360:(PETs) into collaborative search are in conflict. On the one hand, PETs have to meet user preferences, on the other hand, one cannot identify these preferences without using a CSE, i.e., implementing PETs into CSEs. Today, the only work addressing this problem comes from Burghardt et al. They implemented a CSE with experts from the information system domain and derived the scope of possible privacy preferences in a user study with these experts. Results show that users define preferences referring to (i) their current context (e.g., being at work), (ii) the query content (e.g., users exclude topics from sharing), (iii) time constraints (e.g., do not publish the query X hours after the query has been issued, do not store longer than X days, do not share between working time), and that users intensively use the option to (iv) distinguish between different social groups when sharing information. Further, users require (v) anonymization and (vi) define reciprocal constraints, i.e., they refer to the behavior of other users, e.g., if a user would have shared the same query in turn.
265:
SearchTogether offers an interface that combines search results from standard search engines and a chat to exchange queries and links. PlayByPlay takes a step further to support general purpose collaborative browsing tasks with an instant messaging functionality. Reddy et al. follow a similar approach and compares two implementations of their CSE called MUSE and MUST. Reddy et al. focus on the role of communication required for efficient CSEs. Cerciamo supports explicit collaboration by allowing one person to concentrate on finding promising groups of documents while having the other person make in-depth judgments of relevance on documents found by the first person.
353:
privacy aware user who wants to benefit from a CSE has to disclose their entire search log. (Note, even when explicitly sharing queries and links clicked, the whole (former) log is disclosed to any user that joins a search session). Thus, sophisticated mechanisms that allow on a more fine grained level which information is disclosed to whom are desirable.
301:
mediation where all users have full and equal access to the instant messaging functionality without the system's coordination. Cerchiamo and recommendation systems such as I-Spy keep track of each person's search activity independently and use that information to affect their search results. These are examples of deeper algorithmic mediation.
261:, the Community Search Assistant, the CSE of Burghardt et al., and the works of Longo et al. all represent examples of implicit collaboration. Systems that fall under this category identify similar users, queries and links clicked automatically, and recommend related queries and links to the searchers.
330:
Synchronous collaboration model enables different users to work toward the same goal together simultaneously, with each individual user having access to one another's progress in real-time. A typical example of the synchronous collaboration model is GroupWeb, where users are made aware of what others
321:
With the prevalence of mobile phones and tablets, CSEs are also taking advantage of these additional device modalities. CoSearch is a system that supports co-located collaborative web search by leveraging extra mobile phones and mice. PlayByPlay also supports collaborative browsing between mobile and
343:
The applications of CSEs are well-explored in both the academic community and industry. For example, GroupWeb was used as a presentation tool for real-time distance education and conferences. ClassSearch is deployed in middle-school classroom sessions to facilitate collaborative search activities in
352:
Search terms and links clicked that are shared among users reveal their interests, habits, social relations and intentions. In other words, CSEs put the privacy of the users at risk. Studies have shown that CSEs increase efficiency. Unfortunately, by the lack of privacy enhancing technologies, a
224:, and allow experts to guide less experienced people through their searches. Collaboration partners do so by providing query terms, collective tagging, adding comments or opinions, rating search results, and links clicked of former (successful) IR activities to users having the same or a related
300:
The depth of mediation refers to the degree that the CSE mediates search. SearchTogether is an example of UI-level mediation: users exchange query results and judgments of relevance, but the system does not distinguish among users when they run queries. PlayByPlay is another example of UI-level
317:
CSE systems started off on the desktop end, with the earliest ones being extensions or modifications to existing web browsers. GroupWeb is a desktop web browser that offers a shared visual workspace for a group of users. SearchTogether is a desktop application that combines search results from
264:
Explicit collaboration means that users share an agreed-upon information need and work together toward that goal. For example, in a chat-like application, query terms and links clicked are automatically exchanged. The most prominent example of this class is SearchTogether published in 2007.
