123:. It is an example of community-led management of the production and distribution of goods and services. The organization of food provisioning through commoning is complementary to the horizontal axis of market mediated food provisioning and the verticality of the state distribution and regulation on food. As a model where market agents do not interact solely as competitors but as âmembers of a community collaborating in pursuing a collective action for the commonwealthâ it is also recognized and supported by public policies in some countries. Such frameworks of collaboration between public administration and the cooperative sector are known as
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as a beneficial marketing strategy. This has led to three ideologically based types of CSAs. The first type is instrumental, the CSA is considered a market in the traditional sense, instead of an alternative form of economy and relationship. The second type is functional; there is a relationship of solidarity between the farmer and the subscribers, but this extends mostly to social functions, not managerial or administrative functions. This is the most common type of CSA. The final type is collaborative; this is the closest to the original aims of CSAs where the relationship between the farmer and the subscribers is seen as a partnership.
413:. This network aims to help people set up their CSAs, as well as providing helpful information to help these relations to run more successfully. Registered CSAs are mostly distributed across the east of Scotland. Yet, it is likely there are many more âinformalâ CSAs on the west coast and the Isles. Across Wales and Northern Ireland, CSA's are spread evenly. In England, most CSA's are located in the South East. CSA enterprises across the UK have been growing fast, with most of the farm to community connections beginning and remaining as grassroots initiates, despite limited funding from government or private sector.
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actively participate in the management of agricultural production together with the producers. Producers assume the day-to-day management and work on the farm and are often formally employed by the cooperative, as well as being part of it. Cooperative members participate in production and distribution costs by purchasing shares in the cooperative and paying annual fees for the delivery of vegetables. Cooperative members also participate in some production or distribution tasks as part of their commitment to the cooperative.
195:. Two European farmers, Jan Vander Tuin from Switzerland and Trauger Groh from Germany, brought European biodynamic farming ideas to the United States in the mid-1980s. Vander Tuin had co-founded a community-supported agricultural project named Topinambur located near Zurich, Switzerland. Coinage of the term "community-supported agriculture" stems from Vander Tuin. This influence led to the separate and simultaneous creation of two CSAs in 1986. The CSA Garden at Great Barrington was created in Massachusetts by
401:â Solidarity Purchase Groups). GAS and CSA share similar ethical values and organizational structures, operating based on principles of solidarity, mutuality, and sustainability. However, there are distinct differences between CSAs and GASs in terms of risk-sharing. In a CSA, members choose to provide financial support to farmers, thereby sharing the risks inherent in agricultural work. On the other hand, GAS members do not enter into a formal contract that obligates them to share any potential costs.
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the farmer).The baskets with vegetables and/or fruits are delivered to consumers on a regular basis. The distribution and management of production is the responsibility of the producer and there is usually no collaboration or shared investment between consumers and producers. For the producer it means a capacity and possibility to diversify production and has the advantage of a new distribution channel with very low entry costs.
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half shares, which feed 1 to 3 people. Prices range from $ 200 to $ 500 per season. Full shares are sold at a median of $ 400 and half shares are sold at a median of $ 250. Share prices are mostly determined by overhead costs of production, but are also determined by share prices of other CSAs, variable costs of production, market forces, and income level of the community. Many CSAs have payment plans and low-income options.
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in an alternative community-based arrangement. Galt's 2013 study of CSA farmers found that many farmers charged lower fees and prices for their goods than would provide them with financial security. This study suggested that farmers may charge less than they need to earn fair wages due to undervaluing their expenses and to offset the high costs of CSA products and make it more affordable for customers; see
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over time, these three characteristics have remained constant. The functioning of a CSA also relies on four practical arrangements: for farmers to know the needs of a community, for consumers to have the opportunity to express to farmers what their needs and financial limitations are, for commitments between farmers and consumers to be consciously established, and for farmers needs to be recognized.
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is willing to fund a whole season's budget in order to get quality foods. The system has many variations on how the farm budget is supported by the consumers and how the producers then deliver the foods. CSA theory purports that the more a farm embraces whole-farm, whole-budget support, the more it can focus on quality and reduce the risk of
450:" where the consumer surplus comes from the consumers' willingness to pay for something further than the product as well as for the products inputs themselves. Although these markets still exist within a larger capitalist economy, they are able to exist because of the "economic rents" that are collected.
