Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

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Barksdale AFB to begin the investigation. The CAIB members first toured the debris fields, and then established their operations at JSC. The CAIB established four teams to investigate NASA management and program safety, NASA training and crew operations, the technical aspects of the disaster, and how NASA culture affected the Space Shuttle program. These groups collaborated, and hired other support staff to investigate. The CAIB worked alongside the reconstruction efforts to determine the cause of the accident, and interviewed members of the Space Shuttle program, including those who had been involved with STS-107. The CAIB conducted public hearings from March until June, and released its final report in August 2003.

1202: 1620:(ISS) was delayed, as the Space Shuttle had been scheduled for seven missions to the ISS in 2003 and 2004 to complete its construction. To prevent future foam strikes, the ET was redesigned to remove foam from the bipod. Instead, electric heaters were installed to prevent ice building up in the bipod due to the cold liquid oxygen in its feedlines. Additional heaters were also installed along the liquid oxygen line, which ran from the base of the tank to its interstage section. NASA also improved its ground imaging capabilities at Kennedy Space Center to better observe and monitor potential issues that occur during launch. The existing cameras at LC-39A, 1194: 787: 1914: 970: 561: 1040:; it would become the westernmost piece of recovered debris. The crew first received an indication of a problem at 8:58:39, when the Backup Flight Software monitor began displaying fault messages for a loss of pressure in the tires of the left landing gear. The pilot and commander then received indications that the status of the left landing gear was unknown, as different sensors reported the gear was down and locked or in the stowed position. The drag of the left wing continued to yaw the orbiter to the left until it could no longer be corrected using aileron trim. The orbiter's 1664:, would be activated, and would use the next-in-line hardware for the orbiter, ET, and SRBs. The expected time to launch would be 35 days, as that was the requirement to prepare launch facilities. Before the arrival of the rescue mission, the stranded crew would power up the damaged orbiter, which would be remotely controlled as it was undocked and deorbited, and its debris would land in the Pacific Ocean. The minimal crew would launch, dock with the ISS, where it would spend a day transferring astronauts and equipment before undocking and landing. 345: 435:. The entire underside of the orbiter vehicle, as well as the other hottest surfaces, were protected with black high-temperature reusable surface insulation. Areas on the upper parts of the orbiter vehicle were covered with white low-temperature reusable surface insulation, which provided protection at temperatures below 650 °C (1,200 °F). The payload bay doors and parts of the upper wing surfaces were covered with reusable felt surface insulation, as the temperature there remained below 370 °C (700 °F). 5733: 1536:

Station. Despite a history of foam strike events, NASA management did not consider the potential risk to the astronauts as a safety-of-flight issue. The CAIB found that a lack of a safety program led to the lack of concern over foam strikes. The board determined that NASA lacked the appropriate communication and integration channels to allow problems to be discussed and effectively routed and addressed. This risk was further compounded by pressure to adhere to a launch schedule for construction of the ISS.

1873: 827: 865:. Ham did not consult with the Debris Assessment Team, and cancelled the imagery request on the basis that it had not been made through official channels. Maneuvering the orbiter to allow its left wing to be imaged would have interrupted ongoing science operations, and Ham dismissed the DoD imaging capabilities as insufficient to assess damage to the orbiter. Following the rejection of their imagery request, the Debris Assessment Team did not make further requests for the orbiter to be imaged. 464: 55: 1779:), NASA engineers removed the foam ramp from the protuberance air load (PAL) on the ET, which was the source of the largest piece of debris on STS-114. The launch was postponed from its scheduled launch of July 1, 2006, and again on July 2 due to inclement weather at KSC. On July 3 a piece of foam approximately 3 by .25 inches (7.62 by 0.64 cm) and weighing 0.0057 pounds (2.6 g) broke off from the ET. The mission still launched as scheduled at 2:38 5697: 7230: 516:, which flew in October 2002, a 4-by-5-by-12-inch (10 by 13 by 30 cm) chunk of bipod ramp foam broke away from the ET bipod ramp and hit the SRB-ET attachment ring near the bottom of the left SRB, creating a dent 4 inches (10 cm) wide and 3 inches (8 cm) deep. Following the mission, the Program Requirements Control Board declined to categorize the bipod ramp foam loss as an in-flight anomaly. The foam loss was briefed at the 1380:

considered as a likely cause of the accident, Melroy successfully argued for its analysis to learn more about how its safety systems helped, or failed to help, the crew survive. The tiles on the left wing were studied to determine the nature of the burning and melting that occurred. The damage to the debris indicated that the breach began at the wing's leading edge, allowing hot gas to get past the orbiter's thermal protection system.

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this conclusion as inaccurate, because of previous instances of predictions of damage greater than the actual damage. Further modeling specific to the RCC panels used software calibrated to predict damage caused by falling ice. The software predicted only one of 15 scenarios that ice would cause damage, leading the Debris Assessment Team to conclude there was minimal damage due to the lower density of foam to ice.

7012: 883: 873:, was concerned with the potential delays from a foam loss event. Mission management also downplayed the risk of the debris strike in communications with the crew. On January 23, flight director Steve Stich sent an e-mail to Husband and McCool to tell them about the foam strike and inform them there was no cause for concern about damage to the TPS, as foam strikes had occurred on previous flights. 1131:

from depressurization. None of the crew members had closed their visors, and one was not wearing a helmet; this would indicate that depressurization occurred quickly before they could take protective measures. They were rendered unconscious or deceased within seconds and tissue damage was extensive enough they could not have regained consciousness even if the cabin had regained pressurization.

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covered in insulating foam to keep the liquids cold and prevent ice forming on the tank's exterior. The orbiter connected to the ET via two umbilicals near its bottom and a bipod near its top section. After its fuel had been expended, the ET separated from the orbiter and reentered the atmosphere, where it would break apart during reentry and its pieces would land in the

7207: 541:. The debris strike removed a tile; the exposed orbiter skin was a reinforced section, and a burn-through might have occurred had the damage been in a different location. After the mission, the NASA Program Requirements Control Board designated the issue as an in-flight anomaly that was corrected with the planned improvement for the SRB ablator. 5582: 1407: 1375:. Each piece of debris had an identifying number and a tag indicating the coordinates where it was found. Staff attached photographs and catalogued each piece of debris. Recovered debris from inside the orbiter was placed in a separate area, as it was not considered to be a contributor to the accident. NASA conducted a 1055:..." was cut off mid-transmission. One of the channels in the flight control system was bypassed as the result of a failed wire, and a Master Alarm began sounding on the flight deck. Loss of control of the orbiter is estimated to have begun several seconds later with a loss of hydraulic pressure and an uncontrolled 900:

January 29, William Readdy, the Associate Administrator for Space Flight, agreed to DoD imaging of the orbiter, but on the condition that it would not interfere with flight operations; ultimately, the orbiter was not imaged by the DoD during the flight. At a Mission Management Team on January 31, the day before

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be totally on the lower surface and no particles are seen to traverse over the upper surface of the wing. Experts have reviewed the high speed photography and there is no concern for RCC or tile damage. We have seen this same phenomenon on several other flights and there is absolutely no concern for entry.

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that could have survived reentry, the board researched the effectiveness of stuffing materials from the orbiter, crew cabin, or water into the RCC hole. They determined that the best option would have been to harvest tiles from other places on the orbiter, shape them, and then stuff them into the RCC

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after the initial Shuttle test-flights were completed, and began recording information 15 minutes prior to reentry. The tape it recorded to was broken at the time of the crash, but information from the orbiter's sensors could have been recorded beforehand. Several days later, the tape was sent to the

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of the crew module. The rate and exact time of depressurization could not be determined, but occurred no later than 9:00:59. The remains of the crew members indicated they all experienced depressurization. The astronauts' helmets have a visor that, when closed, can temporarily protect the crew member

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23 at an altitude of 231,600 feet (70.6 km), and the temperature of its wings' leading edges was estimated to be 2,800 °F (1,540 °C). Soon after it entered California airspace, the orbiter shed several pieces of debris, events observed on the ground as sudden increases in brightness of

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Boeing analysts attempted to model the damage caused to the orbiter's TPS from the foam strike. The software models predicted damage that was deeper than the thickness of the TPS tiles, indicating that the orbiter's aluminum skin would be unprotected in that area. The Debris Assessment Team dismissed

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entered orbit, the NASA Intercenter Photo Working Group conducted a routine review of videos of the launch. The group's analysts did not notice the debris strike until the second day of the mission. None of the cameras that recorded the launch had a clear view of the debris striking the wing, leaving

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debris ended in May. Approximately 83,900 pieces of debris were recovered, weighing 84,900 pounds (38,500 kg), which was about 38 per cent of the orbiter's overall weight. When the CAIB report was released, about 40,000 recovered pieces of debris had not been identified. All recovered non-human

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The bipod connected the ET near the top to the front underside of the orbiter via two struts with a ramp at the tank end of each strut; the ramps were covered in foam to prevent ice from forming that could damage the orbiter. The foam on each bipod ramp was approximately 30 by 14 by 12 inches (76 by

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that ends with a recording of a radio communication from Laurel Clark. Clark, who had become a fan of the band when she lived in Scotland, had a Runrig song "Running to the Light" play as her wakeup music on January 27; her CD of Runrig music was recovered in the debris and presented to the band by

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performed post-launch inspections of its TPS and docked with the ISS on July 6. The orbiter carried a 28 feet (8.5 m) remote control orbiter in-flight maintenance cable that could connect the flight deck systems to the avionics system in the mid-deck; it would allow the spacecraft to be landed

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During ascent at approximately 80 seconds, photo analysis shows that some debris from the area of the -Y ET Bipod Attach Point came loose and subsequently impacted the orbiter left wing, in the area of transition from Chine to Main Wing, creating a shower of smaller particles. The impact appears to

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As well as the updates to the orbiter, NASA prepared contingency plans in the event that a mission would be unable to safely land. The plan involved the stranded mission docking with the ISS, on which the crew would inspect and attempt to repair the damaged orbiter. If they were unsuccessful, they

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to determine the probable causes of the accident, and focused its investigations on the parts of the orbiter most likely to have been responsible for the in-flight breakup. Engineers in the hangar analyzed the debris to determine how the orbiter came apart. Even though the crew compartment was not

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caused the crew compartment to collide with the interior wall of the fuselage, resulting in a depressurization of the crew compartment by 9:00:35. The pieces of the orbiter continued to break apart into smaller pieces, and within a minute after breakup were too small to be detected by ground-based

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g, which would have likely caused dizziness and disorientation, but not incapacitation. The autopilot was switched to manual control and reset to automatic mode at 9:00:03; this would have required the input of either Husband or McCool, indicating that they were still conscious and able to perform

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am (EDT). Sixteen pieces of foam from the ET were dislodged during the launch that were large enough to be considered significant by NASA investigators, including one piece that was approximately 36 by 11 inches (91 by 28 cm). Post-launch investigations did not find any indications of damage

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During the design process of the Space Shuttle, a requirement of the ET was that it would not release any debris that could potentially damage the orbiter and its TPS. The integrity of the TPS components was necessary for the survival of the crew during reentry, and the tiles and panels were only

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The astronauts also likely suffered from significant thermal trauma. Hot gas entered the disintegrating crew module, burning the crew members, whose bodies were still somewhat protected by their ACES suits. Once the crew module fell apart, the astronauts were violently exposed to windblast and a

