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and it organises campaigns to ensure that these needs are met. "Our answer is to organise people through the places where they have regular contact with their neighbours – faith institutions and workplaces and educational establishments. Our experience of practising broad based community organising across the UK has confirmed for us that the threads that once connected the individual to the family, the family to their community and the community to the wider society are fraying and in danger of breaking altogether. We believe these strands, connections and alliances are vital for a healthy democracy and should be the building blocks of any vibrant civil society. We believe in building for power which is fundamentally reciprocal, where both parties are influenced by each other and mutual respect develops. The power and influence that we seek is tempered by our religious teachings and moral values and is exercised in the fluid and ever-changing relationship with our fellow leaders, allies and adversaries. We value and seek to operate in the public sphere. We believe that UK public life should be occupied not just by a few celebrities and politicians – but also by the people themselves seeking a part of the action."
1900:. ACORN has since hired more staff and organised branches in Newcastle and recently Sheffield and the organisation involves 15,000 members. ACORN UK has combined online organising via social media with ACORNs traditional door-knocking approach, to organise transient private sector tenants. The group has also combined local direct-action "member defence" actions (including eviction resistances and picketing of rogue landlords/letting agents) with larger regional and national campaigns for housing rights (for example winning regional local authority support for including the standards of their "ethical lettings charter" in the regional West of England Rental Standard and persuading Santander bank to drop a buy to let mortgage clause requiring landlords to raise rents). They also worked alongside Generation Rent to register and mobilise the "renters vote" in the 2016 general election.
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protest against the demolition and ask for resettlement and relocation. After camping overnight outside the Murray
Building, which accommodated the Buildings, Lands and Planning departments. The protestors staged a sit-in at the lobby and kept all the lifts open, demanding to meet Director of Buildings, Helen Yu Lai Ching-ping. On 14 December, the social workers organized the residents to sit-in on the Garden Road outside the Murray Building. Residents brought their daily life instruments such as empty liquid petroleum gas pots and cooking utensils with the aim to stage a street theatre about losing their home. The liquid petroleum gas pots became the justification of police to clear the protest and caused much controversy. Twenty-two people, including social workers, were arrested under the charge of causing obstruction to traffic in Garden Road and attended court hearings.
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approach, which is the opposite of the social action (Alinsky) approach (where the focus is on challenging social and political inequalities that impact the community). The community-building approach depends on the participation and collaboration of both community organizers and community members. This eliminates the power difference between an organizer and participants. Therefore, the community-building approach supports the belief that power rests in the community and community empowerment is the process of building that power. Scholars
Catherine P. Bradshaw et al. states that feminist organizers believe power is not quantifiable, and that power is created, rather than distributed. The hierarchical relationship between organizer and participant is broken down also by facilitating decision-making among community members rather than just by community leaders.
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other to consuming. This is very dangerous for democracy because the sense of citizenship and agency becomes feeble and ineffective. In other words, Civil
Society becomes powerless. Community organising and the role of the professional Community Organiser is working out how to take back power from the State and the Market by holding them accountable. The state and the market cannot operate without moral values and direction. It is not the role of the state or the market to determine those values. In a democratic society there has to be a genuine public discourse concerning justice and the common good. Problems with the global banking system in 2008 in large part arose because "light touch regulation" meant that there was no underlying moral system. The market was left to its own devices with disastrous consequences for the global economy.
934:"Rights-based" community organizing, in which municipal governments are used to exercise community power, was first experimented with by the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund (CELDF.org) in Pennsylvania, beginning in 2002. Community groups are organized to influence municipal governments to enact local ordinances. These ordinances challenge preemptive state and federal laws that forbid local governments from prohibiting corporate activities deemed harmful by community residents. The ordinances are drafted specifically to assert the rights of "human and natural communities," and include provisions that deny the legal concepts of "corporate personhood," and "corporate rights." Since 2006 they have been drafted to include the recognition of legally enforceable rights for "natural communities and ecosystems."
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are often able to engage with and influence powerful groups through dialogue, backed up by a history of successful protest-based campaigns. Similar to the way unions gain recognition as the representatives of workers for a particular business, community organizing groups can gain recognition as key representatives of particular communities. In this way, representatives of community organizing groups are often able to bring key government officials or corporate leaders to the table without engaging in "actions" because of their reputation. As
Alinsky said, "the first rule of power tactics" is that "power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have." The development of durable "power" and influence is a key aim of community organizing.
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Campaign calls for every worker in the country to earn enough to provide their family with the essentials of life. Launched by London
Citizens in 2001, the campaign had by 2010 persuaded more than 100 employers to pay the Living wage and won over £40 million of Living Wages, lifting 6,500 families out of working poverty. The Living Wage is a number. An hourly rate, set independently, every year (by the Greater London Authority in London). It is calculated according to cost of living and gives the minimum pay rate required for a worker to provide their family with the essentials of life. In London the 2010–11 rate was £7.85 per hour. London is now being copied by other cities around the UK. As a result, Citizens UK set up the
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1306:) tried their hand at community organizing. They were critical of what they conceived of as Alinsky's "dead-end local activism". But the dispiriting reality was that however much they might talk about "transforming the system," "building alternative institutions," and "revolutionary potential", their credibility on the doorstep rested on their ability to secure concessions from, and therefore to develop relations with, the local power structures. Community organizing appeared to trap the radical activists in "a politics of adjustment". By the beginning of the 1970s most of the New Left groups had vacated their store-front offices.
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members acting jointly to achieve an economic or other benefit. As opposed to commercial ventures, gains that result from community organizing automatically accrue to persons in similar circumstances who are not necessarily members, e.g. residents in a geographic area or in a similar socioeconomic status, or persons having conditions or circumstances in common who benefit from gains won by the organizing effort. This may include workers who benefit from a campaign affecting their industry, for example, or persons with disabilities who benefit from gains made in their legal or economic eligibility or status.
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traditional gender norms influenced by white domestic middle class womanhood. Currently, feminist organizing focuses on addressing gender inequalities, which means only the problems of women who follow and are impacted by gender norms will be addressed. Feminist organizing becomes counterproductive for those who do follow gender norms. Psychologist
Lorraine Gutierrez claims that feminist organizing disregards problems that are larger than the scope of gender norms. This negatively impacts women empowerment because it is the diversity that motivates women to mobilize.
2013:, the British colonial government launched a series of policies to pacify the discontent and strengthen its rule. One of the measures was the subvention of "Neighbourhood Level Community Development Project" (NLCDP) in 1978, which is interpreted as an act to manage the pressure groups. Social workers were hired to provide activities and promote engagement in areas in shortage of welfare services. According to some scholars' view, in contrast with the government's intention, NLCDP then became a site of "radical community organizing movements" that used protest actions.
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to learn the broad philosophy and skills of community organising and who are in a position to put them into practice in their institutions and neighbourhoods. The
Institute provides training and consultancy on a commercial basis to other agencies which wish to employ the skills and techniques of community organising in their institutions. The ICO has an Academic Advisory Board and an International Professional Advisory Body drawn from the global network of Community Organising Institutes in the UK (CITIZENS UK), USA (Industrial Areas Foundation) and Germany (DICO).
859:, is a methodology for developing power and relationships throughout a community of institutions: today mostly congregations, but these can also include unions, neighborhood associations, and other groups. Progressive and centrist FBCO organizations unite around basic values derived from common aspects of their faith instead of around strict dogmas. There are now at least 180 FBCOs in the US as well as in South Africa, England, Germany, and other nations. Local FBCO organizations are often linked through organizing networks such as the
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campaign. Citizens UK had negotiated to have David
Cameron, Nick Clegg and Gordon Brown as the leaders of the three main political parties attend. Each candidate for Prime Minister was questioned on stage concerning their willingness to work with Citizens UK if elected. Each undertook to work with Citizens UK and come to future assemblies to give account of work achieved. In particular they agreed to work to introduce the Living Wage and to end the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention.
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greater opportunities for involvement in religious initiatives or movements. Digital tools allow faith based groups to spread their message further, better coordinate collective actions across distances and mobilize supporters in unprecedented ways – greatly democratizing this kind of organizing effort. However, this transition to digital also poses complex challenges that must be addressed on topics such as community identity and collective action – as noted by Earl and
Kimport themselves in their book (
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cooperatives, schools, trades unions, universities and voluntary agencies. Community organising builds these institutions into permanent citizens membership alliances which work together to identify issues and agree ways of introducing solutions. Community organising teaches the art of non-partisan, democratic politics. Because community organising brings together diverse institutions which do not normally work together it is sometimes referred to as Broad Based community organising.
1811:, London citizens used their power to gain a lasting legacy for Londoners from the billions that was to be spent. Following on from hundreds of one-to-one meetings and a listening campaign across member institutions, in 2004 London Citizens signed an historic agreement with the London 2012 bid team, which set in stone precisely what the people of east London could expect in return for their support in hosting the Olympic Games. The People's Promises, as they are known, demanded:
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away from their contentious approaches. The constituency of progressive and centrist organizing groups is largely low- or middle- income, so they are generally unable to support themselves through dues. In search of resources, some organizing groups have accepted funding for direct service activities in the past. As noted below, this has frequently led these groups to drop their conflictual organizing activities, in part because these threatened funding for their "service" arms.
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support the residents. In March, around 20 residents and social workers demonstrated outside the government office. Three were alleged to have clashed with police and security guards and were arrested. In late April, the SoCo decided to withdraw from the "Kingland's friend" and close the case, claiming that "residents were swayed by students associations to plan illegal and violent ways for protest". In May, nearly 300 riot police cleared the
Kingland Apartments.
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of trust across racial, faith, economic and geographic lines through individual, face-to-face meetings. Other goals include internally strengthening the member institutions by developing the skills and capacities of their leaders and creating a vehicle for ordinary families to participate in the political process. The Industrial Areas Foundation sees itself as a "university of public life" teaching citizens the democratic process in the fullest sense.
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1376:. The role of the organizer in these organizations was "professionalized" to some extent and resources were sought so that being an organizer could be more of a long-term career than a relatively brief, mostly unfunded interlude. The training provided by these national "umbrella" organizations helps local volunteer leaders learn a common "language" about organizing while seeking to expand the skills of organizers.
780:, they are able to reach beyond established organizations and the "churched" to bring together a wide range of less privileged people. FBCOs have tended to organize more middle-class people, because their institutional membership is generally drawn from the mainline denominations. ACORN tended to stress the importance of constant action in order to maintain the commitment of a less rooted group of participants.
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not a legal strategy, but an organizing strategy. Courts predictably deny the legal authority of municipalities to legislate in defiance of state and federal law. Corporations and government agencies that initiate legal actions to overturn these ordinances have been forced to argue in opposition to the community's right to make governing decisions on issues with harmful and direct local impact.
