224:
158:
356:
criterion E). In practice, this category is delimited by thresholds based on a compromise between theoretical and practical considerations: For criteria related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at high values for current and future declines (80%), and a higher value for historical declines (90%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
259:
371:
criteria related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at intermediate values for current and future declines (50%), and a higher value for historical declines (70%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
455:
related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at low values for current and future declines (30%), and an intermediate value for historical declines (50%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
166:
242:
2076:
Roux, Dirk J.; Stark, Jonathan S.; Rowland, Jessica A.; Brummitt, Neil A.; Fernandez-Arcaya, Ulla C.; Suthers, Iain M.; Wiser, Susan K.; Donohue, Ian; Jackson, Leland J.; Pennington, R. Toby; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; Giller, Paul; Robson, Belinda J.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Andrade, Angela; Lindgaard, Arild; Tahvanainen, Teemu; Terauds, Aleks; Chadwick, Michael A.; Murray, Nicholas J.; Moat, Justin; Pliscoff, Patricio; Zager, Irene; Kingsford, Richard T. (12 October 2022).
202:
1792:
Lincoln D. C.; Goettsch, Bárbara; Heath, Melanie; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hutton, Jon; Johnson, Tim; Joolia, Ackbar; Keith, David A.; Langhammer, Penny F.; Luedtke, Jennifer; Nic
Lughadha, Eimear; Lutz, Maiko; May, Ian; Miller, Rebecca M.; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; Parr, Mike; Pollock, Caroline M.; Ralph, Gina; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Rondinini, Carlo; Smart, Jane; Stuart, Simon; Symes, Andy; Tordoff, Andrew W.; Woodley, Stephen; Young, Bruce; Kingston, Naomi (2016).
184:
33:
149:, a set of eight categories and five criteria that provide a consistent method for assessing an ecosystem's risk of collapse. They are designed to be: broadly applicable across type ecosystems and geographic areas, transparent and scientifically rigorous, and easy to understand by decision makers and the public. The eight categories and the five criteria of the Red List of Ecosystems are:
83:
110:, Spain), the process of developing criteria to estimate their risk status was activated and the IUCN laid the foundations for the creation of a Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). The initial development of the criteria for the List was based on analogies with the criteria for species and on existing protocols designed for regional applications.
1298:
RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Ash, Neville; Benson, John; Boucher, Timothy; Brown, Claire; Burgess, Neil D.; Collen, Ben; Jennings, Michael; Keith, David A.; Nicholson, Emily; Revenga, Carmen; Reyers, Belinda; Rouget, Mathieu; Smith, Tammy; Spalding, Mark;
696:
Keith, DA; RodrĂguez, J.P.; RodrĂguez-Clark, K.M.; Aapala, K.; Alonso, A.; Asmussen, M.; Bachman, S.; Bassett, A.; Barrow, E.G.; Benson, J.S.; Bishop, M.J.; Bonifacio, R.; Brooks, T.M.; Burgman, M.A.; Comer, P.; ComĂn, F.A.; Essl, F.; Faber-Langendoen, D.; Fairweather, P.G.; Holdaway, R.J.; Jennings,
641:
for assessing conservation status, technical difficulties with the concept of ecosystem collapse and lack of scientific basis for the criteria and thresholds. Classification and spatial representation of ecosystems is a major challenge in itself. While a standard taxonomy of organisms has existed for
454:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Vulnerable. It is therefore considered to be at a high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 10% probability of collapse in a time frame of 100 years into the future (according to criterion E). For criteria
2075:
Keith, David A.; Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Nicholson, Emily; Bishop, Melanie J.; Polidoro, Beth A.; Ramirez-Llodra, Eva; Tozer, Mark G.; Nel, Jeanne L.; Mac Nally, Ralph; Gregr, Edward J.; Watermeyer, Kate E.; Essl, Franz; Faber-Langendoen, Don; Franklin, Janet; Lehmann, Caroline E. R.; Etter, Andrés;
625:
The Red List of
Ecosystems is a relatively recent product, and it is still difficult to measure its medium and long-term impact. Overall investment has been modest compared to other, long standing conservation knowledge products, but its reception in public audiences and media has been positive. It
514:
when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of collapse based on decline in distribution, disruption of ecological function or degradation of the physical environment. Data
Deficient is not a category of threat, and does not imply any level of collapse
849:
Nicholson, Emily; Regan, Tracey J.; Auld, Tony D.; Burns, Emma L.; Chisholm, Laurie A.; English, Valerie; Harris, Stephen; Harrison, Peter; Kingsford, Richard T.; Leishman, Michelle R.; Metcalfe, Daniel J.; Pisanu, Phil; Watson, Christopher J.; White, Matthew; White, Matt D.; Williams, Richard J.;
645:
The concept of ecosystem collapse is still a major point of debate. Despite the strong empirical evidence, anticipating collapse is a complex problem. Although states of ecosystem collapse are often defined quantitatively, few studies adequately describe transitions from pristine or original state
