1440:
develop local governance at the grassroots level. Local people use their knowledge to solve local issues. They create mid-term and yearly plans that help improve existing community development plans with the support of government organizations. Although VDP/CDP has been tested in many regions in
Vietnam, it has not been fully implemented for a couple reasons. The methods applied in VDP/CDP are human resource and capacity building intensive, especially at the early stages. It also requires the local people to have an "initiative-taking" attitude. People in the remote areas where VDP/CDP has been tested have mostly passive attitudes because they already receive assistance from outsiders. There also are no sufficient monitoring practices to ensure effective plan implementation. Integrating VDP/CDP into the governmental system is difficult because the Communist Party and Central government's policies on decentralization are not enforced in reality.
513:
definition in 2016, the association has gone on to produce
International Standards for Community Development Practice. The values and ethos that should underpin practice can be expressed as: Commitment to rights, solidarity, democracy, equality, environmental and social justice. The purpose of community development is understood by IACD as being to work with communities to achieve participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice. This practice is carried out by people in different roles and contexts, including people explicitly called professional
768:; or machizukuri (まちづくり) refers to a Japanese concept which is "an umbrella term generally understood as citizen participation in the planning and management of a living environment". It can include redevelopment, revitalization, and post-disaster reconstruction, and usually emphasizes the importance of local citizen participation. In recent years, cooperation between local communities and contents tourism (such as video games, anime, and manga) has also become a key driver of machizukuri in some local communities, such as the tie-up between CAPCOM's Sengoku Basara and the city of Shiroishi.
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communities – socio-economically, environmentally, culturally and politically. By bringing together these occupational groups this created for the first time a single recognised employment-sector of nearly 300,000 full- and part-time paid staff within the UK, approximately 10% of these staff being full-time. The NTO continued to recognise the range of occupations within it, for example specialists who work primarily with young people, but all agreed that they shared a core set of professional approaches to their work. In 2002 the NTO became part of a wider
1459:, an umbrella organization that reports observations directly to the Party and Central government. Since NGOs in Vietnam are not entirely non-governmental, they have been coined instead as 'VNGOs.' Most VNGOs have originated from either the state, hospital or university groups, or individuals not previously associated with any groups. VNGOs have not yet reached those most in need, such as the rural poor, due to the entrenched power networks' opposition to lobbying for issues such the rural poor's land rights.
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Since the nineteen sixties and seventies through the various anti poverty programmes in both developed and developing countries, community development practitioners have been influenced by structural analyses as to the causes of disadvantage and poverty i.e. inequalities in the distribution of wealth, income, land, etc. and especially political power and the need to mobilise people power to affect social change. Thus the influence of such educators as
1051:, community development and development education. The inclusion of community development was significant as it was initially uncertain as to whether it would join the National Training Organisation (NTO) for Social Care. The Community Learning and Development NTO represented all the main employers, trades unions, professional associations and national-development agencies working in this area across the four nations of the UK.
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1216:
656:; when a group of people take action to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue which is not being addressed through traditional societal institutions (governments, religious organizations or established trade unions) to the satisfaction of the direct action participants.
1407:) in 1952. The focus of CDP was on rural communities. But, professionally trained social workers concentrated their practice in urban areas. Thus, although the focus of community organization was rural, the major thrust of Social Work gave an urban character which gave a balance in service for the program.
1439:
to analyze local context and address the needs of rural communities. VDP/CDP participatory planning is centered around Ho Chi Minh's saying that "People know, people discuss and people supervise." VDP/CDP is often useful in
Vietnam for shifting centralized management to more decentralization, helping
1419:
Social and economic development planning (SDEP) in
Vietnam uses top-down centralized planning methods and decision-making processes which do not consider local context and local participation. The plans created by SDEP are ineffective and serve mainly for administrative purposes. Local people are not
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communities, and during the period of the 1980s to the early 21st century funds channelled through the
Community Employment Development Program, where Aboriginal people could be employed in "a work for the dole" scheme, gave the chance for non-government organisations to apply for a full or part-time
802:
There are a myriad of job titles for community development workers and their employers include public authorities and voluntary or non-governmental organisations, funded by the state and by independent grant making bodies. Since the nineteen seventies the prefix word 'community' has also been adopted
583:
Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge and experience which, if used
570:
and deepening democracy. There is a community development profession, defined by national occupational standards and a body of theory and experience going back the best part of a century. There are active citizens who use community development techniques on a voluntary basis, and there are also other
480:
Community development approaches are recognised internationally. These methods and approaches have been acknowledged as significant for local social, economic, cultural, environmental and political development by such organisations as the UN, WHO, OECD, World Bank, Council of Europe and EU. There are
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was a key funder of commissions and reports which influenced the development of community development in the UK from the latter 1960s to the 1980s. This included recommending that there be a national institute or centre for community development, able to support practice and to advise government and
1415:
International organizations apply the term community in
Vietnam to the local administrative unit, each with a traditional identity based on traditional, cultural, and kinship relations. Community development strategies in Vietnam aim to organize communities in ways that increase their capacities to
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and more who seek to apply community development values and adopt community development methods. Community development practice also encompasses a range of occupational settings and levels from development roles working with communities, through to managerial and strategic community planning roles.
