105:
484:
challenge or modulation are not specific enough (not targeted enough), present too many harms, and do not work consistently enough to bring benefits to most patients, being dependent on idiotypic molecular factors (which were not understood at all when the therapies were first developed and which even today are still not easy for immunotherapy designers to deal with).
302:
are either in "repair mode", furthering the growing of cancer, or in "defense mode", destroying cancer. However, macrophages are in "defense mode" only if there is some recognized enemy. As cancer tissue is not recognized as enemy (but as normal body tissue), there is a need to bring more macrophages
474:
and
William Coley as colleagues at the same institution. Hall explains that the aspects of Coley's work that were scientifically underpowered—the anecdotal emphasis, the lack of a standardized formula for the toxins preparations, the lack of methodologically rigorous clinical trials, and (relatedly)
239:
The so-called Coley's toxins were used against different types of cancer from the year 1893 through the year 1963. Within the preparation's first decade, it was changed from an unfiltered mixture of killed bacteria to a porcelain-filtered mixture, which reduced the adverse effect profile. From 1923
193:
wounds were left open to facilitate the development of infection. Throughout the time period, physicians reported successful treatment of cancer by exposing the tumor to infection including the report of French physician
Dussosoy who covered an ulcerated breast carcinoma with gangrenous discharge
483:
as alternative medicine is flawed, given what humanity now knows about molecular biology that was not known when these older therapies were tried: Even if certain kinds of immune challenge or immunomodulation can produce desirable immunotherapeutic effects, these crude methods of inducing such
470:, Coley's toxins were opposed by the medical establishment despite his reports of good results, because his reports were not believed to be credible. Hall (1997) extensively explores the issue; one of the lenses through which Hall explores it is the decades-long, complicated relationship of
184:
by a poultice, followed by incision, to facilitate the development of infection in the desired location and cause regression of the tumors. In 13th century, St. Peregrine experienced spontaneous regression of tumor, after the tumor became infected. In the 18th and 19th centuries, deliberate
475:
the problem of poor replicability—led many scientists to dismiss all use of Coley's toxins as mere hogwash. Although the truth was more complex than that dismissal recognized, it is a fact that the toxins never made it to the stage of a safe and effective medication, and today their use as
161:, "available scientific evidence does not currently support claims that Coley's toxins can treat or prevent cancer". People with cancer who take Coley's toxins alongside conventional cancer treatments, or who use it as a substitute for those treatments, risk seriously harming their health.
216:
Frustrated by this case, Coley's subsequent research led him to announce evidence of the apparent relationship between infection and cancer regression, which he published in 1891. His initial attempts at deliberate infection were mixed, but in 1893 he began combining
653:
416:
Some specialized medical doctors in
Germany apply Coley's toxins to patients. They can do so legally because, in Germany, unapproved medications may be produced, although they may not be sold or given away. Physicians can go to special
194:
soaked cloth, resulting in disappearance of tumor. Observations of a relationship between infection and cancer regression date back to at least the 18th century. More specifically, observations of an apparent relationship between
1614:
1021:
381:(DC), leading to the activation of anergic T cells, possibly accomplished through a second process, where physical damage to cancer cells leads to a sudden supply of cancer antigens to the dendritic cell population.
661:
389:
A private biotech company, Coley
Pharmaceutical Group, has conducted clinical trials using genetic sequences which may have contributed to Coley's toxin's effectiveness, and was acquired by
1611:
1029:
508:
365:
from the patient) is the active agent of Coley's toxins. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that streptokinase has been associated with successful treatment of
279:
248:. Hall (1997) explains that the versions used by Coley himself were custom-compounded, although the formula for the preparation was never standardized.
1050:
Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of
Erysipelas, with a report of ten original cases. Am J Med Sci 1893;105:487–511.
421:
and produce Coley's toxins there using their own hands. Coley's toxins may still be applied by a licensed medical doctor, because in
Germany there is "
431:"), the legal right to apply whichever therapy a physician considers to be appropriate in the light of their medical knowledge. For example, Dr
435:
used several unconventional and controversial treatments, including Coley's toxins, for cancer patients in the second half of the 20th century.
1642:
1470:
570:
Taniguchi Y, Nishizawa T, Kouhchi C, et al. (2006). "Identification and characterization of lipopolysaccharide in acetic acid bacteria".
