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examined the roles of mass communication (i.e. television and newspapers) and political parties on political discourse. However, as the conduct of political discourse has expanded, theories of political communication have likewise developed, to now include models of deliberation and sensemaking, and discourses about a wide range of political topics: the role of the media (e.g. as a gatekeeper, framer, and agenda-setter); forms of government (e.g. democracy, populism, and autocracy); social change (e.g. activism and protests); economic order (e.g. capitalism, neoliberalism and socialism); human values (e.g. rights, norms, freedom, and authority.); and propaganda, disinformation, and trust. Two of the important emerging areas for theorizing about political communication are the examination of civic engagement and international comparative work (given that much of political communication has been done in the United States).
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Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations. The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development. Within this approach, theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry. Instead, they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize, influence or skew their findings. The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory, but rejects the idea that they should be separated. This approach is often adopted by
470:, and articulating this philosophical commitment is part of the theorizing process. Although the various epistemic positions used in communication theories can vary, one categorization scheme distinguishes among interpretive empirical, metric empirical or post-positivist, rhetorical, and critical epistemologies. Communication theories may also fall within or vary by distinct domains of interest, including information theory, rhetoric and speech, interpersonal communication, organizational communication, sociocultural communication, political communication, computer-mediated communication, and critical perspectives on media and communication.
54:
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communication theories were characterized by a so-called container model (the idea that an organization is a clearly bounded object inside which communication happens in a straightforward manner following hierarchical lines), more recent theories have viewed the organization as a more fluid entity with fuzzy boundaries. Studies within the field of organizational communication mention communication as a facilitating act and a precursor to organizational activity as cooperative systems.
766:
practices (that is, activities that were necessarily conducted in a synchronized, ordered, dependent fashion) into mediated and disentrained modes. For example, a discussion that once required a meeting can now be an e-mail thread, an appointment confirmation that once involved a live phone call can now be a click on a text message, a collaborative writing project that once required an elaborate plan for drafting, circulating, and annotating can now take place in a shared document.
770:
includes such theories as social presence theory, media richness theory, and the Social
Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE). Experiential/perceptual theories are concerned with how individuals perceive the capacity of technologies, such as whether the technology creates psychological closeness (electronic propinquity theory). Adaptation/exploitation theories consider how people may creatively expand or make use of the limitations in CMC systems, including
504:
accuracy, consistency, fruitfulness, and parsimoniousness. Theories characteristic of a post-positivist epistemology may originate from a wide range of perspectives, including pragmatist, behaviorist, cognitivist, structuralist, or functionalist. Although post-positivist work may be qualitative or quantitative, statistical analysis is a common form of evidence and scholars taking this approach often seek to develop results that can be reproduced by others.
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attitude and response to messages, since the 1970s, interpersonal communication theories have taken on a distinctly personal focus. Interpersonal theories examine relationships and their development, non-verbal communication, how we adapt to one another during conversation, how we develop the messages we seek to convey, and how deception works.
765:
Theories of computer-mediated communication or CMC emerged as a direct response to the rapid emergence of novel mediating communication technologies in the form of computers. CMC scholars inquire as to what may be lost and what may be gained when we shift many of our formerly unmediated and entrained
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Theories in interpersonal communication are concerned with the ways in which very small groups of people communicate with one another. It also provides the framework in which we view the world around us. Although interpersonal communication theories have their origin in mass communication studies of
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is concerned with how values inform research and theory development. Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches. The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins.
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Political communication theories are concerned with the public exchange of messages among political actors of all kinds. This scope is in contrast to theories of political science which look inside political institutions to understand decision-making processes. Early political communication theories
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level phenomena, structure versus agency, the local versus the global, and communication problems which emerge due to gaps of space and time, sharing some kinship with sociological and anthropological perspectives but distinguished by keen attention to communication as constructed and constitutive.