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CSAs market their farms and shares in different ways. CSAs employ different channels of marketing to diversify their sales efforts and increase subscriptions. CSAs use local farmers' markets, restaurants, on-farm retail, wholesale to natural food stores, and wholesale to local groceries in addition
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As CSAs have increased in both number and size since they were first developed, they have also changed ideologically. While original CSAs and some more current CSAs are still philosophically oriented, most CSAs today are commercially oriented and community-supported agriculture is predominantly seen
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In return for subscribing to a harvest, subscribers receive either a weekly or bi-weekly box of produce or other farm goods. This includes in-season fruits, vegetables, and can expand to dried goods, eggs, milk, meat, etc. Typically, farmers try to cultivate a relationship with subscribers by sending
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if this puts the price above the cost of production) if they know where it is coming from, who is involved, and have special access to it. However, some farmers participating in community-supported agriculture do not experience the economic benefits that they are perceived to obtain by participating
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In most original CSAs, a core group of members existed. This core group of members helped to make decisions about and run the CSA including marketing, distribution, administrative, and community organization functions. CSAs with a core group of members are most profitable and successful. However,
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Community-supported agriculture farms in the United States today share three common characteristics: an emphasis on community and/or local produce, share or subscriptions sold prior to season, and weekly deliveries to members/subscribers. Though CSA operation varies from farm to farm and has evolved
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methods, and a shared risk membershipâmarketing structure. This kind of farming operates with a much greater degree of involvement of consumers and other stakeholders than usualâresulting in a stronger consumer-producer relationship. The core design includes developing a cohesive consumer group that
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Food cooperatives are the oldest form of organization and the first CSA projects in
Switzerland were organized as cooperatives. They belong to the category of farmer-shareholder cooperatives. Cooperatives are based on direct cooperation between farmers and consumers. Consumers or cooperative members
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Even if the systems of community-supported agriculture vary in different countries, there are a number of umbrella-organizations connecting the farms. In the United States the governmental program SARE offered grants for research and education projects that advance sustainable agricultural practices
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Some CSAs are also initiated by producers, often created to open a new distribution channel. This form of organization is often referred to as farmer-run CSAs. Producers offer baskets with the farm's produce to any interested consumer (consumers are not organized, but have individual contracts with
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Shares are distributed in several different ways. Shares are most often distributed weekly. Most CSAs allow share pick up at the farm. Shares are also distributed through regional dropoff, direct home or office dropoff, farmers' markets, and community center/church dropoff. For example, the new
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Shares of a CSA originally and predominantly consist of produce. In more recent years, shares have diversified and include non-produce products including eggs, meat, flowers, honey, dairy and soaps. Share prices vary from CSA to CSA. Shares are sold as full shares, which feed 2 to 5 people, and
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in 1999, 72 percent of CSAs did not have a core group of members. CSAs with a core group of members operate more successfully as a farmer-shareholder cooperative and CSAs without a group of core members rely much more on subscriptions and run most prominently as shareholder/subscriber CSAs.
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to their CSAs to market shares. One problem that CSAs encounter is over-production, so CSAs often sell their produce and products in ways other than shares. Often, CSA farms also sell their products at local farmers' markets. Excess products are sometimes given to food banks.
429:â scheme which ran from 2007 to 2012. This supported the growth of CSAs across each of the countries, through providing funding that enabled the use of community and social enterprise approaches to link consumers and producers in the local food-related third sector.
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The consumer pays for things such as transparency, environmental stewardship, producer relationships, etc. The farmers engaged in CSAs do so to fulfill goals other than income and are not compensated fairly in these exchanges. This kind of market holds
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The CSA Garden at Great
Barrington remained together until 1990 when many members left to form the Mahaiwe Harvest CSA. One of the original founders, Robyn Van En, became incredibly influential in the CSA movement in America and founded
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CSA was introduced to China following a series of food safety scandals in the late 2000s. It was estimated that there were more than 500 CSA farms in China by 2017. They have been a critical force in the development of the organic and
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practice that decommodifies food and âstrengthens the imaginary of community as a source of reward and space of emancipationâ CSA has been acknowledged as an important step-stone in a sustainability transition in agri-food systems.
