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to be fully communicated and only its most significant aspects are expressed. Selection also concerns the choice of the code and channel to be used. The availability of a channel differs from person to person and from situation to situation. For example, many people do not have access to mass media, like television, to send their message to a wide audience. Gerbner's emphasis on the relation between message and reality has been influential for subsequent models of communication. However, Gerbner's model still suffers from many of the limitations of the earlier models it is based on. An example is the focus on the linear transmission of information without an in-depth discussion of the role of feedback loops. Another issue concerns the question of how meaning is created.
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responsible for generating the message. This message is translated by the transmitter into a signal, which is then sent using a channel. The receiver has the opposite function of the transmitter: it translates the signal back into a message, which is made available to the destination. The
Shannon–Weaver model was initially formulated in analogy to how telephone calls work but is intended as a general model of all forms of communication. In the case of a landline phone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter translating the message into an electric signal. The wire acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination, and their telephone is the receiver.
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park or a table in a room. Private cues are only available to one person, like a coin in one's pocket or an itch on one's wrist. Behavioral cues are under the control of the communicators and constitute the main vehicles of communication. They include verbal behavior, like discussing a business proposal, and non-verbal behavior, like raising one's eyebrows or sitting down in a chair. Barnlund's model has been influential, both for its innovations and for its criticisms of earlier models. Some objections to it include that it is not equally useful for all forms of communication and that it does not explain how exactly meaning is produced.
790:
33:
394:: the sender sends a message and then has to wait for the receiver to react. Another example is a question/answer session where one person asks a question and then waits for another person to answer. Interaction models usually put more emphasis on the interactive process and less on the technical problem of how the message is conveyed at each step. For this reason, more prominence is given to the context that shapes the exchange of messages. This includes the physical context, like the distance between the speakers, and the psychological context, which includes mental and emotional factors like stress and anxiety.
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Significant discrepancies between them, such as divergent opinions on X, cause a strain in the relation. In such cases, communication aims to reduce the strain and restore balance through the exchange of information about the object. For example, if A and B are friends and X is someone both know, then equilibrium means that they have the same attitude towards X. However, there is a disequilibrium or strain if A likes X but B does not. This creates a tendency for A and B to exchange information about X until they arrive at a shared attitude. The more important X is to A and B, the more urgent this tendency is.
1032:. It is intended as a response to and an improvement over linear and circular models by stressing the dynamic nature of communication and how it changes the participants. Dance sees the fault of linear models as their attempt to understand communication as a linear flow of messages from a sender to a receiver. According to him, this fault is avoided by circular models, which include a feedback loop through which messages are exchanged back and forth. Dance criticizes the circular approach by holding that it "suggests that communication comes back, full circle, to exactly the same point from which it started".
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490:, in contrast, is communication with oneself. An example is a person thinking to themself that they should bring in the laundry from outside because it is about to rain. Most models of communication focus on interpersonal communication by assuming that sender and receiver are distinct persons. They often explore how the sender encodes a message, how this message is transmitted and possibly distorted, and how the receiver decodes and interprets the message.
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that one should not interrupt people or that greetings should be returned. Relational contexts are more specific in that they concern the previous relationship and shared history of the communicators. This includes factors like whether the participants are friends, neighbors, co-workers, or rivals. The cultural context encompasses the social identities of the communicators, such as race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, and social class.
423:, to give some form of feedback. This way, they can signal whether they agree with the message while the speaker is talking. This feedback may in turn influence the speaker's message while it is being produced. On the other hand, transactional models stress that meaning is created in the process of communication and does not exist prior to it. This is often combined with the claim that communication creates social realities like relationships,
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manipulative model of animal communication. It argues that the central aspect of communication does not consist in the exchange of information but in causing changes to the behavior of other organisms. This influence provides primarily a benefit to the sender and does not need to involve the transmission of messages. In this way, the sender "exploits another animal's ... muscle power". A slightly different approach focuses more on the
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Communication starts in the horizontal dimension with an event perceived by the sender. The next step happens in the vertical dimension, where the percept is translated into a signal containing the message. The message has two key aspects: content and form. The content is the information about the event. The last step belongs again to the horizontal dimension: the audience perceives and interprets the message about the event.
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170:. They try to provide a simple explanation of the process by highlighting its most basic characteristics and components. As simplified pictures, they only present the aspects that, according to the model's designer, are most central to communication. Communication can be defined as the transmission of ideas. General models of communication try to describe all of its forms, including
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destination. Most early models were transmission models. Due to their linear nature, they are often too simple to capture the dynamic aspects of various forms of communication, such as regular face-to-face conversation. By focusing only on the sender, they leave out the audience's perspective. For example, listening usually does not just happen, but is an active process involving
632:. But as it developed as a science, it started to rely more and more on its own models and concepts. Beginning in the 1940s and the following decades, many new models of communication were developed. Most of the early models were linear transmission models. For many purposes, they were replaced by non-linear models such as interaction, transaction, and convergence models.
337:
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example, the teacher's role includes sharing and explaining information while the student's role involves learning and asking clarifying questions. Relational models also describe how communication affects the relationship between the communicators. For example, the communication between patient and hospital staff affects whether the patient feels cared for or
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a total of ten essential components: (1) someone (2) perceives an event (3) and reacts (4) in a situation (5) through some means. This is done with the goal of (6) making available materials (7) in some form (8) and context (9) conveying content (10) of some consequence. Each of these components corresponds to a different area of study. For example,
75:. Despite their usefulness, many models are criticized based on the claim that they are too simple because they leave out essential aspects. The components and their interactions are usually presented in the form of a diagram. Some basic components and interactions reappear in many of the models. They include the idea that a sender
103:. Linear transmission models understand communication as a one-way process in which a sender transmits an idea to a receiver. Interaction models include a feedback loop through which the receiver responds after getting the message. Transaction models see sending and responding as simultaneous activities. They hold that
563:, hold that communication can be reduced to the transfer of ideas, information, or feelings from a sender to a receiver. In them, the message is like a magic bullet that is shot by active senders at passive and defenseless receivers. They are closely related to linear transmission models and contrast with
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response can itself produce new stimuli and act as a form of feedback loop for continued intrapersonal communication. Some models of communication try to provide a perspective that includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal communication in order to show how these two phenomena influence each other.
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ink on paper. The destination has to decode and interpret the message in order to reconstruct the original idea. The processes of encoding and decoding correspond to the roles of transmitter and receiver in the
Shannon–Weaver model. According to Schramm, these processes are influenced by the fields of
699:. Many theorists treat it as a universal model applying to any form of communication. It is widely cited as a model of communication but some theorists, like Zachary S. Sapienza et al, have raised doubts about this characterization and see it instead as a questioning device, a formula, or a construct.
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is a more adequate representation of the process of communication since it implies that there is always a forward movement. It shows how the content and structure of earlier communicative acts influence the content and structure of later communicative acts. In this regard, communication has a lasting
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For
Gerbner, messages are not packages that exist prior to communication. Instead, the message is created in the process of encoding and is affected by the code and the channel. Gerbner assumes that the goal of communication is to inform another person about something they are unaware of. He includes
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The discipline of communication studies and the models of communication proposed in it are not restricted to human communication. They include discussions of communication among other species, like non-human animals and plants. Models of non-human communication usually stress the practical aspects of
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carrying information. These stimuli are processed and interpreted in various ways, for example, by classifying them and by ascribing symbolic meaning to them. Later steps include thinking about them, organizing information, and then encoding the ideas conceived this way in a behavioral response. This
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by Larry L. Barker and Gordon
Wiseman. The left side of the diagram shows the start of the process: external and internal stimuli (red and violet arrows) are perceived. This triggers various cognitive processes (green areas) involved in the interpretation of the stimuli. These processes result in the
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For interaction models, the participants in communication alternate the positions of sender and receiver. So upon receiving a message, a new message is generated and returned to the original sender as a form of feedback. In this regard, communication is a two-way process. This adds more complexity to
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despite its complexity. Communication theorist Robert Craig sees the difference in the fact that models primarily represent communication while theories additionally explain it. According to Frank Dance, there is no one fully comprehensive model of communication since each one highlights only certain
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of the receiver. To do so, the source has to express their purpose by encoding it into a message. This message is sent through a channel to the receiver, who has to decode it in order to understand it and react to it. Communication is successful if the reaction of the receiver matches the purpose of
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in 1960 and was influenced by earlier models, such as the
Shannon–Weaver model and Schramm's model. It is usually referred to as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model because of its four main components (source, message, channel, and receiver). Each of these components is characterized by
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in 1954 as a response to and an improvement over linear transmission models of communication, such as
Lasswell's model and the Shannon–Weaver model. The main difference in this regard is that Schramm does not see the audience as passive recipients. Instead, he understands them as active participants
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in the message to the receiver, how these symbols carry meaning, and how to ensure that the message has the intended effect on the receiver. Shannon and Weaver focus their attention on the technical level by discussing how noise can interfere with the signal. This makes it difficult for the receiver
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Transaction models usually put more emphasis on contexts and how they shape the exchange of information. They are sometimes divided into social, relational, and cultural contexts. Social contexts include explicit and implicit rules about what form of message and feedback is acceptable. An example is
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Barnlund's model is based on the idea that communication consists of decoding cues by ascribing meaning to them and encoding appropriate responses to them. Barnlund distinguishes between public, private, and behavioral cues. Public cues are accessible to anyone in the situation, such as a tree in a
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used to decode messages: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. The SMCR model has inspired subsequent theorists. However, it is often criticized based on its simplicity because it does not discuss feedback loops and because it does not give enough emphasis on noise and other barriers to
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All these steps are creative processes that select some features to be included. For example, the event is never perceived in its entirety. Instead, the communicator has to select and interpret its most salient features. The same happens when encoding the message: the percept is usually too complex
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The relation between message and reality is of central importance to
Gerbner. For this reason, his model includes two dimensions. The horizontal dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and event. The vertical dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and message.