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failed to retract sufficiently to secure them, leaving them only restrained by their lap belts. The helmets were not conformal to the crew members' heads, allowing head injuries to occur inside of the helmet. The neck ring of the helmet may have also acted as a fulcrum that caused spine and neck

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When the Space Shuttle launched, the orbiter and SRBs were connected to the ET, which held the fuel for the SSMEs. The ET consisted of a tank for liquid hydrogen (LH2), stored at −253 °C (−423 °F) and a smaller tank for liquid oxygen (LOX), stored at −183 °C (−297 °F). It was

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disaster. It concluded that NASA was experiencing budget constraints while still expecting to keep a high level of launches and operations. Program operating costs were lowered by 21% from 1991 to 1994, despite a planned increase in the yearly flight rate for assembly of the International Space

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Throughout the flight, members of the Mission Management Team were less concerned than the Debris Assessment Team about the potential risk of a debris strike. The loss of bipod foam on STS-107 was compared to previous foam strike events, none of which caused the loss of an orbiter or crew. Ham,

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and included military and civilian analysts. It initially consisted of eight members, including Gehman, but expanded to 13 members by March. The CAIB members were notified by noon on the day of the accident, and participated in a teleconference that evening. The following day, they traveled to

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On January 26, the Debris Assessment Team concluded that there were no safety concerns from the debris strike. The team's report was critical of the Mission Management Team for asserting that there were no safety concerns before the Debris Assessment Team's investigation had been completed. On

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protective layer around the orbiter. In contrast with previous US spacecraft, which had used ablative heat shields, the reusability of the orbiter required a multi-use heat shield. During reentry, the TPS experienced temperatures up to 1,600 °C (3,000 °F), but had to keep the orbiter

1286:. Officials at NASA were critical of these efforts, as the debris was NASA property and was needed for the investigation. A three-day amnesty period was offered for recovered orbiter debris. During this time, about 20 individuals contacted NASA to return debris, which included debris from the 961:

reentered the atmosphere at an altitude of 400,000 feet (120 km), a point named entry interface. The damage to the TPS on the orbiter's left wing allowed for hot air to enter and begin melting the aluminum structure. Four and a half minutes after entry interface, a sensor began recording

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At 9:00:18, the orbiter began a catastrophic breakup, and all on-board data recording soon ceased. Ground observers noted a sudden increase in debris being shed, and all on-board systems lost power. By 9:00:25, the orbiter's fore and aft sections had separated from one another. The sudden

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Two solid rocket boosters (SRBs) were connected to the ET, and burned for the first two minutes of flight. The SRBs separated from the ET once they had expended their fuel and fell into the Atlantic Ocean under a parachute. NASA retrieval teams recovered the SRBs and returned them to the

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After separation from the crew module, the bodies of the crew members entered an environment with almost no oxygen, very low atmospheric pressure, and both high temperatures caused by deceleration, and extremely low ambient temperatures. Their bodies hit the ground with lethal force.

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s destruction. It investigated that recovered debris and noted the difference in heat damage between the two wings. RCC panels from the left wing were found in the western portion of the debris field, indicating that it was shed first before the rest of the orbiter disintegrated.

1275:, and Texas and Louisiana public safety organizations, as well as local volunteers. In the months after the disaster, the largest-ever organized ground search took place. NASA officials warned of the dangers of handling debris, as it could have been contaminated by propellants. 887: 1570:

was undergoing preparation for the STS-114 launch on March 1, 2003. Had NASA management decided to launch a rescue mission, an expedited process could have begun to launch it as a rescue vehicle. Some pre-launch tests would have been eliminated to allow it to launch on time.

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worms, enclosed in aluminum canisters, survived reentry and impact with the ground and were recovered weeks after the disaster. The culture, which was part of an experiment to research their growth while consuming synthetic nutrients, was found to be alive on April 28, 2003.

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created the Debris Assessment Team and began working to determine the damage to the orbiter. Intercenter Photo Working Group believed that the orbiter's RCC tiles were possibly damaged; NASA program managers were less concerned over the danger caused by the debris strike.

966:) to the left as a result of the increased drag on the left wing, but this was not noticed by the crew or mission control because of corrections from the orbiter's flight control system. This was followed by sensors in the left wheel well reporting a rise in temperature. 1125:

During reentry, all seven of the STS-107 crew members were killed, but the exact time of their deaths could not be determined. The level of acceleration that they experienced during crew module breakup was not lethal. The first lethal event the crew experienced was the

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vehicle's aluminum skin temperature below 180 °C (350 °F). The TPS primarily consisted of four sub-systems. The nose cone and leading edges of the wings experienced temperatures above 1,300 °C (2,300 °F), and were protected by the composite material

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herself, acknowledging her achievements as the first orbiter and NASA's flagship, her role in trying desperately to save the crew on STS-107, and her many missions dedicated to scientific research. On October 28, 2003, the names of the crew were added to the

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pallet. The mission passed its pre-launch certifications and reviews, and began with the launch. The mission was originally scheduled to launch on January 11, 2001, but it was delayed thirteen times, until its launch on January 16, 2003.

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said in a televised address to the nation, "My fellow Americans, this day has brought terrible news, and great sadness to our country. At 9:00 a.m. this morning, Mission Control in Houston lost contact with our Space Shuttle

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During and after the breakup of the crew module, the crew, either unconscious or dead, experienced rotation on all three axes. The astronauts' shoulder harnesses were unable to prevent trauma to their upper bodies, as the

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On the first day of the disaster searchers began finding remains of the astronauts. Within three days of the crash, some remains from every crew member had been recovered. These recoveries occurred along a line south of

7349: 1652:, was added to allow the crew to inspect the orbiter for any tile damage once they reached orbit. Each of the orbiter's wings was equipped with 22 temperature sensors to detect any breaches during reentry and with 66 1104:

would have been conducting its final maneuvers to land, a Mission Control member received a phone call concerning news coverage of the orbiter breaking up. This information was passed on to the Entry Flight Director,

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caused it to lose speed immediately after separating from the ET, and the orbiter ran into the slower foam. Neither the mission nor ground crew noticed the debris strike at the time. The SRBs separated from the ET at

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engineers and technicians. Debris was laid out on the floor of the hangar in the shape of the orbiter to allow investigators to look for patterns in the damage that indicated the cause of the disaster. Astronaut

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No foam shedding was ever observed from the right bipod ramp. In its report, the CAIB hypothesized that this is because of the ET's liquid oxygen line, which partially shielded the right strut from aerodynamic

493:, NASA engineers, under the assumption that the foam loss was due to pressure buildup within the insulation, added vent holes to the foam to allow gas to escape. After a bipod foam strike damaged the TPS on 476:

was damaged during its launch from a foam strike. Foam strikes occurred regularly during Space Shuttle launches; of the 79 missions with available imagery during launch, foam strikes occurred on 65 of them.

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after she investigated the origin of it. She had consulted with Flight Director Phil Engelauf and members of the Mission Management Team, who stated that they did not have a requirement for imagery of

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was carrying the Extended Duration Orbiter, which increased its supply of oxygen and hydrogen. To maximize the mission duration, non-essential systems would have been powered down, and animals in the

5528: 885: 266:'s left wing. Similar foam shedding had occurred during previous Space Shuttle launches, causing damage that ranged from minor to near-catastrophic, but some engineers suspected that the damage to 2758: 2868: 2842: 7304: 962:

greater-than-normal amounts of strain on the left wing; the sensor's data was recorded to internal storage and not transmitted to the crew or ground controllers. The orbiter began to turn (

3652: 1983:, alongside the names of 17 other astronauts and cosmonauts who have died in the line of duty. On February 2, 2004, NASA Administrator O'Keefe unveiled a memorial for the STS-107 crew at 1599:

hole. Given the difficulty of on-orbit repair and the risk of further damaging the RCC tiles, the CAIB determined that the likelihood of a successful on-orbit repair would have been low.

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functions at the time. All hydraulic pressure was lost, and McCool's final switch configurations indicate that he had tried to restore the hydraulic systems at some time after 9:00:05.

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reentered the atmosphere, the Launch Integration Office voiced Ham's intention to review on-board footage to view the missing foam, but concerns of crew safety were not discussed.

3618: 2784: 321:, subsequent Space Shuttle missions were flown only to the ISS to allow the crew to use it as a haven if damage to the orbiter prevented safe reentry; the remaining orbiters were 7255: 5279: 1307:

was the first orbiter, and it had a unique flight data OEX (Orbiter EXperiments) recorder to record vehicle performance data during the test flights. The recorder was left in

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36 by 30 cm), and was carved by hand from the original foam application. Bipod ramp foam from the left strut had been observed falling off the ET on six flights prior to

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seconds, a piece of foam approximately 21 to 27 inches (53 to 69 cm) long and 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) wide broke off from the left bipod on the ET. At T+81.9

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to assist with recovery efforts. Debris was reported from east Texas through southern Louisiana. Recovery crews and local volunteers worked to locate and identify debris.

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changed from the predicted values because of the increasing drag caused by the damage to the left wing. At 8:58:21, the orbiter shed a TPS tile that would later land in

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and chemical analysis was conducted on the RCC panels, revealing the highest levels of slag deposits to be in the left wing tiles. Impact testing was conducted at the

1100:(TDRS). Personnel in Mission Control were unaware of the in-flight break-up, and continued to try to reestablish contact with the orbiter. At approximately 9:06, when 5376: 1695:

from the foam loss, but ET video did reveal that a small piece of TPS tile from the nose landing gear fell off during launch. Upon reaching orbit the crew inspected

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possible shock wave, which stripped their suits from their bodies. The crews' remains were exposed to hot gas and molten metal as they fell away from the orbiter.

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The crew were also sent a fifteen-second video of the debris strike in preparation for a press conference, but were reassured that there were no safety concerns.

857:(USSTRATCOM), which began identifying imaging assets that could observe the orbiter. The imagery request was soon rescinded by NASA Mission Management Team Chair 497:, internal NASA investigations concluded it was an "accepted flight risk" and that it should not be treated as a flight safety issue. Bipod foam loss occurred on 4333: 1063:, which was significantly steeper and had more drag than the previous gliding trajectory. The orbiter, while still traveling faster than Mach 15, entered into a 5590: 4765: 4119: 4566: 4450: 4391: 4185: 3528: 1991:

memorial. A tree for each astronaut was planted in NASA's Astronaut Memorial Grove at the Johnson Space Center, along with trees for each astronaut from the

305:. NASA made several technical and organizational changes to subsequent missions, including adding an on-orbit inspection to determine how well the orbiter's 5222: 5129: 411:(SSMEs) were mounted at the aft end of the orbiter and provided thrust during launch. Once in space, the crew maneuvered using the two smaller, aft-mounted 6021: 5520: 3298: 2376: 2138: 1396:, except for parts of the crew compartment, which were kept separate. By the end of reconstruction efforts only 720 items remained classified as unknown. 1096:

The loss of signal occurred at a time when the Flight Control Team expected brief communication outages as the orbiter stopped communication via the west

6474: 3558: 2219:. It discusses the history of the Space Shuttle program, and documents the post-disaster recovery and investigation efforts. Michael Leinbach, a retired 5434: 5345: 4908: 4854: 4279: 1591:

would have been remotely deorbited; as Mission Control would have been unable to remotely land it, it would have been disposed of in the Pacific Ocean.

