Color Graphics Adapter - Knowledge (XXG)

2484: 931:, as seen to the left, but in order to achieve a more pleasing brown tone, special circuitry in most RGBI monitors, starting with the IBM 5153 color display, makes an exception for color 6 and changes its hue from dark yellow to brown by reducing the analogue green signal's amplitude. The exact amount of reduction differed between monitor models: the original IBM 5153 Personal Computer Color Display reduces the green signal's amplitude by about one third, while the IBM 5154 Enhanced Color Display internally converts all 4-bit RGBI color numbers to 6-bit ECD color numbers, which amounts to halving the green signal's amplitude. The Tandy CM-2, CM-4 and CM-11 monitors provide a potentiometer labelled "BROWN ADJ." to adjust the amount of green signal reduction. 556: 522: 1664: 474: 462: 1704: 1692: 2282: 450: 45: 1982: 507: 539: 1902: 1279:, called alphanumeric or A/N modes in IBM's documentation). In these modes, individual pixels on the screen cannot be addressed directly. Instead, the screen is divided into a grid of character cells, each displaying a character defined in one of two bitmap fonts, "normal" and "thin," included in the card's ROM. The fonts are fixed and cannot be modified or selected from software, only by a jumper on the board itself. 1853: 414: 390: 366: 1716: 1680: 1789: 438: 426: 1207: 1170: 402: 378: 354: 2000: 1384: 491: 1621:, when run on a stock 4.77 MHz 8088. Running on a faster computer does not produce the effect, as the method the programmers used to switch palettes at predetermined locations is extremely sensitive to machine speed. The same can be done with the background color, as is used to create the river and road in 1671:

Technically, this mode is not a graphics mode, but a tweak of the 80 × 25 text mode. The character cell height register is changed to display only two lines per character cell instead of the normal eight lines. This quadruples the number of text rows displayed from 25 to 100. These "tightly

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programming languages included with MS-DOS supported all the text modes of the CGA with full color control, but did not provide a normal means through the BASIC language to switch the CGA from blink mode to 16-background-color mode. This was still possible however by directly programming the hardware

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are seen because the composite monitor's NTSC chroma decoder misinterprets some of the luminance information as color. By carefully placing pixels in appropriate patterns, a programmer can produce specific cross-color artifacts yielding a desired new color; either from purely black-and-white pixels

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In 320 × 200 graphics mode, the background color (which also affects the border color), which defaults to black on mode initialization, can be changed to any of the other 15 colors of the CGA palette. This allows for some variation, as well as flashing effects, as the background color can

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To realize graphics modes with 200 scanlines on the CGA, the MC6845 is programmed with 100 character rows per picture and two scanlines per character row. Because the video memory address output by the MC6845 is identical for each scanline within a character row, the CGA must use the MC6845's "row

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In this mode, the video picture is stored as a simple bitmap, with one bit per pixel setting the color to "foreground" or "background". By default the colors are black and bright white, but the foreground color can be changed to any entry in the 16-color CGA palette. The background color cannot be

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Within the monitor, the four signals are interpreted to drive the red, green and blue color guns. With respect to the RGBI color model described above, the monitor would translate the digital four-bit color number to some seven distinctive analog voltages in the range from 0.0 to 1.0 for each gun.

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signal circuit is an exception: because it still outputs the same number of cycles, now at the doubled clock rate, the color burst signal produced is too short for most monitors, yielding no or unstable color. Hence, IBM documentation lists the 80-column text mode as a "feature" only for RGBI and

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Each character cell stored four bits for foreground and background color. However, in the card's default configuration, the fourth bit of the background color does not set intensity, but sets the blink attribute for the cell. All characters on the screen with this bit set will periodically blink,

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disagreed, reporting in June 1983 that "the IBM monochrome display is absolutely beautiful for text and wonderfully easy on the eyes, but is limited to simple character graphics. Text quality on displays connected to the color/graphics adapter ... is at best of medium quality and is conducive to

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The higher bandwidth used by 80-column text mode results in random short horizontal lines appearing onscreen (known as "snow") if a program writes directly to video memory during screen drawing. The BIOS avoids the problem by only accessing the memory during horizontal retrace, or by temporarily

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The 320 × 200 variant of this technique (see above) is how the standard BIOS-supported graphics mode looks on a composite color monitor. The 640 × 200 variant, however, requires modifying a bit (color burst disable) directly in the CGA's hardware registers. As a result, it is

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160 cycles of the NTSC color clock occur during each line's output, so in 40 column mode each pixel occupies half a cycle and in 80 column mode each pixel uses a quarter of a cycle. Limiting the character display to the upper one or two scanlines, and taking advantage of the pixel arrangement in

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Thus, with the choice between 320 × 200 vs. 640 × 200 mode, the choice between the two palettes, and one freely-selectable color (the background in 320 × 200 modes and the foreground in 640 × 200 mode), it is possible to use many different sets of artifact