512:
broadly as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." and the
International Association for Community Development defines it as both a practice based profession and an academic discipline. Following the adoption of the IACD
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adopted a mixed-economy approach, mixing elements of socialism and capitalism. During the fifties and sixties, India ran a massive community development programme with focus on rural development activities through government support. This was later expanded in scope and was called integrated rural
422:
Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within their communities. These skills are often created through the formation of social groups working for a common agenda. Community developers must understand both how to work with
414:
as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to
1463:
is prevalent in nearly all
Vietnamese civic organizations. Authoritarian practices are more present in inner-organizational functions than in organization leaders' worldviews. These leaders often reveal both authoritarian and libertarian values in contradiction. Representatives of Vietnam's NGO's
1333:
Another alternative to "top down" government programs is the participatory government institution. Participatory governance institutions are organizations which aim to facilitate the participation of citizens within larger decision making and action implementing processes in society. A case study
1325:
schemes around the world. Yunus saw that social problems like poverty and disease were not being solved by the market system on its own. Thus, he established a banking system which lends to the poor with very little interest, allowing them access to entrepreneurship. This work was honoured by the
418:
Community development is also understood as a professional discipline, and is defined by the
International Association for Community Development as "a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity,
1054:
The new body used the wording "community learning and development" to acknowledge that all of these occupations worked primarily within local communities, and that this work encompassed not just providing less formal learning support but also a concern for the wider holistic development of those
811:
Amongst the earliest community development approaches were those developed in Kenya and
British East Africa during the 1930s. Community development practitioners have over many years developed a range of approaches for working within local communities and in particular with disadvantaged people.
1354:
results from the failure to satisfy a particular human need, it is not just an absence of money. Whilst human needs are limited, Max Neef shows that the ways of satisfying human needs is potentially unlimited. Satisfiers also have different characteristics: they can be violators or destroyers,
1062:
The UK currently hosts the only global network of practitioners and activists working towards social justice through community development approach, the International Association for Community Development (IACD). IACD, formed in the USA in 1953, moved to Belgium in 1978 and was restructured and
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and Freedom from Hunger, run community development programs based upon community development initiatives for relief and prevention of malnutrition. Since 2006 the Dragon Dreaming Project Management techniques have spread to 37 countries and are engaged in an estimated 3,250 projects worldwide.
587:
Community development practitioners work alongside people in communities to help build relationships with key people and organizations and to identify common concerns. They create opportunities for :the community to learn new skills and, by enabling people to act together, community development
1454:
economic reforms. NGO operations in Vietnam do not exactly live up to their claimed goals to expand civil society. This is mainly due to the fact that NGOs in Vietnam are mostly donor-driven, urban, and elite-based organizations that employ staff with ties to the Communist Party and Central
1161:
The main objective of community development in India remains to develop the villages and to help the villagers help themselves to fight against poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, etc. The beauty of Indian model of community development lies in the homogeneity of villagers and high level of
688:
is a progressive CED strategy that operates as businesses both managed and owned by their employees. They are beneficial due to their potential to create jobs and providing a route for grassroots political action. Some challenges that the worker cooperative faces include the mending of the
998:
Government's anti deprivation programmes of the latter 1960s and 1970s. The main example of this activity, the CDP (Community Development Programme), piloted local area-based community development. This influenced a number of largely urban local authorities, in particular in Scotland with
1697:
Johnston, K. A., Lane, A. B., Devin, B., & Beatson, A. (2018). Episodic and Relational Community Engagement: Implications for Social Impact and Social License. In K. A. Johnston & M. Taylor (Eds.), The Handbook of Communication Engagement (pp. 169-185). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
614:; focuses on relationships at the core of facilitating "understanding and evaluation, involvement, exchange of information and opinions, about a concept, issue or project, with the aim of building social capital and enhancing social outcomes through decision-making” (p. 173).