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During the mid-1970's, presiding paradigm had passed in regards to the development in communication. More specifically the increase in a participatory approach which challenged studies like diffusionism which had dominated the 1950s. There is no valid reason for studying people as an aggregation of
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Communication theories have emerged from multiple historical points of origin, including classical traditions of oratory and rhetoric, Enlightenment-era conceptions of society and the mind, and post-World War II efforts to understand propaganda and relationships between media and society. Prominent
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A metric empirical or post-positivist epistemology takes an axiomatic and sometimes causal view of phenomena, developing evidence about association or making predictions, and using methods oriented to measurement of communication phenomena. Post-positivist theories are generally evaluated by their
287:
Sociolinguistic research in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the level to which people change their formality of their language depends on the social context that they are in. This had been explained in terms of social norms that dictated language use. The way that we use language differs from
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This line of theory examines how social order is both produced and reproduced through communication. Communication problems in the sociocultural tradition may be theorized in terms of misalignment, conflict, or coordination failure. Theories in this domain explore dynamics such as micro and macro
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Theories in rhetoric and speech are often concerned with discourse as an art, including practical consideration of the power of words and our ability to improve our skills through practice. Rhetorical theories provide a way of analyzing speeches when read in an exegetical manner (close, repeated
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CMC theories fall into three categories: cues-filtered-out theories, experiential/perceptual theories, and adaptation to/exploitation of media. Cues-filtered-out theories have often treated face-to-face interaction as the gold standard against which mediated communication should be compared, and
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Organizational communication can be distinguished by its orientation to four key problematics: voice (who can speak within an organization), rationality (how decisions are made and whose ends are served), organization (how is the organization itself structured and how does it function), and the
597:
In information theory, communication theories examine the technical process of information exchange while typically using mathematics. This perspective on communication theory originated from the development of information theory in the early 1920s. Limited information-theoretic ideas had been
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and
Theodor Adorno. Modern critical perspectives often engage with emergent social movements such as post-colonialism and queer theory, seeking to be reflective and emancipatory. One of the influential bodies of theory in this area comes from the work of Stuart Hall, who questioned traditional
812:
Critical social theory in communication, while sharing some traditions with rhetoric, is explicitly oriented toward "articulating, questioning, and transcending presuppositions that are judged to be untrue, dishonest, or unjust."(p. 147) Some work bridges this distinction to form critical
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Interpretive empirical epistemology or interpretivism seeks to develop subjective insight and understanding of communication phenomena through the grounded study of local interactions. When developing or applying an interpretivist theory, the researcher themself is a vital instrument. Theories
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is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form
677:, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples. This theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the 1960s and later. In 1951, Shannon made his fundamental contribution to
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A critical epistemology is explicitly political and intentional with respect to its standpoint, articulating an ideology and criticizing phenomena with respect to this ideology. A critical epistemology is driven by its values and oriented to social and political change. Communication theories
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as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory. "The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point." In 1949, in a declassified version of
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has been highly influential in the development of CMC. Theories in this area often examine the limitations and capabilities of new technologies, taking up an 'affordances' perspective inquiring what the technology may "request, demand, encourage, discourage, refuse, and allow." Recently the
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Organizational communication theories address not only the ways in which people use communication in organizations, but also how they use communication to constitute that organization, developing structures, relationships, and practices to achieve their goals. Although early organization
512:
A rhetorical epistemology lays out a formal, logical, and global view of phenomena with particular concern for persuasion through speech. A rhetorical epistemology often draws from Greco-Roman foundations such as the works of
Aristotle and Cicero although recent work also draws from
822:
assumptions about the monolithic functioning of mass communication with his
Encoding/Decoding Model of Communication and offered significant expansions of theories of discourse, semiotics, and power through media criticism and explorations of linguistic codes and cultural identity.
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serving as a key venue for disseminating scholarly work. However, theories in organizational communication retain a distinct identity through their critical perspective toward power and attention to the needs and interests of workers, rather than privileging the will of management.
283:
and specialized ways. Communication theory emphasizes its symbolic and social process aspects as seen from two perspectives—as exchange of information (the transmission perspective), and as work done to connect and thus enable that exchange (the ritual perspective).
774:(SIP) and the idea of the hyperpersonal (when people make use of the limitations of the mediated channel to create a selective view of themselves with their communication partner, developing an impression that exceeds reality). Theoretical work from
838:
who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change. In this axiological approach, theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development.
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specific individuals that have their social experience unified and cancelled out with the means of allowing only the attributes of socio-economic status, age and sex, representative of them except by assuming that the audience is a mass.
618:
uses the word "information" as a measurable quantity, reflecting the receiver's ability to distinguish one sequence of symbols from any other. The natural unit of information was therefore the decimal digit, much later renamed the
408:: Shannon calls this element the "transmitter", which "operates on the message in some way to produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel." In Aristotle, this element is the "speaker" (orator).
