426:1896542
1414:1895064
881:malaria
857:Jesuits
836:bateaux
414:Madison
263:Detroit
124:Slavery
74:present
3182:Oregon
3137:Nevada
3077:Kansas
3052:Hawaii
3007:Alaska
2995:States
2927:Wright
2902:Warren
2897:Vernon
2867:Shelby
2842:Saline
2807:Ripley
2782:Putnam
2767:Platte
2757:Phelps
2752:Pettis
2727:Oregon
2717:Newton
2707:Morgan
2697:Monroe
2682:Miller
2677:Mercer
2667:Marion
2662:Maries
2597:Jasper
2582:Howell
2577:Howard
2552:Grundy
2547:Greene
2542:Gentry
2512:DeKalb
2502:Dallas
2487:Cooper
2442:Carter
2427:Camden
2412:Butler
2392:Benton
2382:Barton
2362:Andrew
2322:Belton
2252:Joplin
2159:Joplin
1960:People
1908:Topics
1765:
1670:(2005)
1424:
1412:
1254:(2006)
887:, and
496:, and
420:, and
354:, and
255:Mobile
251:Biloxi
221:and a
24:on the
3212:Texas
3092:Maine
3057:Idaho
2922:Worth
2912:Wayne
2892:Texas
2887:Taney
2877:Stone
2857:Scott
2787:Ralls
2747:Perry
2737:Ozark
2732:Osage
2652:Macon
2632:Lewis
2562:Henry
2467:Clark
2452:Cedar
2402:Boone
2387:Bates
2377:Barry
2357:Adair
2003:Crime
1916:Index
1884:State
1422:JSTOR
1410:JSTOR
1002:Notes
668:1792
658:1792
648:1788
638:1786
608:1769
588:1764
301:Osage
285:Sioux
71:1821–
3284:Guam
3217:Utah
3172:Ohio
3072:Iowa
2772:Polk
2762:Pike
2642:Linn
2612:Knox
2587:Iron
2572:Holt
2517:Dent
2497:Dade
2482:Cole
2472:Clay
2447:Cass
2332:Nixa
1763:ISBN
791:was
245:and
178:The
2797:Ray
1886:of
318:in
3374::
1842:.
1726:;
1648:,
1644:,
1591:^
1512:^
1337:^
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1010:^
883:,
827:.
707:.
492:,
488:,
416:,
350:,
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342:,
338:,
303:.
291:.
2979:e
2972:t
2965:v
1876:e
1869:t
1862:v
1771:.
1730:;
1331:.
1306:.
403:.
167:e
160:t
153:v
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