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s belly to remove two gap fillers between tiles that had begun to protrude. After a delay due to bad weather at KSC, the decision was made to land at

2817: 7294: 6990: 6570: 5098: 1158: 391:(SRBs). The orbiter was a reusable, winged vehicle that launched vertically and landed as a glider. Five operational orbiters were built during the 5249: 6560: 6354: 6349: 6221: 6145: 5722: 3640: 3203: 1621: 723: 489:; the orbiter's TPS was repaired after the mission but no changes were made to address the cause of the bipod foam loss. After bipod foam loss on 306: 259: 4623: 3722: 3877: 1252:. The final body of a crew member was recovered on February 11. The crew remains were transported to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology at 6914: 6829: 6344: 5312: 4539: 3820: 3000: 2271: 1656:

to detect an impact. Post-landing inspection procedures were updated to include technicians examining the RCC panels using flash thermography.

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occurred at 8:59:32. Mission control stopped receiving information from the orbiter at this time, and Husband's last radio call of "Roger, uh

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seconds. The ET separation was photographed by Anderson and recorded by Brown, but they did not record the bipod with missing foam. At T+43

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1981, and was used to conduct in-orbit research, and deploy commercial, military, and scientific payloads. At launch, it consisted of the

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injuries. The physical trauma to the astronauts, who could not brace to prevent such injuries, also could have resulted in their deaths.

7329: 6935: 6366: 4413: 3614: 842: 4688: 4477: 2248:, in 2008. It featured commentary from NASA officials and space experts, and discussed historical issues with the spacecraft and NASA. 1648:

used film and could only be downlinked after the orbiter returned to Earth. The Orbiter Boom Sensor System, a camera on the end of the

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The CAIB also investigated the possibility of on-orbit repair of the left wing. Although there were no materials or adhesives onboard

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After the orbiter broke up, reports came in to eastern Texas law enforcement agencies of an explosion and falling debris. Astronauts

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performed an EVA to test the NonOxide Adhesive eXperiment (NOAX), which applied protective sealant to samples of damaged TPS tiles.

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was assigned to help recover hazardous debris. Over the following days, the search grew to include hundreds of individuals from the

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officer reported that the hydraulic sensors in the left wing had readings below the sensors' minimum detection thresholds at 8:54:24

229: 31: 3973: 3466: 1157: 4930: 4500: 4144: 4034: 3497: 485:, and had created some of the largest foam strikes that the orbiter experienced. The first bipod ramp foam strike occurred during 6079: 5732: 4302: 4244: 3420: 2966: 2092: 1726:. They tested a tile repair tool, the Emittance Wash Applicator, on intentionally damaged TPS tiles that had been brought in the 87: 4711: 3519:

Barry, J. R.; Jenkins, D. R.; White, D. J.; Goodman, P. A.; Reingold, L. A.; Simon, A. H.; Kirchhoff, C. M. (February 1, 2003).

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managers had limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When

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disaster. After the end of the amnesty period, several individuals were arrested for illegal looting and possession of debris.

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and decided that future missions would all rendezvous with the ISS to ensure the safety of the crew. In 2006, his successor,

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Recovered debris was shipped from the field to KSC, where it was unloaded and checked to see if it was contaminated by toxic

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s left wing at relative velocity of 625 to 840 feet per second (426 to 573 mph; 686 to 922 km/h). The foam's low

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Engineering Directorate. Hale coordinated the request through a DoD representative at KSC. The request was relayed to the

7220: 739: 428: 7339: 6983: 6901: 6802: 6644: 6639: 5558: 4356: 1825: 1492: 407:. The orbiter contained the crew compartment, where the crew predominantly lived and worked throughout a mission. Three 5403: 2236:

was released; it told of the life of Ilan Ramon and focused on the issues in NASA management that led to the disaster.

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The CAIB was critical of NASA organizational culture, and compared its current state to that of NASA leading up to the

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After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, as they had been after the

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was delayed until 2011, after which no further crewed spacecraft were launched from the United States until 2020 when

1828:, calling for the Space Shuttle fleet to complete the ISS and be retired by 2010, to be replaced by a newly developed 1617: 1495:, using a nitrogen-powered gun to fire a projectile made of the same material as the ET bipod foam. Panels taken from 1264: 676: 384: 380: 294: 255: 138: 118: 4100: 5617: 4991: 4827: 4562: 4446: 4383: 4175: 3520: 3176: 1913: 1644:

had them prior) to allow digital images of the ET to be viewed on the ground soon after launch. The prior system on

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s crew. They determined that the mission could have been extended to at most 30 days (February 15), after which the

786: 7354: 7324: 6942: 6784: 6482: 6211: 3493: 2241: 2185: 1730:. On August 3 the same astronauts performed the third EVA of the mission, during which Robinson stood on the ISS's 1399:

In July 2011, lower water levels caused by a drought revealed a four-foot-diameter (1.2 m) piece of debris in

1127: 412: 408: 242:, was the twenty-eighth flight for the orbiter, the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle fleet and the 88th after the 91: 1316:

for it to be inspected and cleaned. On March 25 the OEX's tape was sent to KSC, where it was copied and analyzed.

6877: 6654: 6577: 6454: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6376: 6313: 6110: 5816: 5214: 5121: 2232: 1711: 1393: 1364:

was assigned to oversee the six-person team reconstructing the crew compartment, which included fellow astronaut

1260: 644: 609: 538: 419: 5696: 3290: 2369: 2227:

in 2018. It documents his personal experience during the disaster, and the debris and remains recovery efforts.

2184:, 107 NASA personnel carried a U.S. flag onto the field. The Astros wore the mission patch on their sleeves the 2087:; each of the seven hills was individually named for a member of the crew, and the rover explored the summit of 1624:, and along the coast were upgraded, and nine new camera sites were added. Cameras were added to the bellies of 969: 537:

launch on December 2, 1988. On the second day of the flight the crew inspected the damage using a camera on the

7125: 7069: 7053: 6834: 6685: 6613: 6565: 6545: 6505: 6464: 6371: 6258: 6244: 6226: 2257: 2181: 2146: 2111: 1845: 1829: 1497: 1415: 1324: 402: 322: 134: 6618: 5152:"Secretary Norton and Nasa Administrator O'Keefe Announce "Columbia Point" In Honor of Space Shuttle Columbia" 3550: 1832:

for travel to the Moon and Mars. In 2004, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe canceled a planned servicing of the

5426: 5336: 4904: 4271: 7334: 7299: 7115: 7095: 6976: 6893: 6723: 6700: 6279: 6265: 6216: 4850: 4738: 4208: 3321: 2668: 2361: 2115: 1980: 1731: 1576: 1502: 1056: 1033: 981: 963: 930:

At 45 minutes before the deorbit burn, Husband and McCool began working through the entry checklist. At 8:10

841:

s wing, members of the Debris Assessment Team made multiple requests to get imagery of the orbiter from the

625: 621: 1901: 1067:

of 30° to 40° per second. The acceleration that the crew was experiencing increased from approximately 0.8

7359: 7105: 7079: 6861: 6272: 6251: 6131: 5858: 5709: 2810: 2417: 2177: 2142: 1833: 1508: 1425: 1419: 1336: 1217: 977: 528: 472:

built to withstand relatively minor impacts. On STS-1, the first flight of the Space Shuttle, the orbiter

396: 318: 214: 5094: 1714:

to allow the crew aboard the ISS to observe and photograph the orbiter's belly. The next day, astronauts

7030: 7026: 6921: 6908: 6819: 6236: 6191: 6154: 6095: 6089: 5801: 5653: 2996: 2463: 2337: 2276: 2220: 2084: 1972: 1467: 1411: 1372: 1349: 1249: 1041: 811: 799:

the group unable to determine the level of damage sustained by the orbiter. The group's chair contacted

750: 520:

Flight Readiness Brief, but the Program Requirements Control Board decided that the ET was safe to fly.

392: 376: 263: 5245: 3715: 3207: 2122:

before joining the Space Shuttle program. The first dedicated meteorological satellite launched by the

1083:

Breakup of the Space Shuttle Columbia as seen from an Apache helicopter FLIR camera at Fort Hood, Texas

355:(ET) is the left bipod foam ramp, and the circled area on the orbiter is the location that was damaged. 4615: 286:

and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the orbiter to become unstable and break apart.

7234: 6928: 6845: 6814: 6690: 6102: 5302: 3873: 3683: 2636: 2487: 2119: 1939: 1877: 1761:

was flown to rescue them. As a result of the foam loss, NASA grounded the Space Shuttle fleet again.

1328: 1300: 1253: 1064: 1060: 850: 440: 4531: 3816: 2992: 1303:

was found near Hemphill, Texas, 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Nacogdoches, on March 19, 2003.

6948: 6763: 6670: 6535: 5806: 5767: 5307: 5014: 3707: 3699: 3580: 3098: 2660: 2043: 1376: 1313: 810:

s wing to assess its damage. After receiving notification of the debris strike, engineers at NASA,

648: 585: 560: 279: 164: 5456: 1479:

After looking at sensor data, the CAIB considered damage to the left wing as a likely culprit for

7246: 7149: 6853: 6623: 6550: 6540: 5811: 5430: 5181: 4616:"The last voyage of NASA's space shuttle: Looking back at Atlantis' final mission 10 years later" 3843: 2193: 2154: 2055: 2035: 1853: 1837: 1229: 1221: 1037: 939: 696: 680: 641: 3933: 3359: 3023: 5629:

The 13-min. Crew cabin video (subtitled). Ends 4-min. before the Shuttle began to disintegrate.

5041: 3998: 6649: 5752: 5623: 4770: 4535: 4109: 4068: 3711: 3428: 3329: 3106: 2499: 2467: 2421: 2329: 2047: 2031: 1958:

sang "Way Up There" as part of the service. A memorial service was held at KSC on February 7;

1872: 1552: 1272: 1002: 935: 927:. On board the orbiter, the crew stowed loose items and prepared their equipment for reentry. 920: 688: 589: 524: 423: 251: 221: 158: 4420: 1323:

helicopter that was being used in the debris search crashed due to mechanical failure in the

976:

at about 08:57. Debris is visible coming from the left wing (bottom). The image was taken at

6869: 6758: 5646: 4680: 4473: 3691: 3687: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2341: 2153:

in 2003. In October 2004, both houses of Congress passed a resolution to change the name of

2039: 1793: 1719: 1703: 1431: 1400: 1352: 1344:

NASA management selected the Reusable Launch Vehicle hangar at KSC to reconstruct recovered

5634:

Photos of recovered debris stored on the 16th floor of the Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC

5628: 3390: 401:

was the first space-rated orbiter constructed, following the atmospheric test vehicle

344: 7041: 7037: 6733: 6713: 6603: 4877: 3140:

Loss of Signal: Aeromedical Lessons Learned from the STS-107 Columbia Space Shuttle Mishap

2700: 2345: 2215:

In 2004, two space journalists, Michael Cabbage and William Harwood, released their book,

2209: 2134: 2051: 1678: 1245: 616:

The seven-member crew of STS-107 were selected in July 2000. The mission was commanded by

6968: 3900: 3610: 1456: 4589: 3969: 3458: 2079:

crew mounted on the back of the high gain antenna. A complex of seven hills east of the

443:(KSC), where they were disassembled and their components were reused on future flights. 54: 6708: 5762: 5757: 3489: 3172: 2664: 2333: 2169: 2150: 2067: 1959: 1931: 1861: 1801: 1715: 1653: 1225: 1173: 1114: 1089: 668: 660: 637: 581: 569: 176: 170: 7011: 2959: 826: 803:, the Shuttle Program Manager for Launch Integration, to request on-orbit pictures of 7288: 6885: 6839: 6165: 5633: 4715: 4676: 2349: 2103: 1955: 1797: 1727: 1361: 1237: 1233: 1113:

had been expected to land at 9:16, NASA Associate Administrator and former astronaut

1106: 452: 360: 352: 339: 5586: 3751: 3260: 1093:

videos. By 9:35, all debris and crew remains were estimated to have hit the ground.