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Although IBM's own color display was not available, customers could either use the composite output (with an RF modulator if needed), or the direct-drive output with available third-party monitors that supported the RGBI format and scan rate. Some third-party displays lacked the intensity input,

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Composite artifacting, whether used intentionally or as an unwanted artifact, reduces the effective horizontal resolution to a maximum of 160 pixels, more for black-on-white or white-on-black text, without changing the vertical resolution. The resulting composite video display with "artifacted"

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The difference between these two modes can only be seen on a composite monitor, where mode 0 disables the color burst, making all text appear in grayscale. Mode 1 enables the color burst, allowing for color. Mode 0 and Mode 1 are functionally identical on RGB monitors and on later adapters that

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This implies that unless the size of a single scanline's raster data is a power of two, raster data cannot be laid out continuously in video memory. Instead, graphics modes on the CGA store the even-numbered scanlines contiguously in memory, followed by a second block of odd-numbered scanlines

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by enthusiasts have increased the maximum number of colors the CGA can display at the same time to 1024. This technique involves a text mode tweak which quadruples the number of text rows. Certain ASCII characters such as U and ‼ are then used to produce the necessary patterns, which result in

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disables the color burst to allow colors to appear in grayscale on composite monitor. However, unlike the text modes, this also affects the colors displayed on an RGBI monitor, altering them to the cyan/red/white palette seen above. This palette is not documented by IBM, but was used in some

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board was introduced, with twice the memory of a standard CGA board (32k, compared to 16k). The additional memory can be used in graphics modes to double the color depth, giving two additional graphics modes—16 colors at 320 × 200 resolution, or 4 colors at 640 × 200

2201:(1985) featured onboard "extended CGA" video hardware that extended video RAM beyond 16 kB, allowing 16 colors at 320 × 200 resolution and four colors at 640 × 200 resolution. Because the Tandy 1000 long outlived the PCjr, the video modes became known as 1374:

CGA offers graphics modes at three resolutions: 160 × 100, 320 × 200 and 640 × 200. In all modes every pixel on the screen can be set directly, but the color depth for the higher modes does not permit selecting freely from the full 16-color palette.

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The relative luminances of the colors produced by the composite color-generating circuit differ between CGA revisions: they are identical for colors 1-6 and 9-14 with early CGAs produced until 1983, and are different for later CGAs due to the addition of additional resistors.

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All blinking characters on the screen blink in sync. The blinking attribute effect is enabled by default and the high-intensity background effect is disabled; disabling blinking is the only way to freely choose the latter eight-color indexes (8-15) for the background color.

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Fonts are stored as bitmaps at a color depth of 1-bit, with a "1" representing the character and a "0" representing the background. These colors can be chosen independently, for each character on the screen, from the full 16-color CGA palette. The character set is defined by

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select 80 columns by 25 rows text modes, with each character still an 8×8 dot pattern, but displayed at a higher scan rate. The effective screen resolution of this mode is 640 × 200 pixels. In this mode, the card has enough video RAM for four different text pages.

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Because each character can be assigned different foreground and background colors, it can be colored (for example) blue on the left (foreground color) and bright red on the right (background color). This can be reversed by swapping the foreground and background colors.

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Using either character 221 or 222, each half of each truncated character cell can thus be treated as an individual pixel—making 160 horizontal pixels available per line. Thus, 160 × 100 pixels at 16 colors, with an aspect ratio of 1:1.2, are possible.

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Several choices can be made by programming hardware registers. First, the selected palette. Second, the intensity – which is defined for the entire screen, not on a per-pixel basis. Third, color 0 (the "background" color) can be set to any of the 16 colors.

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IBM intended that CGA be compatible with a home television set. The 40 × 25 text and 320 × 200 graphics modes are usable with a television, and the 80 × 25 text and 640 × 200 graphics modes are intended for a monitor.

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The color brown, represented by R=1, G=1, B=0, I=0, is an exception; whereas a straight interpretation of these bit values would resolve this color as dark yellow, the intensity of the green component is reduced, to produce brown, for only this one

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introduced in 1984 the first successful CGA-compatible card for MDA monitors. It displayed CGA's 16 colors in shades of monochrome. Because it was hardware-compatible with CGA, the Paradise card did not need special software support or additional

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Although a roundabout way of achieving a 16-color graphics display, this works quite well and the mode is even mentioned (although not explained) in IBM's official hardware documentation. This mode was used as early as 1983 on the game

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This mode disables the composite color burst signal by default. The BIOS does not provide an option to turn the color burst on in 640 × 200 mode, and the user must write directly to the mode control register to enable it.

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turning off the output during scrolling. While this causes the display to flicker, IBM decided that doing so was better than snow. The "snow" problem does not occur on any other video adapter, or on most CGA clones.

