2208:
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777:
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tourism and conservation. In this situation, stakeholders came to conclusion to handover forest resources to local communities for conserving, managing and utilization by their own decision. Despite significant development, continued improvement in the collaboration between local governments and forest communities seems to be a key point for better community forest management. A wide range of futures scenarios have been put up to help the environmental decision process.
344:
management. An example of this is the forest management plans (FMPs), which tend to be the principal instruments for regulatory compliance. Typically, FMPs have been (and remain) complex, costly, and difficult to develop, implement, monitor, and enforce. In addition, as they rarely consider traditional or local knowledge in promoting sustainability, they make it even more difficult for forest communities to appropriate them or participate in their execution.
2236:
2276:
2194:
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538:(III) Use of fuel wood and fodder – Planting trees to provide fuel wood as well as fodder for cattle can be encouraged in ways that do not conflict with cash crops and food production. e.g. The Neem tree was introduced in West Africa and is now the most widely grown tree in the drier parts of the continent. It was easily cultivated and provides the farmers with good timber, fuel and shade.
2264:
568:
2222:
2180:
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95:
28:
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successfully in many developing countries, with its main goal being the alleviation of poverty amongst local forest communities and forest conservation. More recently, community forestry has been implemented in developing countries and it has been successful in its aims of sustainable forest management,
517:
consists of a six pagoda network that covers 1,461 hectares (3,610 acres). The site has become a valuable source of information and environmental education as well as a base for the local community. Villagers regularly hold panel discussions about how they can go on to best take advantage of what the
453:
As it is unlikely for any two areas to have identical socio-economic and environmental conditions, there is no blueprint management plan that would provide a blanket solution to all the problems. Based on research over several years in Nepal, it was noted that to have and effective management system,
435:
Villagers from three communities in
Bantaeng district in Indonesia, with the assistance of a funded project obtained a Forest management license and secured a 35-year lease on their local forest. With the incentive to preserve their source of income, the villagers have had a positive impact on forest
426:
Common land in Nepal is owned by the state which often does not have the capacity to monitor and manage the area. This often leads to the over use of the resources by the community due to lack of incentives. To overcome this, programs involving community participation were introduced and 'Forest User
361:
Clandestine (illegal) loggers can enter a region and illegally log valuable species without the community's consent, and without a legal management plan. Illegal harvesting often significantly degrades the forest as few limitations are observed by the illegal loggers. Communities are either robbed of
270:
Stakeholders of community forestry have a vested interest to establish sustainable practices, whether this be to develop and maintain a regular income, ensure that forests are sufficiently protected to ensure their longevity or to reduce illegal activities and manage the area in such a way to promote
551:
over 3000 farmers cultivate trees for pulp production for an industry that provides a market as well as a minimum price for the product, and
Cooperatives of Village Forestry Association in Korea have helped local communities cater to a growing market in forest products such as timber and mushrooms.
343:
The forest sector generally has been over-regulated, not under-regulated. In contrast other sectors are generally less regulated and more profitable (e.g. agriculture, mining, tourism, real estate), and conversion is often a less complex and more financially rewarding option than sustainable forest
174:
There is a large variety of stakeholders involved when considering community forestry. Participation from some of the various levels of community, government and non-government organisations (NGOs) are essential in the project's success. While specific stakeholders vary between different community
156:
Community forestry first came to prominence in the mid-1970s and has continued to evolve over the last few decades in a growing number of countries. The availability of forest resources are often greatly reduced for use by the local people due to increasing pressures to cultivate the land, reliance
135:
Community forestry is first implemented through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework including the revision of legal norms and regulations for forest management, the development of
National Forest Plans and the strengthening of decentralization processes to sub-national levels of
122:
as forms of goods while in other hand regulating ecosystem, downstream settlements benefits from watershed conservation, carbon sequestration and aesthetic values as in forms of services. It has been considered one of the most promising options of combining forest conservation with rural development
906:
It is important to keep in mind that forest management plans as we know them today are relatively recent introductions into the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. As instruments for forest management, they are entirely based on
European/Western-centric silviculture and not on local
309:
It is not uncommon for small settlements living traditionally to lack clear title to the forests and lands, as such their rights to harvest the land may come into dispute. Formal recognition of land ownership or rights to use is needed for legal forest management. In Nepal, there is still confusion
288:
where factors (clandestine loggers, access to markets, infrastructure and managerial skills) influence the successfulness of the management program. Each of the challenges outlined in Table 1 must be addressed in order for a self-sustaining community forestry management program to be established.