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Holiness, Pentecostal, and other related denominations (often "storefront") churches with mostly poor and working-class members tend not to join FBCOs because of their focus on "faith" over "works," among other issues. FBCOs have increasingly expanded outside impoverished areas into churches where middle-class professionals predominate in an effort to expand their power to contest inequality.
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material and social resources within society as the root cause of the community's issues. The process of creating empowerment starts with admitting that power gaps and resource inequalities exist in society and affects an individual's personal life. Though community organizers share the goal of community empowerment, community organizing itself is defined and understood in a variety ways.
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groups were more staff (organizer) directed than the leader (local volunteer) directed. (However, the same can be said for many forms of organizing, including FBCOs.) The "door-knocking" approach is more time-intensive than the "organization of organizations" approach of FBCOs and requires more organizers who, partly as a result, can be lower paid with more turnover.
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to highlight the problem of masking racial diversity, while sociologist Akwugo Emejulu uses the concept of essentialism (reducing women to their gender stereotypes) to highlight the capabilities limitation. Though feminist organizers' intentions are to recognize women's diversity through unity, some are concerned that the vision of unity eclipses a diverse reality.
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communities and the common good. According to scholar Brian D. Christens, grassroots organizing focuses on building and maintaining interpersonal relationships between their community members. Building social relationships allow community members to build collaborative skills, deliberative skills to handle conflict, and strengthen civil engagement. Some networks of
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often seek to empower residents of impoverished areas with skills for collaboration and job training, among others. However, community development generally assumes that groups and individuals can work together collaboratively without significant conflict or struggles over power to solve community challenges. One currently popular form is
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This approach to building community empowerment does not aim for a specific political or social goal. In other words, building relationships do not always directly confront institutions, though it might challenge an individual's views through one-on-one conversations with other individuals in the community.
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In 1995, the government announced a plan to eventually abolish NLCDPs. On 1 July 1997, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was handed over to mainland China. The SAR government changed the subvention model to giving a "lump sum grant", which is seen as a measure to depoliticize social work by some scholars.
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In 1993, the TWESSC organized some residents of public housing estates to protest, demanding the British colonial government to retract the "Well-off Tenants Policies" that increased the rent for higher-income residents in public housing estates. They planned to march towards the Governor's House but
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The 1970s saw the rise of social and pressure group movements in Hong Kong. Many social organizations and pressure groups were formed without the government's subsidy, in turn having more freedom to organize different activities. Some organizations were formed by progressive Christians. For instance,
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established in 2010 in response to growing demands for its training. The ICO is the first operating division of the centre and was established to offer a series of training opportunities for those who wish to make community organising a full or part-time career and also for Community Leaders who wish
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in 2000, 2004 and 2008 major Accountability Assemblies were held with the main mayoral candidates. They were asked to support London Citizens and work with them on issues such as London Living wage; an amnesty for undocumented migrants; safer cities initiatives and development of community land trust
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TCC has had success with a number of campaigns over the last 25 years. This includes getting several employers (including the Welsh Assembly) to pay the Living Wage, improving Muslim women's access to leisure facilities, making Wales the world's first Fairtrade nation, improving British Sign Language
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all influenced, and were influenced by, ideas of neighborhood organizing. Experience with federal anti-poverty programs and the upheavals in the cities produced a thoughtful response among activists and theorists in the early 1970s that has informed activities, organizations, strategies and movements
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A People's Organization lives in a world of hard reality. It lives in the midst of smashing forces, dashing struggles, sweeping cross-currents, ripping passions, conflict, confusion, seeming chaos, the hot and the cold, the squalor and the drama, which people prosaically refer to as life and students
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A People's Organization is dedicated to an eternal war. It is a war against poverty, misery, delinquency, disease, injustice, hopelessness, despair, and unhappiness. They are basically the same issues for which nations have gone to war in almost every generation.... War is not an intellectual debate,
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Although this type of community organizing focuses on the adoption of local laws, the intent is to demonstrate the use of governing authority to protect community rights and expose the misuse of governing authority to benefit corporations. As such, the adoption of rights-based municipal ordinances is
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The way in which faith based communities FBCOs organize has undergone a dramatic change with the introduction of digital technology. In '' authors Earl and Kimport (2011) provide valuable insights into this shift – namely how decreased costs associated with 'Taking Action on the Cheap' have opened up
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Unlike the existing FBCO national "umbrella" and other grassroots organizations, ACORN maintains a centralized national agenda and exerts some centralized control over local organizations. Because ACORN USA was a 501(c)4 organization under the tax code, it was able to participate directly in election
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were very involved in developing this approach. Generally the block-club model also includes higher level forms of organization (street clubs, larger areas) because block clubs alone were felt not to form a strong foundation for organizing. Organization for a Better Austin and the Chatham-Avalon Park
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Community organising starts with the recognition that change can only come about when communities come together to compel public authorities and businesses to respond to the needs of ordinary people. It identifies and trains leaders in diverse communities, bringing them together to voice their needs
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TCC runs an ongoing programme of community organising training for adults and young people. Community leaders from TCC's diverse membership work together to actively engage in democracy and decision making, holding regular accountability meetings ahead of elections and building ongoing relationships
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are explicitly broad-based and dues-based. Dues-based membership allows IAF organizations to maintain their independence; organizations are politically non-partisan and do not pursue or accept government funding. Broad-based organizations aim to teach institutional leaders how to build relationships
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Some feminists argue that feminist community organizing can disregard the racial and capability diversity among women. In the process of pushing for unity among women, feminist organizers are inclined to disregard the benefits of diversity. Economist Marilyn Power uses the term "homogenous category"
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There has been an attempt to build a general community organizing practice model that ties the different types of community organizing together despite their differences. Scholars Shane R. Brady and Mary Katherine O'Connor construct a starting point for a general practice model, a model that defines
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One of Alinsky's associates, Presbyterian minister Herbert White, became a missionary in South Korea and the Philippines and brought Alinsky's ideas, books and materials with him. He helped start a community organization in the Manila slum of Tondo in the 1970s. The concepts of community organizing
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from the State and the Market. In a totalitarian Society all three may virtually coincide. In a fully democratic society the three will be distinct. Where the state and the market become predominant, even in a democracy, civil society is reduced on the one hand to voting and volunteering and on the
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Recent studies have shown, however, that funding for community organizing can produce large returns on investment ($ 512 in community benefits to $ 1 of Needmor funding, according to the Needmor Fund Study, $ 157 to 1 in New Mexico and $ 89 to 1 in North Carolina according to National Committee for
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Organizing groups often struggle to find resources. They rarely receive funding from government since their activities often seek to contest government policies. Foundations and others who usually fund service activities generally don't understand what organizing groups do or how they do it, or shy
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was formed in 1971. Pastors working in the district Tsuen Wan from six denominations formed a fellowship to discuss local issues, and decided to obtain funding from the World Council of Churches to form the Tsuen Wan Ecumenical Social Service Centre (TWESSC) to serve the low-income people in 1973.
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is the oldest community organising group in the UK, founded in 1995. TCC is an institutional membership organisation; members include community groups, faith groups, and schools, from across North East Wales (Wrexham, Flintshire, and Denbighshire). As a broad-based alliance, TCC brings communities
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community, fostering relationships between community members. While community organizers like Alinsky had long worked with churches, these trends led to an increasing focus on congregational organizing during the 1980s, as organizing groups rooted themselves in one of the few remaining broad-based
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into 501(c)3 nonprofits, among other issues, increasingly dissolved the tight ethnic and racial communities that had been so prevalent in urban areas during the first part of the century. As a result, community organizers began to move away from efforts to mobilize existing communities and towards
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Lawyers are often quite important to those engaged in social action. The problem comes when a social action strategy is designed primarily around a lawsuit. When lawyers take the center stage, it can push grassroots struggle into the background, short circuiting the development of collective power
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While community organizing groups often engage in protest actions designed to force powerful groups to respond to their demands, protest is only one aspect of the activity of organizing groups. To the extent that groups' actions generate a sense in the larger community that they have "power," they
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Grassroots organizing is vulnerable, being dependent on the support of more powerful people; its goals can be easily thwarted. Because grassroots organizing focuses on building relationships within the community, scholars note that grassroots community organizing can be passive and depoliticizing.
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ACORN and other neighborhood-based groups like the Organization for a Better Austin had a reputation of being more forceful than faith-based (FBCO) groups, in part because they needed to continually act to keep their non-institutionalized members engaged, and there are indications that their local
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London Citizens began life in East London in 1996 as TELCO (the East London Communities Organisation) subsequently expanding to South London, West London and by 2011 into North London. London Citizens has a dues paying institutional membership of over 160 schools, churches, mosques, trade unions,
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A People's Organization is a conflict group, this must be openly and fully recognized. Its sole reason in coming into being is to wage war against all evils which cause suffering and unhappiness. A People's Organization is the banding together of large numbers of men and women to fight for those
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Power gained and exerted in community organizing is also not the coercion applied by legal, illegal, physical, or economic means, such as those be applied by banks, syndicates, corporations, governments, or other institutions. Rather, organizing makes use of the voluntary efforts of a community's
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organizing is distinctive for its bottom-up approach to organizing. Grassroots organizers build community groups from scratch, developing new leadership where none existed and organizing the unorganized. This type of organizing uses a process where people collectively act in the interest of their
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The aftermath of the series of events had an impact on the mode of community organizing in the social work sector. SoCo complained to TWESSC that some of their social workers joined "Kingland's Friends" and intervened in SoCo's work. The executive member and staff of TWESS had disagreement about
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In 1994, the Buildings Department took a large-scale action to demolish rooftop houses, which were considered as unauthorized building works. On 17 October, the social workers of TWESSC organized the residents that lived in rooftop structures in Tak Yan House and Cheuk Ming House of Tsuen Wan to
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that seeks out existing community strengths. The relationship between community organizing and community development is however more one of nuance than total difference. There is much community development literature and practice which is very similar to community organizing, see for example the
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efforts to improve communities through a range of strategies, usually directed by educated professionals working in government, policy, non-profit, or business organizations, is not community organizing. Community development projects increasingly include a community participation component, and
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Americans today often equate civic engagement with direct service. Organizing groups usually avoid actually providing services, today, however, because history indicates that when they do, organizing for collective power is often left behind. Powerful groups often threaten the "service" wings of
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has been promoting community organising in the UK since 1989 and has established the profession of Community Organiser through the Guild of Community Organisers teaching the disciplines of strategy and politics. Neil Jameson, the executive director of Citizens UK, founded the organisation after
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prioritize raising consciousness for women to understand how their personal struggles are interconnected with societal inequalities. While women have participated in grassroots organizing, the characteristics of feminism distinguish feminist organizing from other forms of grassroots organizing.