463: 5772: 5747: 5492: 4681:"Remembering the Columbia 7: Washington National Cathedral Memorial for Astronauts" 3695: 2648: 2495: 2365: 2281: 2161:, which is located at the former manufacturing site of the Space Shuttle orbiters. 2088: 1947: 1789: 1365: 942:, informed the crew that they were approved to conduct the deorbit burn. At 8:15:30 672: 617: 577: 573: 448: 432: 224:

over Texas and Louisiana, killing all seven astronauts on board. It was the second

182: 152: 5827: 1812:

am on July 17 at KSC. Had the crew been stranded in orbit, NASA planned to launch

1660:

would remain aboard the ISS and wait for a rescue. The rescue mission, designated

133:

and seven astronauts; Space Shuttle fleet grounded for 29 months and subsequently

1511:

were used to determine the projectiles' effect on RCC panels. A test on RCC panel

17: 2205: 2197: 2165: 1943: 1857: 1742: 707: 467:

Close-up of the left bipod foam ramp that broke off and damaged the orbiter wing

283: 5603: 5067: 1403:. NASA identified the piece as a power reactant storage and distribution tank. 1263:

deployed 300 members to assist with security and recovery, and the Coast Guard

1117:

also began contingency procedures after the orbiter did not land as scheduled.

1079: 5777: 5612: 5551: 3703: 2656: 2370:

Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident

2357: 2353: 2098:

In February 2006, NASA's National Scientific Balloon Facility was renamed the

1935: 1723: 1181:. A short time later, debris was seen falling from the skies above Texas. The 1022: 993: 800: 684: 629: 593: 431:(RCC). Thicker RCC was developed and installed in 1998 to prevent damage from 246:

disaster. It was dedicated to research in various fields, mainly on board the

188: 7270: 7257: 5521:"Doomed Columbia astronaut listened to Runrig in space hours before disaster" 3432: 3333: 3103:

Bringing Columbia Home: The Untold Story of a Lost Space Shuttle and her Crew

2225:

Bringing Columbia Home: The Untold Story of a Lost Space Shuttle and Her Crew

1775:

To address the problem of foam loss for the second Return to Flight mission (

1579:, and launched with a minimum required crew. It would have rendezvoused with 915:

was scheduled to reenter the atmosphere and land on February 1, 2003. At 3:30

608:

Research Double Module, the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment, and an

6728: 5399: 4180: 2127: 1136: 858: 692: 107: 1466:(CAIB) to determine the cause. It was chaired by retired U.S. Navy Admiral 1331:

aviation specialist, Charles Krenek, and injured three other crew members.

4823: 4766:"Memorial Grove at Johnson Space Center offers tribute to late astronauts" 1757:

been unable to safely land, the crew would have remained on the ISS until

1544:

In its report, the CAIB discussed potential options that could have saved

6598: 6323: 6305: 6297: 6074: 6069: 5906: 4987: 2027: 1992: 1649: 1560: 1523:, indicating it was the damaged panel that led to the in-flight breakup. 1424:. Simulation of known and possible conditions of the foam impact on 1320: 605: 247: 6123: 4035:"Multiple Pieces of Foam Fly in Shuttle Launch, Forcing Fleet Grounding" 1555:

canisters used to remove carbon dioxide would have run out. On STS-107,

7206: 7163: 6746: 6582: 6318: 6044: 6011: 6006: 5669: 4647:"NASA And SpaceX Launch First Astronauts To Orbit From U.S. Since 2011" 1902:

Shuttle Columbia Memorial Service, National Cathedral, February 6, 2003

1881: 1841: 1776: 1770: 1673: 1661: 1068: 1018: 870: 565: 555: 517: 513: 482: 314: 310: 302: 250:

module inside the shuttle's payload bay. During launch, a piece of the

239: 2460:

Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System

1686:

The first Return to Flight mission, STS-114, began with the launch of

1044:(RCS) thrusters began firing continuously to correct its orientation. 7140: 6751: 6741: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 3934:"Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" 3024:"Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster as seen through AH-64 Apache camera" 2252: 1905: 1849: 815: 664: 656: 633: 534: 502: 498: 494: 490: 3137:

Stepaniak, Philip C.; Lane, Helen W.; Davis, Jeffrey R. (May 2014).

2180:

thrown by family and friends of the crew. During the singing of the

6768: 6206: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 1912: 1871: 1677: 1488: 1405: 1200: 1192: 1155: 1078: 1029:, where observers would report seeing signs of debris being shed. 1026: 968: 881: 825: 785: 706: 559: 505:, but neither event was noticed until the investigation following 486: 462: 368: 343: 103: 2701:"External Tank Return to Flight Focus Area:Forward Bipod Fitting" 4960: 2059: 1583:, and the STS-107 crew would have conducted EVAs to transfer to 1283: 1282:

debris on the internet, including on the online auction website

1014: 762:

seconds, followed by the ET's separation from the orbiter at T+8

364: 271: 6972: 6127: 5831: 5642: 3844:"The Heat is On! New Heater Added to Space Shuttle's Fuel Tank" 3641:"The audacious rescue plan that might have saved space shuttle 2003:

at KSC Visitor Complex features the cockpit window frames from

1840:, decided to have one more servicing mission to the telescope, 946:

the crew successfully executed the deorbit burn, which lasted 2

5460: 4384:"Shuttle to Carry Tools for Repair and Remote-Control Landing" 4238: 4236: 4234: 3177:"President Addresses Nation on Space Shuttle Columbia Tragedy" 2237: 892:

Video taken by the crew ends four minutes before the disaster.

7350:

Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2003

5624:

The CBS News Space Reporter's Handbook STS-51L/107 Supplement

4931:"NASA's Mars Rover Spirit's View Southward from Husband Hill" 4712:"STS-107 Crew Members Will Shine Permanently on Space Mirror" 7205: 7010: 2223:

at KSC who was working on the day of the disaster, released

1455:

About ninety minutes after the disaster, NASA Administrator

647:

who was on his first spaceflight. The payload commander was

282:, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate the 1938:

led a memorial service for the astronauts' families at the

1278:

Soon after the accident some individuals attempted to sell

663:

served as the flight engineer; she had previously flown on

5638: 4957:"Names for the Columbia astronauts provisionally approved" 3521:"Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Volume Two" 2095:

approved naming seven lunar craters after the astronauts.

1808:

undocked from the ISS on July 14 and safely landed at 9:14

1612:

The Space Shuttle program was suspended after the loss of

418:

The orbiter was protected from heat during reentry by the

3750:

Howell, Elizabeth; Dobrijevic, Daisy (October 11, 2021).

363:

was a partially reusable spacecraft operated by the U.S.

4272:"Impact of Foam Crack On Shuttle Launch Still Uncertain" 2075:

Memorial Station, and included a memorial plaque to the

1197:

A grid on the floor is used to organize recovered debris

845:(DoD). Imagery requests were channeled through both the 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 1923:

s window frames at the "Forever Remembered" exhibit at

1327:. The crash killed the pilot, Jules F. Mier Jr., and a 313:

ready in case irreparable damage was found. Except for

5015:"NASA Unveils Its Newest, Most Powerful Supercomputer" 4501:"NASA Chief Affirms Stand On Canceling Hubble Mission" 1519:, was the most consistent with the damage observed on 1109:, who initiated contingency procedures. At KSC, where 7218: 5369:"'Comm Check' by Michael Cabbage and William Harwood" 5042:"NASA to Name Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut" 3752:"Columbia Disaster: What Happened, What NASA Learned" 3421:"Helicopters Are Grounded After Crash in Debris Hunt" 2030:

discovered in July 2001 were named after astronauts:

5613:

Doppler radar animation of the debris after break up

4851:"Asteroids Dedicated To Space Shuttle Columbia Crew" 4209:"NASA Nixes Foam Ramp for Next Space Shuttle Flight" 3551:"Shuttle Columbia's Debris on View at NASA Facility" 2188:. On February 1, 2004, the first anniversary of the 6795: 6777: 6699: 6663: 6632: 6591: 6528: 6491: 6447: 6387: 6337: 6290: 6235: 6184: 6054: 6029: 5869: 5786: 5740: 5702: 5488:"Skye rockers Runrig prepare for their final album" 3993: 3991: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2287:

List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

1890: 198: 145: 125: 113: 98: 82: 64: 7305:Space accidents and incidents in the United States 5335: 4878:"Spirit Honors the Crew of Space Shuttle Columbia" 3391:"Data recorder recovered; could hold key insights" 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2255:included a song titled "Somewhere" on their album 2118:", was dedicated to Chawla, who had worked at the 1575:would have launched with additional equipment for 1355:led the reconstruction team, which was staffed by 527:on the right SRB caused significant damage to 117:Damage to the left wing's edge by debris from the 4062: 4060: 3867: 3865: 3810: 3808: 3581:"Space shuttle Columbia part found in East Texas" 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 1876:A makeshift memorial at the main entrance to the 4988:"The CSBF Mission, History, and Accomplishments" 4905:"NASA Dedicates Mars Landmarks To Columbia Crew" 4739:"NASA Dedicates Space Shuttle Columbia Memorial" 4414:"Space Shuttle Mission STS-121: The Second Step" 4357:"Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts" 3963: 3961: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 2217:Comm Check: The Final Flight of Shuttle Columbia 2200:began with a pregame tribute to the crew of the 1699:with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System. On July 29 1392:debris was stored in unused office space at the 869:scheduled to work as an integration manager for 4645:Brumfiel, Geoff; Neuman, Scott (May 30, 2020). 4102:Walking to Olympus An EVA Chronology, 1997–2011 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 2669:Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board 1966:, gave a eulogy for the crew and a tribute for 1682:The STS-114 ET losing the largest piece of foam 1059:-up maneuver. The orbiter began flying along a 875: 6561:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) 5215:"Downey space museum is struggling to survive" 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 830:STS-107 crew posing for a group photo in space 790:Footage of the debris strike at T+81.9 seconds 297:(ISS) was paused until flights resumed in July 6984: 6139: 5843: 5654: 5591:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4590:"NASA Pushes Back End of Shuttle Era to 2011" 4028: 4026: 2960:"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report" 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2414:Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon – 1972–2013 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2137:, where Husband was from, was renamed to the 1856:mission successfully carried NASA astronauts 1824:In January 2004 President Bush announced the 365:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 8: 7074:(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979) 5618:President Bush's remarks at memorial service 5122:"New exhibit honoring Rick Husband unveiled" 5070:. Indian Space Research Organisation. 2022. 3322:"Shuttle looters arrested as search goes on" 2324: 2322: 778:completed its orbital insertion as planned. 43: 5303:"Columbia Astronauts Honored at Super Bowl" 4474:"President Bush offers new vision for NASA" 3291:"Amnesty Ending For Shuttle Debris Looters" 2492:NASA Space Shuttle: Owners' Workshop Manual 2212:", with the crew of STS-114 in attendance. 2139:Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport 7021: 6991: 6977: 6969: 6146: 6132: 6124: 5850: 5836: 5828: 5661: 5647: 5639: 5246:"Astros Honor Astronauts at Season Opener" 4094: 4092: 4090: 1783:pm (EDT) on July 4. After reaching orbit, 1164:President George W. Bush's address on the 309:(TPS) had endured the ascent, and keeping 42: 7375:February 2003 events in the United States 6719:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle 4099:Ta, Julie B.; Treviño, Robert C. (2016). 3999:"STS-114 External Tank Tiger Team Report" 3721:. CAIB Report, Volume II, Appendix D.13. 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 1765:Second Return to Flight mission (STS-121) 711:STS-107 ignition, launch and lift-off of 351:prior to launch. The circled area on the 5272:"Astros to Wear Shuttle's Mission Patch" 3745: 3743: 2157:'s Space Science Learning Center to the 2114:". The first part of the system, named " 1668:First Return to Flight mission (STS-114) 1013:continued its reentry and traveled over 7225: 5723:Space Shuttle thermal protection system 4937:from the original on September 26, 2021 3901:"Lending a Hand, an Arm ... and a Boom" 3793:from the original on September 17, 2021 3762:from the original on September 25, 2016 3728:from the original on September 21, 2012 3655:from the original on September 29, 2016 3271:from the original on September 23, 2006 3241:from the original on September 11, 2017 2318: 2298: 724:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A 6915:Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation 5531:from the original on December 18, 2021 5379:from the original on November 28, 2022 5315:from the original on December 23, 2017 4986:Johnson, Michelle (February 3, 2021). 4884:from the original on December 18, 2016 4857:from the original on December 16, 2022 4830:from the original on February 20, 2011 4710:Armstrong, Dennis (October 28, 2003). 4561:Kauderer, Amiko (September 30, 2009). 4542:from the original on December 24, 2021 4394:from the original on November 22, 2021 4011:from the original on November 29, 2021 3946:from the original on December 16, 2022 3716:"STS-107 In-Flight Options Assessment" 3561:from the original on December 16, 2022 3500:from the original on November 16, 2021 3360:"Shuttle's data recorder found intact" 3183:from the original on February 11, 2014 2993:"Decoding Columbia: A detective story" 2823:from the original on December 29, 2021 2272:Criticism of the Space Shuttle program 2022:NASA named several places in honor of 1887: 847:DoD Manned Space Flight Support Office 6957:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions 5500:from the original on October 17, 2016 5467:from the original on January 15, 2023 5437:from the original on January 15, 2023 5406:from the original on January 15, 2023 5213:Barragan, James (February 14, 2014). 5093:Williams, David R. (April 27, 2022). 4876:Armstrong, Dennis (January 8, 2004). 4691:from the original on January 13, 2012 4499:Leary, Warren E. (January 29, 2004). 4336:from the original on October 22, 2021 4282:from the original on January 23, 2021 4188:from the original on January 15, 2023 4176:"The mission NASA hopes won't happen" 4075:from the original on January 21, 2022 4067:Armstrong, Dennis (August 23, 2005). 3531:from the original on January 31, 2020 3469:from the original on November 6, 2005 3439:from the original on November 9, 2020 3401:from the original on February 3, 2013 3370:from the original on January 16, 2022 3022:Cenciotti, David (February 1, 2014). 2991:Hotz, Robert Lee (January 31, 2013). 2713:from the original on November 4, 2021 2382:from the original on October 18, 2020 2108:NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division 2011:to all 14 crew members killed in the 2007:. In 2004, Bush conferred posthumous 1788:remotely, to include controlling the 7: 5367:Weinberg, Steve (January 25, 2004). 5252:from the original on October 3, 2006 5162:from the original on August 22, 2022 5132:from the original on August 22, 2022 5120:Watkins, Matthew (August 29, 2018). 5074:from the original on August 12, 2022 4824:"Congressional Space Medal of Honor" 4511:from the original on August 22, 2022 4363:from the original on August 21, 2022 4243:Marconi, Elaine M. (July 26, 2006). 4155:from the original on August 21, 2022 3427:. Associated Press. March 29, 2003. 3231:"Searchers stumble on human remains" 3034:from the original on March 31, 2023. 2739:from the original on August 11, 2020 2100:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility 1414:'s wing's leading edge made with an 1259:Immediately after the disaster, the 1172:At 14:04 EST (19:04 UTC), President 6936:Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space 5519:English, Paul (November 13, 2021). 5486:Gilchrist, Jim (January 30, 2016). 5301:Babineck, Mark (February 1, 2004). 5101:from the original on April 22, 2021 5048:from the original on March 17, 2013 5040:Mewhinney, Michael (May 10, 2004). 4994:from the original on April 14, 2021 4745:from the original on April 15, 2021 4530:Lawler, Andrew (October 31, 2006). 4355:Kestenbaum, David (June 29, 2006). 4219:from the original on March 24, 2022 4145:"Tile Gap Filler, Shuttle, STS-114" 4125:from the original on March 10, 2022 3968:Armstrong, Dennis (March 5, 2006). 3907:from the original on April 15, 2019 3880:from the original on March 24, 2022 3872:Armstrong, Dennis (March 5, 2006). 3815:Armstrong, Dennis (March 8, 2005). 3783:"After Columbia: The ISS in Crisis" 3621:from the original on March 15, 2022 3591:from the original on August 2, 2011 3389:Harwood, William (March 19, 2003). 2130:on February 5, 2003, after Chawla. 2009:Congressional Space Medals of Honor 1563:module would have been euthanized. 5589:from websites or documents of the 5564:from the original on June 20, 2010 5348:from the original on July 24, 2022 5282:from the original on July 27, 2022 5021:from the original on July 30, 2022 5013:Dunbar, Bryan (October 26, 2004). 4911:from the original on June 27, 2022 4778:from the original on July 19, 2021 4626:from the original on April 9, 2022 4614:Howell, Elizabeth (July 9, 2021). 4569:from the original on June 15, 2009 4453:from the original on April 3, 2022 4309:from the original on June 28, 2017 4303:"Space Shuttle Discovery: ET Foam" 4207:Malik, Tariq (December 15, 2005). 3976:from the original on July 26, 2021 3939:. NASA. July 12, 2005. JSC-62900. 3850:from the original on June 18, 2021 3823:from the original on March 3, 2022 3459:"Worms survived Columbia disaster" 3340:from the original on July 30, 2021 3301:from the original on July 27, 2022 3229:Harnden, Toby (February 3, 2003). 3153:from the original on March 3, 2022 2972:from the original on July 25, 2021 2901:from the original on July 14, 2019 2875:from the original on July 14, 2019 2849:from the original on July 14, 2019 2791:from the original on July 14, 2019 2765:from the original on July 14, 2019 2176:crew by having seven simultaneous 2124:Indian Space Research Organisation 1616:. The further construction of the 1185:is lost; there are no survivors." 270:was more serious. Before reentry, 27:2003 American spaceflight accident 25: 5244:Wilson, Jim (November 30, 2007). 5225:from the original on May 31, 2022 5194:from the original on July 9, 2022 5187:. US Congress. October 30, 2004. 4967:from the original on July 9, 2022 4804:from the original on May 15, 2022 4657:from the original on June 5, 2020 4480:from the original on May 10, 2007 4328:Wilson, Jim (November 24, 2007). 4251:from the original on June 8, 2017 4045:from the original on May 21, 2022 3899:Heiney, Anna (January 28, 2005). 3781:Mowbray, Scott (March 17, 2003). 3320:McKie, Robin (February 9, 2003). 3003:from the original on June 4, 2023 2126:(ISRO), Metsat-1, was renamed to 1942:. Two days later, Vice President 1098:tracking and data relay satellite 834:To assess the possible damage to 433:micrometeoroid and orbital debris 7240: 7228: 6020: 5731: 5695: 5585: This article incorporates 5580: 5400:"Review: Bringing Columbia Home" 5334:Maese, Rick (February 1, 2004). 