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and the members and farmers share the risk of farming. The goals of the first CSA model in the US were to have the producer and consumer to come into the market as equals and make an exchange with fair prices and fair wages.
353:(FRACP) is a French-speaking federation of CSAs and supports the creation of new CSAs. It was created in 2008 with 13 CSA groups as founding members. FRACP is sponsored by Uniterre, a small farmers' union that is part of
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in 1992. The Temple-Wilton
Community Garden was more successful and still operates as a CSA today. It became an important member of the Wilton community and it receives funding from state, federal, and local sources.
394:, boasting 220 active members and 500 associates. As of 2021, a survey conducted by Numes, a project born in collaboration with the Arvaia CSA, identified 15 formal CSAs, although the actual number is likely higher.
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Much of the growth in women labour participation in agriculture is outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture". In community supported agriculture women represent 40 percent of farm operators.
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weekly letters of what is happening on the farm, inviting them for harvest, or holding an open-farm event. Some CSAs provide for contributions of labor in lieu of a portion of subscription costs.
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549:"Farmie Markets" of upstate New York take orders online and have a number of farmers who send that week's orders to a central point in a limited region, for distribution by the organizers.
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270:, California which in 2010 delivered boxes to 13,000 customers a week as well as selling at 15 farmers markets, operating a retail store, and delivering special orders to restaurants.
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New forms of economy: that the economy should not be based on increasing profit, but should be based on the actual needs of the people and land involved in an enterprise
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Since the 1980s, community supported farms have been organized throughout North
Americaâmainly in New England, the Northwest, the Pacific coast, the Upper-Midwest and
688:
Galt, Ryan E. (October 1, 2013). "The Moral
Economy Is a Double-edged Sword: Explaining Farmers' Earnings and Self-exploitation in Community-Supported Agriculture".
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1967:
Kumar, S., Duell, J., Soergell, A., & Ali, R. (2011). Towards direct marketing of produce by farmers in India: Lessons from the United States of
America.
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Cone, C. A., & Myhre, A. (2000). Community-Supported
Agriculture: A Sustainable Alternative to Industrial Agriculture? Human Organization 59(2), 187â197.
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Member
Assembler (2015). "CSA Models - The Comprehensive guide to CSA Distribution Models and Fundamental Questions to ask when developing a CSA model".
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Lamine, Claire; Renting, Henk; Rossi, Adanella; Wiskerke, J. S. C.; Brunori, Gianluca (2012), Darnhofer, Ika; Gibbon, David; Dedieu, BenoĂźt (eds.),
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New forms of property ownership: the idea that land should be held in common by a community through a legal trust, which leases the land to farmers
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1307:"International Network for Community-Supported Agriculture (Urgenci): An agricultural model built around shared responsibility, risk, and reward"
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Committee on Twenty-First
Century Systems Agriculture, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Sciences (2010).
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closer by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of
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Shareholder/subscriber: Local residents set up a CSA and hire a farmer to grow crops, and shareholders/subscribers control most management.
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in China. Chinese CSA farmers, researchers and civil society organizations gather annually at the national CSA symposium held since 2009.
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New forms of cooperation: the idea that a network of human relationships should replace the traditional system of employers and employees
2021:. (2003). âFresh Off the Farm, A new breed of planters and eaters are joining forces to nurture the local-foods movement,â, November. 3.
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The UK's first CSA was established in
Findhorn, Scotland in 1994. The national umbrella organisation was set up in 2013 - this is the
333:). Among others there are two important forms of organization for CSA in Switzerland: the cooperative and the individual initiative.
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Many CSA farmers can capitalize on a closer relationship between customers and their food, since some customers will pay more (an
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942:"Sustainability transitions: Insights on processes of niche-regime interaction and regime reconfiguration in agri-food systems"
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Jose Luis, Vivero-Pol (2018). "24 FOOD AS COMMONS Towards a new relationship between the public, the civic and the private".
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The term "community-supported agriculture" was coined in the northeastern United States in the 1980s, influenced by European
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Urgenci, based in France, helps network together consumers and producers across Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Africa.
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DeMuth, Suzanne. (1993). "Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide", September.
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and food distribution that allows the producer and consumer to share the risks of farming. The model is a subcategory of
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203:. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm was created in New Hampshire by Anthony Graham, Trauger Groh, and Lincoln Geiger.