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In 1995, the rooftop dwellers in Kingland Apartments in Mong Kok protested against the Buildings Department' plan to demolish their rooftop homes. The NGO SoCO, a university students organization Social Movement Resource Centre and some other citizens joined to form the "Kingland's friends" to
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and Saul Alinsky's concepts, provided both financial support and training to church groups in different parts of Asia such as Hong Kong, Korea, Indonesia and the Philippines. They invited Alinsky-trained consultants to organize training programmes and also Alinsky himself to Hong Kong in 1971.
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law in the USA. This changed the working and living conditions of Baltimore's low-wage service workers and established an example for other cities in the USA. In London it was a campaign launched in 2001 by London Citizens, the largest civil alliance in the Citizens UK network. The Living Wage
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Feminists want to break down racial and gendered boundaries and promote unity among women. Feminist organizing focuses on building relationships within the community, seeing such relationships as a prerequisite for raising consciousness. This type of organizing is called the community-building
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In May 2010 Citizens UK held a General Election Assembly at the Methodist Central Hall Westminster with 2,500 people from member institutions and the world media present. This event was three days before the election and proved to be one of the most dynamic and electric events of the election
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A key commitment of the Community Organisers (CO) programme, was to build an independent legacy body that would sustain and develop Community Organising in England. Established in 2015, Community Organisers (originally known as COLtd) is the National Training and Membership body for Community
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The first rights-based municipal laws prohibited corporations from monopolizing horticulture (factory farming), and banned corporate waste dumping within municipal jurisdictions. More recent rights-based organizing, in Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Maine, Virginia and California has prohibited
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FBCOs tend to have mostly middle-class participants because the congregations involved are generally mainline Protestant and Catholic (although "middle-class" can mean different things in white communities and communities of color, which can lead to class tensions within these organizations).
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community members,through mobilizing efforts, with the end goal of "distributing" power and resources more equally between the community members and external political and social figures of power. When adapting the goal of community empowerment, organizers recognize the uneven distribution of
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Advocates generally speak for others who are deemed (often incorrectly) unable to represent their own interests due to disability, inherent complexity of the venue such as courts and hospitals, or other factors. Community organizing emphasizes the virtue of having those affected to speak for
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Feminist organizing, also known as women's community organizing, is community organizing with a feminist motivation. The goals of feminist organizing include: increasing women's employment opportunities; improving women's physical and mental well-being; and, raising consciousness. Organizers
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There are studies that speculate that these limitations are caused by feminism's emergence from a Eurocentric perspective. Historically, European American feminists delegitimize the racial difference of women. In addition, European American feminists delegitimize women who do not follow the
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More recently has come the emergence of youth organizing groups around the country. These groups use neo-Alinsky strategies while also usually providing social and sometimes material support to less-privileged youth. Most of these groups are created by and directed by youth or former youth
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often encompasses diverse collections of individual activists, local and national organizations, advocacy groups, multiple and often conflicting spokespersons, and more, held together by relatively common aims but not a common organizational structure. A community organizing group might be
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to train a new generation of Community Organisers (CO) programme. This policy aim sat alongside a number of other policy objectives including The Localism Act all of which were designed to give new powers to communities to take great control over their neighbourhoods, services and assets.
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Community organising works because it organises people and money through the institutions which have the potential to engage in the public discourse about what is the common good. These are the institutions which can mediate between the family and the State – such as faith organisations,
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Community organizers generally seek to build groups that are democratic in governance, open and accessible to community members, and concerned with the general health of a specific interest group, rather than the community as a whole. In addition, community organizing seeks to broadly
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Note that the Needmor study examined a select collection of organizing groups specifically selected for their effectiveness for Needmor funding. Thus, the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy studies are probably a more accurate estimation of the return to less targeted
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A range of efforts create opportunities for people to meet together and engage in dialogue about community problems. Like community organizing, the effort in contexts like these is generally to be open to a diverse range of opinions, out of which some consensus may be reached. A
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community organizing as its own field of practice. However, this model depends on existing practice models adapted by the different types of community organizing. For example, FBCOs and many grassroots organizing models use the "social action approach" built on the work of
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The National Academy of Community Organising (NACO) provides quality assured training and Qualification courses in community organising. It is a network of affiliated local hubs of community organising known as Social Action Hubs. These organisations deliver our courses.
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To build relationships among community members, feminist organizers encourage sharing personal experiences. Feminist organizers believe that this forms a sense of interconnectedness and trust among community members which is important in the community organizing process.
2115:. Unlike the communist guerrillas, community organizers quietly worked to encourage critical thinking about the status quo, facilitate organization and support the solving of concrete collective problems. Community organizing was thus able to lay the groundwork for the
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corporate mining, large-scale water withdrawals and chemical trespass. A similar attempt was made by Denton, Texas to restrict fracking was initially successful, but then overturned and further legislation passed to prevent Texas communities from enacting similar bans.
526:, facilitating coalitions and assisting in the development of campaigns. A central goal of organizing is the development of a robust, organized, local democracy bringing community members together across differences to fight together for the interests of the community.
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FBCOs focus on the long-term development of a culture and common language of organizing and on the development of relational ties between members. They are more stable during fallow periods than grassroots groups because of the continuing existence of member churches.
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An "Organic" approach, where problems are located across a particular community and then people are organized around these problems locally, and then leaders are brought together in a larger organization. The Northwest Community Organization in Chicago, developed by
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There are currently 22 Social Action Hubs across England. They are locally rooted organisations committed to community organising who train and support people to develop their understanding and practice of community organising and to get involved in social action.
958:. However, the term "community organizing" generally refers to more progressive organizations, as evidenced, for example, by the reaction against community organizing in the 2008 US presidential election by Republicans and conservatives both online and offline.
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to sponsor the initial stages of a new community organizing coalition called the Sydney Alliance. The coalition launched on 15 September 2011 with 43 organisations and is supporting the establishment of other community organizing coalitions across the country.
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synagogues and voluntary organisations. In the beginning, small actions were undertaken to prevent a factory from contaminating the area with noxious smells and prevent drug dealing in school neighbourhoods. Over time larger campaigns were undertaken. Before
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Broad-based organizations intentionally recruit member institutions that are both secular and religious. Congregations, synagogues, temples and mosques are joined by public schools, non-profits, and labor and professional associations. Organizations of the
547:, petitioning, and electoral politics. Organizing groups often seek out issues they know will generate controversy and conflict. This allows them to draw in and educate participants, build commitment, and establish a reputation for advancing local justice.
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The programme embeds community organising as part of the fabric of neighbourhoods across England and equips local people with the skills to transform their communities for good. It expands the community organising movement to include young people from the
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is an example. However, beyond the dialogue that also happens inside organizing groups, the focus is on generating a collective and singular "voice" in order to gain power and resources for the organization's members as well as constituents in the broader
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Because of their "organization of organizations" approach, FBCOs can organize large numbers of members with a relatively small number of organizers that generally are better paid and more professionalized than those in "door-knocking" groups like ACORN.
1248:(IAF). The mandate of the national community organizing network was to partner with religious congregations and civic organizations to build "broad-based organizations" that could train up local leadership and promote trust across community divides.
1881:). The report made a series of over 200 recommendations for change which are still being negotiated. This resulted in the ending of the practice of holding children of refugee families in detention by the Coalition government elected in 2010.
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See the Chambers and Warren books, above, for a discussion of the efforts of community organizers during this time. Fisher gives a good overview of the changes in the nature of community in urban areas, as does Robert Putnam more broadly in
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more generally. Where negotiations fail, these organizations quickly seek to inform others outside of the organization of the issues being addressed and expose or pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing,
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The shift to community building was also caused by external forces, rather than just feminist organizer's motivations. During 1980s, the rising neoliberal agenda caused many community organizers to shift to the community-building approach.
2122:
The concepts of community organizing have now filtered into many international organizations as a way of promoting participation of communities in social, economic and political change in developing countries. This is often referred to as
1586:
together for action on local, regional, and national issues. TCC is remarkable in community organising in that its area of operation includes a diverse geographical region, including many rural areas, and is notably not based in a city.
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1923:
Community organising in the UK is distinctive because it deliberately sets out to build permanent alliances of citizens to exercise power in society. The UK analysis is that to understand Society it is necessary to distinguish
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Each Social Action Hub is unique and works in its own way to ignite social change through community organising, However, all of the Social Acton Hubs are quality assured by Community Organisers to offer our training courses
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Organisers in England, delivering accredited training. Community Organisers has also established he National Academy of Community Organising to provide training and support to people in community organising in the UK.
1326:
through the end of the century. Less dramatically, civic association and neighborhood block clubs were formed all across the country to foster community spirit and civic duty, as well as provide a social outlet.
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People sought to meet the pressures of rapid immigration and industrialization by organizing immigrant neighborhoods in urban centers. Since the emphasis of the reformers was mostly on building community through
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provision for Deaf young people, getting a Parkinson's nurse to be based in North East Wales, getting a local authority to recycle instead of building an incinerator, and getting a homeless shelter for Wrexham.
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questioned Obama's role as a community organizer, asking the crowd "What does a community organizer actually do?", and was answered with resounding applause. This was seconded by the vice presidential nominee,
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When people "mobilize," they get together to effect a specific social change but have no long-term plan. When the particular campaign that mobilized them is over, these groups dissolve and durable power is not
1005:
According to Edward Chambers, community organizing is distinguishable from activism if activists engage in social protest without a coherent strategy for building power or for making specific social changes.
1987:. A community organizing school was held in 2005 in Currawong, involving unions, community organizations and religious organizations. In 2007, Amanda Tattersall, a union and community organizer, approached
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A few social movements that adopted community organizing to demand housing rights in the 1990s caused much controversy especially in the social work sector, challenging the mode of "community organizing".
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1569:. This 501c4 organization focuses on training people to be community organizers and working on local and national progressive issues such as climate change, immigration reform and marriage equality.
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Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
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Broad-based organizing, which emerged out of FBCO, reflecting the inclusion of a broader range of institutions and groups beyond religious ones. Parts of the IAF were early movers in this direction.
1052:
organizing groups in an effort to prevent collective action. In the nonprofit sector, there are many organizations that used to do community organizing but lost this focus in the shift to service.
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were blocked in the way. They then sat in at the Upper Albert Road, blocking three lanes of the road, and demanded the Governor to take the petition letter. As a result, 23 people were arrested.