287:
Collaborative search deployed within a community of practice deploys novel techniques for exploiting context during search by indexing and ranking search results based on the learned preferences of a community of users. The users benefit by sharing information, experiences and awareness to
334:
Asynchronous collaboration models offer more flexibility toward when different users' different search processes are carried out while reducing the cognitive effort for later users to consume and build upon previous users' search results. SearchTogether, for example, supports asynchronous
318:
standard search engines and a chat interface for users to exchange queries and links. CoSense supports sensemaking tasks in collaborative Web search by offering rich and interactive presentations of a group's search activities.
288:
personalize result-lists to reflect the preferences of the community as a whole. The community representing a group of users who share common interests, similar professions. The best known example is the open-source project
236:
Collaborative search engines can be classified along several dimensions: intent (explicit and implicit) and synchronization, depth of mediation, task vs. trait, division of labor, and sharing of knowledge.
656:
Computational
Collective Intelligence. Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multiagent Systems, First International Conference, ICCCI 2009, Wroclaw, Poland, October 5–7, 2009. Proceedings
335:
collaboration functionalities by persisting previous users' chat logs, search queries, and web browsing histories so that the later users could quickly bring themselves up to speed.
309:
This model classifies people's membership in groups based on the task at hand vs. long-term interests; these may be correlated with explicit and implicit collaboration.
276:
Recent work in collaborative filtering and information retrieval has shown that sharing of search experiences among users having similar interests, typically called a
609:
Longo Luca; Barrett
Stephen; Dondio Pierpaolo (2010). "Enhancing Social Search: A Computational Collective Intelligence Model of Behavioural Traits, Trust and Time".
268:
However, in
Papagelis et al. terms are used differently: they combine explicitly shared links and implicitly collected browsing histories of users to a hybrid CSE.
1068:
Barry Smyth; Evelyn Balfe; Oisin
Boydell; Keith Bradley; Peter Briggs; Maurice Coyle; Jill Freyne (2005), "A Live-User Evaluation of Collaborative Web Search",
192:
331:
are doing through features such as synchronous scrolling with pages, telepointers for enacting gestures, and group annotations that are attached to web pages.
1300:
89:
404:
Pickens Jeremy; Golovchinsky Gene; Shah Chirag; Qvarfordt
Pernilla; Back Maribeth (2008), "Algorithmic mediation for collaborative exploratory search",
1166:
581:
Longo Luca; Barrett
Stephen; Dondio Pierpaolo (2009), "Toward Social Search - From Explicit to Implicit Collaboration to Predict Users' Interests",
583:
Webist 2009 - Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal, March 23–26, 2009
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557:
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185:
84:
782:
Madhu C. Reddy; Bernhard J. Jansen; Rashmi
Krishnappa (2008), "The Role of Communication in Collaborative Information Searching",
406:
SIGIR '08: Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on
Research and development in information retrieval
64:
1427:
1259:
357:
1159:
540:
Thorben
Burghardt; Erik Buchmann; Klemens Böhm (2008). "Discovering the Scope of Privacy Needs in Collaborative Search".
1432:
178:
1412:
1379:
1295:
1116:
Seikyung Jung; Juntae Kim; Herlocker, JL (2004), "Applying Collaborative Filtering for Efficient Document Search",
120:
1305:
897:
1448:
1364:
1389:
1369:
1152:
960:
Sharoda A. Paul; Meredith Ringel Morris (2009), "CoSense: Enhancing Sensemaking for Collaborative Web Search",
79:
74:
990:
Saleema Amershi; Meredith Ringel Morris (2008), "CoSearch: A System for Co-located Collaborative Web Search",
1417:
1290:
1219:
356:
As CSEs are a new technology just entering the market, identifying user privacy preferences and integrating
246:
125:
69:
33:
1310:
1193:
859:
691:
Meredith Ringel Morris; Eric Horvitz (2007). "SearchTogether: An interface for collaborative web search".