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En, Robyn Van. (1995). "Eating for Your Community: A Report from the Founder of Community Supported Agriculture,"
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but a variety of similar production and economic sub-systems are in use worldwide and in Austria and Germany as
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Farmer managed: A farmer sets up and maintains a CSA, recruits subscribers, and controls management of the CSA.
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973:"Agri-Food systems and territorial development: Innovations, new dynamics and changing governance mechanisms"
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Greenwood, Deborah, and Robin Leichenko. (2012). "Community-Supported Agriculture." In Danto, William, ed.,
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363:(RVL) is a German-speaking organization created in 2011 with the help of FRACP. RVL collaborates with the
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250:, and because food acquisition from local sources can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, CSAs contribute to
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132:
1347:"Beyond 'Inherit It or Marry It': Exploring How Women Engaged in Sustainable Agriculture Access Farmland"
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231:, a professor of agriculture in Alabama, advocated for Clientele Membership Clubs as early as the 1960s.
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McFadden, Steven (2015). "Awakening Community Intelligence: CSA Farms as Community Cornerstones" (
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Farmer-shareholder cooperative: Farmers and local residents set up and cooperatively manage a CSA.
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CSAs generally focus on the production of high quality foods for a local community, often using
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The first CSA established in Italy was the C.A.P.S. (Agrarian Community of Social Promotion) in
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Obach, Brian K.; Tobin, Kathleen (June 1, 2014). "Civic agriculture and community engagement".
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1372:"Community Supported Agriculture | Alternative Farming Systems Information Center| NAL | USDA"
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1016:"Beyond Food Provisioning: The Transformative Potential of Grassroots Innovation around Food"
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857:"Strategies for a new municipalism: Publicâcommon partnerships against the new enclosures"
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1844:"CSA Across the Nation" Center for Integrated Agricultural Services. Accessed 05-22-2013
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Scott, Steffanie; Si, Zhenzhong; Schumilas, Theresa; Chen, Aijuan (September 4, 2018).
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521:. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm used his ideas to develop three main goals of CSAs:
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in 2007. The rise of CSAs seems to be correlated with the increase in awareness of the
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Farms of Tomorrow Revisited: Community Supported Farms - Farm Supported Communities
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Leitheiser, Stephen; Trell, Elen-Maarja; Horlings, Ina; Franklin, Alex (May 2022).
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1326:"Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives"
1958:
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now has at least 13,000 CSA farms of which 12,549 are in the US according to the
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Egan, Timothy. (2003). "Amid Dying Towns of Rural Plains, One Makes a Stand,"
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Community-supported agriculture in America was influenced by the ideas of
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Farms of Tomorrow: Community Supported Farms - Farm Supported Communities
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CSAs create direct connections between producers and consumers through
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Bottiglieri, Maria; Pettenati, Giacomo; Toldo, Alessia (May 1, 2016).
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1600:"CAPS - ComunitĂ Agricola di Promozione Sociale: CAPS PISA Home page"
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is a relatively young movement that began to gain traction in 2011.
1959:
What is a CSA, HarvestHand (2014). "Community Shared Agriculture,"
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Community-supported agriculture can be considered as a practice of
1546:"Le nuove Csa nate nella pandemia per un'agricoltura di relazione"
654:
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Bui, Sibylle; Cardona, A.; Lamine, C.; Cerf, M. (December 2016).
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Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic
1987:
The Call of the Land: An Agrarian Primer for the 21st Century
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Routledge Handbook Of Food As A Commons: Expanding Approaches
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From this base, four main types of CSAs have been developed:
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is a system that connects producers and consumers within the
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Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century
855:
Russell, Bertie; Milburn, Keir; Heron, Kai (May 27, 2022).
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Farmer cooperative: Multiple farmers develop a CSA program.
351:
Fédération Romande d'Agriculture Contractuelle de Proximité
227:
existed in Japan as early as the mid-1960s. Similarly, Dr.