1791:
Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Brooks, Thomas M.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Jenkins, Richard B.; Boe, Kaia; Hoffmann, Michael; Angulo, Ariadne; Bachman, Steve; Böhm, Monika; Brummitt, Neil; Carpenter, Kent E.; Comer, Pat J.; Cox, Neil; Cuttelod, Annabelle; Darwall, William R. T.; Di Marco, Moreno; Fishpool,
598:
are documents that help the correct application of the
Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, providing information on the development of the protocol and a detailed description of the scientific foundations that support the categories and criteria. To date, two versions have
102:
The Red List of
Ecosystems was created to carry out assessments of biodiversity at a level of biological organization above species. Existing protocols developed by national or subnational authorities differed in focus and implementation, were often not comparable, and did not distinguish between
1246:
Keith, David A.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Brooks, Thomas M.; Burgman, Mark A.; Barrow, Edmund G.; Bland, Lucie; Comer, Patrick J.; Franklin, Janet; Link, Jason; McCarthy, Michael A.; Miller, Rebecca M.; Murray, Nicholas J.; Nel, Jeanne; Nicholson, Emily; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; Regan, Tracey J.;
621:
The development of the IUCN Red List of
Ecosystems considered tradeoffs between generality, precision, realism and simplicity. Conceptual and operational weaknesses of the RLE approach, categories, and criteria have been discussed and debated. A fair evaluation of it effectiveness and importance
370:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Endangered. It is therefore considered to be at a very high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 20% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future (according to criterion E). For
292:
when it is virtually certain that its defining biotic or abiotic features are lost from all occurrences, and the characteristic native biota are no longer sustained. This category is only assigned when assessors are virtually certain (>99% probability) of the assessment outcome, otherwise, if
355:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Critically Endangered. It is therefore considered to be at an extremely high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 50% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future (according to
113:
In 2013, the process of creating The
Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List Ecosystems, was finalized. That same year, "Scientific Foundations of an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems" was published to provide a consistent, practical and theory-based framework for establishing a systematic list.
649:
Given the real need to evaluate risk to ecosystems and set national and regional conservation priorities, there is a clear advantages in using a flexible and standard approach that is comparable between regions and countries. This would save time and resources previously used to develop local
136:
This provides a means to make more effective territorial arrangements, minimizing the impacts from the anthropic transformations of large surfaces. It contributes to better management of the limited resources devoted to conservation. It prioritizes ecosystems with the most imminent chances of
499:
reflects the fact that this risk is relatively low. In practice this category is reserved for ecosystems that unambiguously meet none of the quantitative criteria (decline in distribution, restricted distribution, degradation of environmental conditions or disruption of biotic processes and
314:
Collapse is considered an endpoint of ecosystem decline and degradation and is thus the most extreme outcome of the risk assessment protocol. For this reason, this category must only be assigned when the evidence complies a very high standard. Unlike the analogous process of
484:
when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widely distributed and relatively undegraded ecosystems are included in this category. Theoretically, all ecosystems have some risk of
380:
when there is a 20% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future. In practice, this category is delimited by thresholds based on a compromise between theoretical and practical considerations, and might be considered artificial by some critics.
529:
when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. The category of 'Not Evaluated' does not indicate that an ecosystem is not at risk from collapse, but simply that the ecosystem has not yet been studied for any risk to be quantified and published.
73:
With the help of RLE and its partner organizations, many governments and organizations create national and regional red lists, generally based on the IUCN categories and criteria, to classify the ecosystems under threat within their territorial limits.
1509:
Sievers, Michael; Pearson, Ryan M.; Turschwell, Mischa P.; Bishop, Melanie J.; Bland, Lucie; Brown, Christopher J.; Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. D.; Haig, Jodie A.; Olds, Andrew D.; Maxwell, Paul S.; Connolly, Rod M. (1 September 2020).