480:
94:
1345:
1214:
511:
Barry Smyth; Evelyn Balfe; Peter Briggs; Maurice Coyle; Jill Freyne (2003), "Collaborative Web Search",
281:
277:
217:
43:
739:
Heather Wiltse; Jeffrey Nichols (2008). "CoSearch: A system for co-located collaborative web search".
1021:
832:
614:
457:
1st International Workshop on Collaborative Information Retrieval, held in conjunction with JCDL 2008
130:
864:
1244:
1239:
852:
Maurice Coyle & Barry Smyth (2008), Nejdl, Wolfgang; Kay, Judy; Pu, Pearl; et al. (eds.),
1082:
Smyth, Barry & Balfe, Evelyn (2005), "Anonymous personalization in collaborative web search",
1024:(2011), "ClassSearch: Facilitating the Development of Web Search Skills Through Social Learning",
1315:
1099:
1037:
1003:
973:
943:
764:
716:
563:
427:
250:
151:
19:
542:
2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology
473:
Division of Labour and Sharing of Knowledge for Synchronous Collaborative Information Retrieval
1340:
1249:
1204:
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1189:
877:
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213:
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284:, reduces the effort put in by a given user in retrieving the exact information of interest.
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1234:
1224:
1175:
799:
Eighth Mexican International Conference on Current Trends in Computer Science (ENC 2007)
692:
618:
1453:
930:
Saul Greenberg; Mark Roseman (1996), "GroupWeb: A WWW Browser As Real Time Groupware",
740:
449:"Understanding Groups' Properties as a Means of Improving Collaborative Search Systems"
221:
135:
694:
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
1473:
1458:
1374:
1229:
1054:
Data Protection Working Party (2008), "Article 29 EU Data Protection Working Party",
898:"Jumper Networks Releases Jumper 2.0.1.5 Platform with New Community Search Features"
833:"A Collaborative Filtering based Re-ranking Strategy for Search in Digital Libraries"
161:
1103:
977:
947:
720:
652:"Information Foraging Theory as a Form of Collective Intelligence for Social Search"
567:
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1020:
Neema Moraveji; Meredith Ringel Morris; Daniel Morris; Mary Czerwinski;
807:
905:
858:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5149, pp. 103–112,
1131:
Thorben Burghardt; Erik Buchmann; Klemens Böhm; Chris Clifton (2008),
840:
ICADL2005: The 8th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries
1407:
289:
1133:"Collaborative Search And User Privacy: How Can They Be Reconciled?"
220:(IR) activities, share information resources collaboratively using
1144:
796:
Athanasios Papagelis; Christos Zaroliagis (2007). "Author Index".
613:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2. pp. 46–69.
258:
216:
within company intranets that let users combine their efforts in
344:
classrooms and study the space of co-located search pedagogies.
1148:
253:
in which the system infers similar information needs. I-Spy,
611:
Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence II
526:
Natalie S. Glance (2001), "Community search assistant",
650:
Longo Luca; Barrett Stephen; Dondio Pierpaolo (2009),
1441:
1398:
1273:
1182:
855:Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems
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339:Applications of collaborative search engines
925:
923:
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506:
504:
1167:
1153:
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376:Golovchinsky Gene; Pickens Jeremy (2007),
348:Privacy-aware collaborative search engines
326:Synchronous vs. asynchronous collaboration
193:
179:
15:
863:
368:
143:
107:
56:
25:
18:
447:Morris Meredith; Teevan Jaime (2008),
528:Workshop on AI for Web Search AAAI'02
245:Implicit collaboration characterizes
167:ACM Conference on Recommender Systems
7:
1281:Cross-language information retrieval
241:Explicit vs. implicit collaboration
378:"Collaborative Exploratory Search"
292:(previously known as Jumper 2.0).
14:
385:Proceedings of HCIR 2007 Workshop
85:Item-item collaborative filtering
831:Rohini U; Vamshi Ambati (2002),
1428:Representational State Transfer
745:. Chi '08. pp. 1647–1656.