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Type of sharing system for food production and distribution
1854:"Devon Acres CSA: local struggles in a global food system"
309:
In Switzerland, community farming is often referred to as
2048:
2025:
VanderTuin, Jan. (1992). "ZĂŒrich Supported Agriculture",
1905:
Bryant, Greg. (1992). "Community Supported Agriculture,"
1422:"Entstehung :: Netzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft"
1237:"Fifth of global food-related emissions due to transport"
906:"Toward the Turin Food Policy. Good practices and vision"
266:. One of the largest subscription CSAs was Capay Inc. in
112:
that has an overarching goal of strengthening a sense of
1751:
2009 Survey of Community Supported Agriculture Producers
1490:
513:, an Austrian philosopher. He developed the concepts of
2948:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
1677:"Overview of Community Supported Agriculture in Europe"
367:
and offers courses on community supported agriculture.
1772:, The Center for Social Research. Accessed 05-15-2013.
1477:
Overview of Community Supported Agriculture in Europe
979:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 229â256,
1112:"History of Community Supported Agriculture, Part 1"
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https://www.regionalevertragslandwirtschaft.ch/rvl/
1977:Lawson, Jered. (1993). "Cabbages and Compassion",
365:Kooperationsstelle fĂŒr solidarische Landwirtschaft
297:In Germany and Austria the CSA groups founded the
1806:"Guide to Financing the Community Supported Farm"
1287:"Capay farm, distributor buys West Sac warehouse"
210:Mustard Seed Farms, an organic CSA farm in Oregon
1479:(1 ed.). RĂłisin Nic CĂłil. pp. 105â107.
1955:. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association.
2972:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1948:. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association
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1760:, University of Kentucky, accessed 05-15-2013.
1707:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
812:Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space
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357:and promotes the concept of food sovereignty.
127:and have also been established in relation to
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1209:. February 1, 2009. p. 2. Archived from
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1951:Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. (1998).
1944:Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. (1990).
1727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
425:âs programme within the Big Lottery funded â
51:An example of a week's CSA share, including
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2002:. (1984). "Produce by Subscription," April.
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248:environmental movement in the United States
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1067:"Defining Community Supported Agriculture"
397:It is closely connected to the history of
299:Bundesnetzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft
45:
38:
2983:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2008:. (1986). "From Farms to Families," July.
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872:
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3011:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
1198:"USDA 2007 Agricultural Census Table 44"
361:Verband Regionale Vertragslandwirtschaft
301:(Federal Network of CSA-farms) in 2011.
1793:United States Department of Agriculture
1206:United States Department of Agriculture
1072:United States Department of Agriculture
665:
411:Community Supported Agriculture Network
244:United States Department of Agriculture
2581:Corporate environmental responsibility
1973:, 23(4), 539â547. doi:10.1002/jid.1600
1720:
1521:www.regionalevertragslandwirtschaft.ch
1311:Global Alliance for the Future of Food
1267:New York City Coalition Against Hunger
922:
911:
260:New York City Coalition Against Hunger
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1567:
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1475:European CSA, Research Group (2016).
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1176:Bowens, Natasha (February 13, 2015).
390:, while the largest CSA is Arvaia in
377:CSA (Community-Supported Agriculture)
40:Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)
7:
2954:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
1970:Journal of International Development
1014:Rossi, Adanella (January 19, 2017).
808:"Toward the commoning of governance"
776:
774:
772:
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256:become popular in urban environments
2044:Find a local CSA (localharvest.org)
2015:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2013:The bridge at the edge of the world
1939:Food and Famine in the 21st Century
1426:www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org
143:The term CSA is mostly used in the
2596:Environmental full-cost accounting
1544:Facchini, Marta (April 30, 2021).
1285:Anderson, Mark (August 22, 2010).
1270:. October 26, 2007. Archived from
1065:DeMuth, Suzanne (September 1993).
540:Distribution and marketing methods
25:
2530:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
1941:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 86â94.
1782:"Community Supported Agriculture"
1770:"Community Supported Agriculture"
1145:"Community Supported Agriculture"
625:Development-supported agriculture
399:GAS (Gruppi di acquisto solidale)
125:Public-Commons-Partnerships (PCP)
3097:Agriculture in the United States
3042:
3031:
3030:
3000:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
345:Regional networks in Switzerland
262:'s CSA program that helps serve
2586:Corporate social responsibility
2515:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2454:Community-supported agriculture
2139:Human impact on the environment
90:Community-supported agriculture
18:Community supported agriculture
2826:Socially responsible marketing
1885:"Farmie Markets of Upstate NY"
1178:"CSAs Rooted in Black History"
958:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.10.003
1:
3017:Sustainable Development Goals
2821:Socially responsible business
2011:Speth, James Gustav. (2008).
