1336:, lower courts extended its applicability to other collateral consequences. For example, courts have held that stigma or the loss of employment following a conviction to be collateral consequences that can be taken into account during sentencing. The British Columbia Court of Appeal also ruled that a "lifetime ban...from income and disability assistance as a result of conviction..." is a collateral consequence and that a more lenient sentence may be imposed to avoid such a consequence.
1185:. In most jurisdictions, being charged with a crime can trigger state civil action in the form of an investigation to determine if the charges trigger the civil statutes that attach to the criminal charges. An example would be criminal charges that can trigger deportation, or the revocation of a professional license, such as a medical, nursing, or pharmacist license. Being subject to collateral consequences has been called a form of
1012:
32:
1314:
is proportionate and they do not impose "inappropriate or artificial sentences" that circumvent "Parliament's will". Justice Wagner also stated that, at least in the case of collateral consequences involving immigration, appellate courts can intervene to change a sentence if the trial judge was not aware that such a consequence would arise as a result of his or her sentence.
1322:
non-resident person is required to leave Canada because of a criminal conviction, they are not entitled to come back to Canada unless they meet the rehabilitation requirements. A non-resident who is convicted of an offence carrying a life sentence is normally barred from Canada for life, if released from incarceration.
1162:. A sentence can take a number of forms, such as loss of privileges (e.g. driving), house arrest, community service, probation, fines and imprisonment. Collectively, these sentences are referred to as direct consequences – those intended by the judge, and frequently mandated at least in part by an applicable
1424:
In general, all states impose such consequences except in situations where criminal charges are dropped or dismissed. In all jurisdictions throughout the U.S., judges are not obligated to warn of these collateral consequences upon a finding of guilt by trial, or prior to an admission of guilt by plea
1281:
Despite the relatively permissive laws allowing those serving short sentences to vote, voter turnout amongst prisoners is low. In 2010, a
Victorian government review found only 26% of prisoners serving less than three year sentences were enrolled, despite them being eligible and legally obliged to do
1566:, created a site that, for the first time, collects academic works, court opinions, and professionals' resources (by virtue of a message board and database) in one place. The Columbia University Law School in collaboration with the Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning developed and a
1313:
in 2013. Justice Wagner defined collateral consequences broadly, stating that they are "any consequences for the impact of the sentence on the particular offender." He ruled that judges can take collateral consequences into account during the sentencing procedure, so long as the sentence they impose
1534:
in 2010. "... counsel must inform her client whether his plea carries a risk of deportation." The United States
Supreme Court held that the collateral consequence of deportation was a consequence of such great importance that failure by counsel to advise the defendant of deportation is ineffective
1573:
In 2009, the
American Bar Association created the National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction, a searchable database of the collateral consequences in all U.S. Jurisdictions. The National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction is supported by a grant from the Bureau of
1485:
with respect to collateral consequences of criminal convictions. In evaluating competence, the Court explained, judges should look at all relevant circumstances and evidence of appropriate measures of professional behavior, such as the ABA Standards for
Criminal Justice ("ABA Standards"). The ABA
1328:
involved an offender whose sentence would have made him ineligible to appeal his deportation if it were not reduced in length by one day. Neither the sentencing judge nor the offender's lawyers were aware of the potential immigration consequences at the time of sentencing. At the
Supreme Court,
1321:
because under
Canadian federal law, a resident of Canada who is not a citizen can be removed from Canada if the person is convicted of certain types of criminal offences. The removal process is not part of the sentence for the criminal offence, and therefore is a collateral consequence. Once a
1492:
encouraged but did not mandate consideration of collateral consequences. Some claim that structural incentives exist for lawyers to not elicit information relevant to collateral consequences because doing so may prolong a case; others note that no attorney or judge could predict any and all
1574:
Justice
Assistance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of the Justice. This project was initially supported by Award No.2009-IJ-CX-0102 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice and by the ABA Criminal Justice Section.
