Information and communications technology

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rural populations." ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."

1376:, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative. 1380:

by 2017. Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.

3405: 1636: 1353: 745: 1312: 900: 31: 962: 530: 590: 468: 1554:, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy. Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy. Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005: 313: 1210: 714: 1024: 807: 652: 1148: 993: 838: 621: 560: 437: 375: 1179: 1117: 1086: 683: 1055: 776: 406: 931: 869: 499: 344: 1627:

fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries. Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.

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were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the

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partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."

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most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."

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concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources. Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can

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found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment. The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; rather,

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The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009-2014), with two-thirds

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takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication

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poll reports, rural Americans are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices. Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology;

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identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries. Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering

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Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20%

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since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show

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Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative

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However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large

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ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include

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There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a

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that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as

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support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate

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In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds. This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to

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Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.

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A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this

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Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.

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The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $ 82 billion. IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT

1297:), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative. 93:

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots).

1746:, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16-20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years. Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. 1704:'s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below: 1301:

Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration.

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there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices." Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.

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The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$ 3.8 trillion in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies

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practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.

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ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps." ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the

1293:. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( 1741:

In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by

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is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.

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through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an

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School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.

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emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.

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To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."

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The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by

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recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations". From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word

112: 1922: 1613:

notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone, although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.

283: 2890:

Cardoso LG, Sorenson SB. Violence against women and household ownership of radios, computers, and phones in 20 countries. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(7):1175–1181.

1418:. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe. 1456:

A review found that in general, outcomes of such ICT-use – which were envisioned as early as 1925 – are or can be as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.

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in 2014. The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.

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social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.

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to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators" in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner

2198: 1269:. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments. 3556: 3240:"The impacts of information and communication technology, energy consumption, financial development, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 Asian countries" 2617:

Blackwell, C.K., Lauricella, A.R. and Wartella, E., 2014. Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, pp.82-90.

1901: 1281: 2927: 2049:, 1986. Roger Silverstone et al., "Listening to a long conversation: an ethnographic approach to the study of information and communication technologies in the home", 1261:(WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the 1805:

countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.

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were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates. This research, which they laid out in their book

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Information and Communication Technologies: Social Sciences Research and Training: A Report by the ESRC Programme on Information and Communication Technologies

1866: 1891: 1757:

There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the

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Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (7 December 2021).

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Hussain, Muzammil M.; Howard, Philip N. (2013-03-01). "What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring".

2494: 1793:-emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies. Consequently, applying the principle of the 3482:

Feridun, Mete; Karagiannis, Stelios (2009). "Growth Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Empirical Evidence from the Enlarged EU".

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become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.

1258: 2410: 2641: 1461: 1262: 3069: 1930: 2103: 1285:

Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.

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makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the

2089: 3517: 2330:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014" 3505: 3125: 3014: 2046: 1727: 3213: 2063: 2202: 2072: 2285: 1831: 1476: 73: 3495: 3437: 1769:

Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.

1254: 95: 1604:'s theory is devices. In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer. 2571:"Critical analysis of integration of ICT and data analytics into the accounting curriculum: A multidimensional perspective" 1953:"Life-long Learning Competence Perceptions of the Teachers and Abilities in Using Information-Communication .Technologies" 1495: 1415: 2768:

Bimber, Bruce (1998-01-01). "The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism".

1841: 1814: 1530: 1329: 1266: 3501:

Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London, UK: Routledge, 1988), in particular Chapter 4

3404: 1701: 1686: 1668: 1648: 1489: 3344: 3030: 1761:

countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%. On the other side the more

3368:"ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022" 3091: 1789:

Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO

1369:(OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers. 2901: 2720: 1881: 1818: 2120: 69:, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information. 2334: 2744: 2696: 1635: 1519: 163: 1550:

defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book,

3460: 2411:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country ranking - librarylearningspace.com" 98:

is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.

50: 46: 1861: 1524: 1485: 1434: 1422: 1241: 3167: 1311: 3251: 2382: 1426: 1366: 1356:

Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.