1177:, where it had some success in assisting with the delivery of education services throughout rural areas, but has elsewhere met with mixed success. In the 1970s and 1980s, community development became a part of "Integrated Rural Development", a strategy promoted by
639:; an adult education and social psychology approach grounded in the activity of the individual and the social psychology of the large group focusing on large groups of unemployed or semi-employed participants, many of whom with Lower Levels of Literacy (LLLs).
741:
members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process and in which all partners contribute expertise and share decision making and ownership, which aims to integrate this knowledge with community development
1355:
pseudosatisfiers, inhibiting satisfiers, singular satisfiers, or synergic satisfiers. Max-Neef shows that certain satisfiers, promoted as satisfying a particular need, in fact inhibit or destroy the possibility of satisfying other needs: e.g., the
1424:(PRA) approach, a research methodology that allows local people to share and evaluate their own life conditions, was introduced to Vietnam in the early 1990s to help reform the way that government approaches local communities and development.
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focuses on the use of a language so that it serves the needs of a community. This may involve the creation of books, films and other media in the language. These actions help a small language community to preserve their language and
680:
which encourages using local resources in a way that enhances economic outcomes while improving social conditions. For example, CED involves strategies which aim to improve access to affordable housing, medical, and child care.
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standards for all education and development practitioners working within local communities. This organisation, PAULO – the National Training Organisation for Community Learning and Development, was named after
1334:
done on municipal councils and social housing programs in Brazil found that the presence of participatory governance institutions supports the implementation of poverty alleviation programs by local governments.
557:
The Community Development Challenge report, which was produced by a working party comprising leading UK organizations in the field including the (now defunct) Community Development Foundation, the (now defunct)
2585:
Briggs, Xavier de Souza, and Elizabeth Mueller and Mercer Sullivan, From Neighborhood to Community: Evidence on the Social Effects of Community Development Corporation. Community Development Research Center,
1349:
promotes the idea of development based upon fundamental human needs, which are considered to be limited, universal and invariant to all human beings (being a part of our human condition). He considers that
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both an occupation (such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with communities. Its key purpose is to build communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect.
1273:
419:
equality and social justice, through the organisation, education and empowerment of people within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban and rural settings".
1959:
Israel, B.A., Schulz, A.J., Parker, E.A., Becker, A.B., Allen, A., & Guzman, J.R. (2008). Critical issues in developing and following CBPR Principles. In M. Minkler & N. Wallerstein (Eds.),
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established a commission of inquiry into the future of rural community development, examining such issues as land reform and climate change. Carnegie funded over sixty rural community-development
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seek to “break the cycle of poverty by providing education, technology and economic opportunities to individuals, families and communities” as a path to development for the communities they serve.
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projects across the UK and Ireland and national and international communities of practice to exchange experiences. This included the International Association for Community Development (IACD).
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Silverman, Robert Mark (2003). "Progressive Reform, Gender, and Institutional Structure: A Critical Analysis of Citizen Participation in Detroit's Community Development Corporations (CDCs)".
2432:
Yen, N. T. K.; Van Luong, P. (2008-06-05). "Participatory village and commune development planning (VDP/CDP) and its contribution to local community development in Vietnam".
2382:
Yen, N. T. K.; Luong, P. Van (2008-07-01). "Participatory village and commune development planning (VDP/CDP) and its contribution to local community development in Vietnam".
787:, making affordable training and access to computers and the Internet, addressing the marginalisation of local communities that cannot connect and participate in the global
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as measured by their economies, although it includes the processes and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.
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stated that disagreements are normal, but conflicts within an organization should be avoided, demonstrating the one-party "sameness" mentality of authoritarian rule.
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Methodologies focusing on the educational component of community development, including the community-wide empowerment that increased educational opportunity creates.