550:
Tree growing can take on the character of a crop where there is a market for wood products such as poles, fuel wood and, pulp for production of paper. Companies tie up with farmers for supply of these products giving a steady source of income to the farming community. For example, in
Philippines,
370:
Small villages that are often the focus of community forestry initiatives generally have limited access to markets due to their physical isolation, precarious transport and communication, limited contact with buyers and lack of marketing knowledge. Often they will also face difficulties competing
140:
shows that the technical, managerial and financial requirements stipulated by the framework are often incompatible with local realities and interests. A successful legal and institutional framework will incorporate the strengthening of existing institutions and enable the dissemination of locally
491:
Faith communities are increasingly participating in efforts to promote ecological sustainability. Whereas the last 50–100 years have seen them lease out their territory to industry, they are beginning to reclaim and restore this land. Their recognition amongst local and national authorities have
476:
In some cases, it is unrealistic to expect progress in a community level management of forest activities, as often conflict arise with respect to land use and benefit sharing within the community. Such issues can be overcome by recognising that a community level of management may not be the most
408:
For a conservation program within a
Community forest to succeed, community involvement is imperative. Governments with interest in forest conservation introduce statewide policies and legislations which have historically failed to deliver the desired outcomes such as in China, Nepal and Peru.
279:
A study conducted in the
Brazilian Amazon determined that there are a number of challenges that must be faced when developing a sustainable management strategy for community forestry. These challenges are outlined in Table 2 and Figure 1 shows the impact each management challenge has on other
161:
dates back to the late 1970s and was first instilled as an attempt to improve the management of forest resources and address environmental issues that were of great concern with the countries failing centralized forest policy. Over the past two decades, community forestry has been applied
131:
as "any situation that intimately involves local people in forestry activity". Community forestry exists when the local community in an area plays a significant role in land use decision-making and when the community is satisfied with its involvement and benefits from the management of the
444:
Farmers enter into a profit sharing contract with the 'Village
Forestry Association' (VFA) to form a cooperative which assists farmers with reforestation in keeping with the legislation. VFA, though loosely linked to the Office of Forestry enjoys a degree of autonomy facilitating community
427:
Groups' (FUG) formed to manage the forests resources without giving them ownership of the land. Community forest management system in Nepal becomes one of the successful program out of 8 around world that is recognized on Rio 20+. This has resulted in better outcomes in the region.
417:
Though there is a little research on the role of community forestry to wildlife conservation, some empirical studies suggests that it help in wildlife conservation. It is done by decreasing the human disturbance, increasing regeneration of forest and increasing of ground cover.
58:(NGOs). The level of involvement of each of these groups is dependent on the specific community forest project, the management system in use and the region. It gained prominence in the mid-1970s and examples of community forestry can now be seen in many countries including
310:
to communities about their tenure into services such as income from trading of carbon sequestration come from forestry resources. Government wants to hold revenue raised from trading of carbon but communities claim that it is our property due to be managed by us.
388:
Skills related to effective management of the program, business knowhow and entrepreneurial ability, day-to-day decision-making, marketing skills, ability to resolve internal conflicts, and ensuring community benefit sharing are often lacked in rural villages.
352:
Community forestry needs to be based on a legal management plan, prepared and approved by the relevant government authority (usually state environment agencies). Approval of the management plan can often be a long, bureaucratic process.
334:
While it is common for community members have a thorough understanding of forest ecology in a natural and historical sense, they often lack the technical knowledge and legal certification required to manage forest resources legally.
379:
Forest management, for all types of enterprise, requires a certain amount of physical infrastructure, such as roads, logging equipment, buildings for storage and management headquarters and/or a reliable power supply.
508:
for their ongoing conservation work. This comprises the establishment of tree nurseries, seedling distribution, ordination activities, composting schemes and a vegetable garden. They are using this work to promote
645:
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participation. This system demonstrates the desirable mix of top-down and bottom-up planning ensuring government control as well as effective reforestation through active community participation.
1823:
1125:
872:
Hajjar, Reem; McGrath, David G.; Kozak, Robert A.; Innes, John L. (31 August 2011). "Framing community forestry challenges with a broader lens: Case studies from the
Brazilian Amazon".
128:
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The result of inadequacies in management is small and often insufficient economic returns to keep the program afloat, and furthermore to keep the community interested in the activity.