127: 3465: 1896: 1778: 1623: 1610: 380: 62: 3531: 2456: 30: 3324: 3275: 3195: 2966: 2873: 2793: 2785: 2600: 2310: 1871: 1798: 1499: 1361: 147: 54: 3536: 3031:"The Real Access / Real Impact framework for improving the way that ICT is used in development" 3006: 3000: 3415:

A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees

3316: 3267: 3187: 3121: 3010: 2958: 2950: 2838: 2637: 2592: 2302: 2258: 2042: 1856: 1514: 251: 155: 77: 3496:

The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education

198:

The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed)

3470: 3381: 3306: 3259: 3179: 2942: 2865: 2828: 2820: 2777: 2582: 2524: 2365: 2343: 2294: 1992: 1964: 1750:

and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO

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There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the

81: 3150:

The 11th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC 2008)

2665: 2124: 2076: 1876: 1836: 1714: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1676: 1664: 1644: 1605: 1601: 1547: 1411: 159: 3295:"Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students" 2224: 2160: 2136: 3255: 1352: 17: 2069: 1851: 1782: 1743: 595: 535: 2633:

A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees

2262: 2254: 1433:

is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action" and coined the term

3550: 3413: 3329: 3279: 3199: 3145: 2970: 2797: 2631: 2604: 2513:"Closing the gaps – Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration" 2480: 1794: 1660: 1480: 473: 207: 116: 86: 2877: 1679:

applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.

1675:, allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. 3409: 3183: 2544: 2314: 2255:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 2013: 1762: 1430: 230:

in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way

2529: 2512: 133:

Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "

3050: 2869: 2347: 2014:"IEEE-CS Adopts Skills Framework for the Information Age • IEEE Computer Society" 1969: 1952: 1622:

reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a

1510:

Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:

186:

17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction

2745:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings" 2697:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings" 1535: 1407: 750: 318: 250:

in 2007. The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way

170:

department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.

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Information and Communications Technology in UK Schools: An Independent Inquiry

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only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the

3263: 2266: 1926: 1886: 1656: 1451: 1438: 1373: 1215: 719: 247: 243: 202:

in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed)

66: 3320: 3271: 3191: 2954: 2842: 2596: 1663:. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, 3474: 3239: 1802: 259: 255: 231: 121: 58: 2962: 2431: 2329: 2306: 1732:

Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability

2569:

Birt, Jacqueline; Safari, Maryam; de Castro, Vincent Bicudo (2023-03-20).

238:

of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed)

3345:"Digitalisation for a circular economy: A driver for European Green Deal" 2928:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment" 2833: 2369: 2201:. OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH. Archived from 1747: 1290: 1029: 812: 657: 271: 267: 263: 239: 235: 203: 199: 151: 137:" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology". 3445:

Good Practice in Information and Communication Technology for Education

3168:"Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?" 2824: 2789: 2587: 2570: 1652: 1471: 1153: 998: 967: 843: 688: 626: 565: 442: 190:

The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$ 6 trillion.

183:

33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction

180:

16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction

115:

for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the

222:

in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the

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Grossman, G.; Helpman, E. (2005). "Outsourcing in a global economy".

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The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning

2946: 2117: 1303: 1294: 1184: 1122: 1091: 1060: 905: 781: 411: 211: 2781: 2199:"IT Costs – The Costs, Growth And Financial Risk Of Software Assets" 2116:

United Nations Office of Information and Communications Technology,

135:

United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force

2721:"Survey: 1 In 6 Internet Users Own A Smartwatch Or Fitness Tracker" 1857:

Example of information and communication technologies for education

1421:

Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating

1923:"Cloud network architecture and ICT - Modern Network Architecture" 1846: 1634: 1351: 1310: 1280: 936: 874: 504: 349: 223: 215: 29: 2495:"Evidence for How Writing Can Improve Reading, Carnegie.Org 2010" 2090:

Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools

1801:

with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as

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Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

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in 2014. This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of

90:

paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.

61:

lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary

3166:

Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (2020-10-01).

2104:"National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study" 286:

countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.

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Gillings, Michael R; Hilbert, Martin; Kemp, Darrell J (2016).

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Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide

227: 2281:"Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds" 3507:

Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index

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The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as

3513:. International Telecommunication Union. 2013. p. 254. 2405: 2403: 1393:

of all people online now living in the developing world."

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approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the

3070:"Digital gap between rural and nonrural America persists" 2362:

Figure 1.9 Share of ICT sector in total value added, 2013

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contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.