377:
A robust fever, which occurs in response to Coley fluid, generates inflammatory factors with co-stimulatory activity, which activate resting
1174:
847:
1132:
632:
144:
1394:
Hussein EA, el Dorri A (1993). "Intra-arterial streptokinase as adjuvant therapy for complicated
Buerger's disease: early trials".
393:
in
January 2008. In addition, the Waisbren Clinic in Wisconsin reports they have used Coley's toxin to treat patients since 1972.
232:
Coley published the results of his work as a case series, making it difficult to interpret them with confidence. According to the
1422:
91:
There is no evidence that Coley's toxins have any effectiveness in treating cancer, and use of them risks causing serious harm.
331:
which causes fever. The resulting fever from the lipopolysaccharide is thought to increase lymphocyte activity and boosts
1494:
408:
are interested in modern versions of Coley's toxins; Pfizer has acquired the Coley
Pharmaceutical Group, set up in 1997
260:
74:
332:
236:, "more research would be needed to determine what benefit, if any, this therapy might have for people with cancer".
397:
are generally not available where approval or licence is required (in particular in the United States and
Germany).
366:
126:
115:
471:
256:
598:
Pick, Thomas Pickering, "Surgery," Longmans, Green and Company, 1899, Pages 250–251. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
1622:
1025:
233:
210:
692:"Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection – possibilities for cancer treatment"
447:
357:
219:
122:
55:
1599:
675:
Cann; et al. (2003). "Dr William Coley and tumour regression: A place in history or in the future".
213:, who later indicated that her death was what first motivated his subsequent funding of cancer research.
1637:
1446:
205:
Coley started his investigations after the death of one of his first patients, Elizabeth Dashiell, from
173:
for the treatment of cancer has been utilized throughout history, with the earliest cases going back to
1247:
1148:
1080:
527:
Thotathil Z, Jameson MB (2007). "Early experience with novel immunomodulators for cancer treatment".
498:
476:
451:
85:
1594:
225:
70:
61:
1376:
1333:
657:
552:
328:
229:, based upon research from G.H. Roger indicating that this combination led to greater virulence.
158:
1104:
1556:
1403:
1368:
1325:
1284:
1226:
1128:
1109:
994:
920:
821:
772:
721:
628:
579:
544:
1172:
1081:"Coley's Toxins – The First Century Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients – Find Articles"
845:
1546:
1360:
1315:
1276:
1216:
1208:
984:
938:
912:
811:
803:
762:
752:
711:
703:
536:
84:
Their use in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries represented a precursor to modern
1618:
1178:
1060:
851:
458:
is not the same type of treatment, although sometimes incorrectly called "fever therapy".
428:
1481:
1235:
423:
1551:
1534:
1221:
1196:
989:
972:
816:
791:
767:
740:
716:
691:
503:
480:
405:
378:
340:
319:. Thus, fever is seen as a precondition for a therapy using Coley's Toxins to succeed.
264:
1364:
1212:
869:
596:
1631:
1320:
1303:
621:
493:
455:
443:
352:
316:
245:
199:
170:
66:
1380:
1337:
1304:"Coley's toxin revisited: immunotherapy or plasminogen activator therapy of cancer?"
556:
267:. Since then, several small clinical trials have been conducted with mixed results.
1535:"The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas"
973:"The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas"
432:
418:
312:
17:
327:
One of the agents in Coley's Toxin that is thought to be biologically active is a
1280:
707:
88:, although at that time their mechanism of action was not completely understood.
1482:
news-medical.net: Pfizer to acquire Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 19 November 2007
1471:
New York Times: article on Pfizer and Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 5 October 2005
916:
362:
315:, real fever not only means heating of the body but also higher activity of the
278:. However, production ceased by 1990 because of a lack of re-approval by German
252:
241:
807:
540:
1509:
299:
195:
27:
Bacterial toxins formerly used in a precursor analogue of modern immunotherapy
1197:"Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future"
270:
Coley's toxins were also produced by the small German pharmaceutical company
757:
304:
186:
1560:
1372:
1329:
1288:
1230:
998:
825:
792:"Fever in Cancer Treatment: Coley's Therapy and Epidemiologic Observations"
776:
725:
583:
548:
290:
There were multiple rationales proposed for how Coley's toxins might work.
1407:
924:
53:) is a mixture containing toxins filtered from killed bacteria of species
181:
202:, in his capacity as a physician, recorded such a relationship in 1884.