1040:
1836:
Mathie, Alison & Cunningham, Gord (1 July 2010). "From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development".
750:; an approach that generally assumes that social change necessarily involves conflict and social struggle in order to generate collective power for the powerless.
932:
1124:, where community development proposals were seen as a way of helping local people improve their own lives with indirect assistance from colonial authorities.
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2073:
Yamamura, Takayoshi (2018). "Pop culture contents and historical heritage: The case of heritage revitalization through 'contents tourism' in Shiroishi city".
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by several other occupations from the police and health workers to planners and architects, who have been influenced by community development approaches.
2139:
916:
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2005:
McTague, C.; Jakubowski, S. (2013). "Marching to the beat of a silent drum: Wasted consensus-building and failed neighborhood participatory planning".
494:
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Anderson, David (1984). "Depression, Dust Bowl, Demography, and Drought: The Colonial State and Soil Conservation in East Africa during the 1930s".
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1257:
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Gebremariam, Yilma (2010). "Review of Small Loans, Big Dreams: How the Nobel Prize Winner Muhammad Yunus and Microfinance Are Changing the World".
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Chigbu, UE. (2015). Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community. Community, Work & Family, 18,
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There are numerous overlapping approaches to community development. Some focus on the processes, some on the outcomes/ objectives. They include:
1047:, who had played a lead role in bringing together a range of occupational interests under a single national-training standards body, including
729:
517:(and people taking on essentially the same role but with a different job title), together with professionals in other occupations ranging from
1309:, community development internationally became concerned with social capital formation. In particular the outstanding success of the work of
2649:
2627:
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951:
943:
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970:. The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited by some with starting the process that stabilized and revived seemingly hopeless
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McConnell, Charlie, Community Learning and Development: The Making of an Empowering Profession. Community Learning Scotland/PAULO, 2002,
2331:
Donaghy, Maureen M. (2011). "Do Participatory Governance Institutions Matter? Municipal Councils and Social Housing Programs in Brazil".
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development scheme . A large number of initiatives that can come under the community development umbrella have come up in recent years.
477:, since 1966 has aimed to be the major forum for research and dissemination of international community development theory and practice.
397:
1895:
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satisfiers, on the other hand, not only satisfy one particular need, but also lead to satisfaction in other areas: some examples are
370:
348:
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2619:
2601:
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adopted African community development ideals as a basis of his South African Ashram, and then introduced it as a part of the Indian
928:
715:
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local authorities on policy. This resulted in the forma establishment in 1991 of the Community Development Foundation. In 2004 the
631:; focusing on helping communities obtain, strengthen, and maintain the ability to set and achieve their own development objectives.
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Krishna, Gowri J. (2013). "Worker Cooperative Creation As Progressive Lawyering? Moving Beyond the One-Person, One-Vote Floor".
1359:, while ostensibly satisfying the need for protection, in fact then destroys subsistence, participation, affection and freedom;
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719:(ABCD); is a methodology that seeks to uncover and use the strengths within communities as a means for sustainable development.
699:; which seeks to achieve, in a balanced manner, economic development, social development and environmental protection outcomes.
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cooperative’s identity as both business and as a democratic humanitarian organization. They are limited in resources and scale.
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A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and disadvantage, knitting society together at
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1416:
partner with institutions, the participation of local people, transparency and equality, and unity within local communities.
672:
559:
359:
321:
316:
153:
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1443:
1436:
1425:
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In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to complement and generally replace the idea of
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to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as "
703:
364:
107:
1974:
1699:
2861:
2589:
1504:
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1095:, has been particularly influential in the subsequent expansion of community economic development work across Canada.
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including community-based planning (CBP); involving the entire community in the strategic and management processes of
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a number of institutions of higher education offer community development as an area of study and research such as the
354:
1428:
was used as a tool for mostly outsiders to learn about the local community, which did not effect substantial change.
1301:
In the 1990s, following critiques of the mixed success of "top down" government programs, and drawing on the work of
1120:
Community planning techniques drawing on the history of utopian movements became important in the 1920s and 1930s in
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Grogan, Paul and Tony Proscio, Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Westview Press, 2002.
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967:
538:
306:
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Siddiqui, H.Y. (1997). Working with communities: An introduction to community work. New Delhi: Hira Publications.