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For
Schramm, communication is based on the relation between a source and a destination and consists in sharing ideas or information. For this to happen, the source has to encode their idea in symbolic form as a message. This message is sent to the destination using a channel, such as sound waves or
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Newcomb's model was first published by
Theodore H. Newcomb in his 1953 paper "An approach to the study of communicative acts". It is called the ABX model of communication since it understands communication in terms of three components: two parties (A and B) interacting with each other about a topic
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is used for any model that includes the phases of encoding and decoding in its description of communication. Such models stress that to send information, a code is necessary. A code is a sign system used to express ideas and interpret messages. Encoding-decoding models are sometimes contrasted with
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For interaction models, these steps happen one after the other: first, one message is sent and received, later another message is returned as feedback, etc. Such feedback loops make it possible for the sender to assess whether their message was received and had the intended effect or whether it was
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are specialized models that do not aim to give a universal account of communication. Another contrast is between linear and non-linear models. Most early models of communication are linear models. They present communication as a unidirectional process in which messages flow from the communicator to
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noise: environmental noise distorts the signal on its way to the receiver, whereas semantic noise occurs during encoding or decoding, for example, when an ambiguous word in the message is not interpreted by the receiver as it was meant by the sender. Feedback means that the receiver responds to the
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Barnlund's model is an influential transactional model of communication first published in 1970. Its goal is to avoid the inaccuracies of earlier models and account for communication in all its complexity. This includes dismissing the idea that communication is defined as the transmission of ideas
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between the communicators in the form of the orientations or attitudes they have toward each other and toward the topic. The orientations can be favorable or unfavorable and include beliefs. They have a big impact on how communication unfolds. It is relevant, for example, whether A and B like each
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between communicators. For example, Wilbur
Schramm holds that this relationship informs the expectations the participants bring to the exchange and the roles they play in it. These roles influence how the communicators try to contribute to the communicative goal. In the context of instruction, for
218:
Models of communication serve various functions. Their simplified presentation helps students and researchers identify the main steps of communication and apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases. The unified picture they provide makes it easier to describe and explain the observed
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and social context of the communicators. Generally speaking, the more source and receiver are alike in regard to these factors, the more likely successful communication is. Communication may fail, for example, if the receiver lacks the decoding skills necessary to understand the message or if the
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sender's idea. Other sources of error are external noise or mistakes in the phases of decoding and encoding. Schramm holds that successful communication is about realizing an intended effect. He discusses the conditions for this to be possible. They include making sure that one has the receiver's
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them of an opinion or a course of action. The same message may have very different effects depending on the audience and the occasion. For this reason, the speaker should take these factors into account and compose their message accordingly. Many of the basic elements of the Aristotelian model of
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aspect of communication and holds that both sender and receiver benefit from the exchange. Models of plant communication usually understand communication in terms of biochemical changes and responses. According to Richard Karban, this process starts with a cue that is emitted by a sender and then
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Craig, this implies that communication is a basic social phenomenon that cannot be explained through psychological, cultural, economic, or other factors. Instead, communication is to be seen as the cause of other social processes and not as their result. Constitutive models are closely related to
450:
hold that meaning is "reflexively constructed, maintained, or negotiated in the act of communicating". This means that communication is not just the exchange of pre-established bundles of information but a creative process, unlike the outlook found in many transmission models. According to Robert
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The Shannon–Weaver model is another early and influential model of communication. It is a linear transmission model that was published in 1948 and describes communication as the interaction of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source is
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as the paradigmatic form. They usually involve some type of interaction between two or more parties in which messages are exchanged. The process as a whole is very complex, which is why models of communication only present the most salient features by showing how the main components operate and
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of each participant. A field of experience includes past life experiences and affects what the participant understands and is familiar with. Communication fails if the message is outside the receiver's field of experience. In this case, the receiver is unable to decode it and connect it to the
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Some models of animal communication are similar to models of human communication in that they understand the process as an exchange of information. This exchange helps the communicators to reduce uncertainty and to act in a way that is beneficial to them. A further approach is discussed in the
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Linear transmission models describe communication as a one-way process. In it, a sender intentionally conveys a message to a receiver. The reception of the message is the endpoint of this process. Since there is no feedback loop, the sender may not know whether the message reached its intended
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by keeping the different orientations in balance. In Newcomb's words, communication enables "two or more individuals to maintain simultaneous orientation to each other and towards objects of the external environment". The orientations of A and B are subject to change and influence each other.
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Lasswell's model is often criticized due to its simplicity. An example is that it does not include an explicit discussion of vital factors such as noise and feedback loops. It also does not talk about the influence of physical, emotional, social, and cultural contexts. These shortcomings have
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in 1948 and uses five questions to identify and describe the main aspects of communication: "Who?", "Says What?", "In What Channel?", "To Whom?", and "With What Effect?". They correspond to five basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the channel, the
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receiver, and the effect. For a newspaper headline, those five components are the reporter, the content of the headline, the newspaper itself, the reader, and the reader's response to the headline. Lasswell assigns a field of inquiry to each component, corresponding to control analysis,
967:
Berlo's main interest in discussing the components and their aspects is to analyze their impact on successful communication. Source and receiver are usually persons but can also be groups or institutions. On this level, Berlo identifies four features: communication skills, attitudes,
888:. It is a linear transmission model. It is based on the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model but expands them in various ways. It aims to provide a general account of all forms of communication. One of its innovations is that it starts not with a message or an idea but with an
318:
Models of communication are classified in many ways and the proposed classifications often overlap. Some models are general in the sense that they aim to describe all forms of communication. Others are specialized: they only apply to specific fields or areas. For example, models of
357:, sending an email, posting a blog, or sharing something on social media. Some theorists, like Uma Narula, talk of "action models" instead of linear transmission models to stress how they only focus on the actions of the sender. Linear transmission models include Aristotle's,
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B). Another addition is the inclusion of feedback (fBA) from the receiver to the sender. Westley and MacLean also propose a further expansion to account for mass communication. For this purpose, they include an additional component, C, that has the role of a
756:. However, it has been criticized because it simplifies some parts of the communicative process. For example, it presents communication as a one-way process and not as a dynamic interaction of messages going back and forth between both participants.
328:. Non-linear models, on the other hand, are multi-directional: messages are sent back and forth between participants. According to Uma Narula, linear models describe single acts of communication while non-linear models describe the whole process.
98:
Models of communication are classified depending on their intended applications and on how they conceptualize the process. General models apply to all forms of communication while specialized models restrict themselves to specific forms, like
695:, and effect analysis. The model is usually seen as a linear transmission model and was initially formulated specifically for mass communication, like radio, television, and newspapers. Nonetheless, it has been used in other fields, like
586:. For convergence models, the goal of communication is convergence: to reach a mutual understanding. Feedback plays a central role in this regard: effective feedback helps achieve this goal while ineffective feedback leads to divergence.
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or object (X). A and B can be persons or groups, such as trade unions or nations. X can be any part of their shared environment like a specific thing or another person. The ABX model differs from earlier models by focusing on the
294:. The process of encoding translates the message into a signal that can be conveyed using a channel. The channel is the sensory route on which the signal travels. For example, expressing one's thoughts in a speech encodes them as
414:
Transaction models depart from interaction models in two ways. On the one hand, they understand sending and responding as simultaneous processes. This can be used to describe how listeners use non-verbal communication, like
126:
models, which discuss communication with oneself. Models of non-human communication describe communication among other species. Further types include encoding-decoding models, hypodermic models, and relational models.
279:". Their exact meanings vary slightly from model to model and sometimes different terms are used for the same ideas. Simple models only rely on a few of these concepts while more complex models include many of them.
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that respond by sending their own message as a form of feedback. Feedback forms part of many types of communication and makes it easier for the participants to identify and resolve possible misunderstandings.
616:. However, the field of communication studies only developed in the 20th century into a separate research discipline. In its early stages, it often borrowed models and concepts from other disciplines, such as
703:
prompted some theorists to expand Lasswell's model. For example, Richard Braddock published an extension in 1958 including two additional questions: "Under What Circumstances?" and "For What Purpose?".
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message by conveying some information back to the original sender. Context consists in the circumstances of the communication. It is a very wide term that can apply to the physical environment and the
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in the preceding decades. His new approach gives special emphasis to the relation between the participants. The relation determines the goal of communication and the roles played by the participants.
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about how communicative processes will unfold and show how these processes can be measured. One of their goals is to show how to improve communication, for example, by avoiding distortions through
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to refer to this selection. It reflects the style of the source as a communicator. The channel is the medium and process of how the message is transmitted. Berlo analyzes it mainly based on the
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categorize and address problems relevant to models of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems. They correspond to the issues of how to transmit the
1000:. The content is the idea or information expressed in the message. Choosing an appropriate content and the right code to express it matters for successful communication. Berlo uses the term
768:
The basic components of Newcomb's model are two communicators (A and B) and a topic (X). The arrows symbolize the orientations the communicators have toward each other and toward the topic.
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Newcomb understands communication as a "learned response to strain" caused by discrepancies between orientations. The social function of communication is to maintain equilibrium in the
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differences in the process of communication. Some posit, for example, that men and women have different communication styles and aim to achieve different goals through communication.
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in the sense that it does not have a beginning or an end: people decode cues and encode responses all the time, even when no one else is present. For Barnlund, communication is also
40:
encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback.
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from a sender to a receiver. For Barnlund, communication "is the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". He holds that the world and its objects lack
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them and assign meaning to them by engaging in the processes of decoding and encoding. In doing so, people try to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding.
908:". In this case, "someone" corresponds to the man and the perceived event is the burning house. Other components include his voice (means) and the fire (conveyed content).
1106:: it is not possible to control all these factors to exactly repeat a previous exchange. This is not even the case when the same communicators exchange the same messages.
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models, which see communication as the basic process responsible for how people understand, represent, and experience reality. According to social constructionists, like
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Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions".