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Cooren, F. (2012). Communication theory at the center: Ventriloquism and the communicative constitution of reality, Journal of
Communication, Volume 62, Issue 1, 1 February 2012, 1–20. Retrieved from
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reading to extract themes, metaphors, techniques, argument, meaning, etc.); for example with respect to their relationship to power or justice, or their persuasion, emotional appeal, or logic.
273:
communication. Theory can be seen as a way to map the world and make it navigable; communication theory gives us tools to answer empirical, conceptual, or practical communication questions.
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Dainton, M., Zelley, E. D. (2019). Applying communication theory for professional life: A practical introduction. 4th ed., Page 17. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage
Publications. Retrieved from
602:, all implicitly assuming events of equal probability. The history of information theory as a form of communication theory can be traced through a series of key papers during this time.
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Given that its object of study is the organization, it is perhaps not surprising that organization communication scholarship has important connections to theories of management, with
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assumes that information is sent and received simultaneously through a noisy channel, and further considers a frame of reference or experience each person brings to the interaction.
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ciphers. The main landmark event that opened the way to the development of the information theory form of communication theory was the publication of an article by
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with his article "Prediction and
Entropy of Printed English" (1951), providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.
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has been an influential approach to breaking down the field of communication theory into perspectives, each with its own strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs.
402:: Shannon calls this element the "information source", which "produces a message or sequence of messages to be communicated to the receiving terminal."
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of communication is bidirectional. People send and receive messages in a cooperative fashion as they continuously encode and decode information. The
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382:, communication works in one direction: a sender encodes some message and sends it through a channel for a receiver to decode. In comparison, the
256:
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Rothwell, J. Dan. "In the
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610:, contains a theoretical section quantifying "intelligence" and the "line speed" at which it can be transmitted by a communication system.
533:. Rhetoric has changed overtime. Fields of rhetoric and composition have grown to become more interested in alternative types of rhetoric.
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theoretical and empirical focus of CMC has shifted more explicitly away from the 'C' (i.e. Computer) and toward the 'M' (i.e. Mediation).
420:: For Shannon, the receiver "performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the signal."
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645:". Shannon focused on the problem of how best to encode the information that a sender wants to transmit. He also used tools in
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817:, which brought together anti-establishment thinkers alarmed by the rise of Nazism and propaganda, including the work of
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An Introduction to Communication Theory by Don W. Stacks, Sidney R. Hill, and Mark, III Hickson
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Some of the basic elements of communication studied in communication theory are:
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2572:
2564:
2337:The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
2201:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2025:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1974:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1953:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1819:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1501:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1162:
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641:in July and October 1948 under the title "
542:associated with this epistemology include
257:
243:
41:
2554:Southern States Communication Association
2339:New York, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1959. 73.
2245:
1985:
1851:
916:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Online Education
608:Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed
2559:Western States Communication Association
2534:Central States Communication Association
2398:, Vol. 2, L. Gasser and M. Huhns, eds.,
2106:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.
1446:Berger, Charles R. (September 1, 2005).
456:Entropic elements, positive and negative
2544:International Communication Association
2299:
2287:
2275:
2215:
1387:Essentials of Mass Communication Theory
848:
667:Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems
220:
169:
123:
80:
44:
2194:
2018:
1946:
1812:
1533:
1494:
1208:. Southern Illinois University Press.
1170:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
890:(Rev. ed.). New York: Routledge.
643:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
593:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
1609:. MIT Press. 1999. pp. 299–305.
865:(2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7:
3796:
2358:A first look at communication theory
1479:Encyclopedia of communication theory
772:social information processing theory
462:Epistemology in Communication Theory
2396:Distributed Artificial Intelligence
2318:Transmission Model of Communication
2131:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
1747:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2008.
474:Interpretive Empirical Epistemology
2549:National Communication Association
2524:American Communication Association
2156:. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
2152:Rutherford, Jonathan, ed. (1990).
1726:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x
1674:Management Communication Quarterly
1639:Management Communication Quarterly
1464:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02680.x
1025:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1983.tb02401.x
970:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01313.x
720:Management Communication Quarterly
25:
2539:Eastern Communication Association
2001:Condit, Celeste Michelle (2016).
443:, information, communication, or
3819:
3808:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3127:
3126:
2781:
2181:(Second ed.). Los Angeles.
2042:Western Journal of Communication
1968:Carr, Caleb T (March 23, 2020).
