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and dependability are symbolized by blue in the US, Japan, Korea and green and yellow in China—as well as purple in China, South Korea, and Japan. Because of these variances, critical cues vary across cultures. Warning signs are coded differently as a danger is symbolized by green in
Malaysia and red in the US and Mexico. The same color of green symbolizes envy in Belgium and the US, but envy is symbolized by yellow in Germany and Russia, and purple in Mexico. Even the colors that denote powerful emotions vary. Love is symbolized by green in Japan, red and purple in China, Korea, Japan, and the US. Unluckiness is symbolized by red in Chad, Nigeria, and Germany. Luckiness is symbolized by red in China, Denmark, and Argentina. The traditional bridal color is red in China and white in the US. Ambition and desire are symbolized by red in India.
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the church influenced the perception of colors like crimson and purple. Largely because the dyes for these colors could only be sourced from precious pigments, religious figures like
Madonna, Cardinals and the Virgin were seen in scarlet and purple. Today, purple symbolizes evil and infidelity in Japan, but the same is symbolized by blue in East Asia and by yellow in France. Additionally, the sacred color of Hindu and Buddhist monks is orange. The Renaissance was also a time in which black and purple were colors of mourning. Today, mourning or death is symbolized by white in East Asia, black in the US, and blue in Iran, while happiness is symbolized by white in Australia and NZ, and yellow in China.
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46:. There is great diversity in the use of colors and their associations between cultures and even within the same culture in different time periods. The same color may have very different associations within the same culture at any time. Diversity in color symbolism occurs because color meanings and symbolism occur on an individual, cultural and universal basis. Color symbolism is also context-dependent and influenced by changes over time. Symbolic representations of religious concepts or articles may include a specific color with which the concept or object is associated.
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requiring products marketed to specific demographics to account for those changes across different markets. For instance, feminity is symbolized by blue in The
Netherlands and pink in the US, whereas masculinity is symbolized by blue in Sweden and the US, and red in the UK and France. In some instances color symbolism in marketing is constructed. The sales volume of a company whose product is defined by the name of its color is susceptible to the symbolism and association of that
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122:. It can be a calming color, and symbolize reliability. In the Catholic Church, the Virgin Mary is most often depicted wearing blue, to symbolize being "full of grace" by divine favor. Blue is widely used for baby boys' clothes or bedrooms, although the reason blue is so strongly associated with boys is debated. Blue can also represent sadness and depression ("they have the blues").
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There is a general disagreement over whether reactions to color and their symbolism are a result of cultural conditioning or of instinct. Several studies concluded that color is part of the social learning process because of the significant symbolism within the culture. High quality, trustworthiness,
86:
and aggression. It is frequently used in relation to
Valentine's Day. It can also be used to signify danger or warning but it is also associated with importance. For instance, it is used for stop signs and fire engines. In China, red is often used to symbolize good luck or happiness, and is used for
435:
Color symbolism has changed over time. Between the 5th and 17th centuries, the color was largely related to a religious context. Blue was symbolic of heaven and white of purity. Today, purity is still symbolized by white in
Australia and the US but by blue in other countries like India. Similarly,
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There are many additional variances in color symbolism between cultures. Cold is symbolized by blue in East Asia, the US, and Sweden while warmth is symbolized by yellow in the US and by blue in The
Netherlands. Sometimes the meanings of colors are in stark opposition across geographic boundaries,
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Marketers for products with an international market navigate the color symbolism variances between cultures with targeted advertising. Car manufacturer
Volkswagen ran a commercial in Italy with a black sheep in the middle of a larger flock symbolizing those who owned a VW Golf as unique and
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self-assured among a crowd of others who were not. In several cultures around the world, a black sheep represents an outcast and is seen as something undesirable, while in Italy, a black sheep represents confidence and independence.
184:, since it is such a dominant color in nature. It can be a very relaxing color but is also used in the US to symbolize money, greed, sickness or jealousy. Saying that someone is "green" means they are inexperienced or new.
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Color plays an important role in setting expectations for a product and communicating its key characteristics. Color is the second most important element that allows consumers to identify brand packaging.
463:, the reverse is true. This confusion often leads to Western media outlets using incorrect or reversed headline images to accompany reports of a major economic upturn or downturn in an Asian market.
