300:
recruited agents. We are talking about the numerous members of overseas societies of friendship with the Soviet Union. Officially, all Soviet representatives regard these parasites with touching feelings of friendship, but privately they call them 'shit-eaters' ('govnoed'). It is difficult to say where this expression originated, but it is truly the only name they deserve. The use of this word has become so firmly entrenched in Soviet embassies that it is impossible to imagine any other name for these people. A conversation might run as follows: Today we've got a friendship evening with shit-eaters', or Today we're having some shit-eaters to dinner. Prepare a suitable menu'.
276:– all of them were impossible without the Revolution, either as a group or separately. ... They are not the artists of the proletarian Revolution, but her artist "fellow-travellers", in the sense in which this word was used by the old Socialists... As regards a "fellow-traveller", the question always comes up – How far will he go? This question cannot be answered in advance, not even approximately. The solution of it depends, not so much on the personal qualities of this or that "fellow-traveller", but mainly on the objective trend of things during the coming decade.
733:
was applied as a political pejorative against many
American citizens who did not outright condemn Communism. Modern critics of HUAC claim that any citizen who did not fit or abide the HUAC's ideologically narrow definition of "American" was so labeled – which, they claimed, contradicted, flouted, and
655:
emerged in the 1946–48 period, and
American Communists found themselves at the political margins of U.S. society – such as being forced out of the leadership of trade unions; in turn, membership to the Communist Party of the U.S.A. declined. Yet, in 1948, American Communists did campaign for the
247:
Between bourgeois Art, which is wasting away either in repetitions or in silences, and the new art which is as yet unborn, there is being created a transitional art, which is more or less organically connected with the
Revolution, but which is not, at the same time, the Art of the Revolution.
299:
In examining different kinds of agents, people from the free world who have sold themselves to the GRU, one cannot avoid touching on yet another category, perhaps the least appealing of all. Officially one is not allowed to call them agents, and they are not agents in the full sense of being
749:, in positions of trust incompatible with such beliefs. In response to such ideological threats to the national security of the U.S., some American citizens with Communist pasts were suspected of being "un-American" and thus secretly and anonymously registered to a
703:
648:, to annihilate the U.S.S.R., again, the American Communist Party abided Stalin's party-line, and became war hawks for American intervention to the European war in aid of Russia, and becoming an ally of the Soviet Union.
790:
as "a non-Communist who sympathizes with the aims and general policies of the
Communist Party"; and, by transference, as a "person who sympathizes with, but is not a member of another party or movement".
69:) is a person who is intellectually sympathetic to the ideology of a political organization, and who co-operates in the organization's politics, without being a formal member. In the early history of the
745:
Sen. McCarthy claimed at various times that there were many
American citizens (secretly and publicly) sympathetic to Communism and the Soviet Union who worked in the State Department and in the
551:
was a fellow traveler during the mid-1930s, and was the chairman of the League of
American Writers, in 1935, but was ousted as such, in 1937, when he called for an enquiry to the reasons for
609:
As the Red
Express hooted off into the shades of a closing decade, ex-fellow travelers rubbed their bruises, wondered how they had ever come to get aboard. … With the exception of
1505:
Rossinow, Doug. "'The Model of a Model Fellow
Traveler': Harry F. Ward, the American League for Peace and Democracy, and the 'Russian Question' in American Politics, 1933–1956."
472:
As in Europe, in the 1920s and 1930s, the intellectuals of the U.S. either sympathized with or joined the U.S. Communist Party, to oppose the economic excesses of capitalism and
683:
780:, with which the Bolsheviks described political sympathizers who hesitated to publicly support the Bolshevik Party and Communism in Russia, after the Revolution of 1917.
753:(particularly in the arts) by their peers, and so denied employment and the opportunity to earn a living, despite many such acknowledged ex-communists moving on from the
670:
706:, they attempted to determine the extent of Soviet influence in the U.S. government, and in the social, cultural, and political institutions of American society.