206:
190:
1125:
Can bacteria cause cancer?: alternative medicine confronts big science
77:
who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for
893:
W. Busch. Einfluβ von Erysipel. Berliner Klin Wschr 1866. 3: 245–246.
401:
390:
78:
858:, Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001) 50: 391–396 10.1007/s002620100216
1581:
308:
1450:
741:"Immunity over inability: The spontaneous regression of cancer"
259:
of 1962, Coley's toxins were assigned "new drug" status by the
98:
623:
A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system
1166:
1164:
1011:
Roger, G.H. Séances et Mém Soc de Biol Paris 1890;2:573–580
903:
Gresser I (1987). "A. Chekhov, M.D., and Coley's toxins".
1267:
Tsung K, Norton JA (2006). "Lessons from Coley's Toxin".
244:
was the only commercial source of Coley's toxins in the
1113:, published February 18, 2008. Accessed March 26, 2008.
263:(FDA), making it illegal to prescribe them outside of
125:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
198:
and remission of cancer predate Coley. For example,
1195:Hoption Cann S, van Netten J, van Netten C (2003).
1127:. New York: New York University Press. p. 11.
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
450:). This term was introduced by E. Göhring in 1985.
620:
339:reported that the active agent was thought to be
1185:, British Journal of Cancer (2005) 92, 421 – 425
509:List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
1584:, William B. Coley, Surgeon-in-Chief, 1925-1933
280:Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices
654:"What is Coley's toxins treatment for cancer?"
8:
868:Kleef, Ralf; Hager, E. Dieter (2006-09-15).
307:. The simulated infection results in a real
189:of tumors was a standard treatment, whereby
961:Coley WB. Annals of Surgery 1891;14:199–200
479:is clearly flawed for the same reason that
209:. Dashiell was a close childhood friend of
839:
837:
835:
1550:
1495:"Fiebertherapie bei Krebs vernachlässigt"
1319:
1220:
988:
815:
766:
756:
715:
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
1085:Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients
355:(produced by killed bacteria of species
121:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1351:Haux J (2001). "Infection and cancer".
529:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
519:
648:
646:
644:
1423:"Cancer and the bacterial connection"
446:) or better "Aktive Fiebertherapie" (
323:Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin
303:into "defense mode" by simulating an
180:. Egyptian physician Imhotep treated
7:
438:This kind of therapy is offered as
25:
1061:"Coley's Toxins Cancer Treatment"
1028:. 1 November 2008. Archived from
690:Kucerova P, Cervinkova M (2016).
1321:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01110.x
1302:Zacharski L, Sukhatme V (2005).
660:. 22 August 2012. Archived from
103:
1421:Borrell, Brendan (2008-02-18).
1213:10.1093/postgradmedj/79.938.672
856:Fever and cancer in perspective
466:According to an article in the
351:Another hypothesis argues that
1248:"Proposed Mechanism of Action"
274:and sold under the trade name
1:
1643:Alternative cancer treatments
1447:"Waisbren Clinic – Home Page"
1365:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05369-7
174:
1582:Hospital for Special Surgery
1539:The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal
1281:10.1016/j.suronc.2006.05.002
977:The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal
870:"Fever, Pyrogens and cancer"
708:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000337
677:Postgraduate Medical Journal
261:Food and Drug Administration
75:Hospital for Special Surgery
917:10.1056/NEJM198708133170716
335:(TNF). Tsung and Norton in
1659:
1600:Coley Pharmaceutical Group
939:"A Commotion in the Blood"
808:10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.1.016
541:10.1517/13543784.16.9.1391
367:thromboangiitis obliterans
298:One rationale argues that
619:Hall, Stephen K. (1997).
257:Kefauver Harris Amendment
1149:"History and Background"
874:Landes Bioscience: Curie
627:. New York: Henry Holt.
1623:American Cancer Society
1183:Fever therapy revisited
1123:Hess, J David. (1997).
1026:American Cancer Society
758:10.4103/0976-9668.82318
468:Iowa Orthopedic Journal
234:American Cancer Society
211:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
51:mixed bacterial vaccine
1508:: 3377. Archived from
400:Drug makers including
358:Streptococcus pyogenes
220:Streptococcus pyogenes
56:Streptococcus pyogenes
1533:McCarthy, EF (2006).
1427:The Los Angeles Times
1396:International Surgery
1105:Germs As A Tumor Foe?
462:Professional politics
333:tumor necrosis factor
1595:MBVax Bioscience Inc
971:McCarthy EF (2006).
664:on 17 December 2019.
