506:
482:, with the company $ 624,000 in debt. Initially it was offered for sale for 25 cents on the dollar, but received only one offer, for less than $ 100,000, prompting its interests, headed by Frank L. Chase, to withdraw the offer. Under an order from a federal judge, $ 273,000, or 44 percent of the debt, was eventually paid to creditors. In 1914, a new entity, named the New Columbus Buggy Co., was incorporated with $ 500,000 in capital under a new ownership group, including C. A. Finnegan and E. D. Hoefeller of
236:
365:
373:
29:
199:, and quickly saw success. At its height it employed 1,200 people and was producing 100 buggies a day which were sold in every state in the United States. The company was one of the city's major employers and a significant portion of the city's buggy manufacturing economy. After the turn of the century it oriented itself toward production of electric vehicles and, later, of
162:
284:. The business saw immediate success thanks to a design created by the Peters brothers and a system of labor that made production efficient, and it sold 237 buggies in its first year. The building it was housed in burnt down on May 27, 1874, and was rebuilt. In 1875 its owners sold the business to another buggy producer, H. K. Tuller of Buckeye Buggy Company.
486:. This entity, controlled by the company's creditors, continued production at the plant. That same year, Firestone died. Both the Firestone Electric and the Columbus-Firestone vehicle lines were produced into 1915, when the company ceased operations, leaving an inventory of 35 new electric cars and 12 automobiles, as well as several used cars.
408:
speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h), limited range and a need to recharge batteries for several hours. Powered by
Willard batteries, this car sold for about $ 1,000. It produced several models including the No. 3003 Firestone Motor Buggy: a light motor buggy, which it also marketed to physicians as a medical
355:
By 1900, about two dozen other buggy producers had formed around
Columbus, with factories working day and night in the city, and an estimated one in six buggies in use around the world was built in Columbus. Some of these companies were older than Columbus Buggy Co, but the manufacturer remained one
431:
as his assistant. The
Firestone-Columbus, a gasoline-powered car geared toward families, began production in 1909. About 500 of the vehicles sold in the first year and it was generally well received in the market. Improvements were made to the vehicles continually as they were produced, as opposed
331:
for two months before the courts decided in
Studebaker's favor in December 1884. Columbus Buggy Co. was obliged to pay $ 3,000 in damages, though it began to use Timken springs in models starting in 1886, and the Timken and Firestone families maintained a friendly relationship during and after the
520:
The company played a key role in shaping the early history of the automobile. Its manufacturing processes for efficiently producing vehicles were notable and ahead of many companies of its time. The success of the business brought attention to C. D. Firestone, who became a prominent figure in the
407:
in 1903, the
Columbus Electric Model No. 1000. This would be one of several models of electric vehicle the company produced in larger scale beginning in 1905. The company advertised the vehicles as easy to operate, targeting women, and that they were quiet. But the vehicles were limited by a top
547:
Eddie
Rickenbacker joined the company at the age of 17, and he quickly became an engineer and troubleshooter, dispatched to help owners when they had problems with their vehicles, and his service increased the reputation of the business among its owners. It was during this assignment that
572:, acquired two of the production facilities at 390 and 400 W. Nationwide Blvd., termed the "Buggyworks," and redeveloped them into 145,000 square feet of office space. The development project cost $ 10.5 million. The office buildings attracted a number of tenants, the first being
622:
C. D. Firestone constructed a substantial terra-cotta home at 580 East Broad St. Completed in 1886, the mansion was sold to the
Columbus Mutual Life Insurance Co. which used it as a headquarters until the building was demolished in 1962. The site subsequently was home to an auto
335:
The company continued to add buildings as it continued to expand along High Street until it became the largest manufacturer of buggies in the world. By 1888 it occupied an entire city block between High Street and Wall Street. In 1890 it pledged $ 5,000 to the creation of a
447:, it became popular and sold 2,000 units a year, all made at the 400 Dublin Road plant. By 1912 there were more cars of this brand than any other in Columbus and the company was producing 2,000 a year. But it also struggled to compete with cheaper competitors, notably the
608:
at another
Columbus buggy producer. E. & H. F. Booth at Fourth and Gay streets, in 1856 for $ 3 per week. His father, Tunis Peters, owned a large tanyard, Peters Run, in Columbus where he learned the business and later went into work building houses in
271:
and building using a specialized manufacturing system. Before 1870 they produced 100 and sold them successfully at auction, though their business partners refused further work, leaving them in debt. In 1870, they were introduced to
Firestone, a native of
312:, carriage fenders, washes and straps for carriage dealers and manufacturers. The company quickly saw success, drawing $ 50,000 in revenue in its first year, but sales quickly grew. By 1878 it had 250 employees and was making 100 buggies a week.