141:. It is sometimes used in association with cowardice or fear, i.e., the phrase "yellow-bellied". Children tend to like this color, and it is used to market products to children; it is also used for
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Prior to its being widely studied in a scientific context, color symbolism was theorized upon by curious individuals in other humanities. These early theoreticians include German polymath
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that pink was a masculine color before the mid 20th century, based on evidence of conflicting traditions before about 1940. Del
Giucide (2012) argues that
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in one example, a company selling a paint color named "off white" more than doubled its sales simply by renaming the same color "ancient silk".
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285:. It is one of the most attention-grabbing colors in human vision, and is often used to attract the eye (traffic cones, safety vests, etc.).
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526:, among others). Although color treatises such as these are often unscientific (Kandinsky, for instance, was heavily influenced by
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is a primary color across all models of color space. In
Western culture, it is considered a negative color and usually symbolizes
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One example in which different conceptualizations of color may lead to confusion is the coloring of upward or downward trends in
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447:; whereas in most of the world green or blue is used to denote an upward trend and red is used to denote a downward trend, in
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Smith, N.S.; Whitfield, T.W.A.; Wiltshire, T.J. (April 1990). "The accuracy of the NCS, DIN, and OSA-UCS colour atlases".
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is a primary color in many models of color space, and a secondary in all others. It is a color often associated with
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is a primary color in many models of color space, and a secondary in all others. It is most often used to represent
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is a prominent secondary or tertiary color in many color space models. It is associated with softness,
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Scientific Papers Series – Management, Economic
Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development
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Color psychology and color therapy: a factual study of the influence of color on human life
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is a primary color across all models of color space. It most often symbolizes perfection,
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1308:"Are You Selling the Right Colour? A Cross‐Cultural Review of Colour as a Marketing Cue"
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1236:"The Twentieth Century Reversal of Pink-Blue Gender Coding: A Scientific Urban Legend?"
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530:), they occasionally find resonance with artists, philosophers and others working in "
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is a secondary color across many models of color space. It is often associated with
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in Cambodia. Orange, symbolizing enlightenment, is an important color in Buddhism.
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has been broadly consistent in the UK and the US since it appeared around 1890.
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786:"Color Symbolism in Chinese Culture: What do Traditional Chinese Colors Mean?"
741:"Road vertical signs. Variable message traffic signs". BSI British Standards.
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is a primary color across all models of color space. It is the color of the
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Edith Anderson Feisner; Ronald Reed, eds. (2016). "Color symbolism".
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35:
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Popa, C.N.; Popescu, S.; Berehoiu, R.M.T.; Berehoiu, S.M.T. (2013).
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Aleteia – Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture
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A flock of black and white sheep grazing in the Italian countryside
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1350:"Considerations regarding use and role of colour in marketing"
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23:
1076:"Green definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
277:
and activity. It is the color most closely associated with
1101:"Black Color Psychology – Black Meaning & Personality"
87:
many holidays or weddings. It also represents communism.
660:(3rd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 184–205.
811:
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339:. Brides often wear white dresses to symbolize purity.
1128:(7 November 1996), "Death and the Victorian Doctors",
889:"Why is the Blessed Virgin Mary always wearing blue?"
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419:. Bishops traditionally wear purple, cardinals red.
2059:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
1022:"The Colours of Safety Signs: What Do They Mean?"
1188:"Why Do Brides Wear White? And Other Questions"
1422:
399:Conceptualizations of colors cross-culturally
153:since it is such a bright, noticeable color.
8:
1132:, Oxford University Press, pp. 77–97,
226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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916:"Why Is Pink for Girls and Blue for Boys?"
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1138:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201885.003.0005
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
2210:International Commission on Illumination
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
967:"yellow-bellied – Dictionary Definition"
62:is a primary color across all models of
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627:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.
580:
2200:Color Association of the United States
723:
712:
16:The use of color for symbolic purposes
1044:
1042:
989:
987:
863:"Blue Color Meaning – The Color Blue"
707:10.1163/9789004337862_lgbo_com_050367
7:
1376:"Colour coding cultural translation"
914:Wolchover, Natalie (1 August 2012).
224:adding citations to reliable sources
1312:Journal of Marketing Communications
2064:Blue–green distinction in language
14:
1374:Wedderburn, Jon (17 March 2011).
2440:
2431:
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2221:International Colour Association
1804:
590:Color Research & Application
474:
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34:refers to the use of color as a
995:"Meaning of The Color Yellow |"
523:Concerning the Spiritual in Art
2216:International Color Consortium
2205:International Colour Authority
1161:"Meaning of The Color White |"
1050:"Meaning of The Color Green |"
516:) and Russian abstract artist
70:. It is often associated with
1:
2281:List of Crayola crayon colors
1209:"Meaning of The Color Pink |"
1130:Death in the Victorian Family
837:"Meaning of The Color Blue |"
1402:Color Symbolism in The Bible
697:t, T. E. (25 January 1877).