499:Cancer immunotherapy
477:alternative medicine
452:Hyperthermia therapy
448:active fever therapy
255:controversy and the
114:factual accuracy is
86:cancer immunotherapy
1493:Göhring, E (1985).
876:. Landes Bioscience
796:Glob Adv Health Med
343:, rather than TNF.
251:In the wake of the
226:Serratia marcescens
71:surgical oncologist
62:Serratia marcescens
18:Coley's Toxins
1617:2015-04-26 at the
1606:Scientific reviews
1177:2009-12-11 at the
943:The New York Times
850:2009-12-11 at the
790:Kienle GS (2012).
745:J Nat Sci Biol Med
658:Cancer Research UK
329:lipopolysaccharide
159:Cancer Research UK
1269:Surgical Oncology
1110:Los Angeles Times
578:(6A): 3997–4002.
337:Surgical Oncology
155:
154:
147:
16:(Redirected from
1650:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1308:J Thromb Haemost
1299:
1293:
1292:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1192:
1186:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1032:on 26 April 2015
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
968:
962:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
935:
929:
928:
900:
894:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
865:
859:
841:
830:
829:
819:
787:
781:
780:
770:
760:
739:Jessy T (2011).
736:
730:
729:
719:
696:Anticancer Drugs
687:
681:
680:
672:
666:
665:
650:
639:
638:
626:
616:
599:
594:
588:
587:
567:
561:
560:
524:
440:"Fiebertherapie"
424:Therapiefreiheit
179:
176:
150:
143:
139:
136:
130:
127:reliably sourced
107:
106:
99:
21:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1628:
1627:
1619:Wayback Machine
1608:
1591:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1359:(9276): 155–6.
1350:
1349:
1345:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1207:(938): 672–80.
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:Wayback Machine
1169:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
970:
969:
965:
960:
956:
947:
945:
937:
936:
932:
905:N. Engl. J. Med
902:
901:
897:
892:
888:
879:
877:
867:
866:
862:
852:Wayback Machine
842:
833:
789:
788:
784:
738:
737:
733:
689:
688:
684:
674:
673:
669:
652:
651:
642:
635:
618:
617:
602:
595:
591:
569:
568:
564:
535:(9): 1391–403.
526:
525:
521:
517:
490:
464:
429:therapy freedom
414:
387:
379:dendritic cells
375:
373:Dendritic cells
349:
325:
296:
288:
265:clinical trials
177:
167:
151:
140:
134:
131:
120:
112:This article's
108:
104:
97:
39:Coley's vaccine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:External links
1569:
1567:
1566:
1525:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1438:
1413:
1386:
1343:
1294:
1259:
1239:
1201:Postgrad Med J
1187:
1160:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1097:
1072:
1052:
1043:
1022:"Coley Toxins"
1013:
1004:
963:
954:
930:
895:
886:
860:
831:
782:
731:
682:
667:
640:
633:
600:
589:
572:Anticancer Res
562:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
506:
504:Cancer vaccine
501:
496:
489:
486:
481:malariotherapy
463:
460:
413:
410:
406:Sanofi-Aventis
395:Coley's toxins
386:
383:
374:
371:
361:together with
348:
345:
341:interleukin-12
324:
321:
295:
292:
287:
284:
178: 2600 BC
166:
163:
153:
152:
111:
109:
102:
96:
93:
65:, named after
31:Coley's toxins
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1515:on 2014-05-17
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Ă„rztl. Praxis
1496:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1453:on 2007-10-12
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1134:0-8147-3562-2
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
958:
955:
944:
940:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
890:
887:
875:
871:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
840:
838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
802:(1): 92–100.
801:
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
702:(4): 269–77.
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
678:
671:
668:
663:
659:
655:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
634:0-8050-5841-9
630:
625:
624:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
520:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Immunotherapy
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
478:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
456:thermotherapy
453:
449:
445:
444:fever therapy
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
411:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
353:streptokinase
347:Streptokinase
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
317:immune system
314:
310:
306:
301:
293:
291:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
246:United States
243:
237:
235:
230:
228:
227:
222:
221:
214:
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:Anton Chekhov
197:
192:
188:
183:
172:
171:immunotherapy
164:
162:
160:
157:According to
149:
146:
138:
135:November 2023
128:
124:
118:
117:
110:
101:
100:
94:
92:
89:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:William Coley
64:
63:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:Coley's fluid
44:
43:Coley vaccine
40:
36:
35:Coley's toxin
33:(also called
32:
19:
1638:Bacteriology
1612:Coley toxins
1542:
1538:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1505:
1501:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1314:(3): 424–7.
