253:
237:
860:
expulsion of the PLO. Hawi claims that the joint communique calling for resistance to the
Israeli occupation of Beirut was written by himself and Ibrahim on 15 September 1982, while the initial resistance activities against the Israelis were undertaken jointly by the Communist Party and the OACL along with some smaller organizations, with Hawi and Ibrahim meeting daily in secret to coordinate activities.
1544:
548:
855:
in the end of that year. Ibrahim's criticism was based on three points: that LNM forces had committed communal violence (although less than their opponents), that it had become dependent on other Arab states (a candid reference to the role of Syria) and that the LNM had failed in its mobilization of
750:
Ibrahim became the
General Secretary of OACL. OACL was closely allied with the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine led by Naif Hawatmeh, which had a similar background to the left-wing sector of the ANM. Hawatmeh had broken away from the ANM in 1969, setting up the PDFLP (later
1193:
The viewpoint of the
Organization of Lebanese Socialists on the split were formulated in the publication لماذا منظمة الاشتراكيين اللبنانيين؟ حركة القوميين العرب من الفاشية إلى الناصرية : تحليل ونقد ('Why the Organization of Lebanese Socialists? The Arab Nationalist Movement from Fascism to
859:
The OACL then played a leading role in the early phases of resistance to the
Israeli occupation. According to Hawi, the Lebanese Communist Party, the OACL and the Arab Socialist Action Party led by Hussein Hamdan had agreed to establish a specifically Lebanese resistance formation before the
971:. Some sources however, estimate that the actual numbers of OCAL's military wing in the early 1980s were much lower, at about 150-200 fighters at most, being essentially a lightly-armed infantry force devoid of any heavy weapons with the exception of a tiny number of
919:, and anti-Arafat dissident Palestinian guerrilla factions. The anti-Syrian coalition was defeated and by 1987 the OACL was forced underground, since Muhsen Ibrahim refused to go along with the Syrian policy of opposition to PLO chairman
51:
851:
from Beirut. After the defeat of 1982, Muhsin
Ibrahim elaborated a critical review of the politics of the LNM during its decade-long existence, which were disseminated through the party weekly organ
1071:
Lebanon
Multisectarian Parties - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
774:
tendencies', but held unsuccessful talks on a party merger in the mid-1970s. OACL had a profound impact in the radical student movement that emerged in
Lebanon in the early 1970s.
1532:
1727:
490:
1120:
964:
752:
827:. In the early 1980s the OACL had been allied with the Syrians; in 1981, in support of Syria, Ibrahim had called for the resignation of then Lebanese Prime-Minister
1966:
586:
364:
436:
431:
1709:
1611:
1961:
1951:
1021:
658:. OACL played a major role in the political radicalization of the Shi'a community during the 1970s. In the 1980s, it had a membership of about 2,000.
1525:
1510:
1931:
528:
937:
1490:
960:(LNM) since 1973, the OCAL played a major role in the 1975-76 Civil War thanks to his allegedly 2,000-strong militia, trained and armed by the
941:
510:
506:
1946:
1026:
1443:
727:
mouthpiece for the
Marxist sector. In 1968 the Lebanese branch of ANM broke its links to the mother organization, and renamed itself as the
1548:
470:
207:
1956:
1518:
1070:
728:
672:
426:
104:
1941:
1503:
1480:
1429:
1046:
887:
682:
The
Organization of Lebanese Socialists was led by Muhsin Ibrahim and Muhammed Kishli. It had its roots in the Lebanese branch of the
318:
742:
which had been formed in 1965. Leading members included people like Ahmed
Beydoun, Waddah Sharara, Fawwaz Trabulsi and Ismat Kawwas.
1463:
1415:
1305:
1182:
1161:
848:
579:
1489:, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –
1792:
1204:
1786:
1605:
1556:
331:
1124:
1886:
1739:
460:
455:
450:
1329:
This party had its roots within the rightwing minority inside the ANM in Lebanon, politically corresponding to the line of
1936:
908:
303:
864:
572:
559:
483:
143:
1086:
Israel in Lebanon, 1975-82, James A. Reilly, MERIP Reports, No. 108/109, The Lebanon War (Sep. - Oct., 1982), pp. 14-20
1880:
1643:
1031:
894:
793:
336:
1267:
1118:, No. 108/109, The Lebanon War (Sep. - Oct., 1982), pp. 14-20) mentions the 1970 as the year of foundation. See also
690:
movement. During the 1960s Ibrahim was a leading figure in the leftist tendency with the ANM. This tendency, led by
1283:
Organization for Communist Action, Michele Salkind, Fawwaz Trabulsi, MERIP Reports, No. 61 (Oct., 1977), pp. 5-8+21
1016:
957:
883:
789:
178:
1593:
875:
777:
In the spring of 1972 a large number of OACL members, who felt that neither group had committed sufficiently to "
683:
399:
314:
1827:
1096:
Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Lebanon / Appendix B
1011:
898:
797:
763:
759:
was published from Beirut as the joint organ of PDFLP/DFLP and OACL until 1977, when it became the DFLP organ.