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In the UK, community development has had two main traditions. The first was as an approach for preparing for the
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243:
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Community development in India was initiated by Government of India through Community Development Programme (
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1973:
Lefevre, Pierre; Kolsteren, Patrick; De Wael, Marie-Paule; Byekwaso, Francis; Beghin, Ivan (December 2000).
1338:
1092:
936:
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772:
695:
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127:
92:
2843: – A nonprofit magazine on community development, affordable housing, and neighborhood stabilization.
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872:
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288:
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1007:
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183:
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97:
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in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically, community development first came into public prominence with the
834:). There are a number of international organisations that support community development, for example,
2632:
von Hoffman, Alexander, House by House, Block by Block: The Rebirth of America's Urban Neighborhoods.
2517:
Mercer, Clare (2002). "NGOs, civil society and democratization: a critical review of the literature".
602:
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and the (now defunct) Federation for Community Development Learning defines community development as:
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1208:
1023:
920:
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708:
677:
665:
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in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action to achieve the communities' desired goals.
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342:
326:
158:
148:
82:
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Sloman, Annie (January 2012). "Using Participatory Theatre in International Community Development".
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1621:. Produced by Community Development Foundation for Communities and Local Government. Archived from
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1080:
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163:
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communities. One of the earliest proponents of the term in the United States was social scientist
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34:
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2034:"Reconstruction machizukuri and negotiating safety in post-3.11 community recovery in Yamamoto"
1921:"Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health"
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627:
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253:
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122:
72:
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Clay, Roger A.; Jones, Susan R. (2009). "A Brief History of Community Economic Development".
1725:"United Nations Development System- A Collective Approach to Supporting Capacity Development"
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102:
935:, provided a way for state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and to other
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professions and agencies which use a community development approach or some aspects of it.
522:
112:
67:
2266:
725:; which utilizes faith-based organizations to bring about community development outcomes.
606:; focuses on the role of arts and culture in community development, social transformation
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1937:
1920:
1310:
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1178:
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283:
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Towards Shared International Standards for Community Development Practice. IACD. 2018
2758:
2719:
2561:"Civic Organizations in Vietnam's One-Party State: Supporters of Authoritarian Rule?"
2538:
2344:
2317:
2094:
2059:
1674:
Arts and culture in global development practice: Expression, identity and empowerment
1447:
1380:
1302:
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1201:
963:
900:
899:, which typically focused on physical development projects - often at the expense of
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652:
434:
273:
17:
2837:– US organization that promotes partnerships between government and citizens' groups
1700:
https://www.wiley.com/en-au/The+Handbook+of+Communication+Engagement-p-9781119167495
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Region's major community-development programme (the largest at the time in Europe).
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2115:
1867:
1318:
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1143:
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648:; focusing on benefits derived from the cooperation between individuals and groups.
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Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea
2086:
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and his focus upon this work. Other key people who have influenced this field are
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individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger
2018:
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1859:
1322:
1150:
1088:
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518:
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Community development in Canada has roots in the development of co-operatives,
2711:
2530:
1372:
1368:
1314:
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worker funded by the Department for Social Security. Dr Jim Ife, formerly of
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organizations to which they help provide financing for numerous physical- and
864:
526:
2672:
An Overview of the Major Asset Building and Community Development Literatures
2453:
2403:
1981:
1712:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13668803.2014.981506#.VSmVekI2nFK
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development (VDP/CDP) approach was developed as a more fitting approach than
1363:, which is supposed to meet the need for participation often disempowers and
1961:
Community-based participatory research for health: From process to outcomes
1356:
1249:
959:
887:, contrast the concepts of the development of a community at a later stage.
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model which shifts overreliance on central governments to local communities.
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248:
42:
1946:
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and William T. Dickens, eds., Urban Problems and Community Development.
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466:
462:
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took an interest in local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was the
839:
446:
1043:. Its first chair was Charlie McConnell, the Chief Executive of the
958:(founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local
2695:
2659:
1446:(NGO) in Vietnam, legalized in 1991, have claimed goals to develop
2831:– A large collection practices and activities for citizens' groups
1112:, organised a ground-breaking text-book on community development.
835:
575:
Community Development Exchange defines community development as:
433:
as a term has taken off widely in anglophone countries, i.e. the
2828:
2696:"Measuring Social Sustainability: A Community-Centred Approach"
1919:
Israel, B.A.; Schulz, A.J.; Parker, E.A.; Becker, A.B. (1998).