972:, and social-cultural system. Communication skills are primarily the ability of the source to encode messages and the ability of the receiver to decode them. The
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However, some models are specifically formulated for intrapersonal communication. Many of them focus on the idea that intrapersonal communication starts with the
1056:. Dance's model has been criticized based on the claim that it focuses only on some aspects of communication but does not provide a tool for detailed analysis.
652:. His model is primarily concerned with public speaking and is made up of five elements: the speaker, the message, the audience, the occasion, and the effect.
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For the message, the main factors are code, content, and treatment, each of which can be analyzed in terms of its structure and its elements. The code is the
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various aspects and the main focus of the model is a detailed discussion of each of them. For Berlo, all forms of communication are attempts to influence the
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298:, which are transmitted using air as a channel. Decoding is the reverse process of encoding: it happens when the signal is translated back into a message.
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Barnlund's model rests on a set of basic assumptions. For Barnlund, any activity that creates meaning is a form of communication. He sees communication as
158:, were proposed to overcome the limitations of interaction models. They constitute the origin of further developments in the form of constitutive models.
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is the communicator who formulates a message about this event. The message is then perceived and interpreted by the audience, labeled in the diagram as
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by seeing communication as a means of growth, learning, and improvement. The basic idea behind Dance's helical model of communication is also found in
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Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).
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Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (1970). "Communication Theory: Decoding-Encoding". In Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (eds.).
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only developed into a separate research discipline in the middle of the 20th century. All early models were linear transmission models, like
431:. This also affects the communicators themselves on various levels, such as their thoughts and feelings as well as their social identities.
809:) and has to compose the message (X') to communicate to the receiver (B). B's direct perception is limited to only a few of these topics (X
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One requirement of successful communication is that the message is located in the overlap of the fields of experience of the participants.
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because meaning is not fixed but depends on the human practice of interpretation, which is itself subject to change. Communication is
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Noise is any influence that interferes with the message reaching its destination. Some theorists distinguish environmental noise and
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effect on the communicators and evolves continuously as a process. The upward widening movement of the helix represents a form of
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is concerned with the second component. In Gerbner's example, "a man notices a house burning across the street and shouts 'Fire!
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866:, that the message is understandable, and that the audience is able and motivated to react to the message in the intended way.
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Craig, Robert (30 January 2013). "Constructing Theories in Communication Research". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.).
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interact. They usually do so in the form of a simplified visualization and ignore some aspects for the sake of simplicity.
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since many components are involved and many factors influence how it unfolds. Because of its complexity, communication is
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to reconstruct the source's intention found in the original message. They try to solve this problem by making the message
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is the positive or negative stance that source and receiver have toward themselves, each other, and the discussed topic.
67:. Their function is to give a compact overview of the complex process of communication. This helps researchers formulate
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Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model".
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Aristotle and Information Theory: A Comparison of the Influence of Causal Assumptions on two Theories of Communication
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Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map is Not the Territory".
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Berlo's model includes a detailed discussion of the four main components of communication and their different aspects.
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and interpretation. However, some forms of communication can be accurately described by them, such as many types of
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Schramm's model of communication is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. It was published by
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In the 1970s, Schramm proposed modifications to his original model to take into account the discoveries made in
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is communication between two distinct persons, like when greeting someone on the street or making a phone call.
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the model since the participants are both senders and receivers and they alternate between these two positions.
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The sender is responsible for creating the message and sending it to the receiver. Some theorists use the terms
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One of the earliest models of communication was given by Aristotle. He speaks of communication in his treatise
215:
aspects and distorts others. For this reason, he suggests that a family of different models should be adopted.
175:
60:
549:. For the latter, the receiver is not only interested in the information sent but tries to infer the sender's
6016:"Berlo's Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor"
1094:
because there is no clear division between sender and receiver as found in linear transmission models. It is
532:
perceived by a receiver. The receiver processes this information to translate it into some kind of response.
6857:
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According to Aristotle's communication model, the speaker wishes to have an effect on the audience, such as
6429:
Boundary Spanners of Humanity: Three Logics of Communications and Public Diplomacy for Global Collaboration
5954:
Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Targeted Communication Programs: A Manual for Business Communicators
717:
6952:
4856:
Farley, Mary J. (September 1992). "Thought and Talk: The Intrapersonal Component of Human Communication".
452:
276:
108:
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Baldwin, John R.; Coleman, Robin R. Means; González, Alberto; Shenoy-Packer, Suchitra (3 February 2014).
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stands for the understanding of the topic and the social-cultural system includes background beliefs and
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6706:
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Lasswell, Harold (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society". In Bryson, L. (ed.).
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84:
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Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication".
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An influential expansion of Newcomb's model is due to Westley and MacLean. They introduce the idea of
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87:. The receiver needs to decode the message to understand the initial idea and provides some form of
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567:, which ascribe an active role to the receiver in the process of communication and meaning-making.
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distorted by noise. For example, interaction models can be used to describe a conversation through
268:
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155:
139:
92:
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Dance's helical model understands communication in analogy to an upward-moving and widening helix.
519:
communication, ie., what effects it has on behavior. An example is that communication provides an
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models stress that communication is a basic phenomenon responsible for how people understand and
100:
6872:
5638:
Foundations of Educational Technology: Integrative Approaches and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
5292:
Lederman, Linda Costigan (2002). "Intrapersonal communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).
4427:
Barker, Larry L.; Wiseman, Gordon (1 September 1966). "A Model of Intrapersonal Communication".
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Some theorists, like Paul Cobley and Peter J. Schulz, distinguish models of communication from
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Animal Cognition in Nature: The Convergence of Psychology and Biology in Laboratory and Field
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Craig, Robert T. Communication Theory as a Field (1999). "Communication Theory as a Field".
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Koutoukidis, Gabby; Funnell, Rita; Lawrence, Karen; Hughson, Jodie; Stainton, Kate (2009).
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Schramm's model of communication differs from earlier models by including a feedback loop.
774:
683:
574:
206:. This is based on the idea that theories of communication try to provide a more abstract
5315:
2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing
1098:
due to the diverse effects it has on the communicators that cannot be undone. It is also
752:
The Shannon–Weaver model has been influential in the fields of communication theory and
682:
Lasswell's model is an early and influential model of communication. It was proposed by
678:
Visual presentation of Lasswell's model of communication as a linear transmission model.
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Fatal Words and Friendly Faces: Interpersonal Communication in the Twenty-first Century
4716:
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forms. In the widest sense, communication is not restricted to humans but happens also
131:
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6696:
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6143:
Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021).
5859:
5554:
Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment
4590:
3844:
3842:
1053:
782:
733:
346:
167:
48:
5340:
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6167:
Thinking Through Communication: An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication
5796:
Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).
5014:
Communicative Behaviour of a Language Learner: Exploring Willingness to Communicate
3521:
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Berlo's model is a linear transmission model of communication. It was published by
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17:
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instead. The message itself can be verbal or non-verbal and contains some form of
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2002:
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Additional classifications of communication models have been suggested. The term
6937:
6544:
5435:
The Role of Language and Symbols in Promotional Strategies and Marketing Schemes
5131:
An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community
1544:
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1219:
1217:
1005:
993:
955:
946:
528:
428:
291:
6346:
6333:
5509:
McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.).
4582:
4304:
Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings
6614:
6569:
6564:
5271:
Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019).
4346:
Wilbur Schramm and Noam Chomsky Meet Harold Innis: Media, Power, and Democracy
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2354:
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models describe communicative exchanges with other people. They contrast with
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107:
is created in this process and does not exist prior to it. Constitutive and
6227:
Vieira, Patrícia; Gagliano, Monica; Ryan, John Charles (24 December 2015).
5702:
2763:
2761:
2759:
1028:'s helical model of communication was initially published in his 1967 book
6356:
6186:
5414:
Business Communication: Strategies for Success in Business and Professions
5086:
Hill, Anne; Watson, James; Rivers, Danny; Joyce, Mark (16 November 2007).
4877:
4448:
4364:
Balda, Russell P.; Pepperberg, Irene M.; Kamil, A. C. (9 September 1998).
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
150:. For many purposes, they were later replaced by interaction models, like
6089:
Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert; Davenport, Lucinda (1 January 2015).
1041:
997:
915:
Gerbner's model of communication starts with the perception of an event.
649:
325:
272:
264:
88:
6447:
6135:
6111:
5057:
5033:
4325:
Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory for Tourist Attraction
3879:
892:. The communicating agent perceives it and composes a message about it.
336:
194:
and between species. However, models of communication normally focus on
6656:
6624:
5755:
Classroom Communication and Diversity: Enhancing Instructional Practice
4105:
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252:
236:
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211:
183:
115:
64:
37:
6146:
Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation: An Integrated Approach
6039:
6015:
5993:
Shannon, C. E. (July 1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
5867:
Schramm, Wilbur (1971). "The Nature of Communication between Humans".
5678:
4622:
Communication as Culture, Revised Edition: Essays on Media and Society
3930:
2886:
2870:
2665:, p. 117, The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.
479:
generation and transmission of new stimuli, which are again perceived.
247:
Many basic concepts reappear in the different models, like "sender", "
154:. Beginning in the 1970s, transactional models of communication, like
6634:
6629:
5694:
5372:
Introducing Intercultural Communication: Global Cultures and Contexts
5256:. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies. p. 117.
4796:
Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills
3754:
3752:
3750:
737:
645:
593:
260:
179:
71:, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test
6334:"Analysis of New Media Communication Based on Lasswell's "5W" Model"
5393:
Social Constructionism: Sources and Stirrings in Theory and Practice
5068:
Branding the Teleself: Media Effects Discourse and the Changing Self
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Braddock, Richard (1958). "An Extension of the "Lasswell Formula"".