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In the 80-column text mode, the pixel clock frequency is doubled, and all synchronization signals are output for twice the number of clock cycles in order to last for their proper duration. The composite output's

2171:(MDA) at the same time as CGA. MDA was much more popular than CGA at first. Since a great many PCs were sold to businesses, the sharp, high-resolution monochrome text was more desirable for running applications. 1999: 1808:

Programmers discovered that this flaw could be turned into an asset, as distinct patterns of high-resolution dots would turn into consistent areas of solid colors, thus allowing the display of completely new

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For the composite output, these four-bit color numbers are encoded by the CGA's onboard hardware into an NTSC-compatible signal fed to the card's RCA output jack. For cost reasons, this is not done using an

2180:(HGC) was introduced, the first third-party video card for the PC. In addition to an MDA-compatible text mode, it offered a monochrome graphics mode with a resolution of 720×348 pixels, higher than the CGA. 285:

reducing the number of available colors to eight, and many also lacked IBM's unique circuitry which rendered the dark-yellow color as brown, so any software which used brown would be displayed incorrectly.

2268:(EGA) card, which supports most of CGA's modes and adds an additional resolution (640 × 350) as well as a software-selectable palette of 16 colors out of 64 in both text and graphics modes. 2018: 2087:, and in fact could be installed alongside the MDA in the same computer. A command included with PC DOS permitted switching the display output between the CGA and MDA cards. Some programs like the early 1293:

The font bitmap data is only available to the card itself, it cannot be read by the CPU. In graphics modes, text output by the BIOS operates by copying text from the font ROM bit-by-bit to video memory.

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Being completely dependent on the NTSC encoding/decoding process, composite color artifacting is not available on an RGBI monitor, nor is it emulated by EGA, VGA or contemporary graphics adapters.

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The low resolution of this composite color artifacting method led to it being used almost exclusively in games. Many high-profile titles offered graphics optimized for composite color monitors.

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also offered 16-color graphics on the PC, PCjr and Tandy 1000, but provided a 'RGB mode' at the title screen which would utilize only the ordinary CGA graphics mode, limited to 4 colors.

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Through precision timing, it is possible to switch to another palette while the video is being output, allowing the use of any one of the six palettes per scanline. An example of this is

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for details. This special RGBI interpretation for brown is performed in the monitor; the IBM 5153 monitor designed for the CGA performs it, but some early third-party monitors did not.

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supports a CGA mode, which can emulate a composite monitor's color artifacting. Both 640 × 200 composite mode and the more complex 320 × 200 variant are supported.

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also took a negative view on the CGA, stating, "Even for the time (early 1980s), these graphics were terrible, paling in comparison to other color machines available on the market."

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A single big "pixel" in 160 × 100 mode. This is the two top rows of half of character 221. Note the eight constituent non-square pixels and the overall 1:1.2 aspect ratio.

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Character 221 of the CGA character set consists of a box occupying the entire left half of the character matrix. (Character 222 consists of a box occupying the entire right half.)

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are both 40 columns by 25 rows text modes, with each character a pattern of 8×8 dots. The effective screen resolution in this mode is 320 × 200 pixels (a pixel

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video controller. This integrated circuit was originally designed only for character-based alphanumeric (text) displays and can address a maximum of 128 character rows.

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black-and-white composite monitors. Stable color can still be achieved by setting the border color to brown, which happens to produce a phase identical to the correct

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in 320 × 200 3rd palette low intensity, showing a typical low resolution interface. Note the use of dithering to overcome the CGA palette limitations

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applications. It was mostly backwards compatible with CGA. The PGC did not see widespread adoption due to its $ 4,000 price tag, and was discontinued in 1987.

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Consequently, the hues seen are lacking in purity; notably, both cyan and yellow have a greenish tint, and color 6 again looks dark yellow instead of brown.

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portables) is a doubled vertical resolution. This gives a higher quality 8 × 16 text display and an additional 640 × 400 graphics mode.

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squeezed" text characters are not full characters. The system only displays their top two lines of pixels (eight each) before moving on to the next row.

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starting at video memory position 8,192. This arrangement results in additional overhead in graphics modes for software that manipulates video memory.

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320 × 200 in 4 colors, chosen from 3 fixed palettes, with high- and low-intensity variants, with color 1 chosen from a 16-color palette.

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The same text cell height reduction technique can also be used with the 40 × 25 text mode, yielding a resolution of 80 × 100.

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The specific BIOS graphics mode influences which palettes are available. BIOS Mode 4 offers two palettes: green/red/brown and cyan/magenta/white.

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meaning their foreground color will be changed to their background color so the character becomes invisible. All characters blink in unison.

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colors is sometimes described as a 160 × 200 / 16-color "mode", though technically it was a technique using a standard mode.

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The sharp transitions from black to white ... contain frequency components ..., and those in the chroma band create cross chrominance.

