183:
511:
470:
529:, the major structural component of nearly all mammalian tissues, undergoes extensive proteolytic remodeling during developmental states and a variety of life-threatening diseases such as cancer, myocardial infarction, and fibrosis. While degraded collagen could be an important marker of tissue damage, it is difficult to detect and target using conventional tools. As a result, a collagen hybridizing peptide is specifically hybridized to the degraded, unfolded collagen chains, can be used to image degraded collagen and inform tissue remodeling activity in various tissues.
422:
206:
134:
556:
234:, the basement membrane collagen IV networks not only provide structural support to the cells and tissues, but they also affect the biological rate during and after the development. New discoveries keep unraveling information about genetic mutations, biosynthesis, molecular assembly, and network formation of type IV collagen, and this increases the understanding of the critical role of this collagen in health and disease.
403:, and the 13q34 locus harboring these genes is one of the 160 genome-wide significant risk loci for coronary artery disease. COL4A1 and COL4A2 encode the α1- and α2-chains of collagen type IV. This is a major component of basement membranes in various tissues including arteries. There are clinical reports linking 13q34 to
383:
In humans, a novel mutation of the COL4A1 gene coding for collagen type IV was found to be associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract in a
Chinese family. This mutation was not found in unaffected family members or in 200 unrelated controls. In this study, sequence analysis confirmed that
198:
The most common collagen is type I collagen which makes up 90% of all collagen. It is found in all dermal layers at high proportions while type IV collagen is only found at the basement membrane of the epidermal junction. Despite their differences in commonality, they are both strongly altered during
175:
The C4 Domain at the C-terminus is not removed in the post-translational process, and as a result, the structure of the fibers are linked in a "head-to-head" format instead of in a parallel fashion. It also lacks a glycine in every third amino acid residue that is responsible for the tight collagen
166:
To summarize, the process of collagen synthesis occurs mainly in the cells of fibroblasts which are specialized cells with the main function of synthesizing collagen. Collagen synthesis occurs both intracellularly and extracellularly. However, when looking specifically at type IV collagen, it is
414:
Additionally, in the cardiovascular field, the COL4A1 and COL4A2 regions on chromosome 13q34 are a highly replicated locus for coronary artery disease. In a normal wall of arteries, collagen type IV acts to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that protein
225:
Collagen IV has been the focus of extensive research ranging from biochemistry perspectives, to pathology, and genetic disorders. This is the only collagen type that is encoded by six different genes. The six α-chains of collagen IV can recognize each other with incredible specificity and will
548:
The general correlation between the level of collagen remodeling and the amount of denatured collagen in tissue, show that the collagen hybridizing peptide probes can be used across species and collagen types (including type IV collagen), providing a versatile tool for not only pathology and
384:
the Gly782 amino acid residue was highly conserved. This report of a new mutation in the COL4A1 gene is the first report of a non-syndromic autosomal dominant congenital cataract that highlights an important role for collagen type IV in the physiological and optical properties of the lens.
230:. After secretion into the extracellular membrane, these molecules will further interact to form higher molecular organizations. These, along with other proteins, will form unique basement membranes in tissue-specific manners. Through interactions with specific cellular receptors such as
881:
Tsutsumi M, Takase S, Urashima S, Ueshima Y, Kawahara H, Takada A (December 1996). "Serum markers for hepatic fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease: which is the best marker, type III procollagen, type IV collagen, laminin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, or prolyl hydroxylase?".
221:
Depending on genetic and nongenetic factors including alterations in gene expression, splice variations, post-translational modifications, and the chain-specific assembly of particular α-chains, different organs can be affected during their development and in the adult life span.
53:. This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks. These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Collagen IV is the more common usage, as opposed to the older terminology of "type-IV collagen". Collagen IV exists in all
415:
expression of collagen type IV in human vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by both SMAD3 protein and TGFβ mediated stimulation of mRNA. Altogether, it was concluded that the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease may be regulated by COL4A1 and COL4A2 genes.
