Communication theory - Knowledge (XXG)

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examined the roles of mass communication (i.e. television and newspapers) and political parties on political discourse. However, as the conduct of political discourse has expanded, theories of political communication have likewise developed, to now include models of deliberation and sensemaking, and discourses about a wide range of political topics: the role of the media (e.g. as a gatekeeper, framer, and agenda-setter); forms of government (e.g. democracy, populism, and autocracy); social change (e.g. activism and protests); economic order (e.g. capitalism, neoliberalism and socialism); human values (e.g. rights, norms, freedom, and authority.); and propaganda, disinformation, and trust. Two of the important emerging areas for theorizing about political communication are the examination of civic engagement and international comparative work (given that much of political communication has been done in the United States).

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Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations. The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development. Within this approach, theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry. Instead, they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize, influence or skew their findings. The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory, but rejects the idea that they should be separated. This approach is often adopted by

470:, and articulating this philosophical commitment is part of the theorizing process. Although the various epistemic positions used in communication theories can vary, one categorization scheme distinguishes among interpretive empirical, metric empirical or post-positivist, rhetorical, and critical epistemologies. Communication theories may also fall within or vary by distinct domains of interest, including information theory, rhetoric and speech, interpersonal communication, organizational communication, sociocultural communication, political communication, computer-mediated communication, and critical perspectives on media and communication. 54: 715:

communication theories were characterized by a so-called container model (the idea that an organization is a clearly bounded object inside which communication happens in a straightforward manner following hierarchical lines), more recent theories have viewed the organization as a more fluid entity with fuzzy boundaries. Studies within the field of organizational communication mention communication as a facilitating act and a precursor to organizational activity as cooperative systems.

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practices (that is, activities that were necessarily conducted in a synchronized, ordered, dependent fashion) into mediated and disentrained modes. For example, a discussion that once required a meeting can now be an e-mail thread, an appointment confirmation that once involved a live phone call can now be a click on a text message, a collaborative writing project that once required an elaborate plan for drafting, circulating, and annotating can now take place in a shared document.

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includes such theories as social presence theory, media richness theory, and the Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE). Experiential/perceptual theories are concerned with how individuals perceive the capacity of technologies, such as whether the technology creates psychological closeness (electronic propinquity theory). Adaptation/exploitation theories consider how people may creatively expand or make use of the limitations in CMC systems, including

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accuracy, consistency, fruitfulness, and parsimoniousness. Theories characteristic of a post-positivist epistemology may originate from a wide range of perspectives, including pragmatist, behaviorist, cognitivist, structuralist, or functionalist. Although post-positivist work may be qualitative or quantitative, statistical analysis is a common form of evidence and scholars taking this approach often seek to develop results that can be reproduced by others.

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attitude and response to messages, since the 1970s, interpersonal communication theories have taken on a distinctly personal focus. Interpersonal theories examine relationships and their development, non-verbal communication, how we adapt to one another during conversation, how we develop the messages we seek to convey, and how deception works.

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Theories of computer-mediated communication or CMC emerged as a direct response to the rapid emergence of novel mediating communication technologies in the form of computers. CMC scholars inquire as to what may be lost and what may be gained when we shift many of our formerly unmediated and entrained

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Theories in interpersonal communication are concerned with the ways in which very small groups of people communicate with one another. It also provides the framework in which we view the world around us. Although interpersonal communication theories have their origin in mass communication studies of

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is concerned with how values inform research and theory development. Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches. The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins.

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Political communication theories are concerned with the public exchange of messages among political actors of all kinds. This scope is in contrast to theories of political science which look inside political institutions to understand decision-making processes. Early political communication theories

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level phenomena, structure versus agency, the local versus the global, and communication problems which emerge due to gaps of space and time, sharing some kinship with sociological and anthropological perspectives but distinguished by keen attention to communication as constructed and constitutive.