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Consulting to conduct the evaluation of the CO programme. Evaluation work began in October 2012 and the main report, published in December 2015, summarises the final assessment of the programme.
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were widely read by university students and social workers. Due to Alinsky's influence, the social workers adopted a more aggressive confrontational mode to force the government into actions.
876:
1765:' forerunner TELCO was formed in 1996. Milton Keynes Citizens began in 2010. The others had a brief and glorious start lasting roughly 3 years when COF was unable to finance them any longer.
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international Community Development Journal. And certainly since the 1970s community development practitioners have been influenced by structural analyses of inequity and power distribution.
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A collection of training and support organizations for national coalitions of mostly locally governed and mostly FBCO community organizing groups were founded in the Alinsky tradition. The
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FBCOs are 501(c)3 organizations. Contributions to them are tax exempt. As a result, while they can conduct campaigns over "issues" they cannot promote the election of specific individuals.
1562:(DNC). Organizing for America sought to advance the president's legislative agenda and played an important role in building grassroots support for The Affordable Health Care Act.
728:
Because of its focus on "local" issues and relationships between members, individual groups generally prioritize relatively local community interests by focusing on local issues.
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which has since developed organization and campaigns in Peru, India, Canada, Kenya, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Honduras, the Czech Republic, Italy and elsewhere.
2147:
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of a "movement." Movements generally dissolve when the motivating issue(s) are addressed, although organizations created during movements can continue and shift their focuses.
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became the IAF's executive director. Hundreds of professional community and labor organizers and thousands of community and labor leaders have been trained at its workshops.
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Feminist organizing. However, feminist organizing can sometimes lean away from the conflictual vision of organizing to the point that it may not belong in the same category.
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Leung, J. C. B. 1990. "Community Development in Hong Kong: A Study of Top-down and Bottom-up Social Policy Planning and Implementation." PhD diss., University of Hong Kong.
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During this period, much of community organizing methodology was generated in Schools of Social Work, with a particular methodological focus grounded in the philosophy of
1850:
518:, allowing it to influence key decision-makers on a range of issues over time. In the ideal, for example, this can get community-organizing groups a place at the table
52:
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Robert Fisher and Peter Romanofsky have grouped the history of "community organizing" (also known as "social agitation") in the United States into four rough periods:
534:
Community organizers attempt to influence government, corporations, and institutions, increase direct representation within decision-making bodies, and foster general
496:
is a process where people who live in proximity to each other or share some common problem come together into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest.
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Community organizing, to be a force for social change, has to be able to mobilize locally but in conjunction with wider alliances that share a politics of opposition.
4204:
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necessarily involves conflict and social struggle in order to generate collective power for the powerless. Community organizing has as a core goal the generation of
3590:
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This book studied the strategies and cultures of two local ACORN and two local FBCO organizations linked to major "umbrella" organizations in two different cities.
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666:
House meetings, where a series of house meetings are held in a community, leading to a community congress to form an organization. This approach was developed by
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Community Council in Chicago and many of the organizations developed by Shel Trapp for National People's Action, including those in Cleveland, were good examples.
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4187:
3516:
773:. Although efforts in grassroots organizing are significant in marginalized communities, it is specifically popular among marginalized communities of color.
1967:
set up a Community Organising Unit to focus on organising with communities and groups of employees, helping them to campaign on local and workplace issues.
776:"Door-knocking" grassroots organizations like ACORN organize poor and working-class members recruiting members one by one in the community. Because they go
1157:. Most organizations had a national orientation because the economic problems the nation faced did not seem possible to change at the neighborhood levels.
616:
A range of forms of neighborhood-based organizing that either organizes individuals or creates new "from scratch" kinds of organizations. This can include:
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3548:
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Responsive Philanthropy studies) through legislation and agreements with corporations, among other sources, not including non-fiscal accomplishments.
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Residents were organized in housing-related movements with demands ranging from improvement of facilities to housing policy. One of the examples is
1295:
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in May 2014 who voted to organise for more security, better quality and more affordable housing. Two of the founding members were graduates of the
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in 2011 to provide companies with intelligence and accreditation. It also moderates the hourly rate applicable for the Living Wage outside London.
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Block-club organizing, where blocks (two sides of a street on a block) are organized into a club or sometimes tenants in a building are organized.
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1551:
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was "sort of like being a community organizer, except that you have actual responsibilities." In response, some progressives, such as Congressman
1268:
856:
697:
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4416:"An Ecumenical Experiment in Colonial Hong Kong: The Start of the Tsuen Wan Ecumenical Social Service Centre (1973 to 1997) and Its Local Praxis"
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led to the Welsh Government committing funding so that the poorest pupils in Wales will be able to afford breakfast as well as lunch at school.
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Earl, J. & Kimport, K. (2011) ‘Taking Action on the Cheap: Costs and Participation’, in Digitally Enabled Social Change. . The MIT Press.
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4698:
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This is a good history of organizing that shows how government funding was cut from organizing groups because they threatened the status quo.
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1385:
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1186:, published in 1971. With these books, Alinsky was the first person in America to codify key strategies and aims of community organizing.
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and capacity. There are examples where community organizing groups and legal strategies have worked together well, however, including the
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social workers' position in joining social movements, leading to the dismissal of six workers. The TWESSC was disbanded in January 1997.
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1488:
480:
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Holt, Stan (2015). "What Every Community Organization Should Know About Community Development". In Schutz, Aaron; Miller, Mike (eds.).
134:
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2018:
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1915:. The group formed out of the Living Rent campaign in 2015 and today has branches in Glasgow and Edinburgh and two organising staff.
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86:
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and developed through a document originally drafted by Dick Harmon) was the classic early example of this. The IAF as well as the
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4113:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Ch. 5; c.f. Marshall Ganz and Peter Drier, "We Have the Hope, Now Where's the Audacity",
1348:
community institutions. This shift also led to an increased focus on relationships among religion, faith, and social struggle.
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667:
2111:. They found this community organizing a well-suited method to work among the poor during the martial law era of the dictator
844:
5037:
4144:
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955:
671:
442:
404:
399:
236:
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Again, see Swarts book cited above for general information on FBCOs and their differences from grassroots groups like ACORN,
2872:"Public relationship building in grassroots community organizing: relational intervention for individual and systems change"
4248:
3620:
3222:
2681:""If That's Snobbery, Then I'm a Snob": The Successful Fight to Create a Black, Middle-Class Enclave in Chatham, 1955-1960"
5059:
4219:
2132:
2128:
1559:
3594:
2164:
1662:
447:
190:
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See Reitzes and Reitzes book above. Good overview of the relationship between Alinsky and a number of these organizers.
674:(CSO) was a good example, and a similar approach was used by the Cesar Chavez (who was an organizer in the CSO) in the
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1854:
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1357:
1245:
918:
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575:
437:
3199:
766:
68:
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Theoretische und empirischen Grundlagen des Community Organizing bei Saul D. Alinsky (1909–1972) Eine Rekonstruktion
2543:"Understanding How Community Organizing Leads to Social Change: The Beginning Development of Formal Practice Theory"
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to be main higher education beneficiary of the sports legacy and to consider becoming a Sports Centre of Excellence
389:
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3523:
3451:
3247:
For a discussion of social class differences between churches and their relationship to neighborhood action, see:
1338:, the ability of middle-class white Americans to move out of majority Black areas, and the professionalization of
5069:
4030:
AFL-CIO. AFL-CIO President John Sweeney Names Stewart Acuff New Organizing Director. N.p., 31 October 2002. Web.
2124:
1825:
751:
326:
64:
4991:—Description of what community organizing is, what community organizers do, and good links for more information.
2415:
Lamont, Michèle (21 May 2018). "Addressing Recognition Gaps: Destigmatization and the Reduction of Inequality".
4906:(Bremer Beiträge zur Politischen Bildung. Akademie für Arbeit und Politik der Universität Bremen, Bremen 2006)
2215:
1951:
1878:
1705:
1701:
1654:
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Citizens UK set up the Independent Asylum Commission in order to investigate widespread concern about the way
4985:—Includes archives of original research, links to organizations and other resources, and an ongoing listserv.
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4292:
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Ernesto Cortes (1993). "Reweaving the Fabric: The Iron Rule and the IAF Strategy for Power and Politics" in
2116:
1122:
848:
473:
210:
175:
4896:(Self published, 2003). Available from the National Training and Information Center, 312-243-3035, Review:
4999:
2194:
2107:, a pro-poor theological movement in the developing world, and the philosophy of Brazilian educationalist
2026:
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1555:
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762:
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and its impact on the lives of refugees and migrants. This resulted in the building of a visitor centre.
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1964:
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In 2010 the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition Government pledged as part of its commitment to the
1566:
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1310:
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from the 1930s into the 1970s. By contrast, feminist organizing follows a "community-building approach,"
380:
266:
256:
180:
4590:
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1318:
4591:"Re-Engagement and Negotiation in a Changing Political and Economic Context: Social Work in Hong Kong"
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2704:
2680:
2189:
2010:
2006:
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in the USA. Citizens UK (formerly the Citizens Organising Foundation) established citizens groups in
879:
to promote community organizing that included faith-based organizing as well other community groups.
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Money from the Olympic development to be set aside to improve local schools and the health service;
1476:
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246:
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https://books.google.com/books?id=ssrxCwAAQBAJ&dq=Digitally+Enabled+Social+Change&pg=PA238
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http://www.aflcio.org/Press-Room/Press-Releases/AFL-CIO-President-John-Sweeney-Names-Stewart-Acuff
2542:
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3923:
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3159:
3107:
3010:
2983:"Telling a Story that Must Be Heard: Participatory Indicators as Tools for Community Empowerment"
2961:
2728:"Democratizing Cleveland: The Rise and Fall of Community Organizing in Cleveland, Ohio 1975-1985"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185341/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/135/trappreview.html
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3254:
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3002:
2949:
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2659:
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2562:
2510:
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2358:
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1487:, adapted techniques from community organizing for Obama's 2008 presidential election. At the
1237:
1114:
747:
336:
296:
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205:
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3621:"Core Dilemmas of Organizing: What is Community Organizing? What isn't Community Organizing?"
3200:"President Bush Attends Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives' National Conference"
3131:
598:
are or were national or regional umbrella groups organized at one point around this approach.
4637:
4628:
Matous, Petr (2013). "The making and unmaking of community-based water supplies in Manila".