1037:
Smigiel R, Cabala M, Jakubiak A, Kodera H, Sasiadek MJ, Matsumoto N, et al. (April 2016). "Novel COL4A1 mutation in an infant with severe dysmorphic syndrome with schizencephaly, periventricular calcifications, and cataract resembling congenital infection".
492:
Patients may present with general fatigue, weakness, poor wound healing, anemia, and gum disease. Clinically, one of the first signs of scurvy occurs on the skin and manifests as perifollicular hemorrhage where follicles of the skin are plugged with
1351:
Okonogi H, Nishimura M, Utsunomiya Y, Hamaguchi K, Tsuchida H, Miura Y, et al. (May 2001). "Urinary type IV collagen excretion reflects renal morphological alterations and type IV collagen expression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus".
510:
162:
evolves into a collagen IV superstructure by "end-to-end" and lateral connections between collagen IV protomers. The collagen molecule is then formed. Lastly, the type IV collagen molecules bind together to form a complex protein network.
463:. The interaction between type IV collagen produced by the cancer cell, and integrins on the surface of the cancer cells, are important for continuous cancer cell growth, maintenance of a migratory phenotype, and for avoiding apoptosis.
488:
is a nutritional deficiency of water-soluble vitamin C or ascorbic acid. It is rare in the developing world and is mostly seen in infants, the elderly, and alcoholics, all who may have inadequate nutritional intake and malnutrition.
532:
Labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and biotin, the collagen hybridizing peptide can enable direct localization and quantification of collagen degradation in isolated tissues within pathologic states ranging from osteoarthritis and
158:. The next step in assembly is collagen IV dimerization. Two collagen IV protomers associate through the carboxy-terminal NC1 trimer to form the NC1 hexamer. These interactions form the core of the type IV collagen scaffold. The
917:
Yabu K, Kiyosawa K, Mori H, Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa K, Tanaka E, Furuta S (May 1994). "Serum collagen type IV for the assessment of fibrosis and resistance to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C".
111:
Type IV collagen is a type of collagen that is responsible for providing a scaffold for stability and assembly. It is also predominantly found in extracellular basement membranes. It aids in
182:
1182:
Turner AW, Nikpay M, Silva A, Lau P, Martinuk A, Linseman TA, et al. (October 2015). "Functional interaction between COL4A1/COL4A2 and SMAD3 risk loci for coronary artery disease".
822:
150:
is synthesized by the assembly of a specific trimer, when the three NC1 domains initiate molecular interactions between the three α-chains. Protomer trimerization then proceeds from the
469:
1369:
603:
Boute N, Exposito JY, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Noro N, Miyazaki K, et al. (1996). "Type IV collagen in sponges, the missing link in basement membrane ubiquity".
1218:
323:
are associated with the deposition of collagen IV in the liver. Serum
Collagen IV concentrations correlate with hepatic tissue levels of collagen IV in subjects with
45:
at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel. Also, collagen IV lacks the regular
994:
Yoneda Y, Haginoya K, Kato M, Osaka H, Yokochi K, Arai H, et al. (January 2013). "Phenotypic spectrum of COL4A1 mutations: porencephaly to schizencephaly".
421:
1424:
205:
850:"Characterization of type I and IV collagens by Raman microspectroscopy: Identification of spectral markers of the dermo-epidermal junction"
497:. These areas appear as bruise-like spots around the hair follicles. There can also be fragile hairs arranged in a corkscrew confirmation.
2072:
767:"Type IV collagen stimulates pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and inhibits apoptosis through an autocrine loop"
2082:
1417:
305:
1804:
1708:
1683:
555:
155:
1836:
1765:
1703:
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1375:
293:
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545:, as well as in normal tissues during developmental programs associated with embryonic bone formation and skin aging.
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1643:
1633:
1563:
1496:
301:
69:
42:
1078:"A novel COL4A1 gene mutation results in autosomal dominant non-syndromic congenital cataract in a Chinese family"
1781:
1516:
1478:
1410:
1396:
227:
124:
404:
324:
400:
396:
1850:
534:
504:
and inhibits the transcription of various types of collagen found in skin, blood vessels, and tissue.