1286:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00292.x
1167:Shannon, Claude Elwood (2011) .
3738:List of social science journals
2646:Computer-mediated communication
2351:Theories of human communication
1567:(9). Sage Journals: 1149–1170.
1520:(Third ed.). Los Angeles.
761:Computer-mediated communication
755:Computer-Mediated Communication
573:communication theory as a field
3695:Science and technology studies
2102:Bronner, Stephen Eric (2011).
439:, "to send". The message is a
1:
2005:(Second ed.). New York.
1933:. Cambridge, MA. p. 11.
1301:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
638:Bell System Technical Journal
2768:Text and conversation theory
2514:Resources in other libraries
1251:. New York: Guilford Press.
1063:Butchart, Garnet C. (2019).
710:Organizational Communication
704:Organizational Communication
616:Transmission of Information,
147:Organizational communication
2468:Miller, Katherine (2005a).
2247:10.1051/shsconf/20207902009
2129:The cultural studies reader
1686:10.1177/0893318996010001004
1247:Anderson, James A. (1996).
1095:. EtrePress. Archived from
1038:Rogers, Everett M. (1997).
731:Sociocultural Communication
695:Interpersonal Communication
689:Interpersonal Communication
679:natural language processing
3864:
2377:Pierce, T., Corey, A. M.,
1908:10.1177/009365096023001001
1795:Bennett, W. Lance (2021).
861:Miller, Katherine (2005).
805:
786:
758:
743:
707:
692:
586:
558:New modes of Communication
554:, and resistance studies.
371:
29:
3779:
3180:
3122:
2779:
2601:
2509:Resources in your library
2388:January 15, 2021, at the
2360:. 3rd edition, New York:
2089:10.1080/03637758909390253
2054:10.1080/10570310109374705
1356:10.1080/13504630802212009
1069:. Penn State University.
924:10.4135/9781483318332.n73
683:computational linguistics
2726:Nonviolent communication
2656:History of communication
2077:Communication Monographs
1929:Davis, Jenny L. (2020).
1840:Journal of Communication
1651:10.1177/0893318911405623
1573:10.1177/0170840611410836
1481:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.
1452:Journal of Communication
1042:. New York: Free Press.
1013:Journal of Communication
958:Journal of Communication
886:Carey, James W. (2009).
3383:international relations
2721:Nonverbal communication
2711:Models of communication
1782:10.1080/105846099198596
1770:Political Communication
1385:Berger, Arthur (1995).
746:Political communication
740:Political Communication
508:Rhetorical Epistemology
485:symbolic interactionism
374:Models of communication
3710:Quantum social science
2234:SHS Web of Conferences
2127:During, Simon (2007).
1896:Communication Research
983:Cohen, Herman (1994).
912:"Communication Theory"
57:
3747:Other categorizations
3600:International studies
3585:History of technology
3520:Communication studies
3403:public administration
2873:Mediated cross-border
2595:Communication studies
1395:10.4135/9781483345420
1313:10.1353/rap.2006.0065
1120:Communication process
537:Critical Epistemology
56:
18:Communications theory
3848:Communication theory
3580:Historical sociology
2808:Communication theory
2803:Communication design
2500:Communication theory
1714:Communication Theory
1561:Organization Studies
1274:Communication Theory
527:second-wave feminism
270:Communication theory
91:Communication theory
33:Communication Theory
3760:Geisteswissenschaft
3754:Behavioral sciences
3680:Political sociology
3595:Information science
3540:Development studies
2342:Lanham, Richard A.
1987:10.1093/jcmc/zmz018
1427:on October 22, 2015
1133:on October 27, 2011
1099:on January 15, 2021
783:Rhetoric and Speech
658:information entropy
635:(1916–2001) in the
552:third-wave feminism
388:Transactional Model
384:Interactional Model
350:George Herbert Mead
279:is defined in both
3815:Society portal
3302:auxiliary sciences
2838:Discourse analysis
2763:Telecommunications
2706:Meta-communication
2349:Littlejohn, S. W.,
2346:2nd (2003): 7, 10.
2316:Chandler, Daniel.
1853:10.1093/joc/jqx017
836:critical theorists
647:probability theory
589:Information Theory
583:Information Theory
575:model proposed by
489:discourse analysis
288:person to person.