469:
when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
1669:
Bland, Lucie M.; Nicholson, Emily; Miller, Rebecca M.; Andrade, Angela; Etter, Andres; Ferrer-Paris, José Rafael; Kontula, Tytti; Lindgaard, Arild; Pliscoff, Patricio; Skowno, Andrew; Zager, Irene; Keith, David A. (2019).
1119:
757:
1713:
Ferrer-Paris, JosĂ© R.; Zager, Irene; Keith, David A.; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Josse, Carmen; González-Gil, Mario; Miller, Rebecca M.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos; Barrow, Edmund (2019).
2009:
Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale
276:
The acronyms of the RLE risk categories (CO, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD, NE) are in English and, unlike others, do not change in line with the language in which the document where they appear is written.
697:
M.; Kingsford, R.T.; Lester, R.E.; Mac Nally, R.; McCarthy, M.A.; Moat, J.; Nicholson, E.; Oliveira-Miranda, M.A.; Pisanu, P.; Poulin, B.; Riecken, U.; Spalding, M.D.; Zambrano-MartĂnez, S. (2013).
572:
The RLE risk categories acronyms (CO, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD, NE) are in English and, unlike others, do not change in line with the language in which it is written. the document where they appear
1154:
157:
1885:
Brooks, Thomas M.; Butchart, Stuart H.M.; Cox, Neil A.; Heath, Melanie; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hoffmann, Michael; Kingston, Naomi; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Stuart, Simon N.; Smart, Jane (2015).
223:
582:
The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria and categories have been used in different contexts. There are examples of local, national and continental application. Some countries, like
622:
needs to consider its real achievements in conservation and natural resource management, a balance between benefits and limitations and its performance against alternative methods.
1128:
772:
515:
risk. Listing of ecosystems in this category indicates that their situation has been reviewed, but that more information is required to determine their risk status.
129:
Like other IUCN products, the LRE provides an opportunity to facilitate the achievement of international conservation objectives and allows to assess an ecosystem's
659:
63:
52:
322:, collapse is theoretically reversible. In other assessment protocols, the terms 'extinct', 'eliminated' or 'disappeared' are often used instead of 'collapsed'.
1379:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Keith, David A.; Bland, Lucie M.; Nicholson, Emily; Regan, Tracey J.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Bedward, Michael; Roura-Pascual, NĂşria (2017).
1859:
428:
has also been used in other contexts with similar meaning but slightly different definitions. A proposal of classification of Endangered Ecosystems of the
910:; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M. (2006). "Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems".
2024:
Halvorsen, Rune; Skarpaas, Olav; Bryn, Anders; Bratli, Harald; Erikstad, Lars; Simensen, Trond; Lieungh, Eva (5 August 2020). Zarnetske, Phoebe (ed.).
850:
Wilson, Bruce; Keith, David A. (2015). "Towards consistency, rigour and compatibility of risk assessments for ecosystems and ecological communities".
1163:
538:
Two of the criteria for assigning ecosystems to a risk category evaluate the spatial symptoms of the ecosystem's collapse: decrease in distribution
137:
disappearing, focussing on them the greatest efforts to mitigate environmental threats, and create effective protected areas to safeguard them.
642:
nearly 300 years, the principles for systematization of ecosystem diversity have only been laid out recently and still require wider adoption.
1212:
562:. Multiple threats and symptoms can be integrated into an ecosystem dynamics model to produce quantitative estimates of the risk of collapse
59:. Its main objectives are to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025.
2288:
1005:
Bland, L.; Regan, T.; Ngoc Dinh, M.; Ferrari, R.; Keith, D.; Lester, R.; Mouillot, D.; Murray, N.; Anh Nguyen, H.; Nicholson, E. (2017).
953:
RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Keith, David A.; Barrow, Edmund G.; Benson, John; Nicholson, Emily; Wit, Piet (2012).
627:
1768:
1963:
1716:"An ecosystem risk assessment of temperate and tropical forests of the Americas with an outlook on future conservation strategies"
1006:
188:
664:
67:
258:
1887:"Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals"
631:
2168:
Bland, L.; Rowland, J.; Regan, T.; Keith, D.; Murray, N.; Lester, R.; Linn, M.; RodrĂguez, J.P.; Nicholson, E. (2018).
1562:
626:
is considered a potentially important tool for creating indicators of progress of international policy, such as the
2219:
Alaniz, Alberto J.; Pérez-Quezada, Jorge F.; Galleguillos, Mauricio; Vásquez, Alexis E.; Keith, David A. (2019).