997:
GHIMIRE, H. R. , & PHUYAL, S(2013). "Impacts of
Community Forestry on the Bengal Monitor, Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802): An Empirical Study from Nepal." Biawak 7(1): 11-17.
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government. The second principal line of action is the implementation of pilot projects to demonstrate the feasibility of the community forestry framework . However, a study by the
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during which several enabling factors (land ownership, organisational capacity, technical knowledge and capital) are needed to obtain a legal management permit and secondly the
1010:
SPRINGATE-BAGINSKI, OLIVER; Om Prakash Dev; Nagendra Prasad Yada; John Soussan (July 2003). "Community Forest Management in the Middle Hills of Nepal: The Changing Context".
1176:
741:
Pandit, Ram; Bevilacqua, Eddie (20 September 2010). "Social Heterogeneity and Community Forestry Processes: Reflections from Forest Users of Dhading District, Nepal".
541:(IV) Developing nursery networks through support activities which assist with subsidies. This encourages entrepreneurship to produce tree planting stock for sale.
1030:
326:
A community will require start-up capital to invest in the required infrastructure, equipment, and to hire a forester to organise and oversee management plans.
50:
decision making by themselves in the facilitating support of government as well as change agents. It involves the participation and collaboration of various
1633:
609:
653:
1302:
917:
1190:
Hyman, E.L. (1983). "Pulpwood treefarming in the Philippines from the viewpoint of the smallholder: an ex post evaluation of the PICOP project".
688:
1295:
1253:
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Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO. 1978. Forestry for local community development. Forestry Paper 7. Rome.
163:
2315:
1527:
1507:
1160:
2184:
800:"Empowering People's Organizations in Community Based Forest Management in the Philippines: The Community Organizing Role of NGOs"
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649:
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we need to identify variables which would affect the success of the system and group them into the following five sets:
55:
1482:
1288:
1034:
158:
2320:
1996:
1638:
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1274:
778:"Stakeholder analysis in a community-based forest and wildlife resources management project in northern Mozambique"
1959:
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119:
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Community-based organisations including forest users groups, networks of inter-villages forest protection, etc.
2098:
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estimated that almost one-third of the world's forest area is under some form of community-based management.
1927:
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51:
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allowed community forestry schemes to develop and there have been several highly successful efforts across
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577:
677:
FAO Forestry Paper 176: Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its extent and effectiveness
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conservation. This is now viewed as a reference model for the Ministry of Forestry's future projects.
318:
Organizational capacity refers to the community's competence to organize a forest management program.
2088:
1828:
1769:
1739:
1609:
1397:
1228:: NGO heavily involved in reforestation projects and advocating environmental education in Cambodia.
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1604:
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effective management technique. Instead, adopting the following approach will provide a solution:
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Management by smaller work groups within the community, sharing common interest in the resources.
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Traditional leaderships including village chief, elderly, clan heads, and spiritual leaderships
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on the forest resources are also affected by economic and political changes. The evolution of
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946:"Going Beyond Panaceas Special Feature: Drivers of reforestation in human-dominated forests"
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with large-scale operations and illegal timber that flood the market with cheaper products.
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2008:
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A clear management plan with specific benefit sharing arrangement within the work group.
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and conservation throughout three districts; the pilot project, launched in 1997 in
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Moreover, no single stakeholder by itself can ensure the success of such a program.
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572:
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attributes relating to interactions between the governance system and the resource.
885:
712:
646:"Community Forestry in the Amazon: the unsolved challenge of forests and the poor"
617:
School of Resources, Environment & Society; The Australian National University
610:"Community Forestry Lessons for Australia: A review of international case studies"
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appropriate practices as well as the local capacity for regulation and control.
17:
1222:: Award-winning film made by Cambodian monks on their reforestation programmes.
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Develop management systems which are within the expertise of the working group.
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1851:
1472:
1155:. London: Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development.
847:
754:
2013:
1991:
1892:
1834:
1734:
1579:
1450:
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962:
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attributes relating to interactions between the user group and resource, and
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63:
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2018:
1964:
1954:
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107:
47:
39:
94:
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1979:
1949:
1944:
1932:
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1033:. The Center for People and Forests, Bangkok, Thailand. Archived from
1917:
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1339:
99:
71:
831:"Future Scenarios as a Tool for Collaboration in Forest Communities"
675:
1969:
93:
75:
67:
59:
26:
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forestry projects the primary stakeholder groups are as follows:
2028:
2003:
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501:
27:
1235:
166:, and securing socio-economic benefits for local communities.