347:
a day, with its products exported to other countries around the world. Its revenue grew to $ 2 million a year on an active capital of about $ 1 million and about $ 300,000 a month in payroll. The company had a presence at the
563:
The company's original buildings north of downtown
Columbus were redeveloped as part of a larger revival of the industrial area north of Columbus — by then termed the Arena District — following the construction of
436:. There were a few different variations on the vehicle, including the model 76-A, an intermediate sized vehicle that could carry four passengers. The Columbus-Firestone was reported to be the first car with its
1531:
266:
Before starting the company, the Peters brothers had worked in the leather trade, but had developed a process to produce cheap buggies for close to $ 150 apiece, using wood obtained from a company near the
280:, moved to Columbus and financed the business with $ 5,000. Their first venture, Iron Buggy Company, launched in 1870 in a shanty built for $ 100, at 180 North High Street and focused it on selling cheap
613:
before many of them burned in a fire in 1845. A subsequent trunk manufacturing business is believed to be where Peters developed manufacturing skills that would lead to the success of Columbus Buggy Co.
412:, as well as the Columbus Station Wagon No. 1102, which was to be driven by a chauffeur while its passengers rode in an enclosed compartment. In 1907, it bought the Springfield Automotive Company of
462:, designed by Frayer and Rickenbacker and driven by Frayer. Though the car didn't finish the race, it was credited with finishing 13th in the race. They subsequently entered a car into the
292:
In 1875, the three formed the Columbus Buggy Company and Peters Dash Company, with $ 20,000 in capital. Its first facility was locating at Wall and Locust streets near the modern day
497:
leased the plant and built automobiles there before closing in 1923. The building itself was home to Janitrol Corp. before being redeveloped as the Buggyworks building in the 1990s.
536:, who helped him obtain tires for custom-built racing carriages. Firestone, seeing the advantage of the buggies' thick rubber tires, left the company and in 1900 founded the
1546:
1541:
1536:
352:, where it boasted that it had dealerships in every state and shipped overseas. By that year, though, its buggies, which sold for $ 110, were considered overpriced.
1551:
323:, alleging the company had stolen the idea for an "automatic" spring part used in its carriages, and seeking $ 50,000 in damages. Columbus Buggy Co. filed a
356:
of the largest businesses in the city. Columbus Buggy Co. moved its production to a new plant at 400 Dublin Road in 1906 at Firestone's insistence.
1526:
1197:
1141:
1521:
1491:
1449:
1382:
1353:
1331:
1309:
1287:
1265:
1422:
585:
537:
1463:
1362:
1116:
513:
1367:
340:
building in downtown Columbus. In the meantime, it began advertising its vehicles and dash products heavily in magazines.
573:
490:
349:
251:
as a ripe location for a business thanks to cheap labor as well as the recent network of railroads created during the
222:. The company buildings, after some time empty, have since been re-developed as office space in the Arena District.
505:
315:
In 1883, the company had 1,000 employees and was producing 25,000 buggies a year. That year it was struck with a
544:
to produce rubber tires for carriages and buggies. By 1904, it was the largest tire manufacturer in the world.