638:
1626:"Assessing ecosystem collapse risk in ecosystems dominated by foundation species: The case of fringe mangroves"
1479:
1625:
165:
325:
Currently, the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems only has two ecosystems classified as collapsed. These are the
241:
758:"Threatened Ecosystems. Join a global network for developing an IUCN Red List for imperiled ecosystems"
263:
17:
1805:
710:
669:
161:
Schematic of categories to classify ecosystems according to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria
2201:
1648:
1100:
935:
885:
828:
650:
guidelines, and would allow regions to share and compare experiences, and avoid common pitfalls.
486:
287:
130:
1512:"Integrating outcomes of IUCN red list of ecosystems assessments for connected coastal wetlands"
201:
1962:
Gigante, Daniela; Foggi, Bruno; Venanzoni, Roberto; Viciani, Daniele; Buffa, Gabriella (2016).
1007:"Meso-American Reef: Using multiple lines of evidence to assess the risk of ecosystem collapse"
117:
The RLE was officially recognized by IUCN in 2014, to be managed as a Thematic Group under the
2242:
2107:
2057:
1908:
1841:
1823:
1764:
1563:"Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation"
1543:
1461:
1453:
1412:
1338:
1320:
1280:
1208:
1092:
1036:
927:
877:
820:
738:
550:. Two evaluate the functional symptoms of the ecosystem's collapse: environmental degradation
1624:
Marshall, Ashleigh F.; Schulte to BĂĽhne, Henrike; Bland, Lucie; Pettorelli, Nathalie (2018).
2232:
2191:
2181:
2148:
2138:
2097:
2089:
2047:
2037:
1986:
1978:
1942:
1898:
1831:
1813:
1737:
1727:
1693:
1683:
1640:
1533:
1523:
1443:
1402:
1392:
1328:
1312:
1270:
1260:
1207:(Version 2.0. ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM).
1082:
1026:
1018:
919:
867:
859:
810:
728:
718:
56:
1809:
714:
637:
Some arguments against the wide adoption of the RLE are the lack of consistent means to
183:
133:
either globally or by portions developed over a region, country, or subnational entity.
2102:
2077:
2007:
1836:
1793:
1333:
1300:
1071:"Tidal flats of the Yellow Sea: A review of ecosystem status and anthropogenic threats"
1044:
1031:
907:
733:
698:
1597:
440:
to denote a heavy decline in distribution or quality of baltic habitats and biotopes.
2282:
2153:
1927:
1760:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
1538:
1407:
1316:
1275:
1204:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
799:"Separating risks from values in setting priorities for plant community conservation"
596:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
590:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
429:
2205:
1652:
1104:
939:
889:
832:
586:, have adopted these guidelines as an official system to assess risk to ecosystems.
436:
for ecosystems evidencing 85–98% decline. The Helsinki Commission used the category
32:
1903:
1886:
1644:
1528:
1511:
1356:
1818:
1742:
1156:
Lista Roja de los Ecosistemas Terrestres de Costa Rica: Informe final de proyecto
987:
723:
2170:"Developing a standardized definition of ecosystem collapse for risk assessment"
1860:"The policy impact of scientific research: looking back at 10 years of PLOS ONE"
1672:"Impacts of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems on Conservation Policy and Practice"
1432:"Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity"
400:
206:
2093:
1381:"The use of range size to assess risks to biodiversity from stochastic threats"
954:
82:
70:, a global framework to monitor the level of risk of animal and plant species.
1982:
1758:
923:
490:
414:
410:
404:
389:
334:
330:
319:
210:
2246:
2061:
1912:
1827:
1757:
Bland, L.M.; Keith, D. A.; Miller, R.; Murray, N.J.; RodrĂguez, J.P. (2017).
1547:
1457:
1416:
1324:
1284:
1096:
931:
881:
824:
1249:"The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems: Motivations, Challenges, and Applications"
228:
107:
48:
2111:
1928:"Challenging the Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
1845:
1574:
1465:
1342:
1040:
1022:
742:
1599:
Red List of Baltic Sea underwater biotopes, habitats and biotope complexes
1991:
1964:"Habitats on the grid: The spatial dimension does matter for red-listing"
326:
170:
103:
strict risk analysis and the process of setting conservation priorities.
87:
2196:
1698:
1247:
RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Rouget, Mathieu; Spalding, Mark D. (2015).
2237:
2220:
2143:
2126:
2052:
1947:
1763:(Version 1.1. ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. ix + 99pp.