4903:Wilson, Jim (February 2, 2004). 4764:Mikati, Massarah (May 7, 2019). 4737:Wilson, Jim (February 2, 2004). 4472:Wilson, Jim (January 14, 2004). 4419:. NASA. May 2006. 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New York: Arcade Publishing. 1930:On February 4, 2003, President 1846:retirement of the Space Shuttle 1269:Environmental Protection Agency 1205:Recovered power-head of one of 996:coast; it was traveling at Mach 213:On Saturday, February 1, 2003, 6950:Orbiter Space Flight Simulator 6329:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module 6085:Columbia Memorial Space Center 5276:The Edwardsville Intelligencer 4849:Wilson, Jim (August 6, 2003). 4532:"NASA to Fix Hubble Telescope" 4382:Malik, Tariq (June 29, 2006). 4033:Malik, Tariq (July 27, 2005). 2251:The Scottish Celtic-Rock band 2159:Columbia Memorial Space Center 1844:, which flew in May 2009. The 1236:drove a team of astronauts to 1047:The loss of signal (LOS) from 293:disaster. Construction of the 228:to end in disaster, after the 1: 6905:(2020 documentary miniseries) 6676:Inflatable Antenna Experiment 4563:"STS-125 Mission Information" 4301:Ryba, Jeanne (July 3, 2006). 4270:Malik, Tariq (July 3, 2006). 4149:National Air and Space Museum 2674:(Report). Vol. 1. NASA. 2375:(Report). Vol. 1. NASA. 1987:, and it is located near the 1952:Washington National Cathedral 1816:to rescue them from the ISS. 1722:performed the first of three 1540:Possible emergency procedures 936:Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) 738:seconds, the foam struck the 683:on their first spaceflights. 632:. He had previously flown on 7380:Presidency of George W. Bush 6902:Challenger: The Final Flight 6803:Space Shuttle design process 6645:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 6640:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 6065:Accident Investigation Board 5797:Accident Investigation Board 5552:"Chronology of Wakeup Calls" 5425:Leydon, Joe (June 7, 2004). 5398:Foust, Jeff (May 21, 2018). 3686:; Barry, John; Deal, Duane; 3101:; Ward, Jonathan H. (2018). 2639:; Barry, John; Deal, Duane; 2083:landing site was dubbed the 1826:Vision for Space Exploration 1493:Southwest Research Institute 1464:Accident Investigation Board 1451:Accident Investigation Board 1442:Accident Investigation Board 655:who had previously flown on 325:after the ISS was finished. 206:Accident Investigation Board 7144:(BTS-02, atmospheric tests) 6825:International Space Station 6609:Journalist in Space Project 6556:Orbiter Processing Facility 5718:Space Shuttle external tank 5427:"Columbia: The Tragic Loss" 5156:U.S. Department of Interior 4069:"A Spectacular Test Flight" 2965:. NASA. 2008. SP-2008-565. 2869:"Laurel Blair Salton Clark" 2458:Jenkins, Dennis R. (2001). 2412:Jenkins, Dennis R. (2016). 1985:Arlington National Cemetery 1749:successfully landed at 8:11 1618:International Space Station 1228:helicopter from Houston to 295:International Space Station 256:Space Shuttle external tank 139:International Space Station 7396: 7330:Accidental deaths in Texas 6943:Space Shuttle Mission 2007 6483:Approach and Landing Tests 6212:Orbital Maneuvering System 4933:. NASA. January 23, 2014. 3494:Carnegie Mellon University 2062:, the landing site of the 1768: 1753:am (EDT) on August 9. Had 1690:on July 26, 2005, at 10:39 1671: 1445: 1168:disaster, February 1, 2003 1032:At 8:58:03, the orbiter's 699:on his first spaceflight. 636:. The mission's pilot was 553: 413:Orbital Maneuvering System 409:Space Shuttle main engines 337: 311:designated rescue missions 29: 7345:2003 in the United States 7203: 7120:(OV-105, retired in 2011) 7110:(OV-104, retired in 2011) 7100:(OV-103, retired in 2011) 7019: 7008: 6878:Columbia: The Tragic Loss 6655:Advanced Crew Escape Suit 6578:Shuttle Training Aircraft 6439:Shuttle Training Aircraft 6434:Shuttle Mission Simulator 6429:Rendezvous pitch maneuver 6319:Remote Controlled Orbiter 6314:Extended Duration Orbiter 6222:Thermal protection system 6161: 6111:Columbia: The Tragic Loss 6018: 5817:Extended Duration Orbiter 5729: 5693: 5676: 2262:Clark's husband and son. 2233:Columbia: The Tragic Loss 2230:In 2004, the documentary 2141:. A mountain peak in the 1950:led a similar service at 1895: 1712:rendezvous pitch maneuver 1706:with the ISS and, before 1394:Vehicle Assembly Building 1261:Texas Army National Guard 923:started its shift at the 610:Extended Duration Orbiter 539:remote manipulator system 523:A debris strike from the 420:thermal protection system 307:thermal protection system 260:thermal protection system 52: 7310:Space program fatalities 7168:(1.02, 95–97% completed) 6686:Shuttle pallet satellite 6614:Teacher in Space Project 6566:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 6546:Mobile Launcher Platform 6372:Shuttle Landing Facility 6227:Booster separation motor 5457:"Space Shuttle Disaster" 4108:. Washington, DC: NASA. 3146:. Washington, DC: NASA. 2168:of baseball season, the 2133:In 2003, the airport in 1830:Crew Exploration Vehicle 1796:. On July 12 astronauts 1325:Angelina National Forest 740:reinforced carbon–carbon 703:Launch and debris strike 429:reinforced carbon–carbon 238:The mission, designated 222:reentered the atmosphere 137:after completion of the 30:Not to be confused with 6894:The Challenger Disaster 6217:Reaction control system 4245:"Mission Accomplished!" 2897:. NASA. February 2003. 2871:. NASA. February 2003. 2845:. NASA. February 2003. 2787:. NASA. February 2003. 2761:. NASA. February 2003. 2735:. NASA. February 2003. 1999:disasters. The exhibit 1981:Merritt Island, Florida 1566:When STS-107 launched, 1430:'s final launch showed 1418:-panel taken from 1042:Reaction Control System 982:Kirtland Air Force Base 7365:Disasters in Louisiana 7210: 7184:(partially dismantled) 7130:(OV-098, ground tests) 7015: 6362:Space Launch Complex 6 5587:public domain material 4714:. NASA. Archived from 4004:. NASA. October 2005. 3817:"Shuttle in Shipshape" 3488:Hammond, Ruth (2003). 2733:"Rick Douglas Husband" 2364:; Wheelon, Albert D.; 2246:Space Shuttle Disaster 2164:On April 1, 2003, the 2143:Sangre de Cristo Range 2091:in 2005. In 2006, the 1927: 1885: 1834:Hubble Space Telescope 1710:, performed the first 1683: 1527:Organizational culture 1459:called to convene the 1435: 1373:hypergolic propellants 1337:Caenorhabditis elegans 1213: 1198: 1169: 1084: 985: 978:Starfire Optical Range 925:Mission Control Center 893: 880: 855:U.S. Strategic Command 831: 791: 782:Flight risk management 716: 691:and the first Israeli 597: 568:. From left to right: 468: 459:Debris strike concerns 379:, which contained the 356: 319:Hubble Space Telescope 70:; 21 years ago 7315:Space Shuttle program 7271:32.95611°N 99.04139°W 7209: 7027:Space Shuttle program 7014: 6922:Space Shuttle Project 6909:Space Shuttle America 6820:Payload Assist Module 6477:(engine test article) 6155:Space Shuttle program 6090:Columbia Hills (Mars) 5604:NASA's Space Shuttle 5278:. February 23, 2003. 4118:. NASA SP-2016-4550. 3613:(February 18, 2003). 3297:. February 10, 2003. 3202:Roberts, Jim (2003). 2997:The Los Angeles Times 2785:"Michael P. Anderson" 2706:. NASA. August 2004. 2356:; Rummel, Robert W.; 2277:Engineering disasters 2106:built in 2004 at the 1973:Space Mirror Memorial 1962:, the first pilot of 1916: 1875: 1681: 1608:Space Shuttle updates 1475:Cause of the accident 1468:Harold W. Gehman, Jr. 1409: 1250:Toledo Bend Reservoir 1204: 1196: 1163: 1152:Presidential response 1082: 972: 891: 843:Department of Defense 829: 812:United Space Alliance 789: 751:ballistic coefficient 710: 563: 550:Space Shuttle mission 466: 393:Space Shuttle program 389:solid rocket boosters 347: 226:Space Shuttle mission 68:February 1, 2003 59:STS-107 mission patch 7320:Destroyed spacecraft 6815:Inertial Upper Stage 6691:Wake Shield Facility 6671:Freestar experiments 6197:Solid Rocket Booster 6041:disaster (destroyed) 5402:. The Space Review. 5182:"PUBLIC LAW 108–391" 4798:"Forever Remembered" 4679:(February 6, 2003). 3970:"Launch and Landing" 3651:. February 1, 2016. 3557:. January 31, 2004. 3267:. February 3, 2003. 3206:NASA. Archived from 3175:(February 1, 2003). 3099:Leinbach, Michael D. 2653:Osheroff, Douglas D. 2120:Ames Research Center 2026:and the crew. Seven 1940:Johnson Space Center 1878:Johnson Space Center 1820:Program cancellation 1329:Texas Forest Service 1301:flight data recorder 1254:Dover Air Force Base 1061:ballistic trajectory 851:Johnson Space Center 726:(LC-39A) at 10:39:00 441:Kennedy Space Center 220:disintegrated as it 191:, payload specialist 185:, mission specialist 179:, mission specialist 173:, mission specialist 167:, mission specialist 7340:2003 in spaceflight 7276:32.95611; -99.04139 7267: / 6764:Space Launch System 6536:Crawler-transporter 6377:Abort landing sites 5768:Michael P. Anderson 5308:The Washington Post 3710:; Wallace, Steven; 3706:; Tetrault, Roger; 3235:The Daily Telegraph 3179:. The White House. 2759:"William C. McCool" 2667:(August 26, 2003). 2663:; Wallace, Steven; 2659:; Tetrault, Roger; 2420:: Specialty Press. 2362:Walker, Arthur B.C. 2348:; Hotz, Robert B.; 2346:Feynman, Richard P. 2044:51826 Kalpanachawla 1977:KSC Visitor Complex 1925:KSC Visitor Complex 1377:fault tree analysis 1314:Imation Corporation 1137:inertia reel system 954:seconds. At 8:44:09 921:Flight Control Team 687:, a colonel in the 681:mission specialists 651:, a U.S. Air Force 280:atmosphere of Earth 254:broke off from the 165:Michael P. Anderson 49: 7370:Disasters in Texas 7211: 7016: 6999:Space Shuttle and 6889:(2010 documentary) 6881:(2004 documentary) 6873:(1994 documentary) 6857:(1985 documentary) 6854:The Dream Is Alive 6849:(1982 documentary) 6551:NASA recovery ship 6541:Mate-Demate Device 6114:(2004 documentary) 6106:(1982 documentary) 5620:(February 4, 2003) 4963:. March 23, 2006. 4505:The New York Times 3587:. August 2, 2011. 3425:The New York Times 3366:. March 20, 2003. 3204:"In Search Of ..." 2816:. NASA. May 2004. 2466:: Voyageur Press. 2366:Yeager, Charles E. 2334:Armstrong, Neil A. 2330:Rogers, William P. 2196:held in Houston's 2194:Super Bowl XXXVIII 2155:Downey, California 2056:51829 Williemccool 2036:51824 Mikeanderson 2001:Forever Remembered 1928: 1886: 1854:Crew Dragon Demo-2 1792:and deploying the 1684: 1436: 1248:, and west of the 1214: 1199: 1189:Recovery of debris 1170: 1121:Crew survivability 1085: 1038:Littlefield, Texas 986: 894: 832: 792: 722:launched from the 717: 697:payload specialist 653:lieutenant colonel 598: 469: 387:(ET), and the two 357: 235:and crew in 1986. 7355:2003 in Louisiana 7325:Atmospheric entry 7216: 7215: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7159: 7156:destroyed in 2002 7145: 7131: 7121: 7111: 7101: 7091: 7087:destroyed in 2003 7075: 7065: 7061:destroyed in 1986 6966: 6965: 6650:Launch Entry Suit 6478: 6470: 6460: 6405: 6345:Launch Complex 39 6310: 6302: 6121: 6120: 6043:1 February 2003 ( 5825: 5824: 5753:William C. McCool 5463:. June 22, 2011. 5373:Houston Chronicle 5342:Los Angeles Times 5219:Los Angeles Times 5158:. June 10, 2003. 