1445:
953:
Plaisier E, Gribouval O, Alamowitch S, Mougenot B, Prost C, Verpont MC, et al. (December 2007).
570:
566:
An autosomal recessive encephalopathy associated with mutations in this gene has also been reported.
261:
258:
upon the antigenic site on the alpha-3 subunit becomes unsequestered due to environmental exposures.
243:
1677:
392:
Type IV collagen is a main component of basement membranes in various tissues (arteries included).
2103:
2016:
1827:
1161:
1019:
628:
542:
538:
344:
277:
265:
255:
516:
Calcified cartilage, hemorrhage in fibrous marrow, and abnormally thin bone cortex due to scurvy
459:, forming basement membrane like structures on the cancer cell surface that colocalize with the
2021:
1831:
1622:
1361:
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1226:
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976:
935:
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682:
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247:
452:
This autocrine loop provides essential cell survival signals to the pancreatic cancer cells.
1946:
1941:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1627:
1491:
1392:
1323:
1315:
1298:
Yaramis A, Lochmüller H, Töpf A, Sonmezler E, Yilmaz E, Hiz S, et al. (February 2020).
1270:
1262:
1191:
1143:
1099:
1089:
1047:
1003:
966:
927:
891:
861:
788:
778:
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672:
664:
612:
501:
273:
159:
133:
58:
1249:
Hwang J, Huang Y, Burwell TJ, Peterson NC, Connor J, Weiss SJ, et al. (October 2017).
2067:
1924:
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1914:
1510:
1472:
1195:
408:
289:
1554:
1328:
1299:
1275:
1250:
1104:
1077:
955:"COL4A1 mutations and hereditary angiopathy, nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps"
895:
793:
766:
735:
708:
677:
652:
446:
372:
316:
242:
The alpha-3 subunit (COL4A3) of collagen IV is thought to be the antigen implicated in
116:
50:
616:
411:, and artery stiffening from experimental studies based on vascular cells and tissue.
2097:
1855:
1437:
360:
176:
helix, as a result it will be more flexible and kinked than other types of collagen.
120:
112:
632:
1979:
1165:
1023:
368:
38:
1319:
272:. Microscopic evaluation of biopsied renal tissue will reveal linear deposits of
2057:
1986:
1722:
1667:
1148:
1131:
352:
328:
17:
1688:
1094:
931:
348:
269:
251:
151:
783:
573:
and increased urinary levels are associated with the extent of renal injury.
1266:
725:
442:
356:
320:
297:
1365:
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1203:
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744:
686:
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939:
903:
866:
849:
848:
Nguyen TT, Gobinet C, Feru J, Pasco SB, Manfait M, Piot O (October 2012).
624:
549:
developmental biology research, but also disease diagnosis via histology.
399:
located in the collagen ( COL) 4A1 and COL4A2 genes to be associated with
1840:
1819:
1456:
1251:"In Situ Imaging of Tissue Remodeling with Collagen Hybridizing Peptides"
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954:
526:
231:
147:
34:
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2001:
1974:
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1809:
1797:
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1610:
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1433:
1076:
Xia XY, Li N, Cao X, Wu QY, Li TF, Zhang C, et al. (August 2014).
1051:
668:
582:
569:
Increased glomerular and mesangial deposition of collagen IV occurs in
494:
54:
46:
1007:
395:
Over the past decade, studies have repeatedly found single-nucleotide
304:, and ocular disturbances and is passed on genetically, usually in an
2006:
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1568:
1526:
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99:
93:
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81:
75:
27:
Non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of basement membranes
2031:
2026:
1996:
1991:
1969:
1951:
1929:
1538:
1304:-related autosomal recessive encephalopathy in 2 Turkish children"
1040:
Birth
Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
765:Öhlund D, Franklin O, Lundberg E, Lundin C, Sund M (March 2013).
2011:
1136:
American
Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
57:
phyla, to whom they served as an evolutionary stepping stone to
1406:
709:"Collagen IV in Normal Skin and in Pathological Processes"
1132:"A role for collagen type IV in cardiovascular disease?"