1732:
1715:
1688:
1671:
1448:
1431:
1265:
1248:
815:
798:
583:
338:
316:
2042:
2025:
1794:"Assessing the Cost of Global Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge"
1397:
1380:
1087:
1070:
872:
863:
2186:
2169:
395:
47:) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of
2273:
2221:"Operationalizing the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in public policy"
1487:
1202:
634:, but it is still lacking widespread implementation and adoption.
272:
and are pending further studies to assess their risk of collapse.
245:
1430:
Keith, David A.; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Murray, Nicholas J. (2018).
1118:
RodrĂguez, J.P.; Rojas-Suárez, F.; Giraldo Hernández, D. (2010).
1299:
Taber, Andrew; Walpole, Matt; Zager, Irene; Zamin, Tara (2011).
118:
95:
1301:"Establishing IUCN Red List Criteria for Threatened Ecosystems"
2026:"Towards a systematics of ecodiversity: The EcoSyst framework"
1162:. Turrialba – Costa Rica: CATIE. pp. 75 p. Archived from
1926:
Boitani, Luigi; Mace, Georgina M.; Rondinini, Carlo (2014).
1069:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Ma, Zhijun; Fuller, Richard A. (2015).
699:"Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
1567:
US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service
27:
International list of biodiversity conservation priorities
90:
in 1989 (left) and 2014. The Aral sea is an example of a
2268:
2263:
556:
and interruption of biotic processes and interactions
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
145:
The basis of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems are the
901:
899:
844:
842:
106:
In 2008, during the IV World Conservation Congress (
147:
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
2078:"A function-based typology for Earth's ecosystems"
1374:
1372:
1370:
2127:"Meeting the Global Ecosystem Collapse Challenge"
1153:Herrera – F, B .; Zamora, N.; Chacón, O. (2015).
420:Saltmarshes in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia
299:is the more likely category, it should listed as
62:The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the
2125:Sato, Chloe F.; Lindenmayer, David B. (2018).
1605:. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 138
1064:
1062:
660:International Union for Conservation of Nature
64:International Union for Conservation of Nature
53:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1664:
1662:
1561:Noss, R.F.; LaRoe, E.T.; Scott, J.M. (1995).
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1121:Red Book of Venezuelan Terrestrial Ecosystems
691:
689:
687:
685:
337:, and the Central Ayeyarwady palm savanna of
8:
384:Some examples of endangered ecosystems are:
765:Society for Conservation Biology Newsletter
2236:
2195:
2185:
2152:
2142:
2101:
2051:
2041:
1990:
1946:
1902:
1835:
1817:
1741:
1731:
1697:
1687:
1537:
1527:
1447:
1406:
1396:
1332:
1274:
1264:
1086:
1030:
871:
814:
732:
722:
66:(IUCN), the same entity that created the
2174:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
489:, just as all species face some risk of
257:
240:
222:
200:
182:
164:
156:
81:
31:
2006:Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1753).
681:
119:IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
18:Collapsed (IUCN Red List of Ecosystems)
1127:(in Spanish). Provita. Archived from
7:
982:
980:
374:Formally an ecosystem is considered
125:The Red List of Ecosystems as a tool
2013:Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
36:LRE - Knowledge product of IUCN/CEM
1011:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
25:
1357:"Central Ayeyarwady palm savanna"
1317:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01598.x
617:Impacts, critique and challenges
189:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
2030:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1971:Journal for Nature Conservation
41:The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
665:Red List of Threatened Species
413:of the wet tropics bioregion,
68:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
1904:10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903
1645:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.076
1529:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106489
955:"IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
912:Biodiversity and Conservation
632:Sustainable Development Goals
1819:10.1371/journal.pone.0160640
724:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111
544:and restricted distribution
2289:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
1385:Diversity and Distributions
1361:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
992:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
394:Intertidal mudflats of the
2305:
2094:10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4
1866:. PLOS Blogs. 27 June 2017
1486:. IUCN-CEM. Archived from
1484:UCN Red List of Ecosystems
803:Applied Vegetation Science
628:Aichi Biodiversity Targets
345:Critically endangered (CR)
248:shrublands are considered
194:Critically Endangered (CR)
94:ecosystem. (image source:
51:. It was developed by the
1983:10.1016/j.jnc.2016.03.007
924:10.1007/s10531-006-9102-1
797:Keith, David A. (2014).
771:(4): 2–3. Archived from
756:RodrĂguez, J.P. (2010).