1321:
from its inception in 1976, has led to the attempts to spread
1274:
Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered
505:
There are complementary definitions of community development.
2206:
2179:
List, E. Frederick (1973). "In Memoriam: William W. Biddle".
1758:
Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law
863:(1771–1851), sought to develop a more perfect community. At
622:; focusing on the contribution of women in settlement groups.
27:
Communities taking collective action to solve common problems
2840:
1185:. Central to these policies of community development were:
49:
2501:– via School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
1375:, interferes with understanding, creativity and identity.
1026:
established a UK-wide organisation responsible for setting
588:
practitioners help to foster social inclusion and equality.
2478:"Creating Civil Society? The Emergence of NGOs in Vietnam"
907:(100-1973). In the late 1960s, philanthropies such as the
783:
Methodologies addressing the issues and challenges of the
2658:; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012).
1103:
Community development in Australia has often focussed on
762:; or, community-level planning processes, urban or rural.
2571:– via German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
791:. In the United States, nonprofit organizations such as
875:
in Australia, groups of people came together to create
2207:"International Association for Community Development"
1975:"Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation"
415:
build stronger and more resilient local communities.
1896:"Faith-Based Organizations in Community Development"
1207:
Youth and women's groups, following the work of the
1192:
programs, drawing on the work of Brazilian educator
883:, with mixed success. Some such communities, formed
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
1590:"Community Development Journal- about the journal"
461:with active community development associations in
1963:(2nd ed., pp. 47–66). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
1450:, which was essentially nonexistent prior to the
931:" or CDCs. Federal laws, beginning with the 1974
855:In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh early
1649:. Community Development Exchange. Archived from
1041:Secretary of State for Education and Employment
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
1200:" adult literacy teaching method conceived by
1283:projects, based upon the work of Australians
391:
8:
2664:(PDF). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2181:Journal of the Community Development Society
1880:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1785:Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law
1455:government. NGOs are also overlooked by the
2669:Kingslow, Marcia E.; Horton, Carol (1998),
1671:Maguire, Cindy; Holt, Ann (31 March 2022).
1165:Community development became a part of the
1035:(1921-1997). It was formally recognised by
917:Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
398:
384:
29:
2049:
1936:
1849:
1592:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1562:Alison Gilchrist; Marilyn Taylor (2011).
1420:informed of these development plans. The
1138:at village level throughout India. With
946:(founded in 1978 and known since 2005 as
911:and government officials such as Senator
495:Balsillie School of International Affairs
1980:. Antwerp, Belgium: IFAD. Archived from
1616:"Community Development Challenge Report"
1565:The Short Guide to Community Development
1527:
1525:
2700:Applied Research in the Quality of Life
2512:
2510:
2508:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
1521:
1153:, India under its first Prime Minister
457:. It is also used in some countries in
334:
296:
140:
59:
41:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2138:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2131:
1873:
1816:General Assembly of the United Nations
919:in Brooklyn, which attempted to apply
737:that equitably involves, for example,
730:Community-based participatory research
676:(CED); an alternative to conventional
1371:, while used to satisfy the need for
952:Local Initiatives Support Corporation
944:Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation
933:Housing and Community Development Act
7:
2267:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097622
1045:Scottish Community Education Council
453:, as well as other countries in the
1938:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173
1230:, in part drawn on the examples of
942:National organizations such as the
664:, focusing on the "development" of
2678:, Chicago, IL: Kingslow Associates
1723:United Nations Development Group.
954:(LISC) (founded in 1980), and the
929:Community development corporations
733:(CBPR); a partnership approach to
25:
1395:; meditation; educational games.
1142:, despite the continuing work of
1134:movement, aiming at establishing
867:and at later communities such as
723:Faith-based community development
716:Asset-based community development
2800:
2345:10.5129/001041510X13815229366606
1063:relaunched in Scotland in 1999.
2559:Wischermann, Jorg (July 2013).
2519:Progress in Development Studies
1279:Village nutrition programs and
1252:system, drawing on the work of
2476:Gray, Michael (October 1999).