455:
Type IV collagen is expressed close to the cancer cells
585:, a variant of this collagen type found in some animals
288:
Mutations to the genes coding for collagen IV lead to
194:
How does Type IV collagen differ from Type I collagen?
363:). It has also been confirmed that mutations in the
2046:
1962:
1868:
1818:
1547:
1464:
1455:
1444:
1125:
1123:
702:
700:
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308:manner, although there are rarer autosomal forms.
651:Khoshnoodi J, Pedchenko V, Hudson BG (May 2008).
646:
644:
642:
292:. This will cause thinning and splitting of the
500:A lack of ascorbic acid leads to epigenetic DNA
49:in every third residue necessary for the tight,
1225:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
829:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
437:This type of collagen can cause an increase in
1177:
1175:
1130:Steffensen LB, Rasmussen LM (September 2018).
884:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
64:There are six human genes associated with it:
1418:
1244:
1242:
1240:
760:
758:
756:
754:
427:Fatty deposits causing coronary artery plaque
8:
475:Pancreatic cancer cell in high magnification
280:. This is classically in young adult males.
1071:
1069:
821:Wu M, Cronin K, Crane JS (September 2022).
343:exons 24 and 25 are associated with HANAC (
1461:
1452:
1425:
1411:
1403:
713:North American Journal of Medical Sciences
707:Abreu-Velez AM, Howard MS (January 2012).
1395:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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970:
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920:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
246:, wherein the immune system attacks the
595:
551:
506:
465:
417:
331:and fall following successful therapy.
201:
178:
129:
211:Parallel direction of fibers in Type I
1217:Maxfield L, Crane JS (October 2022).
1196:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.008
7:
441:cancer cells and is able to inhibit
167:mostly synthesized extracellularly.
2073:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
959:The New England Journal of Medicine
896:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01692.x
823:"Biochemistry, Collagen Synthesis"
25:
657:Microscopy Research and Technique
367:gene occur in some patients with
554:
509:
468:
420:
204:
181:
132:
296:. It will present as isolated
1:
617:10.1016/S0248-4900(97)86829-3
561:Collagen hybridizing peptides
522:Collagen Hybridizing Peptides
199:aging or cancer progression.
154:to yield the fully assembled
1837:Cartilage associated protein
1320:10.1212/NXG.0000000000000392
294:glomerular basement membrane
1149:10.1152/ajpheart.00070.2018
31:Collagen IV (ColIV or Col4)
2120:
302:sensorineural hearing loss
1095:10.1186/s12881-014-0097-2
932:10.3109/00365529409096841
1397:Medical Subject Headings
784:10.1186/1471-2407-13-154
1267:10.1021/acsnano.7b03150
1219:"Vitamin C Deficiency."
726:10.4103/1947-2714.92892
653:"Mammalian collagen IV"
433:Pancreatic Cancer Cells
405:coronary artery disease
325:alcoholic liver disease
146:To begin, this type of
37:found primarily in the
401:cardiovascular disease
388:Cardiovascular Disease
1851:Procollagen peptidase
535:myocardial infarction
226:assemble into unique
217:Clinical significance
43:collagen IV C4 domain
1082:BMC Medical Genetics
972:10.1056/NEJMoa071906
571:diabetic nephropathy
262:Goodpasture syndrome
244:Goodpasture syndrome
238:Goodpasture Syndrome
188:Tight collagen helix
1354:Clinical Nephrology
1308:Neurology. Genetics
996:Annals of Neurology
867:10.1155/2012/686183
605:Biology of the Cell
379:Congenital Cataract
2017:Matrix gla protein
1828:Prolyl hydroxylase
1052:10.1002/bdra.23488
669:10.1002/jemt.20564
543:pulmonary fibrosis
539:glomerulonephritis
461:integrin receptors
345:autosomal dominant
278:immunofluorescence
266:nephritic syndrome
248:basement membranes
2091:
2090:
2042:
2041:
1864:
1863:
1832:Lysyl hydroxylase
1623:basement membrane
1261:(10): 9825–9835.
1008:10.1002/ana.23736
965:(26): 2687–2695.