4530:
The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3133:
3131:
3066:
3064:
2935:
2933:
2610:
2608:
2606:
459:, reality is not something wholly external but depends on how it is
4930:
Narrative Persuasion. A Cognitive Perspective on Language Evolution
2822:, Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication.
2790:, Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication.
2646:
5237:(3., reprinted ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 381.
1036:
1016:
945:
910:
847:
831:
788:
763:
716:
673:
509:
470:
405:
376:
335:
295:
228:
52:
31:
1970:
1075:
on their own. They are only meaningful to the extent that people
6358:
Introducing communication theory : analysis and application
5930:
Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009). "social constructionism".
4993:
Creating Communication: Exploring and Expanding Your Fundamental
1184:
1182:
1180:
219:
phenomena. Models of communication can guide the formulation of
76:
6451:
5870:
The Process and Effects of Mass Communication - Revised Edition
5713:
Interracial Communication: Theory into Practice, Fourth Edition
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
6251:
Intrapersonal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds
5512:
The International Encyclopedia of Communication, 12 Volume Set
5369:
Liu, Shuang; Volcic, Zala; Gallois, Cindy (29 November 2014).
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
2502:
2500:
2494:, p. 61–62, III. An Aristotelian Theory of Communication.
310:
of the communicators as well as the general social situation.
166:
Models of communication are representations of the process of
5734:
The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society
5551:
Melkote, Srinivas R.; Steeves, H. Leslie (14 December 2001).
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
210:
that is strong enough to accurately represent the underlying
5635:
Morel, Gwendolyn M.; Spector, J. Michael (18 October 2022).
5432:
Manuela, Epure; Clara, Mihaes, Lorena (28 September 2018).
3906:
3904:
5659:
Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies
4412:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 7, 128.
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4136:
4134:
4059:
4057:
2830:
2828:
5575:
National Image: China's Communication of Cultural Symbols
5533:
Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications
5348:
Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009).
3714:
1707:
1705:
778:
other and whether they have the same attitude towards X.
5417:. University Grants Commission, Bangladesh. p. 19.
3164:
3162:
3015:
3013:
2521:
2519:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
6092:
Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology
6050:
Introduction to Communication Course Book 1: The Basics
4406:
Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (5 August 2010).
4109:
4040:
4038:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2954:
2952:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1287:
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1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
612:
and one of the first models of communication is due to
79:
information in the form of a message and sends it to a
6361:. Lynn H. Turner (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
5194:
Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda
3871:
3869:
3867:
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3863:
3861:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3662:
3660:
3563:
3561:
3500:
3498:
3496:
2906:, p. 195–6, Newcomb's ABX model of communication.
2102:
2100:
942:
Source–message–channel–receiver model of communication
818:
filtering the original message for the mass audience.
660:
communication are still found in contemporary models.
130:
The problem of communication was already discussed in
5596:
Healing Through Communication: The Practice of Caring
4188:
4186:
4184:
3758:
3266:
3264:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2614:
2087:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
989:
source has a demeaning attitude toward the receiver.
36:
Many models of communication include the idea that a
5912:
Encyclopedia of Knowledge Management, Second Edition
5152:
Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept
4091:, p. 175–6, Constitutive View of Communication.
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2166:
6795:
6674:
6503:
5888:Schramm, Wilbur (1954). "How communication works".
5752:Powell, Robert G.; Powell, Dana L. (10 June 2010).
5710:Orbe, Mark P.; Harris, Tina M. (11 November 2022).
5470:
Messages that Work: A Guide to Communication Design
5110:
Communication Theory: Media, Technology and Society
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
793:
Westley and MacLean's expansion of Newcomb's model.
6230:The Green Thread: Dialogues with the Vegetal World
5530:Mcquail, Denis; Windahl, Sven (22 December 2015).
4661:Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013).
4640:Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011).
4485:Beck, Andrew; Bennett, Peter; Wall, Peter (2002).
4409:Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective
3465:, p. 112-3, Gerbner's model of communication.
2217:
4488:Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction
2600:, p. 154, Lasswell's model of communication.
6408:Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters
6384:Wodak, Ruth; Koller, Veronika (27 August 2008).
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6191:. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.
5773:Rosenfield, Lawrence William (1 December 2011).
5679:"An Approach to the Study of Communicative Acts"
5396:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–123.
3149:
6317:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–28.
5894:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–26.
5873:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 3–53.
5274:Communication Skills for Business Professionals
4322:Ahmet, Bayraktar; Can, Uslay (15 August 2016).
3548:
3137:
2506:
2233:
2130:
1429:
6387:Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere
6269:Watson, James; Hill, Anne (16 February 2012).
5775:"III. An Aristotelian Theory of Communication"
5737:. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1588–1589.
5617:Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning
4838:Painless Public Speaking: A Work Text Approach
4835:Eisenberg, Abne M.; Gamble, Teri Kwal (1991).
4820:. University Press of America. pp. 98–9.
4088:
4025:
3698:
3086:
3035:
2422:
2406:
2358:
2325:
2297:
2281:
2265:
2249:
1998:
1832:
1813:
1781:
1730:
1692:
1548:
1493:
1477:
1461:
1445:
1223:
801:: the sender (A) is aware of several topics (X
6463:
6296:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 20–22.
6293:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies
6290:Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015).
6272:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies
5891:The Process and Effects of Mass Communication
5799:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information
5295:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information
5277:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–7.
5235:Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach
5092:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 22–5.
4388:Intercultural Communication for Everyday Life
2032:
2014:
1899:
1887:
1860:
239:factors affect the quality of communication.
8:
5458:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4280:
2454:
2182:
1842:
1637:
1605:
1353:
884:first published his model in his 1956 paper
5957:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 124.
5951:Selnow, Gary W.; Crano, William D. (1987).
5298:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 490–2.
5215:Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice
4841:. University Press of America. p. 25.
4735:Human Communication Theory: Original Essays
3910:
2834:
2071:
1930:
582:. Relational models are closely related to
439:is an influential early transaction model.
398:is one of the earliest interaction models.
29:Simplified representations of communication
6470:
6456:
6448:
6338:Journal of Educational and Social Research
5491:Case Studies and Projects in Communication
4888:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
4757:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 164.
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3607:
3462:
2903:
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2374:
1869:
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63:and often understand it as an exchange of
6345:
5620:. Educational Technology. pp. 90–1.
5593:Montgomery, Carol Leppanen (5 May 1993).
5390:Lock, Andy; Strong, Tom (25 March 2010).
5233:Krebs, John R.; Dawkins, Richard (1995).
5089:Key Themes in Interpersonal Communication
5034:"Toward a General Model of Communication"
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2525:
2139:
1946:
1413:
1303:
1204:
6314:The Mathematical Theory of Communication
6071:An Introduction to Communication Studies
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4175:
4140:
4125:
3168:
3019:
2702:
2686:
2662:
2201:
2186:
2121:
2056:
1914:
1851:
1769:
1711:
1573:
1130:
6432:. Oxford University Press. p. 70.
6112:"A Model for the Communication Process"
5473:. Educational Technology. p. 358.
4996:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8.
4643:A Dictionary of Media and Communication
4554:. SAGE Publications. pp. 177–184.
4509:Essentials of Mass Communication Theory
4044:
3806:
3715:Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport 2015
3631:
3619:
3595:
3583:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3366:
3350:
3318:
3286:
3251:
3216:
3200:
3184:
3102:
2979:
2958:
2882:
2866:
2750:
2738:
2341:
2313:
1653:
1334:
1123:
886:Toward a General Model of Communication
463:, which happens through communication.
95:may interfere and distort the message.
5731:Pande, Navodita (2020). "SMCR Model".
5451:
5197:. Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 56.
4927:Ferretti, Francesco (23 August 2022).
4755:Dictionary of media and communications
4391:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 204.
3990:
3875:
3829:
3781:, 1. Communication: Scope and Purpose.
3666:
3567:
3525:
3504:
3401:
3051:
2920:
2815:
2783:
2714:
2674:
2630:
2562:
2475:
2390:
2106:
2047:
2008:
1958:
1757:
1669:
1621:
1589:
1525:
1397:
1381:
1256:
1188:
721:Shannon–Weaver model of communication
608:Communication was studied as early as
5820:Between Communication and Information
5817:Ruben, Brent D. (29 September 2017).
5781:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 61–62.
5641:. Taylor & Francis. p. 127.
5065:Hakanen, Ernest A. (13 August 2007).
4972:Introduction to Communication Studies
4951:Introduction to Communication Studies
4491:. Psychology Press. pp. 93–102.
4462:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–61.
4307:. CFSC Consortium, Inc. p. 381.
4192:
4006:
3974:
3958:
3942:
3926:
3891:
3848:
3790:
3774:
3737:
3682:
3647:
3483:
3302:
3270:
3232:
3070:
3000:
2939:
2850:
2799:
2767:
2578:
2148:
2038:
1797:
1509:
1369:
1239:
1155:
47:simplify or represent the process of
7:
6254:. Psychology Press. pp. 181–2.
6053:. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 18.
5978:. Harper & Row. pp. 122–3.
5599:. SAGE Publications. pp. 18–9.
5515:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3143–9.
5351:Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
5191:Kastberg, Peter (13 December 2019).
4685:Theories and Models of Communication
4664:Theories and Models of Communication
3382:
3334:
2144:1.1 Communication: History and Forms
1989:
1209:1.1 Communication: History and Forms
1171:
996:used to express the message, like a
476:Model of intrapersonal communication
6411:. Cengage Learning. pp. 15–7.
6095:. Cengage Learning. pp. 18–9.
5975:Foundations of Communication Theory
5218:. Elsevier Australia. p. 446.
4619:Carey, James W. (22 October 2008).
3981:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3965:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3949:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3898:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3855:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3759:Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021
3689:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
3654:, 3. The fidelity of communication.
2615:Tengan, Aigbavboa & Thwala 2021
6164:Trenholm, Sarah (23 August 2020).
6007:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
5662:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
5557:. SAGE Publications. p. 108.