1260:Natural language search engine
358:Privacy enhancing technologies
1:
1480:Information retrieval systems
896:Jumper Networks Inc. (2010),
1433:Wide area information server
1306:Search oriented architecture
206:Collaborative search engines
1413:Search/Retrieve Web Service
1210:Collaborative search engine
627:10.1007/978-3-642-17155-0_3
116:Collaborative search engine
1496:
1380:Website mirroring software
1296:Search engine optimization
121:Content discovery platform
1365:Robots exclusion standard
1096:10.1007/s10791-006-7148-z
874:10.1007/978-3-540-70987-9
1390:Web query classification
1370:Distributed web crawling
313:Platforms and modalities
80:Implicit data collection
75:Dimensionality reduction
1418:Search/Retrieve via URL
1291:Search engine marketing
1034:10.1145/1978942.1979203
1000:10.1145/1357054.1357311
970:10.1145/1518701.1518974
751:10.1145/1357054.1357311
703:10.1145/1294211.1294215
414:10.1145/1390334.1390389
247:Collaborative filtering
232:Models of collaboration
126:Decision support system
70:Collaborative filtering
34:Collective intelligence
1311:Selection-based search
550:10.1109/WIIAT.2008.165
481:Dublin City University
251:recommendation systems
95:Preference elicitation
57:Methods and challenges
1215:Cross-language search
940:10.1145/257089.257317
470:Foley, Colum (2008).
282:community of interest
278:community of practice
272:Community of practice
218:information retrieval
1022:Nathalie Henry Riche
544:. pp. 910–913.
408:, pp. 315–322,
131:Music Genome Project
90:Matrix factorization
1301:Evaluation measures
1245:Video search engine
808:10.1109/ENC.2007.34
619:2010LNCS.6450...46L
214:enterprise searches
20:Recommender systems
1316:Document retrieval
802:. pp. 88–98.
296:Depth of mediation
210:Web search engines
152:GroupLens Research
1467:
1466:
1341:Search aggregator
1250:Enterprise search
1205:Multimedia search
1200:Metasearch engine
1190:Web search engine
883:978-3-540-70984-8
817:978-0-7695-2899-1
697:. pp. 3–12.
669:978-3-642-04440-3
636:978-3-642-17154-3
596:978-989-8111-81-4
559:978-0-7695-3496-1
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100:Similarity search
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1336:Federated search
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1286:Search by sound
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1225:Vertical search
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908:on 2012-06-04
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1350:Web indexing
1265:Voice search
1240:Audio search
1235:Image search
1220:Local search
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492:. Retrieved
485:the original
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44:Star ratings
1360:Spider trap
1331:Multisearch
1326:Web crawler
1321:Text mining
589:: 693–696,
515:: 1417–1419
1423:OpenSearch
1118:Inf. Retr.
1084:Inf. Retr.
912:2012-05-16
494:2009-07-30
364:References
255:Jumper 2.0
208:(CSE) are
65:Cold start
1399:Protocols
1385:Web query
1120:: 640–643
860:CiteSeerX
662:: 63–74,
157:MovieLens
49:Long tail
39:Relevance
1474:Category
1442:See also
1104:11659895
978:10280059
948:30982523
721:10783726
568:15921662
432:15704152
144:Research
26:Concepts
1042:6816313
1008:9854331
769:9854331
615:Bibcode
1408:Z39.50
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290:ApexKB
1346:Index
1274:Tools
1183:Types
1100:S2CID
1070:IJCAI
1038:S2CID
1004:S2CID
974:S2CID
944:S2CID
836:(PDF)
784:ASTIS
765:S2CID
717:S2CID
564:S2CID
513:IJCAI
488:(PDF)
477:(PDF)
452:(PDF)
428:S2CID
381:(PDF)
259:Seeks
1194:List
878:ISBN
812:ISBN
755:ISBN
707:ISBN
664:ISBN
631:ISBN
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554:ISBN
418:ISBN
249:and
212:and
1092:doi
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870:doi
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410:doi
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194:e
187:t
180:v
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