4602:
4468:
4427:
3945:
Robert Siegel talks to author Sanford Horwitt, who wrote a biography of Saul Alinsky called
3143:
3091:
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2883:
2791:
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2554:
2502:
2424:
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2112:
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1874:
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361:
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200:
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4457:"The relevance of Alinsky? Hong Kong in 1970s and 2000s versus Vancouver in 1970s: Table 1"
2779:
2608:
2490:
4038:
3743:
3132:"Perspectives from Women Organizers: Views on Gender, Race, Class, and Sexual Orientation"
2696:
2230:
1893:
1762:
1509:
1291:
1026:
627:
Doorknocking, where organizers go door to door and draw individuals into an organization.
591:
574:
Faith-based community organizing (FBCO) which brings together religious institutions. The
195:
150:
3041:"Re-theorizing feminist community development: towards a radical democratic citizenship"
4288:
Housing will be the basis for all change in our country': an interview with Living Rent
2904:
2727:
1831:
At least £2m set aside immediately for a Construction Academy to train up local people;
1618:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1448:
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was the first, created by Alinsky himself in 1940. The other key organizations include
1264:
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give a sense of Alinsky's organizing philosophy and of his style of public engagement:
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951:
583:
366:
341:
301:
215:
3412:
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social action campaign for 10 to 20-year-olds. The programme has also established the
1279:, Brooklyn Ecumenical Cooperatives, founded by former IAF trainer, Richard Harmon and
5053:
5017:
4994:
4649:
4010:
3919:
3795:
Weil, Marie. (1996). Community Practice: Conceptual Models. The Hayworth Press, Inc.
3669:
3640:
3163:
3111:
3014:
2712:
2640:
2574:
2444:
2352:
2299:
1925:
1870:
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1649:(DCMS), to expand its movement of Community Organisers from 6,500 to 10,000 by 2020.
1525:
1492:
1480:
1416:
1408:
983:
535:
504:
356:
5027:
3475:
An edited volume discussing the funding issue from a fairly leftist perspective is:
3424:
950:
Community organizing is not solely the domain of progressive politics, as dozens of
17:
4274:
2108:
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1472:
1444:
1428:
1335:
1260:
1165:
1150:
1079:
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645:
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important decisions are made. Community organizers work with and develop new local
346:
311:
3223:"Core Dilemmas of Community Organizing: Fracturing Across Lines of Race and Class"
2998:
2079:
As a result, "radical community organizing" by social workers became less common.
1401:
4641:
3706:
3079:
2558:
2253:
4245:"Executive Order Builds on IAF's Living Wage Tradition – – West / SouthWest IAF"
3624:
3226:
3095:
2393:
Erbaugh, Elizabeth. "Women's Community Organizing and Identity Transformation".
1908:
1791:
1738:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1610:
1594:
1505:
1436:
1393:
1384:
Many of the most notable leaders in community organizing today emerged from the
1154:
552:
170:
3949:
The book traces Alinsky's early activism in Chicago's meatpacking neighborhood.
1950:
Citizens UK set up the Institute for Community Organising (ICO) as part of its
1709:
housing. South London Citizens held a citizens enquiry into the working of the
979:
739:
which emphasizes raising consciousness to support the community's empowerment.
5008:
4391:
Political Development in Hong Kong State, Political Society, and Civil Society
2953:
2820:
Dry Bones Rattling: : Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy
1988:
1768:
Manchester Changemakers was formed in 2007 and is independent of Citizens UK.
1622:
1565:
After the 2012 election OFA went through another transition and is now called
1424:
1412:
1322:
1146:
1138:
777:
757:
649:
5012:
4614:
4480:
4441:
3155:
3103:
3064:
3006:
2803:
2632:
2566:
2514:
2436:
2428:
1407:
There have been many other notable community organizers through the decades:
5024:—Ganz developed the "organizing" strategy for Obama's presidential campaign.
4838:
Collective Action for Social Change: An Introduction to Community Organizing
4111:
Collective Action for Social Change: An Introduction to Community Organizing
3591:"National Committee for Responsible Philanthropy North Carolina study (pdf)"
2778:
Bradshaw, Catherine P.; Soifer, Steven; Gutierrez, Lorraine (January 1994).
1746:
1734:
1521:
713:
515:
331:
125:
4313:
3880:
3657:
See also the Bobo, Chambers, and Reitzes & Reitzes books cited earlier.
3480:
The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex
99:
4803:
4606:
3983:
3757:
Let the People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America, Updated Edition
3147:
2871:
2795:
2624:
2506:
1117:
and other service mechanisms, the dominant approach was what Fisher calls
4983:
COMM-ORG: The On-Line Conference on Community Organizing and Development
4887:
4866:
4782:
4761:
4726:
4705:
4472:
4205:"Community Organisers gets "striking" new look in bid to attract members"
3495:
On foundations limited understanding of and support for organizing, see:
3056:
2210:
1866:
1400:, John Dodds of Philadelphia Unemployment Project and Mark Splain of the
1314:
716:
building. National Peoples Action was a good example of this (now called
4432:
4415:
3732:
3567:"National Committee for Responsible Philanthropy New Mexico study (pdf)"
2834:
This is one of the best studies of FBCOs in the United States. Also see
2780:"Toward a Hybrid Model for Effective Organizing in Communities of Color"
2262:(2 ed.). North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p.
2103:
Filipino community organizers melded Alinsky's ideas with concepts from
1841:
is designated a 'Living Wage Zone' and all jobs guaranteed a living wage
4789:
Organizing Urban America: Secular and Faith Based Progressive Movements
3933:
2906:
Organizing Urban America: Secular and Faith-Based Progressive Movements
2900:
The statements in this and the last four paragraphs are attested to in
2887:
1857:
work with London Citizens to ensure that these promises are delivered.
1750:
1213:
and in the war against social evils there are no rules of fair play....
1169:
1153:
documented community organizing in the depression era, such as that of
875:(DART). In the United States starting in 2001, the Bush administration
559:
There are different approaches to community organizing. These include:
540:
106:
4933:
We Make Change: Community Organizers Talk About What They Do – and Why
4673:
Community Organizing for Urban Social Change: A Historical Perspective
2933:
1983:
Since 2000, active discussion about community organizing had begun in
1897:
4894:
Dynamics of Organizing: Building Power by Developing the Human Spirit
4456:
3814:"Review of Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy"
3040:
1984:
1758:
1536:
was a governor", a phrase produced on bumper stickers and elsewhere.
1501:
544:
523:
3960:
Frank Reissman (1967). "More on Poverty: The Myth of Saul Alinsky".
3251:
Streets of Glory: Church and Community in a Black Urban Neighborhood
1145:
concepts. This period saw much energy coming from those critical of
765:
that employ this method and support local organizing groups include
2301:
Organizing for social change: Midwest Academy: Manual for activists
2037:
The Asia Committee for People's Organisation (ACPO), influenced by
2086:
1974:
1529:
1290:
1103:
978:
843:
746:
98:
27:
Process where a community works together based on a common problem
4220:"Elected mayors should be held to account by citizens' alliances"
4188:"Microsoft Word - 12-044320-01_COFinalReport_FINAL_221215_PUBLIC"
4824:
People Power: The Saul Alinsky Tradition of Community Organizing
4393:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, HKU. pp. 163–197.
4060:"Funders Collaborative on Youth Organizing Working Paper Series"
3773:
People Power: The Saul Alinsky Tradition of Community Organizing
3703:
One of the best discussions of social movements can be found in
3080:"Social Provisioning as a Starting Point for Feminist Economics"
2656:
People Power: The Community Organizing Tradition of Saul Alinsky
2491:"Community Organizing with Women of Color:: A Feminist Approach"
1892:
UK was formed by 100 tenants supported by 3 staff organisers in
1638:
1582:
4733:
The Backyard Revolution: Understanding the New Citizen Movement
3517:"Funding Organizing: Social Change Through Civic Participation"
1807:
When London announced it would bid to be the host city for the
5004:
Power to the People: Thirty-five Years of Community Organizing
2097:
31:
3671:
Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice
3286:
Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age
2354:
Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice
2143:
has been a particularly notable advocate of such techniques.
1815:
2012 permanently affordable homes for local people through a
1633:
The Community Organisers Expansion Programme (COEP) 2017–2020
1334:
During these decades, the emergence of an ongoing process of
4768:
Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize America
3737:
http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/19_03/cali193.shtml
2259:
Activism and Social Change: Lessons for Community Organizing
1583:
TCC (Trefnu Cymunedol Cymru / Together Creating Communities)
1578:
TCC (Trefnu Cymunedol Cymru / Together Creating Communities)
132:
4982:
3897:
2609:"Challenging Community Organizing: Facing the 21st Century"
1550:
After Obama's election in 2008, the campaign organization "
1108:
23 February 1908 Boys Selling Newspapers on Brooklyn Bridge
4735:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981, 3rd print).
2541:
Brady, Shane R.; O'Connor, Mary Katherine (3 April 2014).
2254:"1: Theoretical Perspectives and Models of Community Work"
1658:
4691:
Let the People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America
3856:
Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky: His Life and Legacy
1834:
That at least 30% of jobs are set aside for local people;
1665:
to sustain the ongoing training of Community Organisers.
788:
activities, but contributions to it were not tax-exempt.
3411:
Barry Yeoman, Rebel Towns, The Nation, 4 February 2013.
2119:
of 1986, which nonviolently pushed Marcos out of power.
1267:. Other organizations following in the tradition of the
631:
is a key example of an organization using this approach.
3924:"NPR Democrats and the Legacy of Activist Saul Alinsky"
2489:
Gutierrez, Lorraine M.; Lewis, Edith A. (7 July 1994).
1259:, who worked for Alinsky, was the principal mentor for
855:
Faith-based community organizing (FBCO), also known as
60:
1352:
Emergence of national organizing support organizations
4145:"A plain English guide to the Localism Bill - Update"
2981:
Sandoval, Gerardo; Rongerude, Jane (2 October 2015).
2019:
Society for Society for Community Organization (SoCO)
104:
Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now
4947:
Community Organizing: Fanning the Flame of Democracy
4791:(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008).
3187:
Faith Based Community Organizing: State of the Field
1141:, which focused on experience, education, and other
3413:
http://www.thenation.com/article/172266/rebel-towns
2033:
Influence of Saul Alinsky in Hong Kong in the 1970s
1232:In 1940, with the support of Roman Catholic Bishop
5028:History of Community Organizing in the Philippines
2903:
2607:Fisher, Robert; Shragge, Eric (28 November 2000).
2298:
2001:The emergence of community organizing in the 1970s
3283:Earl, Jennifer; Kimport, Katrina (4 March 2011).
1851:London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games
1605:The Community Organisers (CO) programme 2011–2015
1558:," and has been placed under the auspices of the
1508:, who stated that her experience as the mayor of
899:Faith-based Community and Digital Transformation'
5044:Evaluation of the Community Organisers programme
4963:, Brunswick House Press 2020 ISBN 978-0972822336
4935:(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007).