3412:

work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from

2434:. International Telecommunication Union. 17 January 2006 1360:

ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in

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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

2511:

Genlott, Annika Agélii; Grönlund, Åke (August 2016).

3005:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 1821:, in various ways, including ways beyond education. 1600:

The most straightforward model of access for ICT in

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Locally relevant content, applications, and services

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34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction

3429:Cantoni, L., & Danowski, J. A. (Eds.). (2015). 2664:Agence Française de Développement (February 2015). 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2229:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

2165:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

2141:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

258:of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 173:The average IT budget has the following breakdown: 2225:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022" 2161:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022" 1902:World Innovation, Technology and Services Alliance 1384:Growth in modern society and developing countries 3146:"ITC Energy Consumption - Trends and Challenges" 3144:Gerhard, Fettweis; Zimmermann, Ernesto (2008). 1777:To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the 3518:Measuring the Information Society Report: 2014 3498:." University, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. 3438:ICT in Education: Possibilities and Challenges 3116:Scribner and Cole, Sylvia and Michael (1981). 1564:Affordability of technology and technology use 3366:Charfeddine, Lanouar; Umlai, Mohamed (2023). 2691: 2689: 2481:"What is Writing to Learn, WAC Clearinghouse" 2388:. International Telecommunication Union. 2011 1781:plans proper monitoring and reporting of the 8: 3408: This article incorporates text from a 2856:Kirsh, David (2001). "The Context of Work". 2257:, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), 3214:"Rolling Plan for ICT standardization 2021" 3092:"Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019" 2457:"ICT Facts and Figures – The world in 2015" 2137:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - 2018 - $ 3.8T" 2062:The Independent ICT in Schools Commission, 1867:Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative 27:Extensional term for information technology 2666:"Digital services for education in Africa" 2451: 2449: 1951:Ozdamli, Fezile; Ozdal, Hasan (May 2015). 1892:Picture archiving and communication system 288: 3557:Information and communications technology 3484:Transformations in Business and Economics 3464: 3440:." Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2005. 3385: 3328: 3310: 2832: 2586: 2528: 2193: 2191: 1968: 1957:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 1307:& Information, Education and Science. 39:Information and communications technology 3520:. International Telecommunication Union. 3373:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96:Skills Framework for the Information Age 1913: 1265:'s goal of implementing ICT to achieve 1259:World Summit on the Information Society 1639:Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017 1249:The WSIS process and development goals 3161: 3159: 3139: 3137: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3085: 3083: 3045: 3043: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2625: 2623: 1462:Artificial intelligence in healthcare 1263:United Nations Millennium Declaration 7: 2432:"Basic information : about was" 1929:=ITKnowledgeExchange. Archived from 1527:and communication between scientists 262:in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) 242:in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) 2383:"Measuring the Information Society" 2068:, 1997. Impact noted in Jim Kelly, 1813:ICTs could also be used to address 266:in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) 1754:-emissions as global air travels. 25: 3355:from the original on Oct 8, 2023. 3090:Anderson, Monica (13 June 2019). 2286:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2070:What the Web is Doing for Schools 1728:Category:Environmental technology 1591:Political will and public support 1477:Clinical decision support systems 1429:today. The internet according to 111:in 1997, and then in the revised 72:ICT is also used to refer to the 3447:." Asian Development Bank, 2009. 