518:
1892:
1798:
1691:
1587:
1111:
1001:
856:
various sectors of Lebanese society due to the inclusion of traditional political elements in the Movement.
643:
389:
281:
276:
269:
1851:
533:
128:
1812:
1745:
1672:
927:
916:
902:
655:
358:
185:
620:
152:
1297:
996:
824:
412:
394:
299:
212:
1839:
1833:
1910:
1403:
1260:
1230:
Revolutionary Transformation in the Arab World: Habash and his Comrades from Nationalism to Marxism
1041:
976:
351:
292:
227:
202:
1857:
1845:
1821:
1006:
820:
496:
164:
159:
1863:
1759:
1622:
1499:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1301:
1178:
1157:
980:
719:
676:
523:
168:
108:
17:
1733:
1682:
1566:
1051:
984:
868:
844:
735:
703:
647:
1095:
1774:
1768:
1715:
1637:
1631:
1599:
1271:
623:
604:
832:
778:
739:
1241:
236:
1320:, MERIP Reports, No. 118, Lebanon: The State and the Opposition (Oct., 1983), pp. 16-18
1114:, 1997, pp. 302-303.) claims that the OACL was founded in May 1971. Reilly (in Reilly,
953:
891:
879:
707:
691:
651:
552:
79:
1208:
823:
broke out in April 1975, the OACL fought on the side of the LNM, participating in the
1925:
1697:
1575:
1447:
1330:
1154:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993
1115:
1108:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993
1036:
920:
905:
872:
828:
699:
1106:
Different sources provides different dates for the merger. Sāyigh (in Yazīd Sāyigh.
1780:
961:
324:
717:, the Lebanese branch began to function more autonomously. The official ANM organ
1451:
1317:
767:
687:
368:
257:
252:
1721:
1703:
1581:
972:
933:
801:
771:
148:
1264:
930:
714:
1543:
1498:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997.
1356:
808:
695:
631:
627:
50:
871:
broke out at Beirut in May 1985, the OACL allied itself with the pro-
867:
grew stronger, and the OACL's alliance with Syria weakened. When the
118:
1175:
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics
968:
912:
782:
723:('Freedom'), of which Ibrahim had become editor in 1960, became a
642:
The OACL was one of Lebanon's few multi-sectarian parties, with
1514:
1344:
Al-Harb wa'l-Muqawwamah wa'l-Hizb: hiwarat ma`a Ghassan Charbel
734:
Socialist Lebanon was a small group of Marxist intellectuals,
702:
who, although being open to introducing Marxist concepts like
1136:
for a joint communique of the two groups issued in June 1970.
804:
and others. Ibrahim became the General Secretary of the LNM.
831:, who was felt to be too closely allied to then President
671:
The OACL was formed around 1970 through the merger of the
1316:
Criticism and Defeat: An Introduction to George Hawi,
1294:
Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process
1205:"الدكتور أحمد بيضون: المفكر والكاتب والباحث الأكاديمي"
1496:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
706:
into the discourse of the ANM, wanted to retain the
1873:
1811:
1758:
1681:
1671:
1653:
1621:
1565:
1555:
1458:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
788:In 1973 the OACL took part in the formation of the
184:
174:
158:
142:
134:
124:
114:
100:
85:
75:
65:
57:
32:
617:Organization of Communist Action in Lebanon (OCAL)
1255:Assad Abu Khalil, "Government and Politics", in
753:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
713:As the central leadership of ANM had shifted to
698:outlook. This was opposed by the top ANM leader
601:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon – CAOL
1251:
1249:
1156:, Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 302-303.
956:'s position as the executive secretary of the
654:members, but its main support base lay on the
1526:
1357:The War of the Camps, The War of the Hostages
843:However, the LNM dissolved after the Israeli
580:
8:
1389:(2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
38:
1710:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
1612:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
1422:A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition
1678:
1562:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1475:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
1436:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
587:
573:
222:
49:
29:
1022:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
926:During 1982-2000, the OACL supported the
491:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants
1438:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
1242:الحرية-مجلة التقدميين العرب على الإنترنت
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1082:
1080:
1078:
890:(KDP-L) against a powerful coalition of
807:In 1973-1974 the OACL was active in the
613:munaẓẓamah al-‘amal al-shuyū‘ī fī lubnān
35:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon
1265:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lbtoc.html
1063:
694:, argued that the ANM ought to adopt a
247:
225:
1177:, Cambridge University Press, p. 142.
942:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
1967:Political parties established in 1970
7:
1363:, No. 133. (June 1985), pp. 3–7, 22.