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in 640 × 200 monochrome. Note the use of dithering to simulate gray tones and non-square pixel ratio that deforms the fonts

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160 × 100 in 16 colors, chosen from a 16-color palette, utilizing a specific configuration of the 80 × 25 text

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address" output (i.e. the scanline within the character row) as an additional address bit to fetch raster data from video memory.

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in January 1982 described the output from CGA as "very good—slightly better than color graphics on existing microcomputers".

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International Business Machines Corporation (1983): IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference Manual, pages D-42 to D-43.

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for direct-drive video (to an RGBI monitor). The connector on the card is female and the one on the monitor cable is male.

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When using a direct-drive monitor, the four color bits are output directly to the DE-9 connector at the back of the card.

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By setting a hardware register, the blink feature can be disabled, restoring access to high-intensity background colors.

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When four bits are used (for low-resolution mode, or for programming color registers) they are arranged according to the

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The fourth "intensifier" bit, when set, increases the brightness of all three color components (red, green, and blue).

244: 2987:(Technical Reference). IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (revised ed.). April 1983. p. D-50. 1217: 401: 377: 353: 5326: 5253: 4414: 3765: 3538: 2945:

International Business Machines Corporation (1983): IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference Manual, page D-40.

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Sams&Company ComputerFacts Technical Service Data: Magnavox® Model 7BM613074G - Radio Shack® Model CM11 Monitor

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This "RGBI with tweaked brown" palette was retained as the default palette of later PC graphics standards such as

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As with the 40-column text modes, Mode 2 disables the color burst in the composite signal and Mode 3 enables it.

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These four colour bits are then interpreted internally by the monitor, or converted to NTSC colours (see below).

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ATi Graphics Solution plus, ATi Graphics Solution Plus SP, ATi Graphics Solution SR, Number Nine Graphics System

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A basic problem arises when the luma signal ... contains frequency components that fall within the chroma band.

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CGA was widely supported in PC software up until the 1990s. Some of the software that supported the board was:

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Dean et al. (1984): Composite video color signal generation from digital color signals. U.S. Patent #4,442,428

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Top: game in composite mode; bottom: game in RGB mode; left: with RGB monitor; right: with composite monitor

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Top: game in composite mode; bottom: game in RGB mode; left: with RGB monitor; right: with composite monitor

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CGA composite artifact color generation: pixels as displayed on a RGBI (left) or composite (right) monitor.

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Later video cards/monitors in CGA emulation modes would approximate the colors with the following formula:

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for use with the CGA, but this was not available at release and would not be released until March 1983.

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For this reason, each of the text and graphics modes has a duplicate mode which disables the composite

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The low-resolution 160 × 100 mode uses a 16-color palette and is set up as 80 × 25

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IBM Color Graphics Adapter, ATi Graphics Solution Rev 3, ATi Color Emulation Card, Tseng Labs ColorPAK,

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be changed without having to redraw the screen (i.e. without changing the contents of the video RAM).

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A number of official and unofficial features exist that can be exploited to achieve special effects.

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Using the composite output instead of an RGBI monitor produced lower-quality video, due to NTSC's

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Using palette 0 at low intensity and dark blue as the background color provides the three primary

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Back of a CGA Video Adapter board, with the RCA composite output connector visible on the right

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non-dithered images with an effective resolution of 80 × 100 on a composite monitor.

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80 × 25 with 8 × 8 pixel font (effective resolution of 640 × 200)

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40 × 25 with 8 × 8 pixel font (effective resolution of 320 × 200)

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In text mode, the border color (displayed outside the regular display area and including the

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converter as called for by the NTSC standard, but by a series of flip-flops and delay lines.

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of 1:1.2.) The card has sufficient video RAM for eight different text pages in this mode.

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This used 2 bits per pixel, with a total memory use of (320 * 200 * 2) / 8 = 16 kilobytes.

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This used 4 bits per pixel, with a total memory use of (160 * 100 * 4) / 8 = 8 kilobytes.

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between luminance and chrominance. This is especially a problem with 80-column text:

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This used 1 bit per pixel, with a total memory use of (640 * 200) / 8 = 16 kilobytes.

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Some of these above tweaks can be combined. Examples can be found in several games.

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IBM Personal Computer Hardware Library: Technical Reference (Revised edition, 1983)

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640 × 200 in 2 colors, one black, one chosen from a 16-color palette.

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area) can be changed from the default black to any of the other 15 colors.

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A blog entry by the creators of the demo "8088 MPH" explaining this technique.

2967:... CGA palette, as rendered by an early ('old-style') card's composite output 2198: 1922:, it is possible to display up to 1024 colors. This technique was used in the 1797: 1746:

More detail can be achieved in this mode by using other characters, combining

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IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library: IBM Enhanced Color Display

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are the normal 16 colors as described above under "The CGA color palette".