1856:(2008), retrieved 04-11-2013.
1651:"Gas | economiasolidale.net"
985:10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_11
733:Agriculture and Human Values
3117:Rural community development
2846:Sustainability organization
2631:Standards and certification
2222:Social return on investment
1870:September 12, 2018, at the
1840:September 12, 2018, at the
1675:AA. VV., AA VV (May 2016).
1292:Sacramento Business Journal
610:Community supported fishery
311:Solidarische Landwirtschaft
157:Solidarische Landwirtschaft
3168:
2271:Systemic change resistance
1989:, 2nd ed. NorLights Press.
1985:McFadden, Steven. (2011).
1961:HarvestHand- What is a CSA
1143:Adam, Katherine L (2006).
1033:10.3390/agriculture7010006
29:
3137:Agricultural cooperatives
3026:
2449:Climate-smart agriculture
2096:
1345:Pilgeram, Ryanne (2015).
874:10.1177/00420980221094700
825:10.1177/23996544211033992
785:(1 ed.). Routledge.
745:10.1007/s10460-013-9477-z
615:Community wealth building
252:climate change mitigation
44:
2591:Environmental accounting
2340:Sustainable architecture
2330:Environmental technology
1351:Academic Search Complete
1241:The University of Sidney
946:Journal of Rural Studies
264:under-served communities
223:A parallel model called
30:Not to be confused with
3147:Sustainable food system
3142:Consumers' cooperatives
3127:Community organizations
2464:Sustainable agriculture
640:Sustainable agriculture
116:through local markets.
3107:Agricultural economics
3007:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
2876:Sustainable management
2861:Urban drainage systems
2601:Environmental planning
2565:Water recycling shower
2555:Tidal stream generator
2350:Sustainable industries
2309:Sustainable population
2294:Demographic transition
2276:Tragedy of the commons
1795:, accessed 05-15-2013.
1120:. 2005. Archived from
921:Cite journal requires
557:Challenges for farmers
519:biodynamic agriculture
427:Making Local Food Work
421:Support came from the
324:solidarity agriculture
211:
189:biodynamic agriculture
170:solidarity agriculture
3122:Community development
2899:Humanistic capitalism
2714:Environmental finance
2355:Sustainable packaging
2049:https://www.fracp.ch/
2029:14(2), Winter/Spring.
1909:14(2), Winter/Spring.
1891:on November 10, 2013.
1814:University of Vermont
1157:on September 28, 2006
209:
2866:Urban infrastructure
2560:Water heat recycling
2383:Conservation biology
2227:Steady-state economy
2202:Micro-sustainability
2187:Ecological footprint
2144:Planetary boundaries
1655:economiasolidale.net
1262:"Farm-fresh project"
1117:The Rodale Institute
1079:on February 24, 2015
605:Community land trust
433:Socio-economic model
191:ideas formulated by
2967:Earth Summit (1992)
2621:Metrics and indices
2474:Sustainable fishery
2393:Holocene extinction
2212:Product stewardship
2182:Earth Overshoot Day
620:Community gardening
439:alternative markets
41:
3112:Agricultural labor
2426:Sustainable energy
2388:Endangered species
2345:Sustainable design
2259:Consumer behaviour
1787:2012-08-23 at the
1756:2012-08-23 at the
702:10.1111/ecge.12015
690:Economic Geography
650:Worker cooperative
580:Agrarian socialism
464:biodynamic farming
279:ecological farming
212:
199:, Susan Witt, and
3092:Urban agriculture
3079:
3078:
3005:Earth Summit 2002
2988:Lisbon Principles
2960:Our Common Future
2638:Sustainable yield
2444:Civic agriculture
2197:Green consumption
2134:Global governance
2006:Organic Gardening
2000:Organic Gardening
1994:Soul*Sparks Books
1604:www.caps-pisa.org
1183:Mother Earth News
1124:on April 26, 2013
994:978-94-007-4502-5
867:(11): 2133â2157.