1194:Nasserism: Analysis and Criticism').
1410:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
948:Military structure and organization
729:Organization of Lebanese Socialists
673:Organization of Lebanese Socialists
608:
105:Organization of Lebanese Socialists
39:
1962:Lebanese National Resistance Front
1952:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1485:Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka,
1047:Lebanese National Resistance Front
1027:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
888:Kurdish Democratic Party – Lebanon
25:
1487:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
1387:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
1261:United States Library of Congress
746:Early history of the Organization
1542:
845:invasion of Lebanon of June 1982
546:
251:
235:
1606:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1456:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
710:character of the organization.
258:Member State of the Arab League
1932:1970 establishments in Lebanon
1887:Popular Nasserist Organization
1740:Popular Nasserist Organization
27:Political party in Lebanon
1:
1408:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92
1346:, Beirut, Dar al-Nahar, 2005.
1259:accessed 1 January 2007 from
938:campaign of guerrilla warfare
667:Merger and foundation of OACL
18:Communist Action Organization
1947:Communist parties in Lebanon
1549:Political parties in Lebanon
1424:, Pluto Press, London 2012.
865:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
609:منظمة العمل الشيوعي في لبنان
40:منظمة العمل الشيوعي في لبنان
1881:Progressive Socialist Party
1644:Progressive Socialist Party
1032:Progressive Socialist Party
895:Progressive Socialist Party
794:Progressive Socialist Party
1983:
1957:Lebanese National Movement
1017:Lebanese National Movement
958:Lebanese National Movement
884:Sixth of February Movement
790:Lebanese National Movement
179:Lebanese National Movement
1942:Communist militant groups
1906:
1594:Lebanese Democratic Party
847:and the expulsion of the
684:Arab Nationalist Movement
198:
48:
1828:Lebanese Communist Party
1012:Lebanese Communist Party
899:Lebanese Communist Party
876:Palestinian refugee camp
798:Lebanese Communist Party
792:(LNM) together with the
764:Lebanese Communist Party
762:The OACL criticized the
1893:National Dialogue Party
1692:Free Patriotic Movement
1588:Free Patriotic Movement
1257:A Country Study:Lebanon
1112:Oxford University Press
1002:Demographics of Lebanon
160:Political position
1793:National Liberal Party
1473:The Lebanese Civil War
656:Shi'a Muslim community
507:Diplomatic missions of
1813:17 October Revolution
1787:Independence Movement
863:During the 1980s the
811:food factory strike.
186:Parliament of Lebanon
1937:Arab militant groups
1385:Makdisi and Sadaka,
1374:Civil War in Lebanon
997:Battle of the Hotels
825:Battle of the Hotels
277:Constitution of 1926
175:National affiliation
1911:Politics of Lebanon
1494:William W. Harris,
1121:"Al Moqatel - test"
1042:Politics of Lebanon
662:History of the OACL
228:Politics of Lebanon
203:Politics of Lebanon
1420:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
1298:Palgrave Macmillan
1270:2006-07-18 at the
1007:Lebanese Civil War
981:heavy machine guns
821:Lebanese Civil War
553:Lebanon portal
497:Abdallah Bou Habib
1919:
1918:
1902:
1901:
1760:March 14 Alliance
1673:National Assembly
1667:
1666:
1623:March 14 Alliance
985:recoilless rifles
911:forces backed by
736:Arab nationalists
686:(ANM), a radical
677:Socialist Lebanon
615:), also known as
597:
596:
529:Visa requirements
484:Foreign relations
471:Political parties
419:Recent elections
221:
220:
208:Political parties
109:Socialist Lebanon
67:Secretary-General
16:(Redirected from
1974:
1734:Dignity Movement
1683:March 8 Alliance
1679:
1567:March 8 Alliance
1563:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1404:Edgar O'Ballance
1390:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1296:,no that was no
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1253:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1228:Kazziha, Walid,
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1173:Cobban, Helena.
1171:
1165:
1150:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1123:. Archived from
1104:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1052:War of the Camps
936:movement in its
869:War of the Camps
839:1982 and onwards
704:anti-imperialism
621:Marxist-Leninist
610:
589:
582:
575:
551:
550:
549:
371:
260:
256:
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239:
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153:Marxism–Leninism
96:
94:
68:
53:
42:
41:
30:
21:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1898:
1869:
1807:
1804:Independent (3)
1775:Future Movement
1769:Lebanese Forces
1754:
1751:Independent (5)
1716:Marada Movement
1663:
1649:
1638:Lebanese Forces
1632:Future Movement
1617:
1600:Marada Movement
1551:
1541:
1539:
1509:
1506:, 1-55876-115-2
1399:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:(1998), p. 158.
1371:
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1354:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1300:, 2004, p. 67.