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Another extension in some CGA-compatible chipsets (including those in the

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colors in 320 × 200 mode, as seen on the following pictures:

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CGA's 16 colors when using the NTSC output (post-1983 card revision)

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The lower three bits represent red, green, and blue color components

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Even though the MC6845 video controller can provide the timing for

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This article is about computer architecture. For other uses, see

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International Business Machines Corporation (February 4, 1983).

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Composite artifact colors (from 640 × 200 monochrome)

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Composite artifact colors (from 320 × 200 palette 0)

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Composite artifact colors (from 320 × 200 palette 1)

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Color 6 is treated specially; normally, color 6 would become

3006:(Technical Reference). IBM Options and Adapters. p. 32. 2743:

Announcement Letter Number 183-002 - IBM COLOR DISPLAY, 5153

3468:(Technical Reference). IBM Options and Adapters. p. 7. 3557:

Curran, Lawrence J.; Shuford, Richard S. (November 1983).

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The CGA card was succeeded in the consumer space by IBM's

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80-column text on RGB (left) vs. composite monitor (right)

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registers using the OUT statement of the BASIC language.

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The CGA card could be connected either to a direct-drive

3427:"CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide" 3195:"CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide" 2957:"CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide" 983:& 8)/8 if (color == 6) green := green * 2/3 496:

Example of typical 320 × 200 CGA graphics on "

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Some software achieved greater color depth by utilizing

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The original IBM CGA graphics card was built around the

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This article was originally based on material from the

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For business and word processing use, IBM provided the

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emulate CGA without supporting composite color output.

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320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 3 low intensity

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320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 1 low intensity

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320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 0 low intensity

3344:"Low Cost RGB to NTSC/PAL Encoder with Luma Trap Port" 3316:"Low Cost RGB to NTSC/PAL Encoder with Luma Trap Port" 1403:) but uses memory-mapped graphics on 16 KB of memory. 110:

ATi Small Wonder Graphics Solution, Tseng Labs EVA/480

2028:

Left: with RGB monitor; right: with composite monitor

228:

of any mode was 640 × 200, and the highest

2285:

DE-9 connector seen when looking at the back of a PC

1976:

Examples of CGA games on RGBI and composite monitors

1627:. Another documented example of the technique is in 1411:

In the medium-resolution 320 × 200 modes (

5277: 5226: 5195: 5167: 5134: 5076: 4998: 4952: 4884: 4856: 4797: 4747: 4727: 4687: 4637: 4602: 4584: 4511: 4502: 4459: 4285: 4203: 4194: 3920: 3816: 3702: 1750:with the aforesaid technique. This was explored by 127: 122: 114: 106: 98: 90: 83: 72: 54: 2841:"The IBM 5153's True CGA Palette and Color Output" 601:CGA palette internal bit arrangement (4-bit RGBI) 3586:"Paradise Graphics Card: It's Easier Being Green" 2608:List of defunct graphics chips and card companies 2479:RCA connector for composite monitor or television 2222:, a high-end graphics solution intended for e.g. 1831:in 640 × 200 mode, or resulting from a 1588:changed from black on an original IBM CGA card. 1580:In the high-resolution 640 × 200 mode ( 118:ATi Small Wonder Graphics Solution with game port 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686:Encyclopaedia of Management of Computer Hardware 2110:(an early GUI, used the 640x200 monochrome mode) 2648: 2646: 2644: 4149: 3680: 1709:221 with red text and blue background color. 1165:With a composite color monitor/television set 8: 3504:"Manually Installing the CGA Display Driver" 3077:"Video Modes Supported : CGA (Tweaked)" 2717:"A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" 2095:supported using both displays concurrently. 1697:221 with blue text and red background color 1640:Additional colors can be approximated using 220:built in, and featured several graphics and 37: 3536:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z". 2534:15699.8 Hz (14.318181 MHz/8/114) 2491:The Color Graphics Adapter uses a standard 2456:15699.8 Hz (14.318181 MHz/8/114) 2289:The Color Graphics Adapter uses a standard 2039:Video timing on the CGA is provided by the 1235:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 27:IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard 4853: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4508: 4506: 4200: 4156: 4142: 4134: 3687: 3673: 3665: 2776:"CGA Compatibility Tester reference video" 2075:signal and serves as a substitute for it. 1938:usually referred to as a separate "mode." 407:320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 3 359:320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 0 43: 3219:"Icon: Quest for the Ring for DOS (1984)" 1255:Learn how and when to remove this message 1156:equivalents, internally CGA is 4-bit RGBI 383:320 × 200 in 4 colors palette 1 3243:"The Seven Spirits of Ra for DOS (1987)" 2835: 2833: 2593:List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes 2508: 2430: 2295: 1900: 1674: 1423:CGA hardware palettes on a RGBI monitor 1421: 1391:clone that uses 160 × 100 mode 988: 986:which yields the canonical CGA palette: 909: 599: 3655:Representative screenshots of CGA games 2908:Tandy CM-4 Color Monitor Service Manual 2893:Tandy CM-2 Color Monitor Service Manual 2618: 2083:The CGA was released alongside the IBM 1974: 1845: 483: 346: 329:when connected to a composite monitor. 5388:Computer-related introductions in 1981 3660:User Friendly thread on the use of CGA 3037:"California Games Screenshots for DOS" 1944:The modern, games-centric PC emulator 232:supported was 4-bit (16 colors). 212:display controller, came with 16 36: 3615:IBM PC-Compatible CGA Video Reference 3396: 3394: 3368: 3366: 3189: 3187: 7: 3631:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing 3480:"Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs" 2795: 2793: 2791: 2689:. Anmol Publications. p. 1050. 2678: 2676: 2653:Bradley, David J. (September 1990). 2624: 2622: 1233:adding citations to reliable sources 549:in 160 × 100 16 color mode 279:5153 Personal Computer Color Display 568:using 320 × 200 palette 1 5213:ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe 3462:IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 3402:"1K colours on CGA: How it's done" 3019:IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 3000:IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 2298:CGA DE-9 connector pin assignments 179:IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 25: 4185:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 2518:Analog composite NTSC compatible 2216:In 1984, IBM also introduced the 1659:160 × 100 16 color mode 1596:Further graphics modes and tweaks 293:CGA offered several video modes. 5249:Professional Graphics Controller 2873:. Forum.vcfed.org. December 2021 2715:Williams, Gregg (January 1982). 2550:16, hundreds of artifact colors 2219:Professional Graphics Controller 2016: 1998: 1980: 1879: 1865: 1851: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1567:As with the text modes 0 and 2, 1205: 554: 537: 520: 505: 489: 472: 460: 448: 443:160 × 100 in 16 colors 436: 424: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 2277:DE-9 connector for RGBI monitor 2152:In a retrospective commentary, 2149:eyestrain over the long haul". 431:640 × 200 in 2 colors 5300:Industry Standard Architecture 3584:Stark, Craig L. (1984-10-02). 3122:"Moon Bugs (1983) screenshots" 173:), originally also called the 1: 3645:Colour Graphics Adapter Notes 3443:IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter 2161:CGA had several competitors: 1905:1024 colors in composite mode 1887:320 × 200 palette 1 1873:320 × 200 palette 0 348:CGA graphics modes comparison 3836: 3704:PC-compatible video hardware 3617:– includes technical details 3059:"Frogger (1983) screenshots" 2655:"The Creation of the IBM PC" 2542:59.923 Hz (H-freq/262) 2464:59.923 Hz (H-freq/262) 2126:Graphics Environment Manager 2035:Limitations, bugs and errata 1387:Title screen of PakuPaku, a 2573:Graphic display resolutions 1894:colors, making for a total 60:; 43 years ago 5404: 5373:Computer display standards 5254:Multi-Color Graphics Array 5234:Monochrome Display Adapter 4178:Influence on the PC market 3696:Computer display standards 3517:Fastie, Will (June 1983). 