4933:. Springer Nature. pp. 35–6.
4891:. Academic Press. pp. 135–7.
4772:Deetz, Stanley (25 October 2011).
4717:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x
4612:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1958.tb01138.x
4506:Berger, Arthur Asa (5 July 1995).
4441:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1966.tb00031.x
4370:. Academic Press. pp. 227–9.
2726:
2551:Sapienza, Iyer & Veenstra 2015
2167:Balda, Pepperberg & Kamil 1998
900:studies the first component while
898:communicator and audience research
25:
6405:Wood, Julia T. (1 January 2012).
6390:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 26.
6332:Wenxiu, Peng (1 September 2015).
6020:The Academy of Management Journal
5411:Mannan, Zahed (20 October 2013).
5038:Audio Visual Communication Review
5011:Gałajda, Dagmara (16 June 2017).
4885:Feather, N. T. (1 January 1967).
4793:Dwyer, Judith (15 October 2012).
4571:Journal of Business Communication
4343:Babe, Robert E. (21 April 2015).
1066:Barnlund's model of communication
670:Lasswell's model of communication
7011:
7010:
6665:
6209:16.1 Intrapersonal Communication
5909:Schwartz, David (31 July 2010).
5578:. Springer Nature. p. 120.
5572:Meng, Xiangfei (12 March 2020).
5488:McKeown, Neil (12 August 2005).
5170:Karban, Richard (18 June 2015).
3997:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
3532:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
3408:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
2927:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
2569:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
2482:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
2397:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
2218:Vieira, Gagliano & Ryan 2015
1676:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1628:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1596:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1532:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1404:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1388:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
1263:, 1. Basic Communication Models.
828:Schramm's model of communication
553:behind formulating the message.
523:advantage to the communicators.
443:Constitutive and constructionist
353:. This applies, for example, to
6530:Computer-mediated communication
6233:. Lexington Books. p. 40.
6188:Communication in the Real World
5716:. Waveland Press. p. 143.
5176:. University of Chicago Press.
5173:Plant Sensing and Communication
5107:Holmes, David (23 April 2005).
5071:. Lexington Books. p. 28.
4948:Fiske, John (18 October 2010).
4912:. Springer Nature. p. 24.
4799:. Pearson Higher Education AU.
4349:. Lexington Books. p. 90.
745:so that it is easier to detect
467:Interpersonal and intrapersonal
351:computer-mediated communication
5840:Mass Communication and Society
4738:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
4533:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3150:Liu, Volcic & Gallois 2014
1921:, Intrapersonal communication.
1:
5995:Bell System Technical Journal
5852:10.1080/15205436.2015.1063666
5758:. Routledge. pp. 10–11.
5677:Newcomb, Theodore M. (1953).
4954:. Routledge. pp. 29–32.
4870:10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70190-4
4328:. IGI Global. pp. 53–4.
3549:Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002
1737:, Shannon and Weaver's model.
1308:1.2 The Communication Process
573:stress the importance of the
6652:Text and conversation theory
4906:Feicheng, Ma (31 May 2022).
4778:. Routledge. p. 633-4.
4548:Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009).
514:Steps of plant communication
5936:. Oxford University Press.
5802:. Macmillan Reference USA.
5128:Jandt, Fred Edmund (2010).
4732:Dance, Frank E. X. (1967).
3138:Bowman & Targowski 1987
2507:Eisenberg & Gamble 1991
2234:Baluška & Ninkovic 2010
2131:Baluška & Ninkovic 2010
1430:Sereno & Mortensen 1970
488:Intrapersonal communication
484:Interpersonal communication
7068:
6347:10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p245
6068:Steinberg, Sheila (2007).
6047:Steinberg, Sheila (1995).
5915:. IGI Global. p. 52.
5614:Moore, David Mike (1994).
5467:Marsh, Patrick O. (1983).
5254:The Communication of Ideas
5149:Januszewski, Alan (2001).
4814:Ehrlich, Larry G. (2000).
4583:10.1177/002194368702400402
4089:Littlejohn & Foss 2009
4026:Mcquail & Windahl 2015
3699:Melkote & Steeves 2001
3373:, How communication works.
3357:, How communication works.
3325:, How communication works.
3293:, How communication works.
3258:, How communication works.
3223:, How communication works.
3207:, How communication works.
3191:, How communication works.
3109:, How communication works.
3087:Mcquail & Windahl 2015
3036:Mcquail & Windahl 2015
2806:, 1. Communication theory.
2774:, 1. Communication theory.
2423:Chandler & Munday 2011
2407:Chandler & Munday 2011
2359:Chandler & Munday 2011
2326:Chandler & Munday 2011
2298:Chandler & Munday 2011
2282:Chandler & Munday 2011
2266:Chandler & Munday 2011
2256:, encoding-decoding model.
2250:Chandler & Munday 2011
1999:Chandler & Munday 2011
1833:Chandler & Munday 2011
1814:Littlejohn & Foss 2009
1782:Chandler & Munday 2011
1731:Chandler & Munday 2011
1693:Littlejohn & Foss 2009
1549:Chandler & Munday 2011
1494:Chandler & Munday 2011
1478:Chandler & Munday 2011
1462:Chandler & Munday 2011
1446:Chandler & Munday 2011
1341:, Models of communication.
1224:Chandler & Munday 2011
1063:
1030:Human Communication Theory
939:
825:
710:
667:
644:and characterizes it as a
7006:
6663:
6485:
6355:West, Richard L. (2010).
6248:Vocate, Donna R. (1994).
6170:. Routledge. p. 60.
6014:Stead, Bette Ann (1972).
5933:A Dictionary of Sociology
5823:. Routledge. p. 12.
5494:. Routledge. p. 34.
5438:. IGI Global. p. 2.
4909:Information Communication
4775:Communication Yearbook 15
4625:. Routledge. p. 25.
4551:Key Concepts in Marketing
2033:Barker & Wiseman 1966
2015:Barker & Wiseman 1966
1900:Barker & Wiseman 1966
1888:Barker & Wiseman 1966
1861:Scott & Marshall 2009
497:of internal and external
340:Linear transmission model
204:theories of communication
6610:Nonviolent communication
6540:History of communication
6074:. Juta and Company Ltd.
5032:Gerbner, George (1956).
4990:Fujishin, Randy (2009).
4600:Journal of Communication
4527:Berlo, David K. (1960).
4468:10.1515/9783110878752.43
4429:Journal of Communication
4281:Powell & Powell 2010
2455:Cobley & Schulz 2013
2185:, p. 381, cited in
2183:Krebs & Dawkins 1995
1843:Morel & Spector 2022
1638:Cobley & Schulz 2013
1606:Manuela & Clara 2018
1354:Cobley & Schulz 2013
799:asymmetry of information
176:non-verbal communication
61:non-verbal communication
6605:Nonverbal communication
6595:Models of communication
6426:Zaharna, R. S. (2022).
6110:Taylor, Hal R. (1962).
5323:10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332
5155:. Libraries Unlimited.
5113:. SAGE. pp. 57–8.
5017:. Springer. p. 5.
4753:Danesi, Marcel (2009).
4301:Agunga, Robert (2006).
2072:Wodak & Koller 2008
1971:Koutoukidis et al. 2009
1931:Selnow & Crano 1987
1230:, communication models.
1160:Models Of Communication
542:encoding-decoding model
162:Definition and function
146:, Gerbner's model, and
45:Models of communication
5317:. pp. 5439–5442.
4160:Watson & Hill 2015
4064:Watson & Hill 2012
3608:Watson & Hill 2012
3463:Watson & Hill 2012
2904:Watson & Hill 2012
2598:Watson & Hill 2012
2439:Orbe & Harris 2022
2005:, communication models
1870:Lock & Strong 2010
1865:social constructionism
1788:, constitutive models.
1555:, transmission models.
1022:
951:
924:
853:
837:
794:
769:
722:
679:
592:emphasize the role of
559:, also referred to as
515:
480:
411:
382:
341:
231:or by discovering how
41:
6757:Mediated cross-border
6479:Communication studies
5354:. SAGE Publications.
4688:. Walter de Gruyter.
4667:. Walter de Gruyter.
2344:, p. 17-9, 34-8.
1020:
949:
914:
871:communication studies
851:
835:
792:
767:
720:
677:
561:magic bullet theories
513:
474:
409:
380:
339:
136:communication studies
55:try to describe both
51:. Most communication
35:
7052:Communication theory
7037:Conceptual modelling
6692:Communication theory
6687:Communication design
5683:Psychological Review
5656:Narula, Uma (2006).
5375:. SAGE. p. 38.
5134:. SAGE. p. 41.
4969:Fiske, John (2011).
4705:Communication Theory
3020:Ahmet & Can 2016
2729:, p. 5439–5442.
2413:, convergence model.
2365:, relational models.
713:Shannon–Weaver model
208:conceptual framework
144:Shannon–Weaver model
7047:Human communication
2647:Baldwin et al. 2014
2429:, difference model.
2304:, hypodermic model.
1035:Dance holds that a
902:perception research
457:George Herbert Mead
448:Constitutive models
425:personal identities
332:Linear transmission
196:human communication
18:Communication model
6722:Discourse analysis
6647:Telecommunications
6590:Meta-communication
6206:UMN staff (2010).
6185:UMN staff (2013).
4110:Lawson et al. 2019
3490:, 2. Other models.
3077:, 2. Other models.
2946:, 2. Other models.
2753:, p. 380–382.
2585:, 2. Other models.
2553:, p. 599–622.
2332:, reception model.
1804:, 2. Other models.
1516:, 2. Other models.