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1272:Wayback Machine
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853:Beirut al-Massa
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781:", defected to
751:renamed as the
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954:Mohsen Ibrahim
949:
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880:Al-Mourabitoun
878:militias, the
840:
837:
816:
813:
747:
744:
708:anti-communist
692:Nayef Hawatmeh
668:
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663:
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400:Municipalities
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80:Mohsen Ibrahim
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37:
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26:
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6:
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3:
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1799:Islamic group
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
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1698:Amal Movement
1696:
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1576:Amal Movement
1574:
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1471:Marius Deeb,
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:0-19-280130-9
1461:
1457:
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1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:0 86187 123 5
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1416:0-333-72975-7
1413:
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1401:
1396:
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1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:MERIP Reports
1358:
1355:Stork, Joe. "
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:George Hawi,
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:George Habash
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:1-4039-6791-1
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:Marius Deeb.
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1222:
1211:on 2018-12-01
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1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:0-521-27216-5
1180:
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1167:
1163:
1162:0-19-829643-6
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1145:
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1127:on 2007-09-28
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1116:MERIP Reports
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1037:Popular Guard
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952:In virtue of
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
932:
929:
924:
922:
921:Yasser Arafat
918:
917:Lebanese Army
914:
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906:Amal Movement
904:
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829:Shafik Wazzan
826:
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812:
810:
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799:
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791:
786:
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780:
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769:
766:(LCP) led by
765:
760:
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754:
745:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:George Habash
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
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388:
387:
381:
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353:
348:
347:
338:
337:Past Cabinets
335:
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330:
326:
323:
322:
320:
316:
313:
308:
307:
305:
301:
298:
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138:2,000 (1980s)
137:
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130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
31:
19:
1858:Osos Lebanon
1781:Kataeb Party
1728:Ba'ath Party
1495:
1486:
1472:
1455:
1435:
1434:Rex Brynen,
1421:
1407:
1397:Bibliography
1386:
1381:
1373:
1372:O'Ballance,
1368:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1256:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1199:
1189:
1174:
1169:
1153:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1107:
1102:
1091:
1066:
951:
940:against the
925:
862:
858:
852:
842:
833:Élias Sarkis
818:
806:
787:
779:people's war
776:
761:
756:
749:
733:
724:
718:
712:
681:
670:
641:
616:
612:
600:
598:
544:
437:
390:Governorates
384:Subdivisions
325:Najib Mikati
282:Human rights
270:Constitution
248:
115:Headquarters
58:Abbreviation
1874:Others (10)
1846:Khatt Ahmar
1746:Union Party
1452:Robert Fisk
1318:Joel Beinin
979:armed with
962:Palestinian
903:Shia Muslim
901:(LCP), and
796:(PSP), the
768:George Hawi
738:and former
626:and former
534:Visa policy
369:Nabih Berri
352:Legislature
1926:Categories
1654:Others (5)
1215:2007-01-04
1131:2007-01-04
1058:References
977:technicals
973:Gun trucks
802:Nasserists
757:Al-Hurriya
740:Ba'athists
720:al-Hurriya
638:Membership
511:in Lebanon
495:Minister:
359:Parliament
135:Membership
129:Al-Hurriya
61:CAOL; OCAL
1864:ReLebanon
1722:Al-Ahbash
1704:Hezbollah
1582:Hezbollah
1557:Ministers
934:Hezbollah
819:When the
815:Civil War
772:reformist
644:Christian
449:General:
438:2022–2023
432:2014–2016
413:Elections
395:Districts
300:President
293:Executive
213:Elections
165:Left-wing
149:Communism
125:Newspaper
71:Zaki Taha
1822:Taqaddom
1268:Archived
1263:website
1232:, p. 99.
991:See also
931:Islamist
886:and the
725:de facto
715:Damascus
688:pan-Arab
524:Passport
169:far-left
144:Ideology
909:militia
897:(PSP),
809:Gandour
696:Marxist
632:Lebanon
628:militia
365:Speaker
332:Cabinet
192:0 / 128
91: (
86:Founded
76:Founder
1502:
1479:
1462:
1442:
1428:
1414:
1304:
1181:
1160:
915:, the
882:, the
873:Arafat
648:Muslim
605:Arabic
309:vacant
119:Beirut
1675:(128)
1359:" in
969:Syria
928:Shi'a
913:Syria
892:Druze
783:Fatah
770:for '
652:Druze
619:, is
1852:Lana
1815:(13)
1771:(19)
1762:(38)
1706:(13)
1700:(14)
1694:(17)
1685:(60)
1569:(16)
1559:(24)
1500:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1158:ISBN
983:and
975:and
967:and
965:DFLP
675:and
650:and
599:The
461:2022
456:2018
451:2009
427:2008
319:list
304:list
93:1970
89:1970
1895:(1)
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1883:(8)
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630:in
167:to
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