585:Civic agriculture
329:, abbreviated to
254:. CSAs have even
229:Booker T. Whatley
217:CSA North America
175:, abbreviated to
110:civic agriculture
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3159:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3033:
2978:Agenda 21 (1992)
2949:
2914:Natural resource
2801:Organic movement
2776:Impact investing
2495:Hydroelectricity
2469:Sustainable diet
2421:Renewable energy
2416:Carbon footprint
2398:Invasive species
2335:Natural building
2286:World population
2247:Marketing myopia
2207:Over-consumption
2177:Circular economy
2172:Anti-consumerism
2129:Environmentalism
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
1893:
1892:
1887:. Archived from
1881:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1810:
1802:
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1779:
1773:
1767:
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1663:
1661:
1647:
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1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1571:
1562:
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1559:
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1541:
1532:
1531:
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1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1447:"Was ist Solawi"
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1376:www.nal.usda.gov
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1321:
1315:
1314:
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1297:
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1282:
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1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1150:. Archived from
1149:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1108:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
968:
962:
961:
937:
931:
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919:
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901:
895:
894:
876:
852:
846:
845:
827:
803:
797:
796:
778:
765:
764:
728:
722:
721:
685:
423:Soil Association
355:La Via Campesina
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
49:
42:
21:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3132:Organic farming
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3022:
2947:
2939:
2938:Agreements and
2933:
2870:
2674:Climate finance
2642:
2569:
2525:Reclaimed water
2478:
2430:
2402:
2359:
2313:
2299:Family planning
2280:
2153:
2110:
2092:
2087:
2040:
1901:
1899:Further reading
1896:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1872:Wayback Machine
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1842:Wayback Machine
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1758:Wayback Machine
1749:
1736:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1625:"Dicono di noi"
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1555:
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1543:
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1535:
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1523:
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1500:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:
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1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
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1440:
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1428:
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1415:
1405:
1403:
1395:
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1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1313:. May 20, 2021.
1305:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1274:on May 3, 2011.
1260:
1259:
1255:
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1243:
1234:
1233:
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1213:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1175:
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1147:
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1137:
1127:
1125:
1110:
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1092:
1082:
1080:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1013:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
995:
970:
969:
965:
939:
938:
934:
920:
910:
903:
902:
898:
854:
853:
849:
805:
804:
800:
793:
780:
779:
768:
730:
729:
725:
687:
686:
667:
663:
630:Farmers' market
576:
559:
542:
507:
477:
456:
435:
419:
407:
373:
347:
326:
323:
320:
317:
307:
291:
197:Jan Vander Tuin
185:
172:
169:
166:
163:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3152:Revenue models
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3040:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:(Rio+20, 2012)
3008:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:Infrastructure
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Eco-capitalism
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:Sustainability
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:Accountability
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
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2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
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2327:
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2319:
2315:
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2312:
2311:
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2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:Sustainability
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Anthropization
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:Sustainability
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1981:14(3), Spring.
1974:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1933:, Fall, p, 29.
1926:
1923:New York Times
1919:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1858:
1846:
1828:
1797:
1774:
1762:
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1482:
1464:
1438:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1337:
1316:
1298:
1277:
1253:
1235:Smith, Loren.
1227:
1216:on May 8, 2012
1189:
1168:
1135:
1090:
1057:
1006:
993:
963:
932:
923:|journal=
896:
847:
818:(3): 744â762.
798:
791:
766:
739:(2): 307â322.
723:
696:(4): 341â365.