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During the mid-1970's, presiding paradigm had passed in regards to the development in communication. More specifically the increase in a participatory approach which challenged studies like diffusionism which had dominated the 1950s. There is no valid reason for studying people as an aggregation of

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Communication theories have emerged from multiple historical points of origin, including classical traditions of oratory and rhetoric, Enlightenment-era conceptions of society and the mind, and post-World War II efforts to understand propaganda and relationships between media and society. Prominent

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A metric empirical or post-positivist epistemology takes an axiomatic and sometimes causal view of phenomena, developing evidence about association or making predictions, and using methods oriented to measurement of communication phenomena. Post-positivist theories are generally evaluated by their

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Sociolinguistic research in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the level to which people change their formality of their language depends on the social context that they are in. This had been explained in terms of social norms that dictated language use. The way that we use language differs from

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This line of theory examines how social order is both produced and reproduced through communication. Communication problems in the sociocultural tradition may be theorized in terms of misalignment, conflict, or coordination failure. Theories in this domain explore dynamics such as micro and macro

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Theories in rhetoric and speech are often concerned with discourse as an art, including practical consideration of the power of words and our ability to improve our skills through practice. Rhetorical theories provide a way of analyzing speeches when read in an exegetical manner (close, repeated

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CMC theories fall into three categories: cues-filtered-out theories, experiential/perceptual theories, and adaptation to/exploitation of media. Cues-filtered-out theories have often treated face-to-face interaction as the gold standard against which mediated communication should be compared, and

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Organizational communication can be distinguished by its orientation to four key problematics: voice (who can speak within an organization), rationality (how decisions are made and whose ends are served), organization (how is the organization itself structured and how does it function), and the

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In information theory, communication theories examine the technical process of information exchange while typically using mathematics. This perspective on communication theory originated from the development of information theory in the early 1920s. Limited information-theoretic ideas had been

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and Theodor Adorno. Modern critical perspectives often engage with emergent social movements such as post-colonialism and queer theory, seeking to be reflective and emancipatory. One of the influential bodies of theory in this area comes from the work of Stuart Hall, who questioned traditional

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Critical social theory in communication, while sharing some traditions with rhetoric, is explicitly oriented toward "articulating, questioning, and transcending presuppositions that are judged to be untrue, dishonest, or unjust."(p. 147) Some work bridges this distinction to form critical

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Interpretive empirical epistemology or interpretivism seeks to develop subjective insight and understanding of communication phenomena through the grounded study of local interactions. When developing or applying an interpretivist theory, the researcher themself is a vital instrument. Theories

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is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form

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A critical epistemology is explicitly political and intentional with respect to its standpoint, articulating an ideology and criticizing phenomena with respect to this ideology. A critical epistemology is driven by its values and oriented to social and political change. Communication theories

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as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory. "The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point." In 1949, in a declassified version of

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has been highly influential in the development of CMC. Theories in this area often examine the limitations and capabilities of new technologies, taking up an 'affordances' perspective inquiring what the technology may "request, demand, encourage, discourage, refuse, and allow." Recently the

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Organizational communication theories address not only the ways in which people use communication in organizations, but also how they use communication to constitute that organization, developing structures, relationships, and practices to achieve their goals. Although early organization

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A rhetorical epistemology lays out a formal, logical, and global view of phenomena with particular concern for persuasion through speech. A rhetorical epistemology often draws from Greco-Roman foundations such as the works of Aristotle and Cicero although recent work also draws from

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assumptions about the monolithic functioning of mass communication with his Encoding/Decoding Model of Communication and offered significant expansions of theories of discourse, semiotics, and power through media criticism and explorations of linguistic codes and cultural identity.

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serving as a key venue for disseminating scholarly work. However, theories in organizational communication retain a distinct identity through their critical perspective toward power and attention to the needs and interests of workers, rather than privileging the will of management.

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and specialized ways. Communication theory emphasizes its symbolic and social process aspects as seen from two perspectives—as exchange of information (the transmission perspective), and as work done to connect and thus enable that exchange (the ritual perspective).

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who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change. In this axiological approach, theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development.

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specific individuals that have their social experience unified and cancelled out with the means of allowing only the attributes of socio-economic status, age and sex, representative of them except by assuming that the audience is a mass.

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uses the word "information" as a measurable quantity, reflecting the receiver's ability to distinguish one sequence of symbols from any other. The natural unit of information was therefore the decimal digit, much later renamed the

408:: Shannon calls this element the "transmitter", which "operates on the message in some way to produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel." In Aristotle, this element is the "speaker" (orator). 2323:

Cooren, F. (2012). Communication theory at the center: Ventriloquism and the communicative constitution of reality, Journal of Communication, Volume 62, Issue 1, 1 February 2012, 1–20. Retrieved from

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reading to extract themes, metaphors, techniques, argument, meaning, etc.); for example with respect to their relationship to power or justice, or their persuasion, emotional appeal, or logic.