578:Adoption and application
432:considered the category
266:have been evaluated as
141:Categories and Criteria
1023:10.1098/rspb.2017.0660
273:
255:
238:
220:
198:
180:
162:
99:
37:
2264:IUCN Official website
2154:10536/DRO/DU:30144542
1743:1959.4/unsworks_60337
1633:Ecological Indicators
1539:10536/DRO/DU:30137886
1516:Ecological Indicators
1408:10536/DRO/DU:30091065
1276:10536/DRO/DU:30073631
906:RodrĂguez, Jon Paul;
396:French Atlantic coast
352:Critically Endangered
302:Critically Endangered
261:
244:
226:
204:
186:
168:
160:
85:
35:
2269:RLE Official website
2225:Conservation Letters
2131:Conservation Letters
1935:Conservation Letters
1720:Conservation Letters
1676:Conservation Letters
1490:on 22 September 2018
1436:Conservation Biology
1305:Conservation Biology
1253:Conservation Letters
1169:on 13 September 2018
670:Conservation biology
459:Near Threatened (NT)
305:with upper bound of
1810:2016PLoSO..1160640J
715:2013PLoSO...862111K
639:classify ecosystems
504:Data Deficient (DD)
2238:10.1111/conl.12665
2144:10.1111/conl.12348
1948:10.1111/conl.12111
1733:10.1111/conl.12623
1689:10.1111/conl.12666
1449:10.1111/cobi.12988
1266:10.1111/conl.12167
1134:on 8 February 2017
1047:on 28 October 2020
1017:(1863): 20170660.
908:Balch, Jennifer K.
816:10.1111/avsc.12112
778:on 8 February 2017
646:towards collapse.
609:Version 2.0 (2024)
606:Version 1.1 (2017)
603:Version 1.0 (2016)
519:Not Evaluated (NE)
474:Least Concern (LC)
274:
264:Costa Rican Páramo
256:
251:Least Concern (LC)
239:
221:
199:
181:
163:
131:danger of collapse
100:
38:
2274:IUCN RLE Database
2088:(7932): 513–518.
2043:10.1111/geb.13164
2036:(11): 1887–1906.
1398:10.1111/ddi.12533
1214:978-2-8317-2281-8
1088:10.1111/aec.12211
864:10.1111/aec.12148
55:for biodiversity
16:(Redirected from
2296:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2187:10.1002/fee.1747
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1897:(2–3): 157–174.
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1864:PLOS Collections
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1821:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1043:. Archived from
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
984:
975:
974:
972:
970:
950:
944:
943:
903:
894:
893:
875:
846:
837:
836:
818:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
777:
762:
753:
747:
746:
736:
726:
693:
599:been published:
523:An ecosystem is
508:An ecosystem is
478:An ecosystem is
463:An ecosystem is
448:An ecosystem is
409:Coastal lowland
364:An ecosystem is
349:An ecosystem is
284:An ecosystem is
21:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1804:(8): e0160640.
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:HELCOM (2013).
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1075:Austral Ecology
1068:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1004:
1003:
999:
986:
985:
978:
968:
966:
952:
951:
947:
905:
904:
897:
852:Austral Ecology
848:
847:
840:
796:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
760:
755:
754:
750:
695:
694:
683:
678:
656:
619:
613:
592:
580:
536:
521:
506:
500:interactions).
476:
466:Near Threatened
461:
446:
444:Vulnerable (VU)
362:
360:Endangered (EN)
347:
282:
234:Vulnerable (VU)
231:are considered
216:Endangered (EN)
213:are considered
155:
153:Risk Categories
143:
127:
80:
57:risk assessment
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2258:External links
2256:
2253:
2252:
2211:
2160:
2117:
2067:
2016:
1998:
1954:
1941:(2): 125–131.
1918:
1877:
1851:
1783:
1769:
1749:
1705:
1658:
1616:
1588:
1553:
1501:
1471:
1442:(2): 322–332.
1422:
1391:(5): 474–483.
1366:
1348:
1290:
1259:(3): 214–226.
1227:
1213:
1180:
1145:
1110:
1081:(4): 472–481.
1058:
997:
976:
945:
918:(1): 183–209.
895:
858:(4): 347–363.
838:
809:(3): 384–385.
789:
748:
680:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
667:
662:
655:
652:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
591:
588:
579:
576:
535:
534:Criteria (A-E)
532:
520:
517:
511:Data Deficient
505:
502:
475:
472:
460:
457:
445:
442:
422:
421:
418:
407:
398:
392:
361:
358:
346:
343:
281:
280:Collapsed (CO)
278:
269:Data Deficient
191:is considered
176:Collapsed (CO)
173:is considered
154:
151:
142:
139:
126:
123:
92:Collapsed (CO)
79:
76:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2137:(1): e12348.