142:Mass communication
132:Discourse analysis
58:
3835:
3834:
3675:Political economy
3670:Political ecology
3525:Community studies
3515:Cognitive science
3478:Interdisciplinary
3378:Political science
3140:
3139:
2495:Library resources
2479:978-0-07-293794-7
2356:Emory A Griffin,
2335:Goffman, Erving.
2290:, pp. 30–31.
1940:978-0-262-35888-0
1488:978-1-4129-5937-7
1404:978-0-8039-7357-2
1344:Social Identities
1215:978-0-8093-2974-8
1076:978-0-271-08325-4
544:deconstructionism
267:
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808:Cultural Studies
548:cultural Marxism
531:cultural studies
330:Marshall McLuhan
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162:Sociolinguistics
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2390:Wayback Machine
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675:sampling theory
649:, developed by
614:'s 1928 paper,
606:'s 1924 paper,
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587:Main articles:
585:
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515:Michel Foucault
510:
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338:Antonio Gramsci
326:Jurgen Habermas
302:Paul Lazarsfeld
298:Harold Lasswell
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82:General aspects
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3722:Vegan studies
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Public health
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:Philosophies
3618:
3616:
3615:Media studies
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Human ecology
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Anthrozoology
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:developmental
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:public policy
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:legal systems
3347:
3345:
3344:legal history
3342:
3340:
3339:jurisprudence
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
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2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Media studies
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:International
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Environmental
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Developmental
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Communicology
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Media ecology
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Interpersonal
2669:
2667:
2666:Intercultural
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Communication
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:0-07-022822-1
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2302:, p. 31.
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2278:, p. 30.
2277:
2272:
2269:
2261:September 25,
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2188:9781849205634
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2163:9781909831803
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2083:(2): 91–111.
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2012:9781462526581
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1880:9781412974745
1876:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:9781108914628
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1754:9781405131995
1750:
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1732:
1727:
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1708:
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1665:
1660:
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1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1618:
1616:0-262-23203-0
1612:
1605:
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1597:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1527:9781412987721
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
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1484:
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1473:
1470:
1465:
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1426:
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1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
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1373:
1369:
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1353:
1349:
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1338:
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1326:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1258:9781572300835
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
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1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
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1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
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1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
946:
935:
933:9781483318356
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
897:9780415989763
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
842:
840:
837:
832:
825:
823:
820:
816:
809:
801:
799:
794:
790:
782:
780:
777:
773:
767:
762:
754:
752:
747:
739:
737:
730:
728:
724:
721:
716:
711:
703:
701:
696:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
612:Ralph Hartley
609:
605:
604:Harry Nyquist
601:
598:developed at
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
566:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Kenneth Burke
516:
507:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:structuration
473:
471:
469:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
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410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
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394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Kenneth Burke
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
285:
282:
278:
277:Communication
274:
271:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
240:
238:
237:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Argumentation
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
79:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
47:
46:Communication
43:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3824:
3800:
3788:
3758:
3565:Food studies
3505:Area studies
3258:mathematical
3253:econometrics
3211:Anthropology
2807:
2651:Conversation
2636:Broadcasting
2499:
2469:
2413:
2404:Pitman Press
2395:
2378:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2300:Miller 2005a
2295:
2288:Miller 2005a
2283:
2276:Miller 2005a
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2237:
2233:
2223:
2216:Miller 2005a
2211:
2178:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1930:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1796:
1790:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1744:
1717:
1713:
1680:(1): 50–72.
1677:
1673:
1667:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1602:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1564:
1560:
1550:
1517:
1511:
1478:
1472:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1419:
1413:
1386:
1380:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1248:
1219:. Retrieved
1204:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1169:
1137:November 15,
1135:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1119:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1091:
1085:
1065:
1058:
1039:
1033:
1016:
1012:
984:
978:
961:
957:
937:, retrieved
915:
906:
887:
881:
862:
829:
811:
796:
768:
764:
749:
734:
725:
717:
713:
698:
671:one-time pad
663:cryptography
655:
636:
615:
607:
596:
577:Robert Craig
570:
561:
540:
511:
502:
477:
468:epistemology
465:
455:
450:
436:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
397:
392:
387:
383:
380:Linear Model
379:
377:
306:Carl Hovland
290:
286:
275:
269:
268:
90:
39:
32:
3826:Wikiversity
3717:Social work
3605:Linguistics
3530:Criminology
3447:criminology
3430:personality
3388:comparative
3366:Linguistics
3359:private law
3216:archaeology
2798:Closed-loop
2661:Information
2623:terminology
2362:McGraw-Hill
1980:(1): 9–22.