666:10.5040/9781501303364.ch-014
2084:Traditional colors of Japan
1861:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1744:Multi-primary color display
1518:Spectral power distribution
1240:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1234:Del Giudice, Marco (2012).
2488:
761:"Why are fire trucks red?"
699:"Encyclopaedia Britannica"
508:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2426:
1944:Color realism (art style)
1802:
1602:Evolution of color vision
1324:10.1080/13527260500247827
1306:Aslam, Mubeen M. (2006).
1252:10.1007/s10508-012-0002-z
2261:List of colors (compact)
2079:Color in Chinese culture
1729:Digital image processing
1462:Electromagnetic spectrum
765:rocklandfirefighters.org
569:The Three Colors trilogy
2266:List of colors by shade
364:pink-blue gender coding
2271:List of color palettes
722:Cite journal requires
623:Birren, Faber (2006).
602:10.1002/col.5080150209
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106:; it often symbolizes
2195:Color Marketing Group
1950:On Vision and Colours
1883:Tinctures in heraldry
1494:Structural coloration
1080:collinsdictionary.com
812:"Red flag (politics)"
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66:. It is the color of
2276:List of color spaces
2168:Tint, shade and tone
2051:Cultural differences
1866:Polychromatic colors
1851:Complementary colors
1839:Monochromatic colors
220:improve this section
2256:List of colors: N–Z
2251:List of colors: G–M
2246:List of colors: A–F
1397:Colours In Cultures
393:name —
50:Common associations
2303:List of web colors
2298:List of RAL colors
1704:Color reproduction
1669:Lüscher color test
1506:Color of chemicals
1215:. 15 November 2010
867:Color-Meanings.com
790:Color-Meanings.com
486:. You can help by
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1664:Color preferences
1607:Impossible colors
1597:Color vision test
1592:Color temperature
1570:Color calibration
1499:Animal coloration
1167:. 5 December 2010
1056:. 25 January 2011
1001:. 5 February 2011
843:. 15 January 2011
792:. 16 January 2015
747:10.3403/03263875u
675:978-1-50130-336-4
518:Wassily Kandinsky
513:Theory of Colours
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1546:Sonochromatism
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1213:Bourn Creative
1200:
1186:Davis, Lexxi.
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1165:Bourn Creative
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1054:Bourn Creative
1038:
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999:Bourn Creative
983:
971:Vocabulary.com
958:
940:Morton, Jill.
932:
906:
895:. 24 June 2017
880:
869:. 1 March 2013
854:
841:Bourn Creative
828:
818:, 24 June 2023
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429:Buddhist monks
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1873:Light-on-dark
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1717:Color balance
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1694:Chromotherapy
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143:warning signs
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37:
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25:
21:
2156:Fluorescence
2119:Colorfulness
2112:Dichromatism
1956:
1948:
1918:Chromaticity
1901:Color mixing
1893:Color theory
1826:Color scheme
1689:Chromophobia
1658:
1638:
1380:World Accent
1379:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1318:(1): 15–30.
1315:
1311:
1261:2318/1852738
1243:
1239:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1129:
1126:Jalland, Pat
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1029:. Retrieved
1026:Safety Buyer
1025:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
974:. Retrieved
970:
961:
949:. Retrieved
945:
935:
923:. Retrieved
920:Live Science
919:
909:
897:. Retrieved
892:
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871:. Retrieved
866:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
820:, retrieved
815:
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768:. Retrieved
764:
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736:
715:cite journal
692:
657:
651:
624:
618:
593:
589:
583:
559:Color theory
534:" subjects.