4919:Community Organizing – Die Macht der Beziehungen
4826:(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2015).
3477:Incite! Women of Color Against Violence (2008).
3425:"The Texas town that banned fracking (and lost)"
2685:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
1790:In 1994, the city of Baltimore passed the first
4770:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
4714:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990).
2938:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 39–78.
1911:is Scotland's tenant union, also affiliated to
1075:Nonpartisan dialogues about community problems:
3892:
3890:
3344:Better Together: Restoring American Community,
2910:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
998:from the perspective of community organizers.
3898:"Dick Meister - The best value of money here"
3130:Mizrahi, Terry; Lombe, Margaret (June 2006).
1595:Stop School Hunger / Dysgu Nid Llwgu campaign
503:, community organizers generally assume that
474:
45:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
4873:Community Organizing for Urban School Reform
4712:The Roots of Community Organizing, 1917–1939
4162:"Community Organisers programme: evaluation"
1678:The National Academy of Community Organising
1201:rights which insure a decent way of life....
954:organizations are in operation, such as the
4875:(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997).
4499:【逆權●社工】90年代堵路先鋒 社工夫妻憶被捕後秋後算賬:「今日政權打壓比港英更強勁」
696:and the early (and to some extent current)
4977:SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing Tradition
4747:Commonwealth: A Return to Citizen Politics
3870:This is the standard biography of Alinsky.
3514:Funders might benefit by looking at this:
2966:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1370:Direct Action and Research Training Center
1302:In the 1960s the New Left (beginning with
1281:Direct Action and Research Training Center
1045:lawsuit over inequality in k-12 education.
873:Direct Action and Research Training Center
596:Direct Action and Research Training Center
481:
467:
112:
5038:A plain English guide to the Localism Act
4431:
3642:Building Powerful Community Organizations
3346:Chapter 1; William Julius Wilson (2001),
2822:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2100:and activists groups in the Philippines.
810:Community-Building in Feminist Organizing
499:Unlike those who promote more-consensual
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
4589:Lam, C. W.; Blyth, E. (1 January 2014).
4271:The Short Guide to Community Development
3253:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1663:National Academy of Community Organising
1641:secured a major £4.2m contract from the
1296:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1172:, is credited with originating the term
990:Understanding what community organizing
752:Protest against fracking in Balcombe, UK
4995:Maria Mottola, Tenant Organizing Manual
4087:"Obama Field Organizers Plot a Miracle"
2243:
1269:Congregation-based Community Organizing
1176:during this time period. Alinsky wrote
857:Congregation-based Community Organizing
698:Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement
417:
379:
223:
142:
124:
4840:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
4494:
4492:
4490:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
2959:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
994:can be aided by understanding what it
4949:(Cambridge, UK: Polity Books, 2015).
4931:Kristin Layng Szakos and Joe Szakos,
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
3733:http://www.urbanhabitat.org/node/1171
3202:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
3125:
3123:
3121:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2870:Christens, Brian D. (3 August 2010).
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2838:The Alinsky Legacy: Alive and Kicking
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2705:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.113.3-4.0040
2697:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.113.3-4.0040
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2027:the protest of Yau Ma Tei boat people
1777:Citizens UK General Election Assembly
1647:Department of Culture Media and Sport
514:for an organization representing the
7:
5046:(England), IPSOS MORI, December 2015
4822:Aaron Schutz and Mike Miller, eds.,
4671:Robert Fisher and Peter Romanofsky,
4414:Wong, Wai-Yin Christina (May 2019).
2654:Schutz, Aaron; Miller, Mike (2015).
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2410:
2408:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
1547:who ordered the execution of Jesus.
1386:National Welfare Rights Organization
851:at the I Hotel protest, January 1977
792:Limitations to Grassroots Organizing
4710:Neil Betten and Michael J. Austin,
4538:"22 face charges following protest"
1489:2008 Republican National Convention
4749:(New York: The Free Press, 1989).
4336:"Introducing Community Organising"
3922:; Horwitt, Sanford (21 May 2007).
2932:Katz, Michael (15 November 2015).
1946:Institute for Community Organising
1468:Prior to his entry into politics,
827:Limitations to Feminist Organizing
25:
4921:(Edition Korber-Stiftung, 2007).
4836:Aaron Schutz and Marie G. Sandy,
4693:(1984; Twayne Publishers, 1997).
2840:. Dietrich. New York: JAI Press.
2836:Reitzes, Donald; Reitzes (1987).
2054:Community organizing in the 1990s
1996:Community Organizing in Hong Kong
1304:Students for a Democratic Society
1068:asset-based community development
3637:A similar list can be found in:
3452:"Defending community organizing"
3078:Power, Marilyn (November 2004).
2935:What Kind of Problem is Poverty?
1380:Examples of community organizers
975:What community organizing is not
582:(deeply informed by the work of
36:
3775:. Vanderbilt University Press.
3450:Smith, Ben (4 September 2008).
3039:Emejulu, Akwugo (1 July 2011).
2876:Journal of Community Psychology
2658:. Vanderbilt University Press.
2297:Bobo, Kim; et al. (2001).
1979:CHOGM 2011 protest gnangarra-96
1317:protest, ethnic mobilizations,
4595:British Journal of Social Work
3639:Brown, Michael Jacoby (2003).
3348:Bridge Over the Racial Divide,
3185:Mark Warren and Richard Wood,
2146:In 2004, members and staff of
2096:spread through the many local
1898:Community Organisers programme
1802:
1655:National Citizen Service (NCS)
1479:FBCO organization in Chicago.
986:protesters seeking land rights
700:were examples of this approach
672:Community Service Organization
443:Category:Community development
405:Community development planning
400:Community economic development
237:Collectivism and individualism
1:
4989:Idealist.org Organizing Guide
4854:(New York: Continuum, 2003).
4812:(New York: Routledge, 2019).
4461:Community Development Journal
4085:Exley, Zack (28 March 2008).
3881:"Industrial Areas Foundation"
3136:Journal of Community Practice
3045:Community Development Journal
2999:10.1080/10705422.2015.1091417
2987:Journal of Community Practice
2784:Journal of Community Practice
2613:Journal of Community Practice
2547:Journal of Community Practice
2495:Journal of Community Practice
2133:participatory action research
2129:participatory rural appraisal
2083:For international development
1861:Independent Asylum Commission
1573:History in the United Kingdom
1560:Democratic National Committee
1475:worked as an organizer for a
801:Feminist Community Organizing
530:Types of Community Organizing
4642:10.1080/09614524.2013.772116
4455:Lam, Kit (14 January 2011).
4269:A. Gilchrist and M. Taylor,
4218:Jameson, Neil (3 May 2012).
3708:The Movement and the Sixties
2559:10.1080/10705422.2014.901263
2417:American Sociological Review
2165:Category:Community activists
1251:After Alinsky died in 1972,
1189:The following excerpts from
1092:History in the United States
454:Join the Community community
448:Category:Localism (politics)
191:Philosophy of social science
4961:Redlined: A Novel of Boston
3812:Slayton, Robert A. (1996).
3711:. Oxford University Press.
3623:. Open Left. Archived from
3225:. Open Left. Archived from
3189:(Interfaith Funders, 2001).
3096:10.1080/1354570042000267608
2091:Bartlett-Ranking BGD (2004)
1731:Industrial Areas Foundation
1532:was a community organizer,
1358:Industrial Areas Foundation
1246:Industrial Areas Foundation
1125:provided an early model of
919:Industrial Areas Foundation
861:Industrial Areas Foundation
576:Industrial Areas Foundation
438:Category:Community building
63:, discuss the issue on the
5086:
4128:"Building the Big Society"
3374:Who Will Tell the People?,
2726:Cunningham, Randy (2013).
1873:were being treated by the
1847:Olympic Delivery Authority
1819:and mutual home ownership;
1464:2008 presidential election
390:Community-based management
49:the English-speaking world
4512:"Protesters deny assault"
3947:Let Them Call Me 'Rebel'.
3854:Horwitt, Sanford (1992).
3694:See Chambers book, above.
3668:Chambers, Edward (2003).
3306:– via Google Books.
2734:. MSL Academic Endeavors.
2401:: 8–32 – via JSTOR.
2351:Chambers, Edward (2003).
2125:participatory development
1933:Intermediate institutions
1826:University of East London
1330:Loss of urban communities
1271:pioneered by IAF include
1180:, published in 1946, and
1121:. During this period the
1023:Social movement building:
327:Small-group communication
5033:Building the Big Society
5022:Online Organizing Course
4675:(Greenwood Press, 1981).
4542:South China Morning Post
4516:South China Morning Post
4021:See Swarts, cited above.
3705:Anderson, Terry (1996).
3498:"Foundation Frustration"
3372:William Greider (1992),
2429:10.1177/0003122418773775
2395:Race, Gender & Class
2216:Large-group capacitation
1952:Centre for Civil Society
1879:UK Visas and Immigration
1706:Greater London Authority
1657:and ambassadors for the
1643:Office for Civil Society
767:National People's Action
5040:published November 2011
4630:Development in Practice
3973:Sale (1973). SDS, p. 94
3755:Fisher, Robert (1994).
3386:Alinsky, Saul (1987) .
3176:See Warren cited above.
2326:Alinsky, Saul (1987) .
2117:People Power Revolution
1803:People's Olympic Legacy
1528:, started saying that "
1483:, former lieutenant of
1340:community organizations
1321:, and the struggle for
1123:Newsboys Strike of 1899
763:community organizations
211:Sociocultural evolution
176:Computational sociology
51:and do not represent a
5013:"Basics of Organizing"
4501:. 香港蘋果日報. 2019-09-28 .
3617:This is adapted from:
3342:Robert Putnam (2003),
3329:Paul Osterman (2002),
3249:Roberts, Omar (2005).
2902:Swarts, Heidi (2008).
2679:Schutz, Aaron (2019).
2252:Shragge, Eric (2013).
2195:Critical consciousness
2092:
1980:
1855:Olympic Legacy Company
1797:Living Wage Foundation
1556:Organizing for America
1433:Martin Luther King Jr.
1299:
1244:, Alinsky founded the
1225:describe as "society."
1109:
1043:Williams v. California
987:
946:Political orientations
852:
754:
372:Solidarity (sociology)
137:
110:
4810:Empowerment: A Primer
3984:"A Step into America"
3929:All Things Considered
3858:. New York: Vintage.
3390:. New York: Vintage.
3388:Reveille for Radicals
3361:Community Is Possible
3318:Interwoven Destinies,
3148:10.1300/J125v14n03_06
2818:Warren, Mark (2001).