4771:Houston Chronicle 3708:Turcotte, Stephen 3692:Hubbard, G. Scott 3690:; Hess, Kenneth; 3555:Los Angeles Times 3210:on March 20, 2009 2661:Turcotte, Stephen 2645:Hubbard, G. Scott 2643:; Hess, Kenneth; 2358:Sutter, Joseph F. 2350:Kutyna, Donald J. 2342:Covert, Eugene E. 2338:Acheson, David C. 2048:51827 Laurelclark 2032:51823 Rickhusband 1911: 1910: 1553:lithium hydroxide 1273:US Forest Service 1161: 992:crossed over the 919:am EST the Entry 889: 689:Israeli Air Force 525:ablative material 383:and payload, the 211: 210: 159:William C. McCool 18:Columbia accident 16:(Redirected from 7387: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7224: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7153: 7143: 7129: 7119: 7109: 7099: 7083: 7073: 7057: 7022: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6970: 6870:Destiny in Space 6476: 6468: 6458: 6414:Mission timeline 6399: 6308: 6300: 6171:List of missions 6148: 6141: 6134: 6125: 6036:Out of service: 6024: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5735: 5699: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5584: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5339: 5337:"Mixed Emotions" 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:on July 23, 2006 4425: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4107: 4096: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3134: 3117: 3116: 3095: 3036: 3035: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2843:"David M. Brown" 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2811:"Kalpana Chawla" 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2633: 2510: 2509: 2494:. Somerset, UK: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2455: 2432: 2431: 2409: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2368:(June 6, 1986). 2326: 2307: 2303: 2147:Colorado Rockies 2040:51825 Davidbrown 1922: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1811: 1782: 1752: 1740: 1720:Stephen Robinson 1693: 1550: 1514: 1485: 1432:brittle fracture 1401:Lake Nacogdoches 1353:Michael Leinbach 1298: 1265:Gulf Strike Team 1211: 1162: 1128:depressurization 1074: 1054: 1008: 999: 957: 953: 949: 945: 933: 918: 890: 840: 809: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 748: 742:(RCC) panels on 737: 733: 729: 649:Michael Anderson 374: 300: 78: 76: 71: 57: 50: 21: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7285: 7284: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7212: 7201: 7196: 7134: 7038:Buran programme 7036:Soviet/Russian 7017: 7004: 7003:-class orbiters 6997: 6967: 6962: 6808:studied designs 6791: 6773: 6734:Shuttle-Centaur 6695: 6659: 6628: 6604:Getaway Special 6587: 6524: 6487: 6443: 6389: 6383: 6333: 6286: 6231: 6180: 6157: 6152: 6122: 6117: 6050: 6025: 6016: 5865: 5856: 5826: 5821: 5782: 5736: 5727: 5700: 5689: 5672: 5667: 5600: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4105: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3787:Popular Science 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3712:Widnall, Sheila 3682: 3681: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3615:"Board Charter" 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3465:. May 1, 2003. 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3395:Spaceflight Now 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3173:Bush, George W. 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3135: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3096: 3039: 3028:The Aviationist 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2665:Widnall, Sheila 2635: 2634: 2513: 2506: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2457: 2456: 2435: 2428: 2411: 2410: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2268: 2221:Launch Director 2210:You Raise Me Up 2198:Reliant Stadium 2182:national anthem 2135:Amarillo, Texas 2052:51828 Ilanramon 1920: 1897: 1891:External videos 1870: 1838:Michael Griffin 1822: 1809: 1780: 1773: 1767: 1750: 1738: 1691: 1676: 1670: 1610: 1605: 1548: 1542: 1529: 1512: 1483: 1477: 1453: 1444: 1383:The search for 1350:Launch Director 1296: 1246:Hemphill, Texas 1222:Gregory Johnson 1209: 1191: 1156: 1154: 1123: 1072: 1052: 1006: 997: 988:At 8:53:46 am, 955: 951: 947: 943: 940:Charlie Hobaugh 931: 916: 910: 882: 838: 807: 784: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 746: 735: 731: 727: 705: 558: 552: 547: 509:s destruction. 461: 424:thermal soaking 415:(OMS) engines. 372: 342: 336: 331: 298: 258:and struck the 252:insulating foam 194: 74: 72: 69: 60: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7393: 7391: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7335:2003 disasters 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7300:Kalpana Chawla 7297: 7287: 7286: 7250: 7249: 7237: 7214: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7160: 7146: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7102: 7092: 7076: 7066: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7034: 7025:United States 7020: 7018: 7009: 7006: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Saturn-Shuttle 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6509: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6462: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6303: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5859:Space Shuttle 5857: 5855: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5763:Kalpana Chawla 5760: 5758:David M. Brown 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710:Space Shuttle 5706: 5704: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5681:Space Shuttle 5677: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5610: 5599: 5598:External links 5596: 5595: 5594: 5576: 5575: 5542: 5511: 5478: 5448: 5417: 5390: 5359: 5326: 5293: 5263: 5236: 5205: 5173: 5143: 5112: 5085: 5059: 5032: 5005: 4978: 4948: 4922: 4895: 4868: 4841: 4815: 4800:. NASA. 2022. 4789: 4756: 4729: 4718:on May 8, 2022 4702: 4677:Woodruff, Judy 4668: 4637: 4606: 4580: 4553: 4522: 4491: 4464: 4437: 4405: 4374: 4347: 4320: 4293: 4262: 4230: 4199: 4166: 4136: 4115:978-1626830318 4114: 4086: 4056: 4022: 3987: 3957: 3918: 3891: 3861: 3834: 3804: 3773: 3739: 3688:Hallock, James 3684:Gehman, Harold 3666: 3632: 3602: 3572: 3542: 3511: 3480: 3450: 3412: 3381: 3351: 3312: 3282: 3252: 3221: 3194: 3164: 3118: 3112:978-1628728514 3111: 3037: 3014: 2983: 2912: 2886: 2860: 2834: 2802: 2776: 2750: 2724: 2692: 2641:Hallock, James 2637:Gehman, Harold 2511: 2505:978-1844258666 2504: 2479: 2473:978-0963397454 2472: 2433: 2427:978-1580072496 2426: 2393: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2170:Houston Astros 2151:Columbia Point 2085:Columbia Hills 1960:Robert Crippen 1909: 1908: 1893: 1892: 1869: 1866: 1862:Robert Behnken 1821: 1818: 1802:Michael Fossum 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1716:Soichi Noguchi 1672:Main article: 1669: 1666: 1654:accelerometers 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1541: 1538: 1528: 1525: 1515:8, taken from 1476: 1473: 1446:Main article: 1443: 1437: 1410:Mock-up of an 1319:On March 27 a 1226:US Coast Guard 1224:traveled on a 1212:s main engines 1190: 1187: 1174:George W. Bush 1153: 1150: 1122: 1119: 1115:William Readdy 950:minutes and 38 909: 906: 783: 780: 704: 701: 679:, flew as the 661:Kalpana Chawla 638:William McCool 626:U.S. Air Force 554:Main article: 551: 548: 546: 543: 460: 457: 338:Main article: 335: 332: 330: 327: 317:to repair the 278:reentered the 215:Space Shuttle 209: 208: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 186: 180: 177:David M. Brown 174: 171:Kalpana Chawla 168: 162: 156: 149: 147: 143: 142: 127: 123: 122: 115: 111: 110: 100: 96: 95: 84: 80: 79: 66: 62: 61: 58: 44:Space Shuttle 32:Space Shuttle 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7392: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7360:2003 in Texas 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7235:United States 7226: 7222: 7208: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7179: 7174: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7013: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6924: 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2751: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:Logsdon, John 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:Ride, Sally K 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2244:documentary, 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:entire season 2183: 2179: 2178:first pitches 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:supercomputer 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:Patti LaBelle 1953: 1949: 1946:and his wife 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934:and his wife 1933: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Piers Sellers 1795: 1791: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603:NASA response 1602: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362:Pamela Melroy 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348:debris. NASA 1347: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234:Jim Wetherbee 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 995: 991: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 965: 960: 941: 937: 928: 926: 922: 914: 907: 905: 903: 897: 879: 874: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 837: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 806: 802: 797: 788: 781: 779: 777: 758:minutes and 7 752: 745: 741: 730:am. At T+81.7 725: 721: 714: 709: 702: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Navy captains 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 611: 607: 603: 600:For STS-107, 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 557: 549: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 521: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 478: 475: 465: 458: 456: 454: 453:Pacific Ocean 450: 444: 442: 436: 434: 430: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 399: 394: 390: 386: 385:external tank 382: 378: 370: 366: 362: 361:Space Shuttle 354: 353:external tank 350: 346: 341: 340:Space Shuttle 334:Space Shuttle 333: 328: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262:tiles on the 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 233: 227: 223: 219: 218: 207: 205: 201: 197: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121:during launch 120: 119:external tank 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 67: 63: 56: 51: 47: 41: 37: 35: 19: 7252: 7192:(dismantled) 7176:(incomplete) 7162: 7155: 7148: 7124: 7114: 7104: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7068: 7059: 7052: 7000: 6955: 6949: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6876: 6868: 6860: 6852: 6844: 6786:Independence 6785: 6512: 6511: 6499: 6465: 6455: 6390:and training 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6109: 6101: 6062: 6038: 6037: 5860: 5794: 5773:Laurel Clark 5748:Rick Husband 5711: 5682: 5680: 5608:and her crew 5605: 5566:. Retrieved 5545: 5533:. Retrieved 5524: 5514: 5504:November 17, 5502:. Retrieved 5493:The Scotsman 5491: 5481: 5471:November 28, 5469:. Retrieved 5451: 5441:November 28, 5439:. Retrieved 5420: 5410:November 28, 5408:. Retrieved 5393: 5383:November 28, 5381:. Retrieved 5372: 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5341: 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5306: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5239: 5227:. Retrieved 5218: 5208: 5196:. Retrieved 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5125: 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 5008: 4996:. Retrieved 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4871: 4861:December 16, 4859:. Retrieved 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4792: 4780:. Retrieved 4769: 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4716:the original 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4684: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4650: 4640: 4628:. Retrieved 4619: 4609: 4597:. 