145:
504:. In September 2010, Buddhists monks were awarded the UNDP's
835:
Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society
248:(i.e. harvestable products other than wood, e.g. game meat)
1231:
829:
Evans, K.; De Jong, W.; Cronkleton, P. (October 1, 2008).
1063:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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their valuable timber, or are paid below market prices.
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obstacles. The model is segregated into two phases: the
129:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
42:
whereby the local community plays a significant role in
1225:
1065:"Forestry Paper 64: Tree Growing by Rural People, 1985"
720:
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
535:(II) Maintaining soil integrity by preventing erosion.
224:
Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment etc.
179:
Common stakeholders involved with community forestry
1088:
Arnold, J. E. Michael (1987). "Community Forestry".
713:"Forests and People: 25 years of Community Forestry"
189:
Communities living adjacent to or within the forest
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1883:
1725:
1416:
1326:
1220:
Community Forestry, Buddhism and Cambodian Heritage
532:(I) Preserving the source of community's livelihood
518:natural forest has to offer without destroying it.
293:Challenges faced by stakeholders managing forests
127:objectives. Community forestry is defined by the
999:http://varanidae.org/7_1__Ghimire_and_Phuyal.pdf
993:
991:
950:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
798:Duthy, Stephen; Bolo-Duthy, Bernadette (2003).
1126:"Equator Prize 2010: Monks Community Forestry"
144:In a 2016 review of community-based forestry,
1247:
1114:. Washington, DC: The World Bank. p. 46.
1031:"Indonesia Community-Based Forest Management"
8:
1175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
939:
937:
204:Community representatives / local councils
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603:
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1151:Barnard, Gerald Foley, Geoffrey (1984).
291:
177:
164:climate change adaptation plan of action
588:
1168:
132:surrounding forest and its resources.
114:of forests for generating income from
7:
907:knowledge and traditional practices.
464:attributes of the governance system,
226:(specific to country and/or region)
54:including community, government and
2179:
874:Journal of Environmental Management
944:Nagendra, H. (19 September 2007).
458:attributes of the resource system,
236:Environmental/conservation groups
106:Community forestry is a branch of
25:
1528:Global Forest Information Service
31:National Forest Inventory of Peru
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1012:Journal of Forest and Livelihood
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98:Logs from a community forest in
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918:"Rethinking Forest Regulations"
652:. February 2008. Archived from
241:Commercial forestry industries
650:Overseas Development Institute
496:, which have been extended to
138:Overseas Development Institute
123:and community empowerment and
56:non-governmental organisations
1:
1226:Mlup Baitong Official Website
886:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.042
527:Farm forest for household use
461:attributes of the user group,
246:Industries reliant on forests
110:that deals with the communal
1204:10.1016/0309-586x(83)90004-3
608:Roberts, E.H.; Gautam, M.K.
1153:Farm and community forestry
804:Annals of Tropical Research
297:
159:community forestry in Nepal
2337:
1639:Growth and yield modelling
1110:; Victoria Finlay (2003).
120:non-timber forest products
2213:Earth sciences portal
2199:Climate change portal
2174:
1780:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1269:
848:10.5194/sapiens-1-97-2008
755:10.1007/s11842-010-9136-9
38:is an evolving branch of
2316:Community-based forestry
1785:Great Green Wall (China)
1358:Close to nature forestry
546:Farm forests for markets
1819:Million Tree Initiative
963:10.1073/pnas.0702319104
315:Organizational capacity
2241:Environment portal
1673:Sustainable management
1568:Trillion Tree Campaign
578:Tragedy of the commons
258:Animal welfare groups
103:
32:
2166:Wood process engineer
1870:Urban forest inequity
1112:Faith in Conservation
674:Don, Gilmour (2016).
413:Wildlife conservation
340:Regulatory obstacles
97:
30:
1829:Shifting cultivation
1770:Forest fragmentation
1740:Carbon sequestration
1610:Woodland Carbon Code
1575:Forest certification
1483:Even-aged management
1398:Sustainable forestry
743:Small-scale Forestry
219:National Government
1634:Formally designated
1478:Ecological thinning
1388:Plantation forestry
1296:Research institutes
956:(39): 15218–15223.
358:Clandestine loggers
331:Technical knowledge
294:
180:
2227:Ecology portal
1760:Forest degradation
1755:Ecosystem services
1363:Community forestry
1130:Equator Initiative
922:Rights + Resources
776:Mushove, Patrick.