1192:
A person accused or convicted of a crime may suffer social consequences of a conviction, such as loss of a job and social stigma. These social consequences, whether or not they lead to convictions, can arise in countries where arrests and legal proceedings are matters of
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that "a court's failure to advise a defendant of potential deportation never affects the validity of the defendant's plea," but still held that a trial court had different duties with regard to direct versus collateral consequences of guilty pleas.
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There are currently few legal remedies available for these collateral consequences. In recent years, some governmental organizations have, however, discouraged actions that would cause unfairly harsh collateral consequences; for example, the
1455:
If a defendant is punished beyond the sentence prescribed by law (that is, if collateral consequences do occur), the punishment is then more severe than that intended or warranted. In the worst case, this might violate protections under the
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did not require an analysis of collateral consequences, they generally are not regarded as cause to overturn criminal convictions. However, some argue that the
Constitution should require consideration of collateral consequences.
1329:
Justice Wagner concluded that, had the sentencing judge been aware of the collateral consequences, he or she would have imposed a sentence that avoided them. He therefore reduced the length of the offender's sentence by one day.
1181:, or eviction from public housing. These consequences are not imposed directly by the judge, and are beyond the terms of a sentence itself for the actual crime. Instead, they are civil state actions and are referred to as
1344:
Collateral consequences are generally, more or less, similar to those in the countries mentioned earlier. Any non-citizen to whom the following applies will generally not be allowed to reside in or visit New
Zealand:
1220:
Circumstances under which a non-citizen will fail the character test include one or more terms of imprisonment, totalling 12 or more months, whether the imprisonment took place in
Australia or overseas.
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organized the Partners in Justice Colloquium to address the issue of collateral consequences. Judge Kaye formed a working group which, in partnership with the Lawyering in the Digital Age Clinic at the
1029:
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In some jurisdictions, a judge, finding a person guilty of an offence, can order that no conviction be recorded, thereby relieving the person of the collateral and social consequences of a conviction.
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Standards require defense lawyers to consider collateral consequences of conviction. Judges, accordingly, should monitor the performance of counsel. States chose to apply this rule in varying ways.
2049:
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: "Enforcement Guidance on the Consideration of Arrest and Conviction Records in Employment Decisions Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."
1525:, 170 S.W.3d 384 (Ky. 2005) held that the failure of defense counsel to advise a defendant of potential deportation did not give rise to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
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In the United States, collateral consequences can include loss or restriction of a professional license, ineligibility for public funds including welfare benefits and student loans,
1600:
1539:, there has been significant litigation in the lower courts about whether attorneys are required to advise their criminal clients about other consequences of convictions.
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However, beyond the terms of the sentence, a defendant can experience additional state actions that are considered by the state to be collateral consequences such as:
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In general, the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction are similar to those in other countries. A non-citizen who fails the character requirements of the
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the consideration of certain collateral consequences is merely discretionary, while the elucidation of direct consequences is required. For instance, in
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1439:(EEOC) urges human resources managers not to automatically exclude all ex-convicts from employment consideration, particularly if they are members of
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guilty of a crime, can order that no conviction be recorded, thereby relieving the person of the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction.
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have a model for collateral consequences which is determined by the date of when the offense was committed and by the type of the offense.
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1177:(in some countries this may be separately meted out), disentitlement of education loans (for drug charges in the United States), loss of a
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Partners in Justice: Colloquium on Developing Collaborations Among Courts, Law School Clinical Programs, & the Practicing Bar (2005).
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ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Collateral Sanctions and Discretionary Disqualification of Convicted Persons (3d ed. 2004)
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Chin, Gabriel Jackson; Holmes, Richard W. (2002). "Effective Assistance of Counsel and the Consequences of Guilty Pleas".
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Most states do not accord equal legal effect to the collateral consequences of criminal convictions. For example, in
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in the past 10 years, a sentence of imprisonment of 12 or more months (other than a sentence covered in (2) above).
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197:
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Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions in the District of Columbia: A Guide for Criminal Defense Lawyers.