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Retrieved 3424: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3394: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3363: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3326:The Guardian 3325: 3315: 3303:. Retrieved 3294: 3285: 3273:. Retrieved 3264: 3255: 3243:. Retrieved 3234: 3224: 3212:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3139: 3102: 3027: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 2986: 2976:February 11, 2974:. Retrieved 2903:. Retrieved 2895:"Ilan Ramon" 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2837: 2825:. Retrieved 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2779: 2767:. Retrieved 2753: 2741:. Retrieved 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2496:Zenith Press 2491: 2488:Baker, David 2482: 2459: 2413: 2384:. Retrieved 2301: 2282:Expedition 6 2256: 2250: 2245: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2216: 2214: 2208:performing " 2201: 2189: 2173: 2172:honored the 2163: 2149:was renamed 2132: 2097: 2089:Husband Hill 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1967: 1963: 1929: 1917: 1864:to the ISS. 1823: 1813: 1805: 1790:landing gear 1784: 1774: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1735: 1734:and went to 1704:rendezvoused 1700: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1658: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1613: 1611: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1532: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1503: 1496: 1480: 1478: 1461: 1457:Sean O'Keefe 1454: 1448: 1439: 1426: 1420: 1398: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1370: 1366:Marsha Ivins 1356: 1345: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1318: 1308: 1304: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1258: 1242: 1215: 1206: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1165: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1124: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1086: 1048: 1046: 1034:aileron trim 1031: 1010: 989: 987: 973: 958: 929: 912: 911: 901: 898: 895: 876: 867: 862: 835: 833: 821: 804: 795: 793: 775: 743: 719: 718: 712: 695:, flew as a 673:Laurel Clark 620:, who was a 618:Rick Husband 615: 604:carried the 601: 599: 564:The crew of 529: 522: 511: 506: 479: 473: 470: 445: 437: 417: 403: 397: 358: 348: 290: 288: 275: 267: 243: 237: 231: 216: 212: 203: 183:Laurel Clark 153:Rick Husband 130: 45: 40: 33: 7274: / 7247:Spaceflight 6897:(2013 film) 6865:(1990 film) 6701:Derivatives 6664:Experiments 6633:Space suits 6619:Shuttle-Mir 6469:(simulator) 6456:Inspiration 6424:Abort modes 6207:Main engine 5095:"Kalpana 1" 5068:"Kalpana-1" 3704:Ride, Sally 3405:February 1, 3214:February 9, 2905:January 25, 2879:January 25, 2853:January 25, 2827:January 25, 2795:January 25, 2769:January 25, 2743:January 25, 2717:January 19, 2657:Ride, Sally 2418:Forest Lake 2240:released a 2206:Josh Groban 2166:Opening Day 2110:was named " 2019:accidents. 1944:Dick Cheney 1858:Doug Hurley 1743:Edwards AFB 1728:payload bay 1334:A group of 1230:Nacogdoches 669:David Brown 533:during the 367:(NASA). It 315:one mission 284:heat shield 155:, commander 7289:Categories 7259:32°57′22″N 7126:Pathfinder 7070:Enterprise 7054:Challenger 6862:Challenger 6835:Retirement 6624:Hitchhiker 6500:Challenger 6466:Pathfinder 6388:Operations 6260:Challenger 6246:Enterprise 6185:Components 5812:Hitchhiker 5778:Ilan Ramon 5568:August 22, 5535:August 22, 5352:August 22, 5319:August 21, 5198:August 22, 5166:August 21, 5136:August 21, 5105:August 21, 5078:August 21, 5052:August 22, 5025:August 22, 4998:August 21, 4971:August 21, 4941:August 21, 4915:August 21, 4888:August 21, 4834:August 21, 4808:August 21, 4749:August 21, 4722:August 21, 4661:August 21, 4630:August 22, 4599:August 22, 4573:August 22, 4546:August 22, 4515:August 22, 4484:August 20, 4398:August 21, 4367:August 21, 4340:August 21, 4330:"Overview" 4313:August 21, 4286:August 21, 4255:August 21, 4223:August 21, 4159:August 20, 4129:August 20, 4079:August 20, 4049:August 20, 4015:August 20, 3980:August 20, 3911:August 19, 3884:August 19, 3854:August 19, 3827:August 19, 3797:August 19, 3766:August 19, 3732:August 15, 3659:August 15, 3625:August 15, 2685:August 15, 2464:Stillwater 2314:References 2204:by singer 2192:disaster, 2071:was named 2013:Challenger 1997:Challenger 1989:Challenger 1724:spacewalks 1642:Challenger 1533:Challenger 1498:Enterprise 1288:Challenger 1218:Mark Kelly 1107:LeRoy Cain 1023:New Mexico 994:California 801:Wayne Hale 766:minutes 30 685:Ilan Ramon 630:test pilot 404:Enterprise 329:Background 301:2005 with 291:Challenger 244:Challenger 232:Challenger 189:Ilan Ramon 75:2003-02-01 34:Challenger 7262:99°2′29″W 7116:Endeavour 7096:Discovery 7084:(OV-102, 7058:(OV-099, 6830:Criticism 6729:Shuttle-C 6492:Disasters 6419:Rollbacks 6281:Endeavour 6267:Discovery 6096:Countdown 5525:The Times 4447:"STS-115" 4181:USA Today 3433:0362-4331 3334:0261-3077 3157:March 10, 2258:The Story 2128:Kalpana-1 2028:asteroids 1806:Discovery 1794:parachute 1785:Discovery 1755:Discovery 1747:Discovery 1736:Discovery 1732:Canadarm2 1701:Discovery 1697:Discovery 1688:Discovery 1634:Endeavour 1626:Discovery 1504:Discovery 1065:flat spin 859:Linda Ham 774:minutes, 693:astronaut 645:commander 642:U.S. Navy 507:Columbia' 422:(TPS), a 199:Inquiries 108:Louisiana 7106:Atlantis 7080:Columbia 7042:orbiters 7031:orbiters 6778:Replicas 6515:disaster 6513:Columbia 6502:disaster 6459:(design) 6402:canceled 6397:Missions 6324:Spacehab 6306:Canadarm 6298:Spacelab 6274:Atlantis 6253:Columbia 6237:Orbiters 6075:STS-61-H 6070:STS-61-E 6063:Columbia 6039:Columbia 5907:STS-61-C 5864:(OV-102) 5861:Columbia 5807:FREESTAR 5802:SpaceHab 5795:Columbia 5787:See also 5712:Columbia 5685:disaster 5683:Columbia 5606:Columbia 5559:Archived 5557:. NASA. 5529:Archived 5498:Archived 5465:Archived 5435:Archived 5404:Archived 5377:Archived 5346:Archived 5313:Archived 5280:Archived 5250:Archived 5248:. NASA. 5223:Archived 5189:Archived 5160:Archived 5130:Archived 5099:Archived 5097:. NASA. 5072:Archived 5046:Archived 5044:. NASA. 5019:Archived 5017:. NASA. 4992:Archived 4990:. NASA. 4965:Archived 4935:Archived 4909:Archived 4907:. NASA. 4882:Archived 4880:. NASA. 4855:Archived 4853:. NASA. 4828:Archived 4802:Archived 4782:July 19, 4776:Archived 4743:Archived 4741:. NASA. 4689:Archived 4655:Archived 4624:Archived 4567:Archived 4565:. NASA. 4540:Archived 4509:Archived 4478:Archived 4476:. NASA. 4451:Archived 4449:. NASA. 4392:Archived 4361:Archived 4334:Archived 4332:. NASA. 4307:Archived 4305:. NASA. 4280:Archived 4249:Archived 4247:. NASA. 4217:Archived 4186:Archived 4153:Archived 4151:. 2022. 4120:Archived 4073:Archived 4071:. NASA. 4043:Archived 4006:Archived 3974:Archived 3972:. NASA. 3941:Archived 3905:Archived 3903:. NASA. 3878:Archived 3876:. NASA. 3848:Archived 3846:. NASA. 3821:Archived 3819:. NASA. 3791:Archived 3760:Archived 3723:Archived 3714:(2003). 3653:Archived 3643:Columbia 3619:Archived 3617:. NASA. 3595:July 27, 3589:Archived 3559:Archived 3535:July 25, 3529:Archived 3504:July 25, 3498:Archived 3473:July 25, 3467:Archived 3463:BBC News 3443:July 25, 3437:Archived 3399:Archived 3374:July 25, 3368:Archived 3344:July 27, 3338:Archived 3305:July 27, 3299:Archived 3275:July 27, 3269:Archived 3265:BBC News 3245:July 27, 3239:Archived 3181:Archived 3148:Archived 3032:Archived 3007:July 24, 3001:Archived 2967:Archived 2899:Archived 2873:Archived 2847:Archived 2818:Archived 2789:Archived 2763:Archived 2737:Archived 2708:Archived 2676:Archived 2490:(2011). 2386:July 13, 2377:Archived 2266:See also 2202:Columbia 2190:Columbia 2174:Columbia 2112:Columbia 2077:Columbia 2073:Columbia 2024:Columbia 2017:Columbia 2005:Columbia 1993:Apollo 1 1968:Columbia 1964:Columbia 1918:Columbia 1814:Atlantis 1759:Atlantis 1650:Canadarm 1646:Columbia 1638:Columbia 1630:Atlantis 1614:Columbia 1596:Columbia 1589:Columbia 1585:Atlantis 1581:Columbia 1573:Atlantis 1568:Atlantis 1561:Spacehab 1557:Columbia 1546:Columbia 1521:Columbia 1517:Atlantis 1509:Atlantis 1481:Columbia 1462:Columbia 1449:Columbia 1440:Columbia 1427:Columbia 1421:Atlantis 1390:Columbia 1385:Columbia 1357:Columbia 1346:Columbia 1321:Bell 407 1309:Columbia 1305:Columbia 1294:Columbia 1280:Columbia 1207:Columbia 1183:Columbia 1179:Columbia 1166:Columbia 1111:Columbia 1102:Columbia 1049:Columbia 1011:Columbia 990:Columbia 974:Columbia 959:Columbia 913:Columbia 902:Columbia 863:Columbia 849:and the 836:Columbia 805:Columbia 796:Columbia 776:Columbia 744:Columbia 720:Columbia 713:Columbia 606:SpaceHab 602:Columbia 586:Anderson 530:Atlantis 474:Columbia 398:Columbia 371:in April 349:Columbia 276:Columbia 268:Columbia 248:SpaceHab 230:loss of 217:Columbia 204:Columbia 131:Columbia 129:Loss of 99:Location 86:8:59 am 48:disaster 46:Columbia 36:disaster 7221:Portals 7164:Ptichka 7154:(1.01, 6929:Shuttle 6796:Related 6759:Liberty 6724:Jupiter 6592:Special 6583:STS-3xx 6571:flights 6529:Support 6448:Testing 6291:Add-ons 6192:Orbiter 6080:STS-144 6055:Related 6045:STS-107 6012:STS-107 6007:STS-109 5870:Flights 5670:STS-107 5431:Variety 5286:May 31, 5256:May 31, 5229:May 31, 4536:Science 4359:. NPR. 3187:May 10, 2306:forces. 2145:in the 2116:Kalpana 1975:at the 1884:, Texas 1882:Houston 1842:STS-125 1777:STS-121 1771:STS-121 1708:docking 1674:STS-114 1662:STS-3xx 1501:, 1434:of RCC. 1412:orbiter 1019:Arizona 934:am the 908:Reentry 871:STS-114 675:, both 624:in the 622:colonel 574:Husband 566:STS-107 556:STS-107 518:STS-113 514:STS-112 512:During 483:STS-107 395:. 377:orbiter 323:retired 303:STS-114 264:orbiter 240:STS-107 161:, pilot 135:retired 126:Outcome 90:(13:59 73: ( 7141:OK-GLI 6886:Hubble 6714:Magnum 6519:report 6506:report 6030:Status 6002:STS-93 5997:STS-90 5992:STS-87 5987:STS-94 5982:STS-83 5977:STS-80 5972:STS-78 5967:STS-75 5962:STS-73 5957:STS-65 5952:STS-62 5947:STS-58 5942:STS-55 5937:STS-52 5932:STS-50 5927:STS-40 5922:STS-35 5917:STS-32 5912:STS-28 4112: 3431: 3332: 3109: 2502: 2470: 2424: 2253:Runrig 2081:Spirit 2068:Spirit 1906:C-SPAN 1868:Legacy 1850:SpaceX 1810: 1781: 1751: 1692: 1636:(only 1632:, and 1622:LC-39B 1513: 1507:, and 1238:Lufkin 1232:, and 1073: 1053: 1025:, and 1007: 998: 956: 952: 948: 944: 932: 917: 816:Boeing 814:, and 794:After 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 736: 732: 728: 665:STS-87 657:STS-89 634:STS-96 628:and a 590:McCool 582:Chawla 545:Flight 535:STS-27 503:STS-62 499:STS-52 495:STS-50 491:STS-32 449:Indian 373: 299: 146:Deaths 7150:Buran 7001:Buran 6769:OmegA 6738:Ares 6475:MPTA 6409:Crews 6338:Sites 6309:(CSA) 6301:(ESA) 5902:STS-9 5897:STS-5 5892:STS-4 5887:STS-3 5882:STS-2 5877:STS-1 5562:(PDF) 5555:(PDF) 5192:(PDF) 5185:(PDF) 5126:ABC 7 4620:Space 4594:Wired 4424:(PDF) 4417:(PDF) 4388:Space 4276:Space 4213:Space 4123:(PDF) 4106:(PDF) 4039:Space 4009:(PDF) 4002:(PDF) 3944:(PDF) 3937:(PDF) 3756:Space 3726:(PDF) 3719:(PDF) 3151:(PDF) 3144:(PDF) 2970:(PDF) 2963:(PDF) 2821:(PDF) 2814:(PDF) 2711:(PDF) 2704:(PDF) 2679:(PDF) 2672:(PDF) 2380:(PDF) 2373:(PDF) 2293:Notes 2064:rover 2058:. 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