3267:"ICON: Quest for The Ring" 3145:Windmill Software (1983), 2588:List of display interfaces 2499:-compatible television or 2168:Monochrome Display Adapter 1918:certain characters of the 1774: 992:Full CGA 16-color palette 259:-compatible television or 181:, introduced in 1981, was 29: 5244:Enhanced Graphics Adapter 4593: 4172: 3546:. March 1996. p. 31. 3291:"The Seven Spirits of Ra" 2526:640h × 200v, 320h × 200v 2448:640h × 200v, 320h × 200v 2266:Enhanced Graphics Adapter 1777:Composite artifact colors 1651:colors, as well as brown. 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1153: 1140: 991: 912: 580:4-bit RGBI 16-color gamut 198:computer display standard 42: 3103:. April 1984. p. 50 2578:Graphics processing unit 1933:Availability and caveats 1898:of over 100 colors. 1804:Extended artifact colors 1756:Icon: Quest for the Ring 255:color display, or to an 5269:Extended Graphics Array 3650:Games with CGA Graphics 3621:CGA monitor calibration 1761:The Seven Spirits of Ra 1758:(released in 1984) and 1370:Standard graphics modes 500:", an early MS-DOS game 251:interface, such as the 5239:Color Graphics Adapter 2955:VileR (Apr 15, 2015). 2488: 2286: 2205:Tandy Graphics Adapter 2197:(1984) and compatible 2177:Hercules Graphics Card 2122:(and earlier versions) 1906: 1793: 1668: 1392: 1322:80 × 25 mode 1298:40 × 25 mode 1174: 175:Color/Graphics Adapter 167:Color Graphics Adapter 38:Color Graphics Adapter 18:Color graphics adapter 4539:PS/2 Note and PS/note 2981:IBM Personal Computer 2495:for connection to an 2486: 2284: 2245:/ AT&T 6300, the 2211:Plantronics Colorplus 2186:Plantronics Colorplus 2174:In 1982, the non-IBM 1904: 1791: 1666: 1386: 1267:CGA offers four BIOS 1172: 49:IBM CGA graphics card 5259:Video Graphics Array 3373:VileR (2015-04-15). 3100:The Internet Archive 2230:Other alternatives: 1952:Resolution and usage 1764:(released in 1987). 1229:improve this section 899:With an RGBI monitor 4298:Industrial Computer 3925:display resolutions 3819:display resolutions 2926:. 1988. p. 11. 2843:. VileR. 2022-06-11 2511: 2433: 2300: 1988:Microsoft Decathlon 1859:640 × 200 1783:inferior separation 1576:640 × 200 1525:13 – light magenta 1424: 1407:320 × 200 1379:160 × 100 1197:Standard text modes 1147:shown are 8-bit RGB 602: 485:CGA software images 289:Output capabilities 39: 5383:IBM video hardware 5332:Music Feature Card 4167:personal computers 3519:"The Graphical PC" 2661:. pp. 414–420 2510:CGA analog signal 2509: 2489: 2431: 2296: 2287: 2133:Competing adapters 1907: 1817:Internal operation 1794: 1669: 1422: 1393: 1285:hardware code page 1175: 979:& 1)/1 + 1/3×( 967:& 2)/2 + 1/3×( 955:& 4)/4 + 1/3×( 600: 226:display resolution 193:and established a 5360: 5359: 5295:IBM PC compatible 5163: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 4850: 4849: 4507: 4455: 4454: 4131: 4130: 2696:978-81-261-1030-8 2683:A. Kumar (2002). 2554: 2553: 2476: 2475: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2183:Also in 1982 the 2079:Dual-head support 2029: 2011: 1993: 1888: 1874: 1860: 1725: 1724: 1558: 1557: 1496:10 – light green 1265: 1264: 1257: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1149: 925: 924: 893: 892: 277:IBM produced the 163: 162: 16:(Redirected from 5395: 5208:Power Series 600 4854: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4509: 4201: 4187: 4180: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4135: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3565:. pp. 88–97 3559:"IBM's Estridge" 3554: 3548: 3547: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3342:Analog Devices. 3339: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3314:Analog Devices. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3043:. Archived from 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2512: 2434: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2235:Paradise Systems 2099:Software support 2056:interlaced video 2027: 2020: 2009: 2002: 1991: 1984: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1771:Composite output 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1675: 1618:California Games 1508:11 – light cyan 1502:11 – light cyan 1425: 1260: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1209: 1201: 1154: 1141: 989: 910: 603: 558: 541: 524: 509: 493: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 404: 392: 380: 368: 356: 296:Graphics modes: 239:monitor using a 68: 66: 61: 47: 40: 21: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5273: 5222: 5191: 5175:Palm Top PC 110 5155: 5146: 5130: 5072: 4994: 4948: 4880: 4846: 4793: 4764:701 "Butterfly" 4743: 4723: 4683: 4633: 4580: 4498: 4451: 4281: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4132: 4127: 3916: 3812: 3698: 3693: 3641: 3636: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542:. 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396: 393: 384: 381: 372: 369: 360: 357: 291: 261:composite video 206: 204:Hardware design 185:'s first color 159: 64: 62: 59: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5378:Graphics cards 5375: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5305:IntelliStation 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5227:Video hardware 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 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4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4226:list of models 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4198: 4197:and all-in-one 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3639:External links 3637: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3576: 3549: 3528: 3509: 3495: 3471: 3452: 3433: 3418: 3390: 3362: 3334: 3306: 3295:My Abandonware 3282: 3271:My Abandonware 3258: 3234: 3210: 3183: 3172:My Abandonware 3159: 3137: 3113: 3086: 3068: 3050: 3047:on 2022-08-11. 