1902:(1): 3–43.
1431:November 5,
1221:November 7,
1187:November 4,
1103:January 14,
1019:(3): 6–17.
625:Alan Turing
493:ethnography
424:Destination
362:Stuart Hall
310:James Carey
281:commonsense
170:Disciplines
137:Linguistics
96:Information
3771:Humanities
3705:historical
3638:psychology
3610:Management
3452:demography
3410:Psychology
3393:philosophy
3354:public law
3285:integrated
3114:Wertheimer
2994:Horkheimer
2731:Propaganda
2686:Mass media
2681:Journalism
2621:Topics and
1049:0684840014
994:0944811140
872:0072937947
843:References
322:John Dewey
314:Elihu Katz
294:Kurt Lewin
222:Categories
198:Persuasion
152:Pragmatics
3649:Planning
3628:economics
3545:Education
3442:Sociology
3420:cognitive
3371:semiotics
3322:political
3280:technical
3265:Geography
3238:Economics
2898:Technical
2883:Political
2791:Subfields
2716:New media
2256:2261-2424
2240:: 02009.
2197:cite book
2062:151981343
2021:cite book
1949:cite book
1916:152119884
1815:cite book
1694:145811767
1659:146702568
1622:March 28,
1586:March 28,
1581:146480897
1536:cite book
1497:cite book
1364:1350-4630
1329:161508066
1321:1534-5238
939:March 17,
600:Bell Labs
445:statement
183:Discourse
157:Semiotics
116:Sociology
101:Semiotics
35:(journal)
3842:Category
3790:Category
3658:regional
3653:land use
3488:business
3457:internet
3415:abnormal
3317:military
3307:economic
3297:cultural
3270:physical
3231:physical
3221:cultural
3132:Category
3084:Richards
3009:Jakobson
2989:Habermas
2944:Castells
2934:Benjamin
2912:Scholars
2418:Abstract
2408:Abstract
2406:, 1989.
2386:Archived
2364:, 1997.
831:Axiology
826:Axiology
789:Rhetoric
451:Feedback
418:Receiver
208:Rhetoric
203:Research
106:Language
3802:Commons
3633:history
3623:science
3558:studies
3292:History
3204:Primary
3190:History
3185:Outline
3104:Tankard
3099:Shannon
3094:Schramm
3079:Quebral
3074:Postman
3064:Packard
3044:McLuhan
3039:Marcuse
3034:Luhmann
3029:Lippman
3024:Kincaid
3019:Johnson
2984:Goffman
2979:Gerbner
2969:Flusser
2949:Chomsky
2929:Bateson
2924:Barthes
2893:Science
2823:Climate
2773:Writing
2741:Reading
2691:Meaning
2611:Outline
2606:History
1372:5406561
621:hartley
523:Marxism
441:concept
437:mittere
432:: from
430:Message
412:Channel
231:Outline
188:Culture
72:History
3493:public
3435:social
3327:social
3226:social
3109:Tannen
3089:Rogers
3069:Peirce
3054:Morgan
2999:Huxley
2974:Gasset
2964:Fisher
2919:Adorno
2903:Visual
2853:Health
2848:Global
2818:Crisis
2751:Symbol
2746:Speech
2497:about
2476:
2368:
2254:
2185:
2160:
2135:
2110:
2060:
2009:
1937:
1914:
1877:
1803:
1751:
1692:
1657:
1613:
1579:
1524:
1485:
1401:
1370:
1362:
1327:
1319:
1255:
1212:
1073:
1046:
991:
930:
894:
869:
629:Enigma
529:, and
406:Sender
399:Source
124:Fields
67:Portal
3663:urban
3467:urban
3462:rural
3312:human
3275:human
3195:Index
3014:Janis
3004:Innis
2959:Ellul
2954:Craig
2939:Burke
2696:Media
2058:S2CID
1912:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1655:S2CID
1607:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1325:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
434:Latin
213:Media
111:Logic
3731:List
3049:Mead
2888:Risk
2863:Mass
2756:list
2474:ISBN
2402:and
2366:ISBN
2263:2023
2252:ISSN
2203:link
2183:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2027:link
2007:ISBN
1955:link
1935:ISBN
1875:ISBN
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