123:, expansion, and
16:(Redirected from
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1393:Collagen+type+IV
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1142:(3): H610–H625.
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274:Immunoglobulin G
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152:carboxy terminus
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59:multicellularity
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18:Collagen type IV
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1184:Atherosclerosis
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1387:External links
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1360:(5): 357–364.
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1190:(2): 543–552.
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2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1856:Lysyl oxidase
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
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1579:
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1508:
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1501:
1498:
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1477:
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1470:
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1463:
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1428:
1423:
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1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1398:
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1390:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1294:
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1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
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1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
874:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
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755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
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697:
693:
688:
684:
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670:
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662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
599:
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589:
584:
581:
580:
576:
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572:
567:
557:
552:
550:
546:
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536:
530:
528:
521:
512:
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505:
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490:
487:
480:
471:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
432:
423:
418:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:polymorphisms
393:
387:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:muscle cramps
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:Mutations in
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:Liver Disease
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
228:heterotrimers
223:
216:
207:
202:
200:
193:
184:
179:
177:
170:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
135:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:cell adhesion
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:
90:
89:
84:
83:
78:
77:
72:
71:
67:
66:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:is a type of
32:
19:
1980:Tropoelastin
1936:
1909:
1877:
1787:
1777:
1760:
1750:
1721:
1676:
1626:
1580:
1558:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1471:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1222:
1212:
1187:
1183:
1139:
1135:
1085:
1081:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1002:(1): 48–57.
999:
995:
989:
962:
958:
948:
923:
919:
912:
887:
883:
876:
857:
854:Spectroscopy
853:
843:
826:
774:
770:
716:
712:
660:
656:
608:
604:
598:
568:
565:
547:
531:
525:
499:
491:
484:
456:
454:
451:
436:
413:
394:
391:
382:
369:porencephaly
364:
340:
338:
315:
287:
260:
241:
224:
220:
197:
174:
165:
145:
110:
98:
92:
86:
80:
74:
68:
63:
39:basal lamina
30:
29:
2058:Cytokeratin
1987:Vitronectin
1668:multiplexin
1314:(1): e392.
1223:StatPearls
827:StatPearls
445:through an
353:nephropathy
347:hereditary
329:hepatitis C
1689:Endostatin
1678:type XVIII
771:BMC Cancer
719:(1): 1–8.
590:References
439:pancreatic
349:angiopathy
270:hemoptysis
2104:Collagens
2068:Reticulin
1761:type VIII
443:apoptosis
357:aneurysms
321:cirrhosis
298:hematuria
252:glomeruli
232:integrins
171:Structure
142:Synthesis
117:migration
2098:Category
2083:diseases
2079:See also
2022:Tectorin
1841:Leprecan
1751:type VII
1581:type XII
1504:type III
1457:Collagen
1366:11393380
1338:32042920
1285:28877431
1255:ACS Nano
1231:29630239
1204:26310581
1158:29677463
1114:25124159
1060:26879631
1016:23225343
981:18160688
835:29939531
803:23530721
745:22393540
687:18219669
633:32293092
577:See also
527:Collagen
306:X-linked
254:and the
160:scaffold
156:protomer
148:collagen
121:survival
107:Function
55:metazoan
35:collagen
2063:Gelatin
2054:Keratin
2002:Decorin
1975:Elastin
1870:Laminin
1846:ADAMTS2
1820:Enzymes
1810:COL28A1
1805:COL27A1
1798:COL11A2
1793:COL11A1
1788:type XI
1782:COL10A1
1723:type VI
1720:other:
1714:COL25A1
1709:COL23A1
1704:COL17A1
1699:COL13A1
1684:COL18A1
1672:COL15A1
1628:type IV
1616:COL22A1
1611:COL21A1
1606:COL20A1
1601:COL19A1
1596:COL16A1
1591:COL14A1
1585:COL12A1
1559:type IX
1539:COL26A1
1534:COL24A1
1492:type II
1434:Protein
1329:6975172
1276:5656977
1166:5018123
1105:4236509
1024:3218598
940:7518613
904:8986196
794:3618250
777:: 154.