511:sustainable living
292:
263:Natural Ecosystem
178:
104:
36:Community forestry
33:
2321:Forestry in Nepal
2298:
2297:
2255:Plants portal
2041:green woodworking
1192:Agriculture Admin
690:978-92-5-109095-4
626:on March 20, 2012
449:Management system
401:
400:
385:Managerial skills
286:operational phase
282:development phase
267:
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253:Tourism industry
214:State Government
125:poverty reduction
44:forest management
16:(Redirected from
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2269:Trees portal
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1903:Forest gardening
1860:Timber recycling
1807:Invasive species
1695:Tree measurement
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1132:. September 2010
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1037:on 22 March 2012
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880:(9): 2159–2169.
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619:. Archived from
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573:Trees portal
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394:Economic returns
349:Legal management
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184:Local Community
181:
21:
18:Community forest
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1997:Christmas trees
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1795:Illegal logging
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1436:Controlled burn
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1393:Social forestry
1373:Energy forestry
1353:Bamboo forestry
1348:Analog forestry
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1096:(2/3): 122–128.
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2282:
2272:
2258:
2244:
2230:
2216:
2202:
2188:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Timber cruiser
2153:
2151:Shingle weaver
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1987:Rail transport
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:pulp and paper
1925:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Forest farming
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1846:slash-and-char
1843:
1841:slash-and-burn
1838:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:Forest dieback
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
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1702:
1692:
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1675:
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1665:
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1624:
1614:
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1607:
1602:
1597:
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1587:
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1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
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1535:
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1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1485:
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1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1408:Urban forestry
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1214:External links
1212:
1210:
1209:
1182:
1161:
1143:
1117:
1108:Palmer, Martin
1099:
1077:
1048:
1021:
1002:
987:
933:
909:
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861:
821:
790:
768:
733:
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405:
404:Best practices
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386:
382:
381:
377:
376:Infrastructure
373:
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368:
364:
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346:
345:
341:
337:
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328:
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306:Land ownership
303:
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14:
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10:
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2167:
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2149:
2147:
2146:Rubber tapper
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2090:
2087:
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2077:
2075:
2074:Choker setter
2072:
2070:
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2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1941:
1938:
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1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
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1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:Manufacturing
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1901:
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1896:
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1882:
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1854:
1853:
1849:
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1844:
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1837:
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1832:
1831:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
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1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
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1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Deforestation
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:Environmental
1724:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
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1676:
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1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:reforestation
1625:
1623:
1622:afforestation
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
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1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Arboriculture
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Permaforestry
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1162:0-905347-53-6
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
934:
923:
919:
913:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
862:
849:
844:
841:(2): 97–103.
840:
836:
832:
825:
822:
809:
805:
801:
794:
791:
779:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:(1): 97–113.
748:
744:
737:
734:
721:
714:
707:
704:
692:
686:
679:
678:
670:
667:
656:on 2010-06-14
655:
651:
647:
641:
638:
630:September 24,
622:
618:
611:
604:
602:
598:
592:
589:
583:
579:
576:
574:
569:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
552:
545:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
521:
519:
516:
512:
507:
506:Equator Prize
503:
499:
495:
486:
483:
480:
479:
478:
474:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
448:
446:
439:
437:
430:
428:
421:
419:
412:
410:
403:
396:
393:
392:
387:
384:
383:
378:
375:
374:
369:
367:Market access
366:
365:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
347:
342:
339:
338:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
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317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
304:
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296:
290:
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274:
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261:
257:
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252:
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240:
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235:
234:
230:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
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208:
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198:
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188:
187:
183:
182:
176:
169:
167:
165:
160:
151:
149:
147:
142:
139:
133:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
96:
89:
87:
85:
84:North America
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
19:
2260:
2246:
2232:
2218:
2204:
2190:
2183:
2161:Tree planter
2141:Resin tapper
2121:Truck driver
2116:River driver
1865:Tree hugging
1850:
1833:
1800:timber mafia
1790:High grading
1775:Ghost forest
1745:Clearcutting
1668:Silviculture
1644:Horticulture
1488:Fire ecology
1403:Urban forest
1378:Mycoforestry
1362:
1338:
1334:Agroforestry
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1282:Forest areas
1280:
1273:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1152:
1146:
1136:November 17,
1134:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1070:24 September
1068:. Retrieved
1041:24 September
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
1024:
1015:
1011:
1005:
953:
949:
925:. Retrieved
921:
912:
902:
877:
873:
854:November 23,
852:. Retrieved
838:
834:
824:
814:24 September
812:. Retrieved
807:
803:
793:
783:24 September
781:. Retrieved
771:
746:
742:
736:
726:24 September
724:. Retrieved
722:. Rome, 2001
719:
706:
694:. Retrieved
676:
669:
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
640:
628:. Retrieved
621:the original
616:
591:
549:
490:
475:
473:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
301:Description
285:
281:
278:
268:
173:
170:Stakeholders
155:
143:
134:
105:
52:stakeholders
35:
34:
2185:WikiProject
2109:smokejumper
2089:Firefighter
2052:Occupations
2036:Woodworking
1617:Forestation
1548:restoration
1503:informatics
1368:Ecoforestry
561:Common land
209:Government
2305:Categories
2131:Lumberjack
2126:Log scaler
2009:engineered
1960:non-timber
1933:sawmilling
1885:Industries
1852:svedjebruk
1563:transition
1543:protection
1533:old-growth
1518:governance
1473:Dendrology
1423:management
1289:Ministries
1018:(1): 5–20.