521:
511:
505:
492:
488:adding to it
483:
442:
438:
434:
389:
377:
373:
370:In marketing
360:urban legend
354:, love, and
346:
319:
292:
267:extroversion
257:
242:
233:
218:Please help
206:
160:
147:school buses
129:
94:
58:
44:storytelling
32:anthropology
19:
18:
2293:Color chart
2151:Iridescence
1983:Basic terms
1974:Color terms
1928:Color wheel
1923:Color solid
1787:Color space
1773:subtractive
1756:Color model
1627:Unique hues
1523:Colorimetry
1489:Chromophore
495:August 2021
457:South Korea
417:choir dress
407:A Catholic
337:cleanliness
116:inspiration
64:color space
38:in various
2461:Categories
2313:Shades of:
2146:Brightness
1878:Web colors
1834:Color tool
1817:philosophy
1722:Color cast
1622:Afterimage
1612:Metamerism
1585:Color code
1580:Color task
1563:Dichromacy
1219:6 November
1193:6 November
1171:6 November
1110:5 November
1085:5 November
1060:5 November
1031:7 November
1005:5 November
976:5 November
951:5 November
925:7 November
899:5 November
873:5 November
847:5 November
796:6 November
770:5 November
684:1053938255
575:References
554:Color term
544:Color code
409:archbishop
356:immaturity
310:depression
28:literature
2467:Symbolism
2163:Grayscale
2136:Lightness
2131:Luminance
1940:(fashion)
1640:The dress
1332:168153362
1286:207782208
1270:0004-0002
610:0361-2317
528:Theosophy
352:sweetness
329:innocence
308:but also
263:amusement
207:does not
182:fertility
151:taxi cabs
112:stability
82:but also
2436:Category
2418:Lighting
2141:Darkness
1961:(Goethe)
1761:additive
1749:Quattron
1278:22821170
942:"Yellow"
643:74452551
538:See also
520:(in his
510:(in his
413:cardinal
333:softness
135:sunshine
108:serenity
102:and the
40:cultures
2400:Related
2361:Magenta
2286:history
2190:Pantone
1477:Visible
1472:Rainbow
467:History
228:removed
213:sources
170:healing
76:passion
42:and in
2413:Qualia
2408:Vision
2356:Purple
2351:Violet
2331:Yellow
2326:Orange
2021:Orange
2016:Purple
2006:Yellow
1440:topics
1330:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1144:
822:4 July
682:
672:
641:
631:
608:
532:softer
461:Taiwan
459:, and
335:, and
283:leaves
279:autumn
275:energy
259:Orange
188:Orange
174:health
166:nature
131:Yellow
126:Yellow
120:wisdom
84:danger
78:, and
36:symbol
30:, and
2446:Index
2386:Black
2376:White
2371:Brown
2336:Green
2238:Lists
2230:Names
2212:(CIE)
2181:Color
2041:Brown
2036:White
2026:Black
1996:Green
1815:Color
1511:Water
1467:Light
1438:Color
1353:(PDF)
1328:S2CID
1282:S2CID
453:Japan
325:faith
321:White
316:White
304:, or
302:grief
298:death
294:Black
289:Black
180:, or
178:youth
162:Green
157:Green
118:, or
100:ocean
68:blood
2381:Gray
2366:Pink
2346:Blue
2341:Cyan
2031:Gray
2011:Pink
1991:Blue
1778:CMYK
1274:PMID
1266:ISSN
1221:2018
1195:2018
1173:2018
1142:ISBN
1112:2018
1087:2018
1062:2018
1033:2023
1007:2018
978:2018
953:2018
927:2018
901:2018
875:2018
849:2018
824:2023
798:2018
772:2018
728:help
680:OCLC
670:ISBN
639:OCLC
629:ISBN
606:ISSN
411:and
348:Pink
343:Pink
306:evil
281:and
271:fire
211:any
209:cite
149:and
96:Blue
91:Blue
80:lust
72:love
2321:Red
2107:Hue
2001:Red
1766:RGB
1320:doi
1256:hdl
1248:doi
1134:doi
743:doi
703:doi
662:doi
598:doi
490:.
415:in
222:by
139:joy
137:or
104:sky
60:Red
55:Red
24:art
22:in
2463::
1378:.
1361:13
1359:.
1355:.
1340:^
1326:.
1316:12
1314:.
1310:.
1294:^
1280:.
1272:.
1264:.
1254:.
1244:41
1242:.
1238:.
1211:.
1163:.
1140:,
1103:.
1078:.
1052:.
1041:^
1024:.
997:.
986:^
969:.
944:.
918:.
891:.
865:.
839:.
814:,
788:.
763:.
719::
717:}}
713:{{
678:.
668:.
637:.
604:.
594:15
592:.
455:,
451:,
331:,
327:,
300:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
145:,
114:,
110:,
74:,
26:,
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
1382:.
1334:.
1322::
1288:.
1258::
1250::
1223:.
1197:.
1175:.
1136::
1114:.
1089:.
1064:.
1035:.
1009:.
980:.
955:.
929:.
903:.
877:.
851:.
800:.
774:.
749:.
745::
730:)
726:(
709:.
705::
686:.
664::
645:.
612:.
600::
497:)
493:(
249:)
243:(
238:)
234:(
230:.
216:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.