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loss of professional licence (particularly within occupations covered by the Common Law Police Disclosure policy)
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in federal elections. There are varying laws for prisoners' eligibility to vote in state or territory elections:
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843:
1988:
Chin, Gabriel Jackson (2002). "Race, the War on Drugs, and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction".
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890:
113:
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Australia: Department of Immigration and Border Protection - "Character and police certificate requirements."
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Chin, Gabriel Jackson (May 2012). "The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Conviction".
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agreement, except as regards deportation. Deportation has been made an exception by the Supreme Court in
1131:. They are the further civil actions by the state that are triggered as a consequence of the conviction.
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1228:. Federally, prisoners 18 years and over serving a full time prison sentence of less than three years
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1810:, November 4, 2014: "Man convicted in Halifax murder gets full parole, to be deported to Vietnam."
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licence after a conviction for some serious driving offences, particularly those causing death
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2009:
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for looking up and comparing collateral consequences of criminal charges in New York State.
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assistance of counsel which is a constitutional protection under the Sixth Amendment. After
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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act § Ban on food stamps for drug felons
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are the additional civil state penalties, mandated by statute, that attach to a criminal
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addressed collateral consequences of criminal convictions as early as 1984. In
1266:, prisoners must be serving a sentence of less than three years to be eligible.
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1251:, prisoners must be serving a sentence of less than five years to be eligible.
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Efforts to include collateral consequences in sentencing in the United States
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a prison sentence, or series of such sentences, adding up to 5 or more years
1277:, prisoners must be serving a sentence of less than one year to be eligible.
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Government of Canada: Immigration - "Determine if you are inadmissible".
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Government of Canada: Immigration - "Overcome criminal convictions".
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American entry into Canada by land § Criminal inadmissibility
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be denied entry or re-entry into Australia, if outside Australia
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assembled a document outlining some collateral consequences.
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Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction, New York State
2118:, 86 N.Y.2d 397, 657 N.E.2d 265, 633 N.Y.S.2d 270 (N.Y. 1995).
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Some limitations are in place in England and Wales due to the
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1005:
2104:, 22 N.Y.3d 168, 3 N.E.3d 617, 980 N.Y.S.2d 280 (N.Y. 2013).
2023:"If Charges Are Dismissed, Do You Have a Criminal Record?"
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Uniform Collateral Consequences of Conviction Act (2009)
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collateral consequences of a criminal conviction. Since
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voted, according to the general manager of the prison.
1601:
Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense
2176:
Collateral Consequences Calculator: New York State.
1606:
Disfranchisement § Based on criminal conviction
1036:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1528:Rulings regarding deportation were superseded by
2025:, backgroundcheckrepair.org, September 13, 2022.
1938:Immigration New Zealand: Immigration Act, 2009.
1045:"Collateral consequences of criminal conviction"
1396:, though this includes a number of exceptions.
1207:Department of Immigration and Border Protection
1927:New Zealand Immigration: Police Certificates.
1109:Collateral consequences of criminal conviction
1360:Collateral consequences in the United Kingdom
987:
8:
1400:Collateral consequences in the United States
1224:Persons who are serving prison terms may be
18:Collateral consequences of criminal charges
1332:Following the Supreme Court's decision in
1134:In some jurisdictions, a judge, finding a
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980:
26:
1096:Learn how and when to remove this message
1301:Collateral consequences were defined by
1158:or other sentencing authority imposes a
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1437:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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2213:The Collateral Consequences Calculator
1340:Collateral consequences in New Zealand
1990:Journal of Gender, Race & Justice
1639:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1385:loss of ability to legally possess a
7:
1445:disproportionate incarceration rates
1394:Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
1201:Collateral consequences in Australia
1034:adding citations to reliable sources
1612:Padilla v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
1428:Padilla v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
2036:Padilla v Commonwealth of Kentucky
1568:Collateral Consequences Calculator
1473:Supreme Court of the United States
1405:Outline of collateral consequences
25:
1683:Australian Electoral Commission.