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communication. Theory can be seen as a way to map the world and make it navigable; communication theory gives us tools to answer empirical, conceptual, or practical communication questions.

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Dainton, M., Zelley, E. D. (2019). Applying communication theory for professional life: A practical introduction. 4th ed., Page 17. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications. Retrieved from

602:, all implicitly assuming events of equal probability. The history of information theory as a form of communication theory can be traced through a series of key papers during this time. 718:

Given that its object of study is the organization, it is perhaps not surprising that organization communication scholarship has important connections to theories of management, with

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assumes that information is sent and received simultaneously through a noisy channel, and further considers a frame of reference or experience each person brings to the interaction.

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ciphers. The main landmark event that opened the way to the development of the information theory form of communication theory was the publication of an article by

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with his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English" (1951), providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.

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has been an influential approach to breaking down the field of communication theory into perspectives, each with its own strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs.

402:: Shannon calls this element the "information source", which "produces a message or sequence of messages to be communicated to the receiving terminal." 3164: 2330: 386:

of communication is bidirectional. People send and receive messages in a cooperative fashion as they continuously encode and decode information. The

2229: 1418: 666: 382:, communication works in one direction: a sender encodes some message and sends it through a channel for a receiver to decode. In comparison, the 256: 2428:

Rothwell, J. Dan. "In the Company of Others: an introduction to communication." 3rd Edition, New York, NY; Oxford University Press, 2010. 11–15.

642: 592: 2477: 1938: 1486: 1402: 1213: 1074: 2407: 674: 2494: 1168: 771: 610:, contains a theoretical section quantifying "intelligence" and the "line speed" at which it can be transmitted by a communication system. 533:. Rhetoric has changed overtime. Fields of rhetoric and composition have grown to become more interested in alternative types of rhetoric. 779:

theoretical and empirical focus of CMC has shifted more explicitly away from the 'C' (i.e. Computer) and toward the 'M' (i.e. Mediation).

420:: For Shannon, the receiver "performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the signal." 2872: 2578: 2136: 2111: 719: 2369: 2317: 2186: 2161: 2010: 1878: 1804: 1752: 1614: 1525: 1256: 931: 895: 2690: 2605: 1894:

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364:—although some of these theorists may not explicitly associate themselves with communication as a discipline or field of study. 3737: 2645: 760: 645:". Shannon focused on the problem of how best to encode the information that a sender wants to transmit. He also used tools in 572: 361: 2417: 3694: 3348: 3189: 3131: 2571: 1637:

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organization-society relationship (how the organization may alternately serve, exploit, and reflect society as a whole).

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in 1940 used similar ideas as part of the statistical analysis of the breaking of the German second world war

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They marked the nascent stages of applied communication theory at that time. Shannon developed

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Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the Second Conference

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Some of the basic elements of communication studied in communication theory are:

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that is sent in a verbal, written, recorded, or visual form to the recipient.