927:2019-08-29
810:(2): 13–27
660:2010-07-21
584:References
522:Incentives
275:Challenges
112:management
2079:Ecologist
1992:Tree farm
1893:Coppicing
1835:chitemene
1735:Acid rain
1683:allometry
1605:SmartWood
1553:secondary
1538:pathology
1513:inventory
1451:driftwood
1317:Arbor Day
1198:: 23–49.
1171:cite book
1029:RECOFTC.
431:Indonesia
80:Sri Lanka
64:Indonesia
2311:Forestry
2280:Category
2094:handcrew
2064:Arborist
2059:Forester
2019:mahogany
1965:palm oil
1955:charcoal
1940:Products
1875:Wildfire
1688:breeding
1649:GM trees
1498:dynamics
1310:Journals
1303:Colleges
1263:Forestry
982:17881576
894:21550165
763:20932172
555:See also
494:Cambodia
108:forestry
102:, Mexico
90:Overview
48:land use
40:forestry
2290:Outline
2104:lookout
2099:hotshot
1980:tanbark
1950:biomass
1945:biochar
1923:plywood
1908:Logging
1812:wilding
1461:log jam
1418:Ecology
973:2000538
696:5 April
683:. FAO.
498:Vietnam
323:Capital
152:History
2136:Ranger
2084:Feller
2069:Bucker
1975:rubber
1918:lumber
1728:topics
1715:volume
1710:height
1656:i-Tree
1493:Forest
1446:coarse
1441:Debris
1340:dehesa
1159:
980:
970:
892:
761:
687:
515:Kratie
116:timber
100:Oaxaca
72:Brazil
1970:rayon
1705:girth
1700:crown
1661:urban
1558:stand
1466:slash
1456:large
1327:Types
1275:Index
1090:Ambio
759:S2CID
716:(PDF)
681:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
440:Korea
422:Nepal
298:Issue
231:NGOs
76:India
68:Korea
60:Nepal
2029:teak
2014:fuel
2004:Wood
1824:REDD
1678:Tree
1595:PEFC
1580:ATFS
1177:link
1157:ISBN
1138:2010
1072:2011
1043:2011
978:PMID
890:PMID
856:2010
816:2011
785:2011
728:2011
698:2016
685:ISBN
632:2011
502:Laos
500:and
118:and
82:and
46:and
1600:SFI
1590:FSC
1585:CFS
1523:law
1508:IPM
1420:and
1200:doi
968:PMC
958:doi
954:104
882:doi
843:doi
751:doi
146:FAO
2307::
1196:14
1194:.
1173:}}
1169:{{
1128:.
1094:16
1092:.
1080:^
1051:^
1014:.
990:^
976:.
966:.
952:.
948:.
936:^
920:.
888:.
878:92
876:.
864:^
837:.
833:.
808:25
806:.
802:.
757:.
747:10
745:.
718:.
648:.
615:.
600:^
86:.
78:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
1255:e
1248:t
1241:v
1206:.
1202::
1179:)
1165:.
1140:.
1074:.
1045:.
1016:3
984:.
960::
930:.
896:.
884::
858:.
845::
839:1
818:.
787:.
765:.
753::
730:.
700:.
663:.
634:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