1483:ineffective assistance of counsel
1297:Collateral consequences in Canada
1119:of criminal conviction, such as
1010:
630:Perverting the course of justice
30:
1915:, 2013 BCCA 153 (27 March 2013)
1901:, 2013 MBQB 80 (28 March 2013).
1880:, 2013 BCPC 273 (21 June 2013).
1559:New York State Court of Appeals
1364:Such consequences can include:
1288:Silverwater Correctional Centre
1021:needs additional citations for
525:Intellectual property violation
1564:Columbia University Law School
1371:deportation (if not a citizen)
1:
1949:Common Law Police Disclosure.
1579:federal sentencing guidelines
1466:cruel and unusual punishments
1244:, all prisoners are eligible.
2132:, 170 S.W.3d 384 (Ky. 2005).
1717:SENTENCING ACT 1991 - SECT 8
1374:loss of ability to obtain a
1349:deportation from any country
1238:Australian Capital Territory
860:Ignorantia juris non excusat
2208:, 170 S.W.3d 384 (Ky. 2005)
1115:. They are not part of the
2263:
2242:United States criminal law
1731:, 2013 SCC 15, 1 SCR 739.
1699:"Prisoners' Right to Vote"
1458:United States Constitution
1380:passenger carrying vehicle
1286:, only 2 prisoners at the
550:Possessing stolen property
198:Offense against the person
1885:23 September 2015 at the
1553:In May 2005, Chief Judge
1419:permanent resident status
844:Diminished responsibility
638:Crimes against the public
2206:Commonwealth v. Fuartado
2192:Strickland v. Washington
2130:Commonwealth v. Fuartado
1523:Commonwealth v. Fuartado
1478:Strickland v. Washington
773:Crimes against the state
693:(such as prohibition of
2247:Criminal justice ethics
2061:Strickland v Washington
1307:Supreme Court of Canada
1183:collateral consequences
457:Crimes against property
147:(also called violation)
2223:Uniform Law Commission
2038:, 559 U.S. 356 (2010).
1917:, paragraphs 9 and 36.
1519:Kentucky Supreme Court
1154:or pleads guilty, the
909:Other common-law areas
742:Crimes against animals
610:Miscarriage of justice
592:Crimes against justice
2063:, 466 U.S. 688 (1984)
1963:, Annex 5. Penalties.
1481:, the Court explored
1411:loss of voting rights
1284:2013 federal election
1150:is found guilty of a
815:Defenses to liability
605:Malfeasance in office
1577:In Federal law, the
1548:District of Columbia
1413:, ineligibility for
1226:disqualified to vote
1179:professional license
1030:improve this article
661:Censorship violation
384:Cybersex trafficking
2002:10.2139/ssrn.390109
1760:, paragraphs 14-15.
1705:. 2 September 2020.
1531:Padilla v. Kentucky
1376:heavy goods vehicle
1317:The issue arose in
1117:direct consequences
839:Defense of property
691:Illegal consumption
227:Criminal negligence
127:Severity of offense
2076:Cornell Law Review
1264:Northern Territory
1175:disenfranchisement
760:Wildlife smuggling
750:Cruelty to animals
379:Child sexual abuse
331:Negligent homicide
242:False imprisonment
139:Indictable offense
83:Scope of criminal
1975:Firearms Act 1968
1839:, paragraphs 4-5.
1825:, paragraphs 3-4.
1464:, which forbids "
1275:Western Australia
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444:Sexual slavery
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439:Sexual assault
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1542:In 2004, the
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1047: –
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1041:Find sources:
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1019:This article
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876:Justification
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709:Miscegenation
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545:Pickpocketing
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394:Homosexuality
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257:Home invasion
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207:Assassination
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2018:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1977:, c 27, s 21
1974:
1969:
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1142:Introduction
1133:
1108:
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1092:
1083:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1040:
1028:Please help
1023:verification
1020:
901:Self-defense
858:
781:Lèse-majesté
495:Embezzlement
419:Prostitution
409:Masturbation
292:Manslaughter
277:Intimidation
189:Solicitation
62:
55:
40:Criminal law
1685:"Prisoners"
1282:so. At the
1187:civil death
896:Provocation
620:Obstruction
600:Compounding
565:Tax evasion
389:Fornication
222:Child abuse
151:Misdemeanor
75:Concurrence
2236:Categories
1996:: 253–78.