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
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572:
558:
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541:
538:
533:
532:
529:
526:
511:Rudolf Steiner
506:
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498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
476:
473:
455:
452:
448:economic rents
434:
431:
418:
415:
406:
405:United Kingdom
403:
372:
369:
346:
343:
306:
303:
290:
287:
193:Rudolf Steiner
184:
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85:
84:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
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3029:
3028:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:Earth Charter
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2961:
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2912:
2910:
2907:
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2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Environmental
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
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2852:
2849:
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2829:
2827:
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2817:
2816:Refurbishment
2814:
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2809:
2807:
2806:Organizations
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
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2779:
2777:
2774:
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2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Green economy
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Eco-socialism
2702:
2700:
2699:Eco-investing
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Disinvestment
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
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2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
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2589:
2587:
2584:
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2579:
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2551:
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2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Marine energy
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Cultured meat
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
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2374:
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2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
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2338:
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2333:
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2328:
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2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2277:
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2265:
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2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Simple living
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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32:Sharecropping
19:
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2724:Construction
2647:Applications
2453:
2365:Biodiversity
2124:Anthropocene
2026:
2018:
2012:
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1681:Socioeco.org
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1631:(in Italian)
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1552:(in Italian)
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186:
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142:
138:
118:
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89:
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53:bell peppers
36:
3102:Agroecology
2940:conferences
2811:Procurement
2754:Development
2654:Advertising
2616:Measurement
2550:Tidal power
2545:Small hydro
2510:Micro hydro
2373:Biosecurity
2325:Appropriate
2254:Sustainable
2237:Advertising
2159:Consumption
2149:Development
1517:"Aktuelles"
1497:(in French)
1453:(in German)
1431:January 17,
1406:January 17,
1381:January 17,
1020:Agriculture
600:Communalism
595:Common land
305:Switzerland
106:agriculture
102:food system
98:cropsharing
3086:Categories
2831:Sanitation
2786:Livelihood
2709:Ecovillage
2694:Eco-cities
2611:Accounting
2520:Pico hydro
2500:Hydropower
2318:Technology
2116:Principles
1575:"Research"
1246:October 8,
952:: 92â103.
661:References
635:Local food
469:food waste
454:CSA system
294:like CSA.
2924:Recycling
2919:Planetary
2909:Materials
2904:Landscape
2889:Fisheries
2856:Transport
2781:Landscape
2764:Marketing
2739:Gardening
2679:Community
2626:Reporting
2490:Footprint
2378:Biosphere
1723:cite book
1491:"Accueil"
1356:March 13,
1331:Routledge
1220:August 9,
1052:2077-0472
891:249139448
883:0042-0980
842:237692106
834:2399-6544
761:143250445
753:0889-048X
718:154308816
710:1944-8287
645:Slow food
475:Structure
379:model in
121:Commoning
114:community
94:CSA model
3037:Category
2836:Sourcing
2771:Greening
2664:Business
2540:Security
2535:Scarcity
1868:Archived
1838:Archived
1785:Archived
1754:Archived
1397:"Grants"
1026:(1): 6.
574:See also
505:Ideology
151:and the
77:eggplant
69:potatoes
61:tomatoes
3070:Degrees
3063:Studies
3056:Science
2851:Tourism
2744:Geopark
2734:Finance
2729:Fashion
2304:Control
2192:Ethical
2101:Outline
1931:Context
1686:May 15,
1660:May 15,
1635:May 15,
1609:May 15,
1584:May 15,
1579:Urgenci
1556:May 15,
1526:May 14,
1501:May 14,
1457:May 14,
1128:May 15,
590:Commons
460:organic
417:Funding
392:Bologna
318:
183:History
164:
131:. As a
3019:(2015)
2996:(2000)
2990:(1997)
2974:(1992)
2962:(1987)
2894:Forest
2796:Market
2791:Living
2408:Energy
2264:Market
1821:May 5,
1817:. 2012
1711:
1629:Arvaia
1451:Solawi
1050:
1000:May 9,
991:
889:
881:
840:
832:
789:
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751:
716:
708:
331:Solawi
236:Canada
225:Teikei
177:Solawi
149:Canada
81:squash
79:, and
73:garlic
3049:Lists
2929:Waste
2841:Space
2749:Green
2483:Water
2242:Brand
2106:Index
1809:(PDF)
1495:FRACP
1214:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
887:S2CID
838:S2CID
757:S2CID
714:S2CID
655:WWOOF
381:Italy
371:Italy
96:) or
65:beans
2669:City
2436:Food
2019:Time
1823:2015
1729:link
1709:ISBN
1688:2023
1662:2023
1637:2023
1611:2023
1586:2023
1558:2023
1528:2023
1503:2023
1459:2023
1433:2022
1408:2022
1401:SARE
1383:2022
1358:2017
1248:2023
1222:2012
1163:2010
1130:2013
1085:2015
1048:ISSN
1002:2023
989:ISBN
927:help
879:ISSN
830:ISSN
787:ISBN
749:ISSN
706:ISSN
517:and
388:Pisa
375:The
349:The
315:lit.
161:lit.
129:food
57:okra
2659:Art
1038:hdl
1028:doi
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