1023:
952:
925:
854:
838:
795:
770:
754:information theory
723:
707:Shannon and Weaver
691:, media analysis,
680:
584:convergence models
547:inferential models
516:
481:
421:facial expressions
412:
383:
342:
321:mass communication
101:mass communication
42:
7024:
7023:
6418:978-1-133-71157-5
6397:978-3-11-019898-0
6368:978-0-07-338507-5
6261:978-0-8058-1128-5
6240:978-1-4985-1060-8
5964:978-0-89930-208-9
5943:978-0-19-953300-8
5403:978-1-139-48736-8
5225:978-0-7295-3857-2
5099:978-0-335-23517-9
5003:978-0-7425-6396-4
4940:978-3-031-09206-0
4632:978-1-135-85703-5
4459:Language Behavior
4419:978-3-642-12162-3
4377:978-0-08-052723-9
2286:inferential model
2011:, p. 481–484
1839:, constructionism
1372:, pp. 46–47.
693:audience analysis
630:political science
590:Difference models
571:Relational models
557:Hypodermic models
410:Transaction model
392:instant messaging
381:Interaction model
134:but the field of
91:. In both cases,
16:(Redirected from
7059:
7014:
7013:
6669:
6620:Public relations
6515:Biocommunication
6472:
6465:
6458:
6449:
6443:
6422:
6401:
6380:
6351:
6349:
6328:
6307:
6286:
6265:
6244:
6223:
6202:
6181:
6160:
6139:
6106:
6085:
6064:
6043:
6010:
5989:
5968:
5947:
5926:
5905:
5884:
5863:
5834:
5813:
5792:
5769:
5748:
5727:
5706:
5695:10.1037/h0063098
5673:
5652:
5631:
5610:
5589:
5568:
5547:
5526:
5505:
5484:
5463:
5457:
5449:
5428:
5407:
5386:
5365:
5344:
5309:
5288:
5267:
5248:
5229:
5208:
5187:
5166:
5145:
5124:
5103:
5082:
5061:
5028:
5007:
4986:
4965:
4944:
4923:
4902:
4881:
4852:
4831:
4810:
4789:
4768:
4749:
4728:
4699:
4678:
4657:
4636:
4615:
4594:
4565:
4544:
4523:
4502:
4481:
4452:
4423:
4402:
4381:
4360:
4339:
4318:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4259:, p. 57-60.
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4190:
4179:
4178:, p. 47-53.
4173:
4167:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4071:
4061:
4052:
4042:
4033:
4023:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3988:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3940:
3934:
3924:
3918:
3911:Januszewski 2001
3908:
3899:
3889:
3883:
3873:
3856:
3846:
3837:
3827:
3814:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3745:
3735:
3722:
3712:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3680:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3622:, p. 176-8.
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3598:, p. 173-6.
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3556:
3546:
3533:
3523:
3512:
3502:
3491:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3364:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3332:
3326:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3278:
3268:
3259:
3249:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:, p. 21–34.
3135:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3084:
3078:
3068:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3017:
3008:
2998:
2987:
2977:
2966:
2956:
2947:
2937:
2928:
2918:
2907:
2901:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2835:Januszewski 2001
2832:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2705:, p. 88–93.
2700:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2677:, p. 245–9.
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2576:
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2295:
2289:
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2257:
2247:
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2231:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2088:Hill et al. 2007
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2027:
2021:
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
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1221:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1138:
1128:
1046:education theory
907:
689:content analysis
565:reception models
437:Barnlund's model
347:listening skills
267:", "decoding", "
156:Barnlund's model
140:Lasswell's model
21:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7056:
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6013:
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5923:
5908:
5902:
5887:
5881:
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5837:
5831:
5816:
5810:
5795:
5789:
5772:
5766:
5751:
5745:
5730:
5724:
5709:
5676:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5634:
5628:
5613:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5550:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5508:
5502:
5487:
5481:
5466:
5450:
5446:
5431:
5425:
5410:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5368:
5362:
5347:
5333:
5312:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5270:
5264:
5251:
5245:
5232:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5169:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5106:
5100:
5085:
5079:
5064:
5031:
5025:
5010:
5004:
4989:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4947:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4905:
4899:
4884:
4855:
4849:
4834:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4752:
4746:
4731:
4702:
4696:
4681:
4675:
4660:
4654:
4639:
4633:
4618:
4597:
4568:
4562:
4547:
4541:
4526:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4484:
4478:
4455:
4426:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4235:, p. 52-3.
4231:
4227:
4223:, p. 51-2.
4219:
4215:
4211:, p. 48-9.
4207:
4203:
4191:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4158:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4108:
4095:
4087:
4074:
4062:
4055:
4043:
4036:
4024:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3989:
3985:
3973:
3969:
3957:
3953:
3941:
3937:
3925:
3921:
3909:
3902:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3859:
3847:
3840:
3828:
3817:
3805:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3757:
3748:
3736:
3725:
3713:
3709:
3697:
3693:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3559:
3547:
3536:
3524:
3515:
3503:
3494:
3482:
3469:
3461:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3365:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3285:
3281:
3269:
3262:
3250:
3243:
3231:
3227:
3215:
3211:
3199:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3167:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3101:
3097:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3062:
3050:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3018:
3011:
2999:
2990:
2978:
2969:
2957:
2950:
2938:
2931:
2919:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2536:
2524:
2517:
2505:
2498:
2492:Rosenfield 2011
2490:
2486:
2474:
2465:
2461:, Introduction.
2453:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2375:Montgomery 1993
2373:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2035:, p. 173-7
2028:
2024:
2020:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1741:
1729:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1559:
1547:
1536:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:, Introduction.
1352:
1345:
1333:
1314:
1302:
1267:
1255:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1195:, Introduction.
1187:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1068:
1062:
1050:spiral approach
1015:
1009:communication.
944:
938:
905:
879:
830:
824:
812:
808:
804:
775:social relation
762:
715:
709:
684:Harold Lasswell
672:
666:
638:
606:
538:
508:
469:
453:constructionist
445:
404:
396:Schramm's model
375:
334:
316:
314:Classifications
245:
164:
152:Schramm's model
109:constructionist
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7065:
7063:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7029:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Organizational
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6712:Cross-cultural
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:Intrapersonal
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6452:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6402:
6396:
6381:
6367:
6352:
6329:
6323:
6308:
6302:
6287:
6281:
6275:. Bloomsbury.
6266:
6260:
6245:
6239:
6224:
6218:
6203:
6197:
6182:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6140:
6107:
6101:
6086:
6080:
6065:
6059:
6044:
6026:(3): 389–394.
6011:
6001:(3): 379–423.
5990:
5984:
5969:
5963:
5948:
5942:
5927:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5885:
5880:978-0252001970
5879:
5864:
5846:(5): 599–622.
5835:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5793:
5787:
5770:
5764:
5749:
5743:
5728:
5722:
5707:
5689:(6): 393–404.
5674:
5668:
5653:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5611:
5605:
5590:
5584:
5569:
5563:
5548:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5506:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5464:
5444:
5429:
5423:
5408:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5345:
5331:
5310:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5268:
5262:
5249:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5209:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5167:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5125:
5119:
5104:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5062:
5044:(3): 171–199.
5029:
5023:
5008:
5002:
4987:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4924:
4918:
4903:
4897:
4882:
4864:(3): 481–484.
4853:
4847:
4832:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4790:
4784:
4769:
4763:
4750:
4744:
4729:
4711:(2): 119–161.
4700:
4694:
4679:
4673:
4658:
4652:
4646:. OUP Oxford.
4637:
4631:
4616:
4595:
4566:
4560:
4545:
4539:
4524:
4518:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4476:
4453:
4435:(3): 172–179.
4424:
4418:
4403:
4397:
4382:
4376:
4361:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4180:
4168:
4145:
4130:
4118:
4093:
4072:
4053:
4034:
4011:
3999:
3983:
3967:
3951:
3935:
3919:
3900:
3884:
3857:
3838:
3815:
3799:
3783:
3767:
3746:
3723:
3707:
3691:
3675:
3656:
3640:
3624:
3612:
3610:, p. 112.
3600:
3588:
3586:, p. 173.
3576:
3557:
3534:
3513:
3492:
3467:
3446:
3444:, p. 171.
3434:
3432:, p. 7-8.
3422:
3410:
3391:
3375:
3359:
3343:
3327:
3311:
3295:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3225:
3209:
3193:
3177:
3158:
3142:
3127:
3119:Steinberg 1995
3111:
3095:
3079:
3060:
3044:
3028:
3009:
2988:
2967:
2948:
2929:
2908:
2891:
2875:
2859:
2843:
2824:
2808:
2792:
2776:
2755:
2743:
2741:, p. 381.
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2639:
2623:
2602:
2587:
2571:
2555:
2534:
2526:Steinberg 2007
2515:
2496:
2484:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2346:
2334:
2318:
2316:, p. 8-9.
2306:
2290:
2274:
2258:
2242:
2226:
2210:
2194:
2175:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2140:UMN staff 2013
2137:
2128:
2118:
2111:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:, p. 43-8
2054:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1961:, p. 164.
1951:
1947:UMN staff 2010
1939:
1923:
1904:
1902:, p. 173.
1892:
1890:, p. 174.
1880:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1762:
1739:
1716:
1701:
1678:
1662:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1582:
1557:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1422:
1414:Steinberg 2007
1406:
1390:
1374:
1362:
1343:
1312:
1304:UMN staff 2013
1265:
1244:
1232:
1213:
1205:UMN staff 2013
1197:
1176:
1164:
1139:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1064:Main article:
1061:
1058:
1014:
1011:
984:common in the
940:Main article:
937:
934:
882:George Gerbner
878:
875:
842:Wilbur Schramm
826:Main article:
823:
820:
810:
806:
802:
761:
758:
730:Claude Shannon
711:Main article:
708:
705:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
637:
634:
610:Ancient Greece
605:
602:
537:
534:
507:
504:
468:
465:
461:conceptualized
444:
441:
403:
400:
374:
371:
363:Shannon-Weaver
355:text messaging
333:
330:
315:
312:
244:
243:Basic concepts
241:
163:
160:
132:Ancient Greece
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7064:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6752:Media studies
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6742:International
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Environmental
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6717:Developmental
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Communicology
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6585:Media ecology
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Interpersonal
6553:
6551:
6550:Intercultural
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Communication
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6441:
6439:9780190930271
6435:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6324:9780252725463
6320:
6316:
6315:
6309:
6305:
6303:9781628921496
6299:
6295:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6282:9781849665636
6278:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6219:9781946135056
6215:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6198:9781946135070
6194:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6179:
6177:9781000164985
6173:
6169:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6156:9781000381412
6152:
6149:. Routledge.