2796:10.1300/J125v01n01_03
2625:10.1300/J125v08n03_01
2507:10.1300/J125v01n02_03
2330:. New York: Vintage.
2328:Reveille for Radicals
2221:Organization workshop
2206:Homeowner association
2090:
2044:Reveille for Radicals
2042:Alinsky's two works,
2007:1966 Star Ferry Riots
1978:
1809:Olympic Games in 2012
1772:Citizens UK Campaigns
1567:Organizing for Action
1524:) and liberal pundit
1366:PICO National Network
1311:Civil Rights Movement
1294:
1273:PICO National Network
1191:Reveille for Radicals
1178:Reveille for Radicals
1107:
1063:community development
1057:Community development
982:
877:launched a department
869:PICO National Network
847:
750:
432:WikiProject Community
381:Community development
267:Community of practice
257:Community of interest
181:Cultural anthropology
136:
102:
5060:Community organizing
4316:on 23 September 2010
4037:14 June 2015 at the
3359:Harry Boyte (1984),
2190:Community psychology
1971:History in Australia
1817:Community land trust
1669:Community Organisers
1639:Community Organisers
1601:with power holders.
1127:youth-led organizing
926:Power versus protest
494:Community organizing
410:Community organizing
242:Community engagement
232:Affinity (sociology)
166:Community psychology
69:create a new article
61:improve this article
47:deal primarily with
18:Community campaigner
4607:10.1093/bjsw/bcs092
4433:10.3390/rel10050294
3742:9 June 2009 at the
3645:. Long Haul Press.
3597:on 14 November 2009
3579:on 19 February 2009
3555:on 27 November 2008
3504:on 13 November 2007
3483:. South End Press.
3229:on 20 February 2012
2201:Critical psychology
2175:Community education
2152:ACORN International
2105:liberation theology
2039:Liberation Theology
1913:ACORN International
1477:Gamaliel Foundation
1374:Gamaliel Foundation
1277:Gamaliel Foundation
1234:Bernard James Sheil
1174:community organizer
1149:doctrines as well.
956:Christian Coalition
865:Gamaliel Foundation
676:United Farm Workers
588:Gamaliel Foundation
247:Community education
5065:Community building
4852:Roots for Radicals
4544:. 15 December 1994
4473:10.1093/cdj/bsq060
4273:2nd edn (Bristol:
4207:. 10 January 2019.
4168:. 23 December 2015
4066:on 27 October 2008
3990:. 10 February 2013
3819:Chapman University
3666:See discussion in
3627:on 6 February 2009
3084:Feminist Economics
3057:10.1093/cdj/bsr032
2888:10.1002/jcop.20403
2197:(conscientization)
2185:Community practice
2093:
2048:Rules for Radicals
1981:
1919:Political analysis
1729:training with the
1388:. John Calkins of
1319:women's liberation
1300:
1253:Edward T. Chambers
1183:Rules for Radicals
1110:
988:
908:, 2011, p.95-97).
853:
755:
580:Edward T. Chambers
501:community building
395:Community building
322:Sense of community
317:Prosocial behavior
307:Imagined community
292:Group cohesiveness
287:Community politics
272:Community of place
262:Community practice
252:Community cohesion
161:Community practice
138:
111:
4941:978-0-8265-1554-4
4850:Edward Chambers,
4832:978-0-8265-2041-8
4776:978-0-691-07432-0
4699:978-0-8057-3859-9
4684:978-0-313-21427-1
4564:"馮可立:基本原則和底線是非暴力"
4389:Ma, Ngok (2007).
4117:, 30 August 2009.
3900:. 30 January 2023
3865:978-0-679-73418-5
3782:978-0-8265-2041-8
3718:978-0-19-507409-3
3681:978-0-8264-1499-1
3652:978-0-9771518-0-6
3490:978-0-89608-766-8
3397:978-0-679-72112-3
3260:978-0-226-56217-9
3221:educationaction.
2945:978-0-8203-4842-1
2917:978-0-8166-4839-9
2847:978-0-89232-722-5
2829:978-0-691-07432-0
2364:978-0-8264-1499-1
2337:978-0-679-72112-3
2312:978-0-929765-94-5
2226:Political machine
2137:capacity building
1702:Mayoral elections
1552:Obama for America
1309:Nonetheless, the
1238:Chicago Sun-Times
1115:settlement houses
743:Grassroots action
491:
490:
337:Social alienation
297:Group (sociology)
277:Community service
206:Social philosophy
156:Community studies
97:
96:
89:
71:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5077:
5070:Activism by type
4959:Richard W. Wise
4871:Dennis Shirley,
4745:Harry C. Boyte,
4731:Harry C. Boyte,
4654:
4653:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4570:. 31 August 2022
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4485:
4484:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4386:
4369:
4366:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4312:. Archived from
4302:
4296:
4290:' (29/04/20) in
4284:
4278:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4247:. Archived from
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4062:. Archived from
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3809:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3588:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3571:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3551:. Archived from
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:on 20 March 2009
3528:
3522:. Archived from
3521:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:. Archived from
3494:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3036:
3019:
3018:
2993:(3–4): 403–414.
2978:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2867:
2852:
2851:
2833:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2775:
2736:
2735:
2732:Cleveland Memory
2723:
2717:
2716:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2604:
2579:
2578:
2553:(1–2): 210–228.
2538:
2519:
2518:
2486:
2449:
2448:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2248:
2170:Communitarianism
2113:Ferdinand Marcos
1965:The Labour Party
1959:The Labour Party
1875:UK Border Agency
1839:Lower Lea Valley
1497:Rudolph Giuliani
1455:Youth organizing
1404:, among others.
483:
476:
469:
362:Social rejection
352:Social exclusion
282:Communitarianism
201:Social geography
186:Internet studies
143:Academic studies
135:
113:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
40:
39:
32:
21:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5050:
5049:
4973:
4689:Robert Fisher,
4668:
4658:
4657:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4488:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4388:
4387:
4372:
4367:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4285:
4281:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4251:on 8 March 2014
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4115:Washington Post
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4091:Huffington Post
4084:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:Wayback Machine
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3938:
3936:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3821:Digital Commons
3811:
3810:
3806:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3744:Wayback Machine
3730:
3726:
3719:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3619:Schutz, Aaron.
3618:
3616:
3612:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3491:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3341:
3337:
3331:Gathering Power
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3038:
3037:
3022:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2958:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2848:
2835:
2830:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2777:
2776:
2739:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2606:
2605:
2582:
2540:
2539:
2522:
2488:
2487:
2452:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2372:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:. Seven Locks.
2296:
2295:
2291:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:Union organizer
2160:
2141:Robert Chambers
2085:
2056:
2035:
2003:
1998:
1973:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1921:
1906:
1894:Easton, Bristol
1887:
1863:
1805:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1763:London Citizens
1723:
1697:
1695:London Citizens
1680:
1671:
1637:In March 2017,
1635:
1607:
1580:
1575:
1510:Wasilla, Alaska
1466:
1457:
1382:
1354:
1332:
1289:
1287:1960 to present
1163:
1135:
1102:
1094:
1049:Direct service:
1027:social movement
977:
964:
948:
928:
914:
902:
842:
829:
812:
803:
794:
745:
718:People's Action
592:Faith in Action
532:
487:
196:Rural sociology
151:Social sciences
133:
93:
82:
76:
73:
58:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4971:External links
4969:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4943:
4929:
4915:
4902:Peter Szynka,
4900:
4890:
4869:
4848:
4834:
4820:
4818:978-0367728380
4808:Aaron Schutz,
4806:
4787:Heidi Swarts,
4785:
4764:
4743:
4729:
4708:
4677:
4676:
4667:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4636:(2): 217–231.
4620:
4581:
4555:
4529:
4518:. 1 April 1995
4503:
4486:
4447:
4406:
4399:
4370:
4352:
4327:
4297:
4279:
4262:
4236:
4210:
4196:
4179:
4153:
4136:
4119:
4103:
4077:
4051:
4042:
4023:
4014:
4001:
3975:
3966:
3953:
3920:Siegel, Robert
3911:
3886:
3872:
3864:
3846:
3833:
3804:
3788:
3781:
3763:
3747:
3724:
3717:
3696:
3687:
3680:
3659:
3651:
3610:
3540:
3489:
3468:
3442:
3431:. 15 June 2015
3416:
3404:
3396:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3335:
3322:
3320:pages 301–304.
3309:
3295:
3275:
3266:
3259:
3240:
3213:
3191:
3178:
3169:
3117:
3070:
3051:(3): 378–390.
3020:
2973:
2944:
2924:
2916:
2893:
2882:(7): 886–900.
2853:
2846:
2828:
2809:
2737:
2718:
2691:(3–4): 40–66.
2671:
2665:978-0826520425
2664:
2646:
2580:
2520:
2450:
2423:(3): 419–444.
2404:
2370:
2363:
2343:
2336:
2318:
2311:
2289:
2272:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Community film
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2084:
2081:
2055:
2052:
2034:
2031:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1947:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1886:
1883:
1871:asylum seekers
1862:
1859:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1804:
1801:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1722:
1719:
1713:department at
1696:
1693:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1645:, part of the
1634:
1631:
1619:Cabinet Office
1606:
1603:
1593:In 2019 TCC's
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1538:Pontius Pilate
1534:Pontius Pilate
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:Paul Wellstone
1441:Huey P. Newton
1381:
1378:
1353:
1350:
1331:
1328:
1288:
1285:
1265:Dolores Huerta
1242:Marshall Field
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1162:
1159:
1134:
1131:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1053:
1046:
1035:
1020:
1013:
1006:
976:
973:
963:
960:
952:fundamentalist
947:
944:
927:
924:
913:
910:
901:
897:
896:
849:Cecil Williams
841:
838:
828:
825:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
744:
741:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
706:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
659:
658:
657:
656:
655:
654:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
620:
619:
618:
617:
611:
610:
609:
608:
602:
601:
600:
599:
584:Ernesto Cortes
569:
568:
567:
566:
531:
528:
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
450:
445:
440:
435:
428:
420:
419:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
384:
383:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
367:Social support
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:Social capital
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
302:Group dynamics
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
218:
216:Urban planning
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
145:
144:
140:
139:
129:
128:
122:
121:
95:
94:
55:of the subject
53:worldwide view
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5082:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5018:Marshall Ganz
5016:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:9780745663203
4952:
4948:
4945:David Walls,
4944:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:3-89684-066-5
4924:
4920:
4917:Leo J Penta,
4916:
4913:
4912:3-88722-656-9
4909:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:0-292-77719-1
4878:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:0-8264-1499-0
4857:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:0-230-10537-8
4843:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:0-8166-4839-5
4794:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4766:Mark Warren,
4765:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:0-02-904475-8
4752:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:9780877222293
4738:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:0-87722-662-8
4717:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4400:9789888052660
4396:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4011:Bowling Alone
4005:
4002:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3964:, July–August
3963:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:0-7890-0024-5
3798:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3674:. Continuum.