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1992:10278/3671359
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1770:9782831717692
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1726:(2): e12623.
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1577:on 9 May 2008
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:"Assessments"
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:IUCN (2024).
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
774:
770:
766:
759:
752:
749:
744:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
716:
712:
709:(5): e62111.
708:
704:
700:
692:
690:
688:
686:
682:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
640:
635:
633:
629:
623:
616:
614:
608:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
589:
587:
585:
577:
575:
573:
569:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
542:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:Not Evaluated
518:
516:
513:
512:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:Least concern
492:
488:
483:
482:
481:Least Concern
473:
471:
468:
467:
458:
456:
453:
452:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:United States
427:
419:
416:
412:
408:
406:
402:
399:
397:
393:
391:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
372:
369:
368:
359:
357:
354:
353:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
318:
312:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
297:
291:
290:
289:
279:
277:
271:
270:
265:
260:
253:
252:
247:
243:
236:
235:
230:
225:
218:
217:
212:
208:
203:
196:
195:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
167:
159:
152:
150:
148:
140:
138:
134:
132:
124:
122:
120:
115:
111:
109:
104:
97:
93:
89:
86:Image of the
84:
77:
75:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2197:11343/283474
2180:(1): 29–36.
2177:
2173:
2163:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2008:
2001:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1894:
1891:Biodiversity
1890:
1880:
1870:20 September
1868:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1801:
1797:
1786:
1776:10 September
1774:. Retrieved
1759:
1752:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1699:10138/341611
1679:
1675:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1609:22 September
1607:. Retrieved
1598:
1591:
1581:22 September
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1570:
1566:
1556:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1494:22 September
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1388:
1384:
1360:
1351:
1311:(1): 21–29.
1308:
1304:
1293:
1256:
1252:
1220:15 September
1218:. Retrieved
1203:
1173:13 September
1171:. Retrieved
1164:the original
1155:
1148:
1138:10 September
1136:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1120:
1113:
1078:
1074:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1014:
1010:
1000:
991:
969:10 September
967:. Retrieved
962:
958:
948:
915:
911:
855:
851:
806:
802:
792:
782:10 September
780:. Retrieved
773:the original
768:
764:
751:
706:
702:
648:
644:
636:
624:
620:
612:
595:
593:
581:
571:
570:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
539:
537:
525:
524:
522:
510:
509:
507:
495:
494:
480:
479:
477:
465:
464:
462:
450:
449:
447:
437:
433:
425:
423:
383:
376:
375:
373:
366:
365:
363:
351:
350:
348:
324:
313:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
294:
286:
285:
283:
275:
268:
267:
250:
249:
233:
232:
215:
214:
193:
192:
175:
174:
146:
144:
135:
128:
116:
112:
105:
101:
91:
72:
61:
44:
40:
39:
29:
2053:10852/85768
2010:digestas...
1639:: 128–137.
1051:9 September
493:. The term
417:, Australia
411:rainforests
401:Tidal flats
390:Coral Reefs
207:tidal flats
1522:: 106489.
988:"Aral Sea"
873:1885/66771
676:References
491:extinction
451:Vulnerable
438:endangered
434:endangered
426:endangered
415:Queensland
405:Yellow Sea
388:Caribbean
377:Endangered
367:Endangered
335:Uzbekistan
331:Kazakhstan
320:extinction
211:Yellow Sea
49:ecosystems
2247:1755-263X
2062:1466-822X
1913:1488-8386
1828:1932-6203
1548:1470-160X
1458:0888-8892
1417:1366-9516
1325:0888-8892
1285:1755-263X
1097:1442-9985
932:0960-3115
882:1442-9985
825:1402-2001
424:The term
308:Collapsed
296:Collapsed
288:Collapsed
229:Reed beds
227:European
108:Barcelona
2283:Category
2206:89792842
2112:36224387
1846:27529491
1798:PLOS ONE
1653:89659707
1466:28703324
1343:21054525
1105:51896674
1041:28931744
940:21066475
890:82412136
833:52252167
743:23667454
703:PLOS ONE
654:See also
630:and the
487:collapse
327:Aral Sea
171:Aral Sea
88:Aral sea
2103:9581774
1977:: 1–9.
1837:4986939
1806:Bibcode
1363:. 2020.