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Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2008. 474:Interpretive Empirical Epistemology 2549:National Communication Association 2524:American Communication Association 2156:. London: Lawrence & Wishart. 2152:Rutherford, Jonathan, ed. (1990). 1726:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x 1674:Management Communication Quarterly 1639:Management Communication Quarterly 1464:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02680.x 1025:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1983.tb02401.x 970:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01313.x 720:Management Communication Quarterly 25: 2539:Eastern Communication Association 2001:Condit, Celeste Michelle (2016). 443:, information, communication, or 3819: 3808: 3795: 3784: 3783: 3127: 3126: 2781: 2181:(Second ed.). Los Angeles. 2042:Western Journal of Communication 1968:Carr, Caleb T (March 23, 2020). 1286:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00292.x 1167:Shannon, Claude Elwood (2011) . 3738:List of social science journals 2646:Computer-mediated communication 2351:Theories of human communication 1567:(9). Sage Journals: 1149–1170. 1520:(Third ed.). Los Angeles. 761:Computer-mediated communication 755:Computer-Mediated Communication 573:communication theory as a field 3695:Science and technology studies 2102:Bronner, Stephen Eric (2011). 439:, "to send". The message is a 1: 2005:(Second ed.). New York. 1933:. Cambridge, MA. p. 11. 1301:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 638:Bell System Technical Journal 2768:Text and conversation theory 2514:Resources in other libraries 1251:. New York: Guilford Press. 1063:Butchart, Garnet C. (2019). 710:Organizational Communication 704:Organizational Communication 616:Transmission of Information, 147:Organizational communication 2468:Miller, Katherine (2005a). 2247:10.1051/shsconf/20207902009 2129:The cultural studies reader 1686:10.1177/0893318996010001004 1247:Anderson, James A. (1996). 1095:. EtrePress. Archived from 1038:Rogers, Everett M. (1997). 731:Sociocultural Communication 695:Interpersonal Communication 689:Interpersonal Communication 679:natural language processing 3864: 2377:Pierce, T., Corey, A. M., 1908:10.1177/009365096023001001 1795:Bennett, W. Lance (2021). 861:Miller, Katherine (2005). 805: 786: 758: 743: 707: 692: 586: 558:New modes of Communication 554:, and resistance studies. 371: 29: 3779: 3180: 3122: 2779: 2601: 2509:Resources in your library 2388:January 15, 2021, at the 2360:. 3rd edition, New York: 2089:10.1080/03637758909390253 2054:10.1080/10570310109374705 1356:10.1080/13504630802212009 1069:. Penn State University. 924:10.4135/9781483318332.n73 683:computational linguistics 2726:Nonviolent communication 2656:History of communication 2077:Communication Monographs 1929:Davis, Jenny L. (2020). 1840:Journal of Communication 1651:10.1177/0893318911405623 1573:10.1177/0170840611410836 1481:. Thousand Oaks, Calif. 1452:Journal of Communication 1042:. New York: Free Press. 1013:Journal of Communication 958:Journal of Communication 886:Carey, James W. (2009). 3383:international relations 2721:Nonverbal communication 2711:Models of communication 1782:10.1080/105846099198596 1770:Political Communication 1385:Berger, Arthur (1995). 746:Political communication 740:Political Communication 508:Rhetorical Epistemology 485:symbolic interactionism 374:Models of communication 3710:Quantum social science 2234:SHS Web of Conferences 2127:During, Simon (2007). 1896:Communication Research 983:Cohen, Herman (1994). 912:"Communication Theory" 57: 3747:Other categorizations 3600:International studies 3585:History of technology 3520:Communication studies 3403:public administration 2873:Mediated cross-border 2595:Communication studies 1395:10.4135/9781483345420 1313:10.1353/rap.2006.0065 1120:Communication process 537:Critical Epistemology 56: 3848:Communication theory 3580:Historical sociology 2808:Communication theory 2803:Communication design 2500:Communication theory 1714:Communication Theory 1561:Organization Studies 1274:Communication Theory 527:second-wave feminism 270:Communication theory 91:Communication theory 33:Communication Theory 18:Communication Theory 3760:Geisteswissenschaft 3754:Behavioral sciences 3680:Political sociology 3595:Information science 3540:Development studies 2342:Lanham, Richard A. 1987:10.1093/jcmc/zmz018 1427:on October 22, 2015 1133:on October 27, 2011 1099:on January 15, 2021 783:Rhetoric and Speech 658:information entropy 635:(1916–2001) in the 552:third-wave feminism 388:Transactional Model 384:Interactional Model 350:George Herbert Mead 279:is defined in both 3815:Society portal 3302:auxiliary sciences 2838:Discourse analysis 2763:Telecommunications 2706:Meta-communication 2349:Littlejohn, S. W., 2346:2nd (2003): 7, 10. 2316:Chandler, Daniel. 1853:10.1093/joc/jqx017 836:critical theorists 647:probability theory 589:Information Theory 583:Information Theory 575:model proposed by 489:discourse analysis 288:person to person. 142:Mass communication 132:Discourse analysis 58: 3835: 3834: 3675:Political economy 3670:Political ecology 3525:Community studies 3515:Cognitive science 3478:Interdisciplinary 3378:Political science 3140: 3139: 2495:Library resources 2479:978-0-07-293794-7 2356:Emory A Griffin, 2335:Goffman, Erving. 2290:, pp. 30–31. 1940:978-0-262-35888-0 1488:978-1-4129-5937-7 1404:978-0-8039-7357-2 1344:Social Identities 1215:978-0-8093-2974-8 1076:978-0-271-08325-4 544:deconstructionism 267: 266: 16:(Redirected from 3855: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3799: 3798: 3787: 3786: 3690:Regional science 3535:Cultural studies 3510:Business studies 3167: 3160: 3153: 3144: 3130: 3129: 2785: 2736:Public relations 2631:Biocommunication 2588: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2483: 2344:Analyzing Prose' 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2249: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2192: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2016: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1944: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1810: 1799:. 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