6148:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6102:9781305533851
6098:
6094:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6081:9780702172618
6077:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6060:9780702136498
6056:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5985:9780060446239
5981:
5977:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5922:9781599049328
5918:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5901:9780252001970
5897:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5830:9781351294713
5826:
5822:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5809:9780028653860
5805:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5788:9783110813616
5784:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5765:9781135147532
5761:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5746:
5744:9781483375533
5740:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5723:9781478650584
5719:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5669:9788126905133
5665:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5648:9781000688252
5644:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5627:9780877782643
5623:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5606:9781452254104
5602:
5598:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5585:9789811531477
5581:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5566:
5564:9780761994763
5560:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5543:9781317900672
5539:
5536:. Routledge.
5535:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5522:9781405131995
5518:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5501:9781134954148
5497:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5480:9780877781844
5476:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5447:
5445:9781522557791
5441:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5424:9780873934992
5420:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5382:9781473909120
5378:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5361:9781412959377
5357:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5332:9781424413119
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5305:9780028653853
5301:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5284:9781108594417
5280:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5263:9780598970824
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5244:9780632009879
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5204:9783732904327
5200:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5183:9780226264844
5179:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5162:9781563087493
5158:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5141:9781412970105
5137:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5120:9780761970705
5116:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5078:9780739152584
5074:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5024:9783319593333
5020:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4982:9780415596497
4978:
4975:. Routledge.
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4961:9781136870187
4957:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4919:9783031022937
4915:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4898:9780080567174
4894:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4848:9780819181473
4844:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4827:9780761817208
4823:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4806:9781442550551
4802:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4785:9780415876940
4781:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4764:9780765680983
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4745:9780030635151
4741:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4695:9783110240450
4691:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4674:9783110240450
4670:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4653:9780199568758
4649:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4561:9781847874986
4557:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4540:9780030556869
4536:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4519:9780803973572
4515:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4498:9780415247528
4494:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4477:9783110878752
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4398:9781444332360
4394:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4356:9781498506823
4352:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4335:9781522505808
4331:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4314:9780977035793
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4271:, p. 54.
4270:
4269:Barnlund 2013
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:Barnlund 2013
4253:
4250:
4247:, p. 51.
4246:
4245:Barnlund 2013
4241:
4238:
4234:
4233:Barnlund 2013
4229:
4226:
4222:
4221:Barnlund 2013
4217:
4214:
4210:
4209:Barnlund 2013
4205:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:Barnlund 2013
4172:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:, p. 47.
4142:
4141:Barnlund 2013
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:Barnlund 2013
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:, SMCR Model.
3743:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:Schwartz 2010
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:Braddock 1958
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Feicheng 2022
2683:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:Lasswell 1948
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:Ferretti 2022
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:Ferretti 2022
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:Ferretti 2022
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2057:Barnlund 2013
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2017:, p. 172
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Lederman 2002
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:Trenholm 2020
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 58.
1771:
1770:Barnlund 2013
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:, p. 48.
1713:
1712:Barnlund 2013
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Kastberg 2019
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Fujishin 2009
1127:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:Jerome Bruner
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
957:
948:
943:
935:
933:
929:
922:
918:
913:
909:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
850:
846:
843:
834:
829:
821:
819:
817:
800:
791:
787:
784:
783:social system
779:
776:
766:
759:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
734:Warren Weaver
731:
727:
719:
714:
706:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
676:
671:
663:
661:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
543:
535:
533:
530:
524:
522:
512:
505:
503:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
442:
440:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
387:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
331:
329:
327:
322:
313:
311:
309:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
216:
213:
209:
205:
200:
197:
193:
192:among animals
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:communication
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
148:Berlo's model
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
125:
124:intrapersonal
121:
120:Interpersonal
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:communication
46:
39:
34:
27:
19:
6594:
6535:Conversation
6520:Broadcasting
6428:
6407:
6386:
6357:
6337:
6313:
6292:
6271:
6250:
6229:
6208:
6187:
6166:
6145:
6119:
6115:
6091:
6070:
6049:
6023:
6019:
5998:
5994:
5974:
5953:
5932:
5911:
5890:
5869:
5843:
5839:
5819:
5798:
5778:
5754:
5733:
5712:
5686:
5682:
5658:
5637:
5616:
5595:
5574:
5553:
5532:
5511:
5490:
5469:
5434:
5413:
5392:
5371:
5350:
5314:
5294:
5273:
5253:
5234:
5214:
5193:
5172:
5151:
5130:
5109:
5088:
5067:
5041:
5037:
5013:
4992:
4971:
4950:
4929:
4908:
4887:
4861:
4858:AORN Journal
4857:
4837:
4816:
4795:
4774:
4754:
4734:
4708:
4704:
4684:
4663:
4642:
4621:
4606:(2): 88–93.
4603:
4599:
4577:(4): 21–34.
4574:
4570:
4550:
4529:
4508:
4487:
4458:
4432:
4428:
4408:
4387:
4366:
4345:
4324:
4303:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4171:
4121:
4045:Ehrlich 2000
4002:
3986:
3970:
3954:
3938:
3922:
3887:
3807:Zaharna 2022
3802:
3786:
3770:
3710:
3694:
3678:
3643:
3632:McKeown 2005
3627:
3620:Gerbner 1956
3615:
3603:
3596:Gerbner 1956
3591:
3584:Gerbner 1956
3579:
3442:Gerbner 1956
3437:
3430:Schramm 1971
3425:
3420:, p. 6.
3418:Schramm 1971
3413:
3378:
3367:Schramm 1954
3362:
3351:Schramm 1954
3346:
3330:
3319:Schramm 1954
3314:
3298:
3287:Schramm 1954
3282:
3252:Schramm 1954
3228:
3217:Schramm 1954
3212:
3201:Schramm 1954
3196:
3185:Schramm 1954
3180:
3145:
3114:
3103:Schramm 1954
3098:
3082:
3047:
3031:
2980:Gałajda 2017
2959:Feather 1967
2883:Newcomb 1953
2878:
2867:Newcomb 1953
2862:
2846:
2811:
2795:
2779:
2751:Shannon 1948
2746:
2739:Shannon 1948
2734:
2722:
2717:, p. 7.
2710:
2698:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2642:
2626:
2574:
2558:
2487:
2450:
2434:
2418:
2402:
2386:
2370:
2342:Schramm 1971
2337:
2321:
2314:Schramm 1971
2309:
2293:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2197:
2178:
2162:
2114:
2109:, p. 7.
2083:
2067:
2025:
1982:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1926:
1895:
1883:
1825:
1809:
1793:
1777:
1765:
1665:
1654:Hakanen 2007
1649:
1633:
1617:
1601:
1585:
1521:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1457:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1365:
1335:McQuail 2008
1261:10–12, 23–25
1235:
1200:
1167:
1126:
1108:
1104:unrepeatable
1103:
1099:
1096:irreversible
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1069:
1052:proposed by
1034:
1029:
1024:
1001:
991:
982:social norms
977:
973:
966:
964:the source.
953:
930:
926:
920:
916:
901:
897:
894:
885:
880:
868:
855:
839:
796:
780:
771:
751:
728:
724:
701:
681:
654:
639:
626:anthropology
607:
589:
588:
583:
575:relationship
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
555:
546:
541:
539:
525:
521:evolutionary
517:
492:
482:
447:
446:
433:
417:body posture
413:
388:
384:
343:
317:
308:mental state
300:
287:
283:
281:
246:
217:
201:
165:
129:
97:
44:
43:
26:
7042:Linguistics
6682:Closed-loop
6545:Information
6507:terminology
6122:(3): 8–10.
6116:STWP Review
3991:Narula 2006
3876:Taylor 1962
3830:Agunga 2006
3667:Mannan 2013
3568:Holmes 2005
3526:Narula 2006
3505:Berger 1995
3402:Narula 2006
3052:Narula 2006
2921:Narula 2006
2816:Weaver 1998
2784:Weaver 1998
2715:Weaver 1998
2675:Wenxiu 2015
2631:Berger 1995
2563:Narula 2006
2476:Narula 2006
2391:Narula 2006
2107:Karban 2015
2048:Vocate 1994
2009:Farley 1992
1959:Danesi 2009
1872:, pp.
1758:Blythe 2009
1670:Narula 2006
1622:Narula 2006
1590:Narula 2006
1526:Narula 2006
1452:, encoding.
1398:Narula 2006
1382:Narula 2006
1257:Narula 2006
1189:Narula 2006
1026:Frank Dance
1006:five senses
994:sign system
956:David Berlo
747:distortions
580:dehumanized
529:cooperative
429:communities
402:Transaction
373:Interaction
292:information
288:destination
225:predictions
178:as well as
73:predictions
7031:Categories
6998:Wertheimer
6878:Horkheimer
6615:Propaganda
6570:Mass media
6565:Journalism
6505:Topics and
4283:, p.
4195:, p.
4193:Dwyer 2012
4162:, p.
4112:, p.
4066:, p.
4047:, p.
4028:, p.
4007:Dance 1967
3993:, p.
3977:, p.
3975:Berlo 1960
3961:, p.
3959:Berlo 1960
3945:, p.
3943:Berlo 1960
3929:, p.
3927:Stead 1972
3913:, p.
3894:, p.
3892:Berlo 1960
3878:, p.
3851:, p.
3849:Berlo 1960
3832:, p.
3809:, p.