1334:3051828
1032:5627190
994:. 2013.
959:Sapiens
734:3648534
711:Bibcode
584:Finland
403:of the
339:Myanmar
317:species
209:of the
121:(CEM).
78:History
2245:
2204:
2110:
2100:
2082:Nature
2060:
1911:
1844:
1834:
1826:
1767:
1651:
1546:
1464:
1456:
1415:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1283:
1211:
1103:
1095:
1039:
1029:
938:
930:
888:
880:
831:
823:
741:
731:
2231:(5).
2202:S2CID
1967:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1682:(5).
1649:S2CID
1629:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1167:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1101:S2CID
936:S2CID
886:S2CID
829:S2CID
776:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
246:Tepui
2243:ISSN
2108:PMID
2058:ISSN
1909:ISSN
1872:2018
1842:PMID
1824:ISSN
1778:2018
1765:ISBN
1611:2018
1583:2018
1544:ISSN
1496:2018
1462:PMID
1454:ISSN
1413:ISSN
1339:PMID
1321:ISSN
1281:ISSN
1222:2024
1209:ISBN
1175:2018
1140:2018
1093:ISSN
1053:2018
1037:PMID
971:2018
928:ISSN
878:ISSN
821:ISSN
784:2018
739:PMID
594:The
333:and
262:The
205:The
187:The
169:The
96:NASA
2233:doi
2192:hdl
2182:doi
2149:hdl
2139:doi
2098:PMC
2090:doi
2086:610
2048:hdl
2038:doi
1987:hdl
1979:doi
1943:doi
1899:doi
1832:PMC
1814:doi
1738:hdl
1728:doi
1694:hdl
1684:doi
1641:doi
1534:hdl
1524:doi
1520:116
1444:doi
1403:hdl
1393:doi
1329:PMC
1313:doi
1271:hdl
1261:doi
1083:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
1015:284
965:(2)
920:doi
868:hdl
860:doi
811:doi
729:PMC
719:doi
565:(E)
559:(D)
553:(C)
547:(B)
541:(A)
329:of
45:RLE
2285::
2241:.
2229:12
2227:.
2223:.
2200:.
2190:.
2178:16
2176:.
2172:.
2147:.
2135:11
2133:.
2129:.
2106:.
2096:.
2084:.
2080:.
2056:.
2046:.
2034:29
2032:.
2028:.
1985:.
1975:32
1973:.
1969:.
1937:.
1933:.
1907:.
1895:16
1893:.
1889:.
1862:.
1840:.
1830:.
1822:.
1812:.
1802:11
1800:.
1796:.
1736:.
1724:12
1722:.
1718:.
1692:.
1680:12
1678:.
1674:.
1661:^
1647:.
1637:91
1635:.
1631:.
1571:28
1569:.
1565:.
1542:.
1532:.
1518:.
1514:.
1482:.
1460:.
1452:.
1440:32
1438:.
1434:.
1411:.
1401:.
1389:23
1387:.
1383:.
1369:^
1359:.
1337:.
1327:.
1319:.
1309:25
1307:.
1303:.
1279:.
1269:.
1255:.
1251:.
1230:^
1183:^
1099:.
1091:.
1079:40
1077:.
1073:.
1061:^
1035:.
1025:.
1013:.
1009:.
990:.
979:^
961:.
957:.
934:.
926:.
916:16
914:.
898:^
884:.
876:.
866:.
856:40
854:.
841:^
827:.
819:.
807:17
805:.
801:.
769:17
767:.
763:.
737:.
727:.
717:.
705:.
701:.
684:^
574:.
568:.
341:.
311:.
2249:.
2235::
2208:.
2194::
2184::
2157:.
2151::
2141::
2114:.
2092::
2064:.
2050::
2040::
1995:.
1989::
1981::
1951:.
1945::
1939:8
1915:.
1901::
1874:.
1848:.
1816::
1808::
1780:.
1746:.
1740::
1730::
1702:.
1696::
1686::
1655:.
1643::
1613:.
1585:.
1550:.
1536::
1526::
1498:.
1468:.
1446::
1419:.
1405::
1395::
1345:.
1315::
1287:.
1273::
1263::
1257:8
1224:.
1177:.
1142:.
1107:.
1085::
1055:.
1021::
973:.
963:5
942:.
922::
892:.
870::
862::
835:.
813::
786:.
745:.
721::
713::
707:8
254:.
237:.
219:.
197:.
179:.
98:)
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