305:
181:
57:
1230:
1202:
1146:
548:
Rickenbacker, while serving as a test driver for the vehicles, developed an affinity for driving fast cars.
301:
528:, was a salesmen for the company. During his time as a salesman, and racing buggies through the streets of
308:. His business specialized in making buggies that were affordable to people at all price ranges as well as
239:
First home of the Iron Buggy Co., the predecessor of the Columbus Buggy Co., at 180 N. High St. in Columbus
1483:
1345:
444:
256:
524:
Several of the company's employees rose to great prominence in the industry. Clinton Firestone's cousin,
1374:
1174:
463:
459:
243:
The Columbus Buggy Company was established by entrepreneur Clinton D. Firestone and brothers George and
214:
It influenced the early automobile industry production methods and several notable employees, including
191:
Begun by three business partners, the company set up its manufacturing facilities in what is today the
1506:
1225:
576:. Another portion of the complex at 440 W. Nationwide Blvd., was redeveloped into loft condominiums.
569:
293:
211:, the company eventually went bankrupt in 1913, reorganized, and closed its doors a few years later.
166:
525:
509:
475:
343:
At its height in 1892, the company employed 1,200 people and built 100 vehicles and 1,500 carriage
316:
235:
219:
204:
551:
Some of the original sales catalog promotional material of the company are still preserved in the
1323:
1301:
1279:
521:
carriage industry and he became president of the Carriage Builders National Association in 1888.
428:
409:
328:
281:
277:
252:
244:
215:
177:
127:
42:
1487:
1467:
1445:
1428:
1418:
1388:
1378:
1369:
A Historical Guidebook to Old Columbus: Finding the Past in the Present in Ohio's Capital City
1349:
1327:
1305:
1283:
1261:
610:
552:
529:
483:
413:
268:
1412:
565:
397:
376:
An advertisement for a 1911 "Mechanical Greyhound" automobile produced by Columbus Buggy Co.
1169:
364:
372:
28:
1120:
494:
437:
320:
297:
260:
248:
192:
185:
107:
76:
1515:
1401:
113:
448:
273:
605:
541:
384:, Columbus Buggy Co. found itself at a competitive disadvantage to companies in
324:
200:
396:, which had a greater access to steel. In 1903, though, it opted to produce an
533:
479:
433:
424:
381:
309:
196:
46:
1471:
1392:
1342:
Friends, Families, & Forays: Scenes from the Life and Times of Henry Ford
1432:
474:
The business was affected by the severe flooding of local rivers during the
389:
344:
161:
512:
was a salesman for Columbus Buggy Co. before he launched his own company,
455:
417:
1442:
Timken: From Missouri to Mars--a Century of Leadership in Manufacturing
393:
385:
208:
1198:"Buggyworks complex in Arena District gets two new office tenants"
504:
404:
371:
363:
234:
160:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
925:
923:
921:
478:
and it this damaged the business sufficiently for it to declare
403:
The 400 Dublin Road facility began producing its first electric
337:
80:
1142:"FIRST LOOK: Inside Nationwide Realty's Buggyworks renovation"
1403:
History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Vol. 2 of 2
400:
to compete with these new and increasingly popular vehicles.
789:
787:
785:
1444:, Watertown, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press,
259:
also granted them ample access to coal, wood and iron from
857:
855:
853:
568:. Nationwide Realty Investors, a development affiliate of
1480:
Automobile Manufacturers of Cleveland and Ohio, 1864-1942
942:
940:
938:
684:
682:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
207:
and unable to compete with cheaper alternatives like the
1532:
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1003:
1001:
999:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
1117:"Columbus Buggy Company Catalog, 1889 - The Henry Ford"
828:
826:
760:
758:
733:
731:
718:
716:
896:
894:
466:, this time driven by Rickenbacker. It finished 21st.
1417:. The Making of America Series. Arcadia Publishing.