2193:10.1080/00103829.1973.10877482
1925:Annual Review of Public Health
1444:Non-governmental organizations
1083:which started in the 1920s in
673:Community economic development
603:Arts, Culture, and Development
560:Community Development Exchange
360:Category:Community development
322:Community development planning
317:Community economic development
154:Collectivism and individualism
1:
2768:Community Development Journal
2434:Community Development Journal
2384:Community Development Journal
2087:10.1080/18692729.2018.1460049
2051:10.1080/18692729.2018.1556495
1568:. Policy Press. pp. 2+.
1422:participatory rural appraisal
1248:for those missing out in the
1087:, through the work of Doctor
990:of countries from the former
471:Community Development Journal
2019:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.019
1900:berkleycenter.georgetown.edu
704:Community-driven development
371:Join the Community community
365:Category:Localism (politics)
108:Philosophy of social science
2751:10.1080/0042098032000146867
2636:, 2003, Ppbck. ed., 2004.
1860:10.1080/0961452032000125857
1505:Rural community development
1383:; self-managed production;
1345:-winning Chilean economist
1232:José María Arizmendiarrieta
1224:community business ventures
508:The United Nations defines
410:The United Nations defines
355:Category:Community building
2883:
539:local economic development
307:Community-based management
2712:10.1007/s11482-012-9166-x
2531:10.1191/1464993402ps027ra
1812:"Sustainable development"
1271:as advocated in his book
1267:, based upon the work of
491:SOAS University of London
244:Small-group communication
2290:Eastern Economic Journal
1457:Vietnam Fatherland Front
1305:, in the rediscovery of
1265:alternative technologies
1136:economic interdependence
653:Nonviolent direct action
636:Large Group Capacitation
2694:; Scerri, Andy (2012).
2634:Oxford University Press
2228:"IACD- a brief history"
1838:Development in Practice
1533:"Community development"
1389:community organizations
1339:human scale development
1059:for lifelong learning.
937:nonprofit organizations
881:intentional communities
773:Language revitalization
696:Sustainable development
535:environmental education
475:Oxford University Press
455:Commonwealth of Nations
128:Sociocultural evolution
93:Computational sociology
2867:Citizen science models
2829:The Citizens' Handbook
2485:Development and Change
1343:Right Livelihood Award
1323:microenterprise credit
1246:Compensatory education
1236:Mondragon Cooperatives
966:programs in urban and
873:New Australia Movement
755:Participatory planning
590:
573:
289:Solidarity (sociology)
54:
2857:Community development
2835:National Civic League
2818:Community development
2594:Brookings Institution
2154:"Per Scholas Website"
2032:Posio, Pilvi (2018).
1500:Organization workshop
1393:preventative medicine
1116:In the "Global South"
1105:Aboriginal Australian
1057:Sector Skills Council
1028:professional-training
1008:Gulbenkian Foundation
956:Enterprise Foundation
948:NeighborWorks America
619:Women Self-help Group
577:
564:
510:community development
483:University of Toronto
431:Community development
412:community development
349:WikiProject Community
298:Community development
184:Community of practice
174:Community of interest
98:Cultural anthropology
53:
18:Community Development
2333:Comparative Politics
1490:Community engagement
1480:Complete communities
1295:Village water supply
1217:Patrick van Rensburg
747:Community organizing
709:economic development
678:economic development
666:developing countries
661:Economic development
611:Community Engagement
593:Different approaches
327:Community organizing
159:Community engagement
149:Affinity (sociology)
83:Community psychology
2590:Ferguson, Ronald F.
2565:GIGA Working Papers
2302:10.1057/eej.2009.19
1596:on 31 December 2005
1485:Community education
1140:Indian independence
1081:Antigonish Movement
1049:community education
871:in the USA and the
851:In the global North
425:social institutions
164:Community education
2862:Community building
2780:10.1093/cdj/bsq059
2446:10.1093/cdj/bsn018
2396:10.1093/cdj/bsn018
2075:Contemporary Japan
2038:Contemporary Japan
1737:on 9 February 2014
1647:"Definition of CD"
1495:Community practice
1475:Community building
1198:Each One Teach One
1128:Mohandas K. Gandhi
1077:caisses populaires
978:in New York City.
964:social-development
844:The Hunger Project
831:Small Is Beautiful
822:Rules for Radicals
686:worker cooperative
531:health disciplines
312:Community building
239:Sense of community
234:Prosocial behavior
224:Imagined community
209:Group cohesiveness
204:Community politics
189:Community of place
179:Community practice
169:Community cohesion
78:Community practice
55:
2745:(13): 2731–2750.
