Knowledge

Collision problem

Source 📝

129: 464: 206: 419: 358: 325: 285: 252: 524: 162: 386: 60: 577: 65: 433:, if we choose (distinct) queries at random, then with high probability we find a collision in any fixed 2-to-1 function after 31: 208:. The problem then asks how many such queries we need to make to determine with certainty whether f is 1-to-1 or 2-to-1. 20: 39: 327:
queries we are guaranteed to have found a collision. If a function is 1-to-1, then no collision exists. Thus,
436: 167: 479: 291: 572: 132: 391: 330: 297: 257: 224: 485: 35: 430: 138: 363: 546: 254:
queries, and in general distinguishing r-to-1 functions from 1-to-1 functions requires
45: 566: 475: 550: 42:. The collision problem most often refers to the 2-to-1 version: given 135:
or 2-to-1. We are only allowed to make queries about the value of
124:{\displaystyle f:\,\{1,\ldots ,n\}\rightarrow \{1,\ldots ,n\}} 551:"Limits on Efficient Computation in the Physical World" 429:
If we allow randomness, the problem is easier. By the
394: 333: 300: 260: 227: 221:
Solving the 2-to-1 version deterministically requires
488: 439: 366: 170: 141: 68: 48: 360:queries suffice. If we are unlucky, then the first 518: 458: 413: 380: 352: 319: 279: 246: 200: 156: 123: 54: 482:, solves this problem optimally by only making 290:This is a straightforward application of the 8: 195: 177: 118: 100: 94: 76: 388:queries could return distinct answers, so 503: 499: 487: 446: 438: 395: 393: 370: 365: 334: 332: 301: 299: 261: 259: 228: 226: 169: 140: 75: 67: 47: 538: 30:is an important theoretical problem in 294:: if a function is r-to-1, then after 7: 459:{\displaystyle \Theta ({\sqrt {n}})} 201:{\displaystyle i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}} 131:, we are promised that f is either 440: 14: 513: 492: 453: 443: 151: 145: 97: 1: 414:{\textstyle {\frac {n}{r}}+1} 353:{\textstyle {\frac {n}{r}}+1} 320:{\textstyle {\frac {n}{r}}+1} 280:{\textstyle {\frac {n}{r}}+1} 247:{\textstyle {\frac {n}{2}}+1} 421:queries is also necessary. 21:Collision detection problem 594: 519:{\displaystyle O(n^{1/3})} 18: 40:computational mathematics 578:Polynomial-time problems 28:r-to-1 collision problem 19:Not to be confused with 520: 460: 415: 382: 354: 321: 281: 248: 202: 158: 125: 56: 521: 461: 416: 383: 355: 322: 282: 249: 203: 159: 126: 57: 486: 437: 392: 364: 331: 298: 292:pigeonhole principle 258: 225: 168: 157:{\displaystyle f(i)} 139: 66: 62:even and a function 46: 381:{\displaystyle n/r} 212:Classical solutions 16:Theoretical problem 516: 480:Grover's algorithm 456: 411: 378: 350: 317: 277: 244: 198: 154: 121: 52: 451: 403: 342: 309: 269: 236: 55:{\displaystyle n} 36:quantum computing 32:complexity theory 585: 558: 557: 555: 543: 525: 523: 522: 517: 512: 511: 507: 470:Quantum solution 465: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 431:birthday paradox 420: 418: 417: 412: 404: 396: 387: 385: 384: 379: 374: 359: 357: 356: 351: 343: 335: 326: 324: 323: 318: 310: 302: 286: 284: 283: 278: 270: 262: 253: 251: 250: 245: 237: 229: 207: 205: 204: 199: 163: 161: 160: 155: 130: 128: 127: 122: 61: 59: 58: 53: 593: 592: 588: 587: 586: 584: 583: 582: 563: 562: 561: 553: 545: 544: 540: 536: 495: 484: 483: 472: 435: 434: 427: 390: 389: 362: 361: 329: 328: 296: 295: 256: 255: 223: 222: 219: 214: 166: 165: 137: 136: 64: 63: 44: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 591: 589: 581: 580: 575: 565: 564: 560: 559: 547:Scott Aaronson 537: 535: 532: 515: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 471: 468: 455: 450: 445: 442: 426: 423: 410: 407: 402: 399: 377: 373: 369: 349: 346: 341: 338: 316: 313: 308: 305: 276: 273: 268: 265: 243: 240: 235: 232: 218: 215: 213: 210: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 153: 150: 147: 144: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 51: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 590: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 552: 548: 542: 539: 533: 531: 529: 508: 504: 500: 496: 489: 481: 478:, which uses 477: 476:BHT algorithm 469: 467: 448: 432: 424: 422: 408: 405: 400: 397: 375: 371: 367: 347: 344: 339: 336: 314: 311: 306: 303: 293: 288: 274: 271: 266: 263: 241: 238: 233: 230: 217:Deterministic 216: 211: 209: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 174: 171: 148: 142: 134: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 72: 69: 49: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 541: 527: 473: 428: 289: 220: 27: 25: 526:queries to 573:Algorithms 567:Categories 534:References 425:Randomized 466:queries. 441:Θ 287:queries. 187:… 175:∈ 110:… 98:→ 86:… 549:(2004). 164:for any 133:1-to-1 38:, and 554:(PDF) 474:The 26:The 569:: 530:. 34:, 556:. 528:f 514:) 509:3 505:/ 501:1 497:n 493:( 490:O 454:) 449:n 444:( 409:1 406:+ 401:r 398:n 376:r 372:/ 368:n 348:1 345:+ 340:r 337:n 315:1 312:+ 307:r 304:n 275:1 272:+ 267:r 264:n 242:1 239:+ 234:2 231:n 196:} 193:n 190:, 184:, 181:1 178:{ 172:i 152:) 149:i 146:( 143:f 119:} 116:n 113:, 107:, 104:1 101:{ 95:} 92:n 89:, 83:, 80:1 77:{ 73:: 70:f 50:n 23:.

Index

Collision detection problem
complexity theory
quantum computing
computational mathematics
1-to-1
pigeonhole principle
birthday paradox
BHT algorithm
Grover's algorithm
Scott Aaronson
"Limits on Efficient Computation in the Physical World"
Categories
Algorithms
Polynomial-time problems

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.