1913:R v Dennis
1878:R v Lennox
1624:References
1495:Strickland
1490:Strickland
1441:minorities
1334:R. v. Pham
1326:R. v. Pham
1256:Queensland
1113:conviction
1086:March 2023
1056:newspapers
854:Entrapment
829:Automatism
806:Subversion
765:Bestiality
734:War crimes
729:Usurpation
656:Corruption
615:Misprision
490:Cybercrime
282:Kidnapping
262:Hate crime
252:Harassment
232:Defamation
184:Incitement
179:Conspiracy
145:Infraction
104:Complicity
99:Accomplice
57:Actus reus
1415:jury duty
1230:must vote
1148:defendant
1136:defendant
1129:probation
917:Contracts
891:Necessity
796:Secession
791:Espionage
724:Terrorism
686:Smuggling
580:Vandalism
560:Smuggling
500:Extortion
475:Blackmail
449:Voyeurism
429:Pederasty
414:Obscenity
296:corporate
119:Vicarious
114:Principal
109:Corporate
94:Accessory
85:liability
70:Causation
1899:R v Bell
1883:Archived
1864:R v Pham
1850:R v Pham
1836:R v Pham
1822:R v Pham
1806:Halifax
1771:R v Pham
1757:R v Pham
1743:R v Pham
1729:R v Pham
1651:41511317
1585:See also
1503:New York
1311:R v Pham
1262:and the
1260:Tasmania
1249:Victoria
1160:sentence
932:Property
927:Evidence
922:Defenses
871:Insanity
801:Sedition
755:Poaching
719:Regicide
671:Genocide
646:Apostasy
584:Mischief
520:Gambling
485:Burglary
369:Adultery
346:Stabbing
341:Stalking
324:Homicide
287:Menacing
267:Homicide
64:Mens rea
47:Elements
1659:2072736
1557:of the
1537:Padilla
1387:firearm
1305:of the
1236:In the
1168:statute
1070:scholar
960:Portals
951:estates
883: (
881:Mistake
866:Infancy
834:Consent
786:Treason
703:smoking
699:alcohol
666:Dueling
651:Begging
625:Perjury
555:Robbery
535:Looting
530:Larceny
510:Forgery
480:Bribery
351:Torture
336:Robbery
294: (
247:Frameup
217:Battery
212:Assault
174:Attempt
2088:268115
2086:
2010:390109
2008:
1715:e.g.,
1657:
1649:
1121:prison
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
947:trusts
885:of law
849:Duress
714:Piracy
701:, and
540:Payola
399:Incest
374:Bigamy
312:felony
307:Murder
302:Mayhem
135:Felony
2082:(3).
1647:JSTOR
1443:with
1209:may:
1156:judge
1152:crime
1146:If a
1127:, or
1125:fines
1077:JSTOR
1063:books
943:Wills
937:Torts
695:drugs
570:Theft
515:Fraud
465:Arson
2084:SSRN
2006:SSRN
1655:SSRN
1471:The
1319:Pham
1273:and
1240:and
1049:news
949:and
424:Rape
153:(or
137:(or
1998:doi
1643:160
1521:in
1468:".
1378:or
1309:in
1269:In
1254:In
1247:In
1166:or
1164:law
1032:by
968:Law
2238::
2225:,
2080:87
2078:.
2004:.
1992:.
1701:.
1653:.
1641:.
1447:.
1431:.
1421:.
1258:,
1189:.
1170:.
1123:,
945:,
697:,
582:,
2090:.
2012:.
2000::
1994:6
1687:.
1661:.
1099:)
1093:(
1088:)
1084:(
1074:·
1067:·
1060:·
1053:·
1026:.
995:e
988:t
981:v
887:)
705:)
298:)
157:)
141:)
20:)
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