2650:978-0-19-517614-8
2628:978-0-8133-3952-8
2610:978-0-8157-1875-8
2007:Applied Geography
1575:978-1-84742-689-5
1385:popular education
1328:Nobel Peace Prize
1263:Dissemination of
1226:and particularly
1110:Curtin University
1024:Labour Government
1013:Carnegie UK Trust
968:rural communities
925:management skills
913:Robert F. Kennedy
905:William W. Biddle
628:capacity building
515:community workers
487:Leiden University
408:
407:
254:Social alienation
214:Group (sociology)
194:Community service
123:Social philosophy
73:Community studies
16:(Redirected from
2874:
2804:
2803:
2783:
2762:
2723:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2665:
2573:
2572:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2487:. Archived from
2482:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2261:(332): 321–343.
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:on July 14, 2014
2156:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2114:. Archived from
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1730:. Archived from
1729:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1461:Authoritarianism
1361:formal democracy
1347:Manfred Max Neef
1269:E. F. Schumacher
1256:as pioneered by
1250:formal education
1155:Jawaharlal Nehru
789:Online community
497:, among others.
400:
393:
386:
279:Social rejection
269:Social exclusion
199:Communitarianism
118:Social geography
103:Internet studies
60:Academic studies
52:
30:
21:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2847:
2846:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2765:
2736:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2654:
2581:
2579:Further reading
2576:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2411:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2255:African Affairs
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2234:on 14 July 2014
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:"Archived copy"
2107:
2106:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1872:
1851:10.1.1.613.1286
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1543:on 14 July 2014
1531:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1470:
1413:
1401:
1242:region of Spain
1222:Development of
1209:Serowe Brigades
1169:established in
1167:Ujamaa Villages
1162:participation.
1146:in encouraging
1118:
1101:
1069:
1017:action-research
984:
976:the South Bronx
909:Ford Foundation
893:
853:
826:E.F. Schumacher
809:
595:
568:the grass roots
523:adult education
503:
473:, published by
404:
113:Rural sociology
68:Social sciences
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2763:
2734:
2724:
2687:
2666:
2652:
2630:
2612:
2596:Press, 1999.
2587:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2544:
2504:
2459:
2440:(3): 329–340.
2409:
2390:(3): 329–340.
2367:
2358:
2323:
2296:(1): 142–144.
2280:
2245:
2219:
2198:
2171:
2145:
2100:
2081:(2): 144–163.
2065:
2024:
1997:
1965:
1952:
1911:
1887:
1844:(5): 474–486.
1828:
1802:
1775:
1764:(3): 257–267.
1748:
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1409:
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1397:
1311:Muhammad Yunus
1307:social capital
1299:
1298:
1292:
1289:David Holmgren
1277:
1261:
1254:Open Education
1243:
1220:
1205:
1190:Adult literacy
1183:the World Bank
1179:United Nations
1175:Julius Nyerere
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1093:James Tompkins
1068:
1065:
1037:David Blunkett
992:British Empire
983:
982:United Kingdom
980:
974:areas such as
892:
889:
852:
849:
808:
805:
800:
799:
785:Digital divide
781:
778:
769:
763:
760:urban planning
751:
743:
726:
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692:
691:
690:
669:
657:
649:
644:Social capital
640:
632:
623:
615:
607:
594:
591:
543:urban planning
502:
499:
459:Eastern Europe
439:United Kingdom
406:
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284:Social support
281:
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259:Social capital
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219:Group dynamics
216:
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186:
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133:Urban planning
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62:
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2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Urban Studies
2735:
2733:
2732:0 947919 75 9
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:(3): 239–61.
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:Magee, Liam;
2688:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:0-19-517614-6
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:0-8133-3952-9
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:0-8157-1875-6
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2494:on 2018-05-07
2490:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
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2426:
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2420:
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2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:(1): 83–102.
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2121:on 2014-08-07
2117:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1987:on 2008-12-06
1983:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1810:Sung, Hyung.
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1791:(1): 65–107.
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1684:9780367708375
1680:
1677:. Routledge.
1676:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1653:on 2010-07-14
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1628:on 2018-01-27
1624:
1617:
1611:
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