1311:
1307:
1297:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1242:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1171:
1170:Hobohm, U.:
1152:. Retrieved
1143:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1016:
1007:
980:
976:
966:
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
908:
904:
898:
889:
878:. Retrieved
873:
863:
855:
844:
843:Hobohm, U.:
799:
795:
785:
748:
744:
734:
699:
695:
685:
676:
670:
662:the original
622:
592:
575:
571:
565:
532:
528:
522:
467:
465:
439:
437:
433:Josef Issels
422:
419:laboratories
415:
399:
394:
388:
385:Availability
376:
356:
350:
336:
326:
313:hyperthermia
297:
289:
275:
271:
269:
250:
238:
231:
224:
218:
215:
204:
168:
156:
141:
132:
113:
90:
83:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
1621:, from the
1402:(1): 54–8.
1275:(1): 25–8.
1107:, from the
751:(1): 43–9.
472:James Ewing
363:plasminogen
300:macrophages
294:Macrophages
276:Vaccineurin
253:thalidomide
242:Parke-Davis
1632:Categories
1519:2014-05-16
1457:2007-11-10
1432:2008-02-17
1253:2007-11-10
1154:2007-11-10
1091:2007-11-10
1066:2023-04-11
948:2007-11-10
911:(7): 457.
880:2014-10-10
515:References
196:erysipelas
169:Bacterial
1589:Companies
1576:Hospitals
1545:: 154–8.
983:: 154–8.
311:. Unlike
305:infection
286:Rationale
272:SĂĽdmedica
187:infection
123:talk page
1615:Archived
1561:16789469
1381:26865958
1373:11469250
1338:37089721
1330:15748226
1289:16814541
1231:14707241
1175:Archived
1036:14 April
999:16789469
848:Archived
826:24278806
777:22470233
726:26813865
584:17195448
557:33668239
549:17714025
488:See also
191:surgical
116:disputed
95:Efficacy
1552:1888599
1408:8473086
1222:1742910
990:1888599
925:3302707
817:3833486
768:3312698
717:4777220
412:Germany
207:sarcoma
165:History
73:at the
1559:
1549:
1406:
1379:
1371:
1353:Lancet
1336:
1328:
1287:
1229:
1219:
1131:
1087:. 2004
997:
987:
923:
824:
814:
775:
765:
724:
714:
631:
582:
555:
547:
402:Pfizer
391:Pfizer
182:tumors
79:cancer
1513:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1377:S2CID
1334:S2CID
553:S2CID
309:fever
1557:PMID
1404:PMID
1369:PMID
1326:PMID
1285:PMID
1236:link
1227:PMID
1129:ISBN
1038:2014
995:PMID
921:PMID
822:PMID
773:PMID
722:PMID
629:ISBN
580:PMID
545:PMID
427:" ("
404:and
240:on,
223:and
69:, a
59:and
1547:PMC
1361:doi
1357:358
1316:doi
1277:doi
1217:PMC
1209:doi
985:PMC
913:doi
909:317
812:PMC
804:doi
763:PMC
753:doi
712:PMC
704:doi
537:doi
454:or
49:or
1634::
1555:.
1543:26
1541:.
1537:.
1506:86
1504:.
1500:.
1425:.
1400:78
1398:.
1375:.
1367:.
1355:.
1332:.
1324:.
1310:.
1306:.
1283:.
1273:15
1271:.
1225:.
1215:.
1205:79
1203:.
1199:.
1163:^
1083:.
1024:.
993:.
981:26
979:.
975:.
941:.
919:.
907:.
872:.
834:^
820:.
810:.
798:.
794:.
771:.
761:.
747:.
743:.
720:.
710:.
700:27
698:.
694:.
656:.
643:^
603:^
576:26
574:.
551:.
543:.
533:16
531:.
369:.
282:.
175:c.
81:.
45:,
41:,
37:,
1563:.
1522:.
1460:.
1435:.
1410:.
1383:.
1363::
1340:.
1318::
1312:3
1291:.
1279::
1256:.
1233:.
1211::
1157:.
1137:.
1094:.
1069:.
1040:.
1001:.
951:.
927:.
915::
883:.
828:.
806::
800:1
779:.
755::
749:2
728:.
706::
679:.
637:.
586:.
559:.
539::
442:(
148:)
142:(
137:)
133:(
129:.
119:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.