457:
throughout the United States. Moreover, the
American League for Peace and Democracy (ALPD) was the principal socio-political group who actively worked by
243:(the Social Democrats) to identify a vacillating political sympathizer. In Chapter 2, "The Literary 'Fellow-Travellers' of the Revolution", Trotsky said:
638:
for partitioning between the U.S.S.R. and Nazi
Germany. In the U.S., the American Communist Party abided Stalin's official party-line, and denounced the
801:
as a man or a woman "who accepted most Communist doctrine, but was not a member of the Communist party"; and, in contemporary usage, defines the term
454:
1123:
721:, characterized by right-wing political orthodoxy. Some targets of investigation were created by way of anonymous and unfounded accusations of
695:
500:
240:
357:
1536:
1496:
1473:
1443:
1387:
956:
543:
had been a fellow traveler during the 1930s, but broke from the Communist Party, because of the ideological contradictions inherent to the
100:
635:
227:("one who travels the same path") to Russian writers who accepted the revolution, but who were not active revolutionaries. In the book
89:
to identify the vacillating intellectual supporters of the Bolshevik government. It was the political characterisation of the Russian
1340:
1236:
1100:
1034:
682:
for Josef Stalin; those political revelations ended the ideological relationship between many fellow-travelers in the West and the
507:
also credited Matthews: "J.B. Matthews, a former Communist fellow traveler (and, incidentally, the originator of that apt tag)..."
413:. In the 1920s and 1930s, the political, social, and economic problems in the U.S. and throughout the world, caused partly by the
742:
547:(Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 23 August 1939). The novelist and critic
1524:
630:
In the late 1930s, most fellow-travelers broke with the Communist party-line of Moscow when Stalin and Adolf Hitler signed the
1555:
95:(writers, academics, and artists) who were philosophically sympathetic to the political, social, and economic goals of the
814:
43:
295:
handlers when talking about the category of agents of influence who were conscious sympathisers of the Soviet movement:
631:
544:
338:
578:
and the ideological rigidity of the Communist party-line, Hofstadter remained a fellow traveler until the 1940s. In
567:
982:
257:
333:, was sufficiently involved with the Nazi régime to the extent that the Allied authorities responsible for the
39:
1435:
1465:
143:
1510:
1528:
639:
47:
661:
373:
1485:
The End of Commitment: Intellectuals, Revolutionaries, and Political Morality in the Twentieth Century
644:
587:
1133:
1458:
Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, 1928–1978
1086:
758:
679:
518:
novelists whose works of fiction occasionally were critical of capitalism and its excesses, whilst
504:
406:
147:
138:
applied to those on the political left, to suggest a person who was philosophically sympathetic to
78:
51:
976:
499:(1938); later, J. B. Matthews was the chief investigator for the anti-Communist activities of the
1560:
1305:
1297:
1280:
1164:
1068:
1059:
Dawson, Nelson L. (1986). "From Fellow Traveler to Anticommunist: The Odyssey of J.B. Matthews".
822:
746:
598:
563:
292:
96:
997:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Suvorov V. Inside soviet military intelligence"
283:
in his "Soviet military intelligence" (1984) referred to a less respectable term "shit-eaters" (
1532:
1492:
1469:
1439:
1383:
1336:
1332:
1232:
1096:
1030:
952:
837:
735:
665:
261:
154:
was applied to intellectuals, academics, and politicians who lent their names and prestige to
1226:
1565:
1289:
1156:
899:
832:
657:
535:
515:
511:
414:
284:
1128:
842:
699:
610:
519:
438:
253:
155:
805:
as a person "who agrees with a philosophy or group, but does not publicly work for it."
1453:
870:
540:
527:
492:
446:
334:
280:
273:
91:
1147:
Kallich, Martin (1956). "John Dos Passos Fellow-Traveler: A Dossier with Commentary".
698:(HUAC) became a permanent committee of the U.S. Congress; and, in 1953, after Senator
17:
1549:
1516:
1461:
1372:
1325:
1309:
1253:
1026:
552:
466:
450:
369:
365:
249:
127:
112:
35:
405:
was adapted to describe persons politically sympathetic to, but not members of, the
1379:
1275:
996:
972:
895:
857:
827:
575:
571:
458:
442:
426:
385:
316:
232:
86:
70:
863:
325:
189:
1090:
642:, rather than the Germans, as war mongers. In June 1941, when the Nazis launched
1423:
718:
710:
556:
548:
354:
329:, to identify a person who, although not formally charged with participation in
195:
590:, because his opposition to capitalism was the reason he had joined the CPUSA.
476:, which they perceived as its political form. In 1936, the newspaper columnist
1293:
726:
714:
583:
523:
477:
434:
430:
218:
135:
74:
433:. To that end, black Americans joined the CPUSA (1919) because some of their
750:
675:
614:
410:
330:
139:
120:
108:
664:'s vice-president. In February 1956, to the 20th congress of the C.P.S.U.,
429:
to become sympathetic to the Communist cause, in hope they could overthrow
1278:(1968). "Henry A. Wallace, the Liberals, and Soviet–American relations".