736:3289483
678:4788096
625:9175266
583:Spongin
495:keratin
457:in vivo
256:alveoli
250:of the
47:glycine
41:. The
2007:FAM20C
1778:type X
1771:COL8A2
1766:COL8A1
1755:COL7A1
1744:COL6A5
1739:COL6A3
1734:COL6A2
1729:COL6A1
1659:COL4A6
1654:COL4A5
1649:COL4A4
1644:COL4A3
1639:COL4A2
1634:COL4A1
1574:COL9A3
1569:COL9A2
1564:COL9A1
1527:COL5A3
1522:COL5A2
1517:COL5A1
1511:type V
1497:COL2A1
1484:COL1A2
1479:COL1A1
1473:type I
1448:matrix
1399:(MeSH)
1376:985198
1373:
1364:
1336:
1326:
1302:COL4A1
1283:
1273:
1229:
1202:
1164:
1156:
1112:
1102:
1088:: 97.
1058:
1022:
1014:
979:
938:
902:
833:
801:
791:
743:
733:
685:
675:
631:
623:
486:Scurvy
481:Scurvy
365:COL4A1
359:, and
341:COL4A1
100:COL4A6
94:COL4A5
88:COL4A4
82:COL4A3
76:COL4A2
70:COL4A1
2047:Other
2032:TECTB
2027:TECTA
1997:FREM2
1992:FRAS1
1970:ALCAM
1963:Other
1952:LAMC3
1947:LAMC2
1942:LAMC1
1937:gamma
1930:LAMB4
1925:LAMB3
1920:LAMB2
1915:LAMB1
1903:LAMA5
1898:LAMA4
1893:LAMA3
1888:LAMA2
1883:LAMA1
1878:alpha
1555:FACIT
1548:Other
1370:INIST
1162:S2CID
1020:S2CID
629:S2CID
537:, to
351:with
2012:ECM1
1910:beta
1362:PMID
1334:PMID
1281:PMID
1227:PMID
1200:PMID
1154:PMID
1110:PMID
1056:PMID
1012:PMID
977:PMID
936:PMID
900:PMID
831:PMID
799:PMID
741:PMID
683:PMID
621:PMID
541:and
371:and
327:and
319:and
268:and
1324:PMC
1316:doi
1271:PMC
1263:doi
1192:doi
1188:242
1144:doi
1140:315
1100:PMC
1090:doi
1048:doi
1044:106
1004:doi
967:doi
963:357
928:doi
892:doi
862:doi
789:PMC
779:doi
731:PMC
721:doi
673:PMC
665:doi
613:doi
276:by
2100::
1670::
1625::
1557::
1436::
1368:.
1358:55
1356:.
1332:.
1322:.
1310:.
1306:.
1279:.
1269:.
1259:11
1257:.
1253:.
1239:^
1221:.
1198:.
1186:.
1174:^
1160:.
1152:.
1138:.
1134:.
1122:^
1108:.
1098:.
1086:15
1084:.
1080:.
1068:^
1054:.
1042:.
1018:.
1010:.
1000:73
998:.
975:.
961:.
957:.
934:.
924:29
922:.
898:.
888:20
886:.
858:27
856:.
852:.
825:.
811:^
797:.
787:.
775:13
773:.
769:.
753:^
739:.
729:.
715:.
711:.
695:^
681:.
671:.
661:71
659:.
655:.
641:^
627:.
619:.
609:88
607:.
449:.
407:,
375:.
355:,
300:,
127:.
119:,
115:,
97:,
91:,
85:,
79:,
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61:.
2056:/
1839:/
1830:/
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1780:(
1757:)
1753:(
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1499:)
1495:(
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
1378:.
1340:.
1318::
1312:6
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1287:.
1265::
1233:.
1206:.
1194::
1168:.
1146::
1116:.
1092::
1062:.
1050::
1026:.
1006::
983:.
969::
942:.
930::
906:.
894::
870:.
864::
837:.
805:.
781::
747:.
723::
717:4
689:.
667::
635:.
615::
20:)
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