1170:"$ 10.5M 'Buggy Works' renovation in Arena District"
703:
701:
699:
697:
669:
667:
489:
Following the closure of the Columbus Buggy Co. The
255:reducing the costs of goods. The completion of the
149:
141:
133:
120:
102:
94:
86:
71:
63:
53:
38:
33:
A later model Columbus-Firestone automobile in 1909
1366:
1226:"One more piece of Arena District coming together"
1320:Columbus, Ohio: 1898-1950 in Vintage Postcards
969:
929:
1460:The Carriage Journal: Vol 15 No 4 Spring 1978
416:which had been manufacturing the Bramwell, a
8:
276:and who had operated a railroad business in
21:
1260:, Charleston, South Carolina: Nabu Press,
458:, the Red Wing, which it entered into the
27:
20:
1547:American companies disestablished in 1913
1542:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
1537:Defunct companies based in Columbus, Ohio
1103:
1043:
1031:
861:
688:
658:
1478:Wrenick, Frank; Wrenick, Elaine (2016),
126:Clinton D. Firestone, George Peters and
1055:
1019:
946:
737:
636:
597:
327:and the two businesses traded barbs in
1552:American companies established in 1875
1406:, Chicago, Illinois: Munsell & Co.
1258:The Automotive Manufacturer, Volume 56
1079:
1067:
1007:
990:
885:
844:
832:
817:
793:
764:
749:
722:
1091:
900:
304:, and near the Ohio Penitentiary and
7:
604:George Peters is also known to have
188:, United States, from 1875 to 1913.
912:
873:
805:
776:
707:
673:
1322:, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina:
1300:, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina:
1278:, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina:
195:producing inexpensive buggies and
14:
586:Clinton DeWeese Firestone mansion
538:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
427:to design a full-sized car, with
368:1906 Columbus Electric Automobile
1168:Wartenburg, Steve (2014-06-22).
16:American automobile manufacturer
1464:Carriage Association of America
514:Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.
247:Peters. The three partners saw
1527:1913 disestablishments in Ohio
1:
1482:, Jefferson, North Carolina:
1414:Columbus: The Story of a City
440:on the left side of the car.
1224:Wilder, Brent (2007-09-10).
574:Cameron Mitchell Restaurants
454:The company built a special
1522:1875 establishments in Ohio
423:In 1909, the company hired
1568:
1400:Lee, Alford Emory (1892),
1196:Weese, Evan (2016-12-20).
1140:Weese, Evan (2016-05-03).
970:Wrenick & Wrenick 2016
930:Wrenick & Wrenick 2016
360:Branching into automobiles
1318:Barrett, Richard (2002),
1296:Barrett, Richard (2007),
1274:Barrett, Richard (2006),
350:1893 Chicago World's Fair
26:
1458:Tuttle, Charles (1978),
532:, Clinton Firestone met
58:Automotive manufacturing
1484:McFarland & Company
1440:Pruitt, Bettye (1998),
1340:Bryan, Ford R. (2002),
1231:Columbus Business First
1203:Columbus Business First
1147:Columbus Business First
432:to creating successive
380:With the advent of the
300:, immediately north of
182:automotive manufacturer
174:Columbus Buggy Company
1346:Wayne State University
1119:. Dearborn, Michigan:
517:
445:1909 Chicago Auto Show
377:
369:
257:Hocking Valley Railway
240:
169:
22:Columbus Buggy Company
1375:Ohio University Press
1344:, Detroit, Michigan:
1175:The Columbus Dispatch
508:
464:1912 Indianapolis 500
460:1911 Indianapolis 500
375:
367:
238:
165:1908 Columbus at the
164:
570:Nationwide Insurance
420:powered automobile.
294:One Nationwide Plaza
1462:, Portland, Maine:
796:, pp. 126–127.
526:Harvey S. Firestone
510:Harvey S. Firestone
476:Great Flood of 1913
317:patent infringement
220:Harvey S. Firestone
205:Great Flood of 1913
151:Number of employees
137:Buggys, automobiles
98:Declared bankruptcy
23:
1411:Lentz, Ed (2003).