3793:, p.
3791:Jandt 2010
3777:, p.
3775:Berlo 1960
3761:, p.
3740:, p.
3738:Pande 2020
3717:, p.
3701:, p.
3685:, p.
3683:Berlo 1960
3669:, p.
3650:, p.
3648:Berlo 1960
3634:, p.
3570:, p.
3551:, p.
3528:, p.
3507:, p.
3486:, p.
3484:Fiske 2011
3404:, p.
3385:, p.
3369:, p.
3355:3–5, 13–16
3353:, p.
3337:, p.
3321:, p.
3305:, p.
3303:Dwyer 2012
3289:, p.
3273:, p.
3271:Moore 1994
3254:, p.
3235:, p.
3233:Ruben 2017
3219:, p.
3203:, p.
3189:4, 7–9, 16
3187:, p.
3171:, p.
3152:, p.
3121:, p.
3105:, p.
3089:, p.
3073:, p.
3071:Fiske 2011
3054:, p.
3038:, p.
3022:, p.
3003:, p.
3001:Fiske 2010
2982:, p.
2961:, p.
2942:, p.
2940:Fiske 2011
2923:, p.
2885:, p.
2869:, p.
2853:, p.
2851:Marsh 1983
2837:, p.
2820:4–9, 18–19
2818:, p.
2802:, p.
2800:Fiske 2011
2786:, p.
2770:, p.
2768:Fiske 2011
2689:, p.
2649:, p.
2633:, p.
2617:, p.
2581:, p.
2579:Fiske 2011
2565:, p.
2528:, p.
2509:, p.
2478:, p.
2457:, p.
2441:, p.
2425:, p.
2409:, p.
2393:, p.
2377:, p.
2361:, p.
2328:, p.
2300:, p.
2268:, p.
2252:, p.
2236:, p.
2220:, p.
2204:, p.
2189:, p.
2169:, p.
2151:, p.
2149:Carey 2008
2133:, p.
2124:, p.
2090:, p.
2074:, p.
2050:, p.
2041:, p.
2039:Deetz 2011
2001:, p.
1992:, p.
1973:, p.
1933:, p.
1917:, p.
1854:, p.
1845:, p.
1835:, p.
1816:, p.
1800:, p.
1798:Fiske 2011
1784:, p.
1733:, p.
1695:, p.
1672:, p.
1656:, p.
1640:, p.
1624:, p.
1608:, p.
1592:, p.
1576:, p.
1551:, p.
1528:, p.
1512:, p.
1510:Fiske 2011
1500:, context.
1496:, p.
1480:, p.
1468:, channel.
1464:, p.
1448:, p.
1432:, p.
1416:, p.
1400:, p.
1384:, p.
1370:Craig 2013
1356:, p.
1337:, p.
1259:, p.
1240:Craig 1999
1226:, p.
1191:, p.
1156:Ruben 2001
1133:, p.
1114:References
1088:continuous
859:experience
816:gatekeeper
657:persuading
618:psychology
495:perception
369:'s model.
221:hypotheses
113:experience
83:through a
69:hypotheses
6782:Technical
6767:Political
6675:Subfields
6600:New media
6377:226356706
6340:: 245–9.
6128:2376-0761
6032:0001-4273
5860:146389958
5454:cite book
5050:0885-727X
4725:1050-3293
4591:145236749
3995:12–13, 21
3742:1588–1589
3530:21, 31–32
3406:22, 30–31
3383:Babe 2015
3335:Meng 2020
1990:Wood 2012
1172:West 2010
1119:Citations
1077:interpret
1002:treatment
978:Knowledge
970:knowledge
864:attention
743:redundant
697:new media
636:Aristotle
622:sociology
614:Aristotle
551:intention
506:Non-human
188:olfactory
7016:Category
6968:Richards
6893:Jakobson
6873:Habermas
6828:Castells
6818:Benjamin
6796:Scholars
6136:43093688
5703:13112341
5341:15690224
5058:30218421
4512:. SAGE.
1484:, noise.
1092:circular
1060:Barnlund
1042:optimism
998:language
974:attitude
961:behavior
664:Lasswell
642:Rhetoric
359:Lasswell
326:audience
303:semantic
275:", and "
273:feedback
265:encoding
249:receiver
237:economic
233:societal
184:auditory
89:feedback
81:receiver
65:messages
6988:Tankard
6983:Shannon
6978:Schramm
6963:Quebral
6958:Postman
6948:Packard
6928:McLuhan
6923:Marcuse
6918:Luhmann
6913:Lippman
6908:Kincaid
6903:Johnson
6868:Goffman
6863:Gerbner
6853:Flusser
6833:Chomsky
6813:Bateson
6808:Barthes
6777:Science
6707:Climate
6657:Writing
6625:Reading
6575:Meaning
6495:Outline
6490:History
4878:1345253
4449:5924287
4294:Sources
3931:389–394
2887:393–404
2727:Li 2007
2272:, code.
1874:122–123
1100:complex
1084:dynamic
1073:meaning
1048:in the
986:culture
877:Gerbner
822:Schramm
760:Newcomb
738:symbols
604:History
499:stimuli
365:'s and
277:context
257:channel
253:message
212:reality
116:reality
105:meaning
85:channel
77:encodes
6993:Tannen
6973:Rogers
6953:Peirce
6938:Morgan
6883:Huxley
6858:Gasset
6848:Fisher
6803:Adorno
6787:Visual
6737:Health
6732:Global
6702:Crisis
6635:Symbol
6630:Speech
6436:
6415:
6394:
6375:
6365:
6321:
6300:
6279:
6258:
6237:
6216:
6195:
6174:
6153:
6134:
6126:
6099:
6078:
6057:
6040:254868
6038:
6030:
5982:
5961:
5940:
5919:
5898:
5877:
5858:
5827:
5806:
5785:
5762:
5741:
5720:
5701:
5666:
5645:
5624:
5603:
5582:
5561:
5540:
5519:
5498:
5477:
5442:
5421:
5400:
5379:
5358:
5339:
5329:
5302:
5281:
5260:
5241:
5222:
5201:
5180:
5159:
5138:
5117:
5096:
5075:
5056:
5048:
5021:
5000:
4979:
4958:
4937:
4916:
4895:
4876:
4845:
4824:
4803:
4782:
4761:
4742:
4723:
4692:
4671:
4650:
4629:
4589:
4558:
4537:
4516:
4495:
4474:
4447:
4416:
4395:
4374:
4353:
4332:
4311:
3896:50, 72
3553:93–102
2925:22, 33
2238:7, 128
2135:7, 128
1514:24, 30
1339:3143–9
650:an art
646:techne
628:, and
598:racial
594:gender
536:Others
427:, and
296:sounds
284:source
261:signal
186:, and
180:visual
172:verbal
142:, the
57:verbal
53:models
38:sender
6898:Janis
6888:Innis
6843:Ellul
6838:Craig
6823:Burke
6580:Media
6132:JSTOR
6036:JSTOR
5856:S2CID
5337:S2CID
5054:JSTOR
4587:S2CID
4285:10–11
4164:20–22
4030:16–22
3979:54–63
3963:45–48
3947:42–50
3853:40–41
3488:24–30
3091:38–40
3075:32–34
3005:29–32
2963:135–7
2944:31–32
2804:10–15
2583:30–31
2395:19–20
2171:227–9
2052:181–2
2043:633-4
1919:490–2
1818:176–7
1674:15–19
1594:15–17
1530:12–14
1434:122–3
1402:23–25
1037:helix
1013:Dance
936:Berlo
890:event
367:Berlo
269:noise
229:noise
93:noise
6933:Mead
6772:Risk
6747:Mass
6640:list
6434:ISBN
6413:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6373:OCLC
6363:ISBN
6319:ISBN
6298:ISBN
6277:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6235:ISBN
6214:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6172:ISBN
6151:ISBN
6124:ISSN
6097:ISBN
6076:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6028:ISSN
5980:ISBN
5959:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5917:ISBN
5896:ISBN
5875:ISBN
5825:ISBN
5804:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5760:ISBN
5739:ISBN
5718:ISBN
5699:PMID
5664:ISBN
5643:ISBN
5622:ISBN
5601:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5559:ISBN
5538:ISBN
5517:ISBN
5496:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5460:link
5440:ISBN
5419:ISBN
5398:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5300:ISBN
5279:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5239:ISBN
5220:ISBN
5199:ISBN
5178:ISBN
5157:ISBN
5136:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5073:ISBN
5046:ISSN
5019:ISBN
4998:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4956:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4914:ISBN
4893:ISBN
4874:PMID
4843:ISBN
4822:ISBN
4801:ISBN
4780:ISBN
4759:ISBN
4740:ISBN
4721:ISSN
4690:ISBN
4669:ISBN
4648:ISBN
4627:ISBN
4556:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4472:ISBN
4445:PMID
4414:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4351:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4114:76–7
4049:98–9
3880:8–10
3779:1–22
3719:18–9
3572:57–8
3275:90–1
3040:27–8
3024:53–4
2772:6–10
2635:12–3
2530:52–3
2379:18–9
2206:35–6
2191:35–6
2126:35–6
2092:22–5
1994:15–7
1358:7–10
805:to X
732:and
596:and
419:and
361:'s,
324:the
286:and
271:", "
263:", "
259:", "
255:", "
251:", "
235:and
223:and
174:and
59:and
6943:Ong
6342:doi
6003:doi
5848:doi
5691:doi
5319:doi
4866:doi
4713:doi
4608:doi
4579:doi
4464:doi
4437:doi
3834:381
3703:108
3339:120
3323:6–8
3291:6–7
3256:3–5
2871:394
2855:358
2788:4–6
2651:204
2619:110
2459:1–7
2443:143
2427:101
2363:364
2330:357
2302:193
2254:125
1975:446
1935:124
1847:127
1735:387
1697:176
1553:438
1482:296
1450:125
1193:1–8
648:or
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