3673:
3672:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3596:
3592:
3575:
3568:
3554:
3550:
3549:"ACORN study"
3544:
3541:
3525:
3518:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3298:
3296:9780262294683
3292:
3289:. MIT Press.
3288:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(3): 93–118.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2357:. Continuum.
2356:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2273:9781442606272
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:Civil Society
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:Milton Keynes
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Black Country
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:commissioned
1620:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Donna Brazile
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1493:New York City
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Marshall Ganz
1478:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Heather Booth
1414:
1410:
1409:Mark Andersen
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1038:Legal action:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
985:
984:Janadesh 2007
981:
974:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
945:
943:
939:
935:
932:
925:
923:
920:
911:
909:
907:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
850:
846:
839:
837:
833:
826:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
800:
798:
791:
789:
785:
781:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
735:
729:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
699:
695:
690:
689:
688:
687:
686:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
660:
651:
647:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
630:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
621:
615:
614:
613:
612:
606:
605:
604:
603:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
571:
570:
564:
563:
562:
561:
560:
557:
554:
548:
546:
542:
537:
536:social reform
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
505:social change
502:
497:
495:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
464:
462:
461:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
382:
378:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Socialization
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
131:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:
108:
105:
101:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
62:
56:
54:
50:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4966:
4960:
4946:
4932:
4918:
4903:
4893:
4892:Shel Trapp,
4872:
4851:
4837:
4823:
4809:
4788:
4767:
4746:
4732:
4711:
4690:
4678:
4672:
4666:Bibliography
4659:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4601:(1): 44–62.
4598:
4594:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4567:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4515:
4506:
4467:(1): 77–93.
4464:
4460:
4450:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4390:
4343:. Retrieved
4340:Labour Party
4339:
4330:
4318:. Retrieved
4314:the original
4309:
4300:
4291:
4286:P. Smythe, '
4282:
4275:Policy Press
4270:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4224:The Guardian
4223:
4213:
4199:
4182:
4170:. Retrieved
4165:
4156:
4139:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4090:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:the original
4054:
4045:
4026:
4017:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:New Politics
3987:
3978:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3937:. Retrieved
3927:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3875:
3855:
3849:
3844:, pp. 133–35
3841:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3791:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3750:
3727:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3670:
3662:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3613:
3608:investments.
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3581:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3557:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3506:. Retrieved
3502:the original
3479:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3428:
3419:
3407:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3363:, Chapter 5.
3360:
3355:
3350:pages 85–93.
3347:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3285:
3278:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:the original
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3194:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3139:
3135:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3048:
3044:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2934:
2927:
2905:
2896:
2879:
2875:
2837:
2819:
2812:
2790:(1): 25–42.
2787:
2783:
2731:
2721:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2616:
2612:
2550:
2546:
2501:(2): 23–44.
2498:
2494:
2420:
2416:
2398:
2394:
2353:
2346:
2327:
2321:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2277:. Retrieved
2258:
2246:
2145:
2121:
2109:Paulo Freire
2102:
2094:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2024:
2015:
2004:
1982:
1962:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1907:
1888:
1864:
1844:
1806:
1789:
1780:
1767:
1724:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1651:
1636:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1564:
1549:
1485:César Chávez
1473:Barack Obama
1467:
1460:organizers.
1458:
1445:Barack Obama
1429:Mother Jones
1421:César Chávez
1406:
1383:
1355:
1344:
1336:white flight
1333:
1308:
1301:
1261:Cesar Chavez
1250:
1231:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:Saul Alinsky
1164:
1161:1940 to 1960
1151:Studs Terkel
1143:sociological
1136:
1133:1900 to 1940
1111:
1100:1880 to 1900
1095:
1080:study circle
1074:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1002:
995:
991:
989:
969:
965:
949:
940:
936:
933:
929:
915:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
854:
834:
830:
821:
817:
813:
804:
795:
786:
782:
778:door-to-door
775:
756:
737:
734:Saul Alinsky
730:
727:
694:Tom Gaudette
646:Tom Gaudette
578:(IAF) under
558:
549:
533:
519:
508:
498:
493:
492:
452:
430:
409:
347:Social death
312:Organization
224:Key concepts
83:
74:
46:
29:
5000:David Walls
4345:11 February
4320:12 February
4310:Citizens UK
4293:The Student
3939:8 September
3461:18 February
3090:(3): 3–19.
2619:(3): 1–19.
1909:Living Rent
1904:Living Rent
1792:living-wage
1786:Living wage
1739:North Wales
1726:Citizens UK
1721:Citizens UK
1715:Lunar House
1711:Home Office
1611:Big Society
1554:," became "
1514:Steve Cohen
1506:Sarah Palin
1437:Ralph Nader
1394:Wade Rathke
1343:efforts to
1168:, based in
1155:Dorothy Day
1119:social work
1061:Consensual
1019:themselves.
1009:Mobilizing:
962:Fundraising
912:Broad-based
840:Faith-based
171:Social work
5054:Categories
5009:Shel Trapp
4574:1 November
4548:1 November
4522:1 November
4426:(5): 294.
4229:23 October
4096:21 January
4070:21 January
3994:6 December
3826:21 January
3631:21 January
3583:23 January
3559:23 January
3533:7 February
3508:7 February
3435:6 December
3333:, page 25.
3233:7 November
3206:7 November
2954:1034803420
2279:15 January
2238:References
2011:1967 Riots
2005:After the
1989:Unions NSW
1623:Ipsos MORI
1425:Lois Gibbs
1413:Ella Baker
1372:, and the
1323:gay rights
1240:publisher
1147:capitalist
1139:John Dewey
1083:community.
758:Grassroots
650:Shel Trapp
594:, and the
541:boycotting
77:April 2013
4804:154789894
4650:154604552
4615:0045-3102
4481:0010-3802
4442:2077-1444
4420:Religions
4306:"History"
3840:Alinsky,
3759:. Twayne.
3376:page 231.
3164:142633214
3156:1070-5422
3112:145130126
3104:1354-5701
3065:0010-3802
3015:146398324
3007:1070-5422
2962:cite book
2804:1070-5422
2713:234942492
2641:142622244
2633:1070-5422
2575:143647697
2567:1070-5422
2515:1070-5422
2445:149672040
2437:0003-1224
2250:Compare:
2135:or local
1963:In 2018,
1837:That the
1747:Sheffield
1735:Liverpool
1504:governor
1491:, former
1470:President
1257:Fred Ross
1016:Advocacy:
1003:Activism:
714:Coalition
668:Fred Ross
516:community
332:Sobornost
126:Community
109:(Richir).
65:talk page
4888:36051356
4867:51848381
4783:44728155
4762:19815053
4727:19556345
4706:10533392
4035:Archived
3842:Reveille
3740:Archived
3456:Politico
3429:BBC News
2211:Humanism
2158:See also
2150:created
1885:ACORN UK
1867:refugees
1853:and the
1704:for the
1540:was the
1315:anti-war
1283:(DART).
1025:A broad
418:See also
118:a series
116:Part of
59:You may
4277:, 2016)
4255:7 March
4172:25 June
3962:Dissent
3934:Npr.org
3904:25 June
3302:25 June
1751:Bristol
1545:Prefect
1402:AFL–CIO
1170:Chicago
553:empower
545:sit-ins
524:leaders
509:durable
426:Outline
107:protest
4953:
4939:
4925:
4910:
4886:
4879:
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4753:
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4682:
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4440:
4397:
4166:GOV.UK
3862:
3799:
3779:
3735:, or,
3715:
3678:
3649:
3601:19 May
3487:
3402:p. 126
3394:
3293:
3257:
3162:
3154:
3110:
3102:
3063:
3013:
3005:
2952:
2942:
2914:
2844:
2826:
2802:
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2703:
2662:
2639:
2631:
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2565:
2513:
2443:
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2361:
2334:
2309:
2270:
1985:Sydney
1877:(now,
1849:, the
1759:London
1741:, the
1659:#iwill
1502:Alaska
1495:mayor
1447:, and
1345:create
1298:(1963)
1012:built.
996:is not
871:, and
670:. The
520:before
4646:S2CID
4191:(PDF)
4148:(PDF)
4131:(PDF)
3731:See:
3577:(PDF)
3570:(PDF)
3527:(PDF)
3520:(PDF)
3160:S2CID
3108:S2CID
3011:S2CID
2709:S2CID
2701:JSTOR
2637:S2CID
2571:S2CID
2441:S2CID
2148:ACORN
1890:ACORN
1542:Roman
1530:Jesus
1398:ACORN
1362:ACORN
771:ACORN
629:ACORN
512:power
67:, or
4951:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4923:ISBN
4908:ISBN
4884:OCLC
4877:ISBN
4863:OCLC
4856:ISBN
4842:ISBN
4828:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4800:OCLC
4793:ISBN
4779:OCLC
4772:ISBN
4758:OCLC
4751:ISBN
4737:ISBN
4723:OCLC
4716:ISBN
4702:OCLC
4695:ISBN
4680:ISBN
4611:ISSN
4576:2022
4568:灼見名家
4550:2022
4524:2022
4477:ISSN
4438:ISSN
4395:ISBN
4347:2020
4322:2017
4257:2014
4231:2015
4174:2023
4098:2009
4072:2009
3996:2023
3941:2011
3906:2023
3860:ISBN
3828:2020
3797:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3633:2009
3603:2009
3585:2009
3561:2009
3535:2009
3510:2009
3485:ISBN
3463:2014
3437:2023
3392:ISBN
3304:2023
3291:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3235:2012
3208:2012
3152:ISSN
3100:ISSN
3061:ISSN
3003:ISSN
2968:link
2950:OCLC
2940:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2816:See
2800:ISSN
2660:ISBN
2629:ISSN
2563:ISSN
2511:ISSN
2433:ISSN
2359:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2281:2017
2268:ISBN
2046:and
2017:the
2009:and
1869:and
1845:The
1757:and
1625:and
1617:The
1390:DART
1263:and
1236:and
1032:part
769:and
648:and
4638:doi
4603:doi
4469:doi
4428:doi
3144:doi
3092:doi
3053:doi
2995:doi
2884:doi
2792:doi
2693:doi
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2621:doi
2555:doi
2503:doi
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2098:NGO
1627:NEF
1396:of
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