1324:Arcadia Publishing
1302:Arcadia Publishing
1298:Columbus 1910-1970
1280:Arcadia Publishing
1276:Columbus 1860-1910
1256:Anonymous (2012),
559:Buggyworks complex
518:
443:Introduced at the
429:Eddie Rickenbacker
378:
370:
329:trade publications
278:Cedar Rapids, Iowa
253:American Civil War
241:
216:Eddie Rickenbacker
203:. Crippled by the
170:
145:$ 2 million (1892)
128:Oscar Glaze Peters
611:Chillicothe, Ohio
553:Henry Ford Museum
530:Detroit, Michigan
484:Buffalo, New York
414:Springfield, Ohio
302:downtown Columbus
269:Ohio Penitentiary
159:
158:
1559:
1496:
1474:
1454:
1436:
1407:
1396:
1373:. Athens, Ohio:
1372:
1358:
1336:
1314:
1292:
1270:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:. Columbus, Ohio
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:. Columbus, Ohio
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:. Columbus, Ohio
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:. Columbus, Ohio
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
994:
988:
973:
967:
950:
944:
933:
927:
916:
910:
904:
898:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
848:
842:
836:
830:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
780:
774:
768:
762:
753:
747:
741:
735:
726:
720:
711:
705:
692:
686:
677:
671:
662:
656:
624:
620:
614:
602:
566:Nationwide Arena
398:electric vehicle
296:building in the
31:
24:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1477:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1425:
1410:
1399:
1385:
1361:
1356:
1339:
1334:
1317:
1312:
1295:
1290:
1273:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
997:
989:
976:
968:
953:
945:
936:
928:
919:
911:
907:
899:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
851:
843:
839:
831:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
783:
775:
771:
763:
756:
748:
744:
736:
729:
721:
714:
706:
695:
687:
680:
672:
665:
657:
638:
633:
628:
627:
621:
617:
603:
599:
594:
582:
561:
503:
491:Allen Motor Co.
472:
362:
290:
233:
228:
167:Crawford Museum
152:
123:
116:
110:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:External links
1499:
1498:
1497:
1493:978-0786475353
1492:
1475:
1455:
1451:978-0875848877
1450:
1437:
1423:
1408:
1397:
1384:978-0821420126
1383:
1359:
1355:978-0814331088
1354:
1337:
1333:978-0738519623
1332:
1315:
1311:978-1531624354
1310:
1293:
1289:978-0738539621
1288:
1271:
1267:978-1276314657
1266:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1188:
1160:
1132:
1121:The Henry Ford
1108:
1106:, p. 106.
1104:Lentz, Ed 2003
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 120.
1048:
1044:Anonymous 2012
1036:
1032:Anonymous 2012
1024:
1012:
1010:, p. 108.
995:
993:, p. 135.
974:
972:, p. 158.
951:
949:, p. 121.
934:
932:, p. 156.
917:
915:, p. 328.
905:
890:
888:, p. 390.
878:
876:, p. 717.
866:
862:Lentz, Ed 2003
849:
837:
822:
820:, p. 391.
810:
808:, p. 327.
798:
781:
779:, p. 553.
769:
767:, p. 389.
754:
752:, p. 118.
742:
727:
725:, p. 386.
712:
710:, p. 326.
693:
689:Lentz, Ed 2003
678:
676:, p. 324.
663:
659:Lentz, Ed 2003
635:
634:
632:
629:
626:
625:
615:
596:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
581:
578:
560:
557:
502:
499:
495:Fostoria, Ohio
471:
468:
438:steering wheel
361:
358:
321:Timken Company
298:Arena District
289:
286:
261:southeast Ohio
249:Columbus, Ohio
232:
229:
227:
224:
193:Arena District
186:Columbus, Ohio
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:Columbus, Ohio
106:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
67:Iron Buggy Co.