3028: 3009: 2990: 2971: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2913: 2899: 2883: 2862: 2853: 2829: 2811: 2787: 2774:Leonard, Jim. 2766: 2757:IBM CGA manual 2747: 2734: 2702: 2695: 2672: 2640: 2631:IBM CGA manual 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2291:DE-9 connector 2278: 2275: 2273: 2272:Specifications 2270: 2262: 2261: 2239: 2228: 2227: 2214: 2191: 2181: 2172: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2100: 2097: 2080: 2077: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1969:King's Quest I 1953: 1950: 1934: 1931: 1911:demonstrations 1891: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1818: 1815: 1805: 1802: 1772: 1769: 1754:on two games: 1723: 1722: 1721:Character 222 1719: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1685:Character 221 1683: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1613: 1606: 1597: 1594: 1577: 1574: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456:high intensity 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1408: 1405: 1397:character mode 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1361:and Microsoft 1343: 1342:Textmode color 1340: 1323: 1320: 1299: 1296: 1263: 1262: 1213: 1211: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1003: 998: 994: 993: 975: := 2/3×( 963: := 2/3×( 951: := 2/3×( 947: 923: 922: 919: 915: 914: 900: 897: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 859: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813:Light Magenta 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 795: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 763: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 598: 597: 594: 575: 572: 571: 570: 566:Mandelbrot set 560: 553: 551: 543: 536: 534: 526: 519: 517: 511: 504: 502: 495: 488: 486: 482: 481: 478: 471: 469: 466: 459: 457: 454: 447: 445: 442: 435: 433: 430: 423: 421: 418: 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The highest 205: 202: 161: 160: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 81: 80: 74: 70: 69: 56: 52: 51: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5400: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:Micro Channel 5325: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 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2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Code page 437 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568:Graphics card 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493:RCA connector 2485: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440:Digital, TTL 2439: 2436: 2435: 2424:Vertical Sync 2422: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 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1040: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1004: 999: 996: 995: 990: 987: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 943: 941: 937: 932: 930: 920: 917: 916: 911: 908: 904: 898: 896: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 856: 853: 850: 847: 845:Light Yellow 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 828: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 796: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 732: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 700: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 604: 595: 592: 591: 590: 589:color model: 588: 583: 581: 574:Color palette 573: 567: 563: 557: 552: 548: 547: 540: 535: 531: 530: 523: 518: 514: 508: 503: 499: 492: 487: 484: 475: 470: 463: 458: 451: 446: 439: 434: 427: 422: 415: 410: 403: 398: 391: 386: 379: 374: 367: 362: 355: 350: 347: 345: 338: 335: 334: 333: 330: 328: 318: 317: 315: 310: 309: 307: 302: 301: 299: 298: 297: 294: 288: 286: 282: 280: 275: 273: 269: 268:RCA connector 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:Motorola 6845 203: 201: 199: 196: 192: 188: 187:graphics card 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79:, ATI CW16800 78: 77:Motorola 6845 75: 71: 57: 53: 46: 41: 33: 19: 5238: 4799:Power Series 4749: 4729: 4689: 4639: 4604: 4523:PS/2 Laptop 4512:pre-ThinkPad 4123:15360 × 8640 3717: 3594:. 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292: 283: 278: 276: 272:RF modulator 234: 218:video memory 207: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 73:Architecture 55:Release date 4519:Convertible 4477:Portable PC 4435:ThinkCentre 3730:Plantronics 3590:PC Magazine 3523:PC Magazine 3168:"Moon Bugs" 2523:Resolution 2445:Resolution 2252:, and some 2190:resolution. 2145:PC Magazine 2114:Windows 3.0 2073:color burst 2068:color burst 1833:combination 1634:Jungle Hunt 1631:'s port of 1554:15 – white 1548:15 – white 1126:light gray 1044:light green 981:colorNumber 977:colorNumber 971:& 8)/8 969:colorNumber 965:colorNumber 959:& 8)/8 957:colorNumber 953:colorNumber 929:dark yellow 749:Light Cyan 685:Light Blue 578:CGA uses a 230:color depth 135:Plantronics 91:Entry-level 5367:Categories 5352:ThinkLight 5196:Prototypes 4571:PS/55 Note 4410:ValuePoint 4216:DataMaster 3922:Widescreen 3596:25 October 3489:2020-08-16 3412:2018-04-27 3384:2022-10-15 3379:int10h.org 3353:2020-10-18 3325:2020-10-18 3300:2023-01-06 3276:2023-01-06 3252:2023-01-06 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3081:MobyGames 3063:MobyGames 3041:MobyGames 2825:this page 2583:Light pen 2386:Intensity 2024:Ultima II 1963:Ultima II 1748:ASCII art 1741:Moon Bugs 1642:dithering 1629:Atarisoft 1505:3 – cyan 1499:3 – cyan 1442:Palette 1 1439:Palette 0 1216:does not 1080:light red 1008:dark gray 564:rendered 498:Alley Cat 243:digital ( 214:kilobytes 128:Successor 99:Mid-range 5347:UltraBay 5285:IBM 5151 5264:IBM 8514 5218:WatchPad 5203:Leapfrog 5168:Handheld 5078:R series 5000:X series 4954:A series 4886:T series 4858:G series 4586:ThinkPad 4460:Portable 4445:M series 4440:A series 4430:NetVista 4405:EduQuest 4013:1680×945 4008:1600×900 4003:1440×900 3998:1366×900 3993:1366×768 3988:1280×800 3983:1280×768 3978:1280×720 3973:1024×576 3867:1152×864 3862:1024×768 3569:19 March 2557:See also 2399:Reserved 2313:Function 2238:drivers. 2195:IBM PCjr 2120:OS/2 1.1 1927:8088 MPH 1841:artifact 1610:overscan 1528:4 – red 1516:4 – red 1359:GW-BASIC 1245:May 2023 1136:#FFFFFF 1128:#AAAAAA 1118:#FFFF55 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