3403: 2902:"Telemedicine Predicted in 1925" 1832:Behavioral change support system 1315:OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda 1208: 1177: 1146: 1115: 1084: 1053: 1022: 991: 960: 929: 898: 867: 836: 805: 774: 743: 712: 681: 650: 619: 588: 558: 528: 497: 466: 435: 404: 373: 342: 311: 3002:Technology and Social Inclusion 1573:Integration into daily routines 1410:, smart wristbands such as the 1255:United Nations General Assembly 126:which reflects the addition of 49:(IT) that stresses the role of 3184:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 1588:Legal and regulatory framework 1: 2530:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.004 2261:, 332(6025), 60-65; see also 1561:Appropriateness of technology 1558:Physical access to technology 1496:health information technology 45:) is an extensional term for 3433:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 3431:Communication and Technology 3238:Lu, Wen-Cheng (2018-12-01). 2870:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12 2813:International Studies Review 2348:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006 2053:, 5(2), pages 204–227, 1991. 1970:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.819 1921:Murray, James (2011-12-18). 1842:Cognitive infocommunications 1490:hospital information systems 1330:Mobile learning for refugees 1324:Mobile learning for refugees 1267:Millennium Development Goals 3220:. European Commission. 2021 2935:Annals of Internal Medicine 1737:Progress during the century 1567:Human capacity and training 282:The following is a list of 3573: 3453:Review of Economic Studies 3418:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. 3387:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113482 3312:10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.3961 3293:Fox, Evan Michael (2019). 3118:The Psychology of Literacy 2858:Human Computer Interaction 2299:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013 2263:"free access to the study" 2101:Department for Education, 1882:Market information systems 1725: 1673:The Psychology of Literacy 1585:Macro-economic environment 1582:Local economic environment 1327: 1223: 1192: 1161: 1130: 1099: 1068: 1037: 1006: 975: 944: 913: 882: 851: 820: 789: 758: 727: 696: 665: 634: 603: 572: 543: 512: 481: 450: 419: 388: 357: 326: 3264:10.1007/s11027-018-9787-y 3152:– via ResearchGate. 2999:Warschauer, Mark (2004). 2517:Computers & Education 2335:Telecommunications Policy 1253:On 21 December 2001, the 2575:Accounting & Finance 2328:Hilbert, Martin (2016). 2079:, Financial Times, 2000. 1414:, and smart TVs such as 18:Communication Technology 3537:ICT Industry Statistics 3475:10.1111/0034-6527.00327 2037:William Melody et al., 1520:Online research methods 53:and the integration of 1711: 1661:their own local script 1640: 1576:Socio-cultural factors 1357: 1316: 1309: 1286: 270:in 2007, and some 100 194:Technological capacity 51:unified communications 47:information technology 35: 3532:ICT Facts and Figures 1862:Gender digital divide 1706: 1638: 1525:Science communication 1486:Health administration 1435:accelerated pluralism 1423:accelerated pluralism 1355: 1314: 1299: 1284: 1242:ICT Development Index 1236:ICT Development Index 130:into the curriculum. 33: 3172:Ecological Economics 2906:Smithsonian Magazine 2370:10.1787/888933224163 1815:environmental issues 1799:developing countries 1722:Environmental impact 1427:new social movements 1367:One Laptop Per Child 1343:Developing countries 298:ICT sector in % 206:in 2007, and some 5 128:computer programming 76:of audiovisuals and 3256:2018MASGC..23.1351L 3096:Pew Research Center 3074:Pew Research Center 3055:Pew Research Center 3051:"Mobile Fact Sheet" 3036:. 26 December 2005. 1985:"ICT - What is it?" 1897:21st century skills 1651:studied a tribe in 1624:Pew Research Center 1611:Pew Research Center 1579:Trust in technology 1536:Applied metascience 1531:Scholarly databases 113:National Curriculum 63:enterprise software 2825:10.1111/misr.12020 2588:10.1111/acfi.13084 2545:"ICT in Education" 2184:www.whitehouse.gov 2123:2018-02-04 at the 2075:2011-07-11 at the 1872:Infocommunications 1809:In problem-solving 1641: 1500:health informatics 1362:Sub-Saharan Africa 1358: 1317: 1287: 278:Sector in the OECD 78:telephone networks 55:telecommunications 36: 3436:Carnoy, Martin. " 2643:978-92-3-100262-5 2267:"video animation" 2205:on 12 August 2013 1515:Internet research 1233: 1232: 254:networks was 281 252:telecommunication 246:in 2000, and 1.9 234:networks was 432 82:computer networks 34:A mindmap of ICTs 16:(Redirected from 3564: 3514: 3512: 3491: 3478: 3468: 3407: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3250:(8): 1351–1365. 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3068:Perrin, Andrew. 3065: 3059: 3058: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2996: 2975: 2974: 2947:10.7326/m21-3511 2932: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2864:(2–4): 305–322. 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2590: 2581:(4): 4037–4063. 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2276: 2270: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2195: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2127: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2092:, 2012, page 18. 2086: 2080: 2060: 2054: 2051:Cultural Studies 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2018:www.computer.org 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1991:. 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