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:9780738524290
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:, p. 34.
1093:
1088:
1085:
1082:, p. 78.
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:, p. 67.
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 33.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:, p. 36.
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:, p. 14.
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
903:, p. 35.
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
864:, p. 48.
863:
858:
856:
854:
850:
847:, p. 19.
846:
841:
838:
835:, p. 18.
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
740:, p. 30.
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
691:, p. 85.
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
661:, p. 86.
660:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
630:
619:
616:
612:
607:
601:
598:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
558:
556:
554:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
515:
511:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
366:
359:
357:
353:
351:
346:
341:
339:
333:
330:
326:
322:
319:lawsuit from
318:
313:
311:
307:
306:Union Station
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
237:
230:
225:
223:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
176:was an early
175:
168:
163:
154:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
119:
115:
114:United States
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1507:Ohio History
1479:
1459:
1441:
1413:
1402:
1368:
1341:
1319:
1297:
1275:
1257:
1250:Bibliography
1236:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1201:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1056:Barrett 2002
1051:
1039:
1027:
1020:Barrett 2007
1015:
947:Barrett 2002
908:
881:
869:
840:
813:
801:
772:
745:
738:Barrett 2006
618:
600:
562:
550:
546:
523:
519:
488:
473:
456:racing buggy
453:
449:Ford Model T
442:
422:
402:
379:
354:
342:
334:
332:litigation.
314:
291:
274:Canton, Ohio
265:
242:
213:
190:
173:
171:
155:1,200 (1892)
103:Headquarters
39:Company type
18:
1363:Hunter, Bob
1080:Hunter 2012
1068:Hunter 2012
1008:Hunter 2012
991:Hunter 2012
886:Tuttle 1978
845:Pruitt 1998
833:Pruitt 1998
818:Tuttle 1978
794:Hunter 2012
765:Tuttle 1978
750:Hunter 2012
723:Tuttle 1978
606:apprenticed
434:model years
325:countersuit
201:automobiles
64:Predecessor
1516:Categories
1238:2018-02-01
1210:2018-02-01
1182:2018-02-01
1154:2018-02-01
1126:2018-02-01
1092:Bryan 2002
901:Bryan 2002
592:References
534:Henry Ford
516:, in 1900.
480:bankruptcy
425:Lee Frayer
382:automobile
345:dashboards
310:dashboards
197:dashboards
122:Key people
47:automobile
1472:0008-6916
1393:886535510
631:Citations
390:Cleveland
184:based in
1433:52740866
1365:(2012).
913:Lee 1892
874:Lee 1892
806:Lee 1892
777:Lee 1892
708:Lee 1892
674:Lee 1892
580:See also
418:gasoline
134:Products
77:Columbus
75:1875 in
54:Industry
49:producer
1348:Press,
470:Decline
410:phaeton
394:Chicago
386:Detroit
288:Success
282:buggies
226:History
209:Model T
142:Revenue
87:Defunct
72:Founded
1490:
1470:
1448:
1431:
1421:
1391:
1381:
1352:
1330:
1308:
1286:
1264:
501:Legacy
231:Origin
623:shop.
542:Akron
405:coupe
245:Oscar
178:buggy
43:Buggy
1488:ISBN
1468:ISSN
1446:ISBN
1429:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1389:OCLC
1379:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1262:ISBN
392:and
338:YMCA
218:and
180:and
172:The
95:Fate
90:1913
81:Ohio
45:and
540:in
493:of
1518::
1486:,
1466:,
1427:.
1387:.
1377:.
1326:,
1304:,
1282:,
1228:.
1200:.
1172:.
1144:.
998:^
977:^
954:^
937:^
920:^
893:^
852:^
825:^
784:^
757:^
730:^
715:^
696:^
681:^
666:^
639:^
555:.
451:.
388:,
263:.
111:,
79:,
1435:.
1395:.
1241:.
1213:.
1185:.
1157:.
1129:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