652:
462:
418:
269:
1072:
1488:
1301:
722:
618:
473:
265:
1168:
337:
of Germany could not legally exonerate them from association with the
1431:
852:
776:
as a post-revolutionary political term derived from the Russian word
570:. Despite disillusionment because of the non-aggression pact between
422:
593:
Moreover, in the elegiac article "The Revolt of the Intellectuals" (
107:
disappeared from political discourse in the Soviet Union during the
1160:
510:
Among the writers and intellectuals known as fellow travelers were
465:; as such, the ALPD was the most important organization within the
1095:. Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Bell Publishing Company. p. 29.
847:
469:, a pro-Soviet coalition of anti-fascist political organizations.
85:('one who travels the same path') and later it was popularized by
1187:
A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States
734:
voided the political rights provided for every citizen in the
441:) corresponded to the political struggles of black people for
239:
as a political descriptor attributed to the pre-Revolutionary
158:
organizations. In European politics, the equivalent terms for
119:
to identify people who sympathised with the Soviets and with
975:. "2: The Literary "Fellow-Travellers" of the Revolution".
38:. For the opera and TV series based on Mallon's novel, see
1228:
Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World
580:
Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World
495:
featured the term in the title of his political biography
586:
said that Hofstatdter continued thinking of himself as a
484:
in the article "Mr. Roosevelt and His Fellow Travelers" (
1428:
The Fellow-Travellers: A Postscript to the Enlightenment
934:
The Fellow-travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism
617:. They were fellow travelers who wanted to help fight
384:") to identify the foreign supporters of the domestic
1409:
Radical Beginnings: Richard Hofstadter and the 1930s
50:. For the advertisement called Fellow Traveler, see
323:(fellow traveller) was translated to the German as
1371:
1324:
409:(CPUSA), who shared the political perspectives of
1061:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
919:Lexicon of Russian Literature of the XX Century
671:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
607:
364:("The ones walking the street together") as an
297:
376:; likewise, the military government used term
130:, during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, the term
199:
8:
904:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
770:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
757:stage of their political lives, such as the
305:Victor Suvorov, Soviet Military Intelligence
187:
181:
175:
169:
163:
1231:. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 38.
741:In the course of his political career, the
368:that described domestic Greek Leftists and
217:In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, the
694:In 1945, the anti-Communist congressional
1357:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
784:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
696:House Committee on Un-American Activities
704:Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
27:Non-member supporters of an organization
882:
1252:Chambers, Whittaker (6 January 1941).
613:, probably none of these people was a
501:House Un-American Activities Committee
241:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1211:
1199:
1180:
1178:
7:
1521:Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals
890:
888:
886:
709:That seven-year period (1950–56) of
522:, a known left-winger, moved to the
46:. For the video game publisher, see
150:. In political discourse, the term
101:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
77:revolutionary and Soviet statesman
1023:Martin Heidegger: A Political Life
951:. Moscow: Politizdat. p. 56.
99:of 1917, but who did not join the
25:
1254:"The Revolt of the Intellectuals"
1132:. 2 February 1962. Archived from
651:At War's end, the Russo–American
634:(August 1939), which allowed the
632:German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact
562:From 1934 to 1939, the historian
867:(fellow traveller of the Nazis)
597:6 Jan. 1941), the ex-Communist
401:In the U.S., the European term
1327:The Rise and Fall of Communism
1202:, pp. 65, 84, 89–90, 141.
906:(Third ed.). p. 313.
636:Occupation of Poland (1939–45)
559:(1936–38) of Russian society.
360:(1967–74) used the Greek word
1:
1374:Safire's Political Dictionary
1185:Johnpoll, Bernard K. (1994).
795:Safire's Political Dictionary
729:, during which time the term
668:delivered the secret speech,
44:Fellow Travelers (miniseries)
1149:Twentieth Century Literature
1092:The Red Plot Against America
566:briefly was a member of the
497:Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler
1407:Baker, Susan Stout (1985).
1189:. Vol. 3. p. 502.
684:Soviet version of Communism
453:established and maintained
339:war crimes of the Wehrmacht
1582:
1331:. HarperCollins. pp.
1124:"The Fellows Who Traveled"
601:satirically used the term
568:Young Communist League USA
29:
1509:(2004) 29#2 pp: 177-220.
1436:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1294:10.1017/S0034670500040250
983:Marxists Internet Archive
978:Literature and Revolution
949:Literatura i revoliutsiia
797:(1978), defines the term
772:(1999), defines the term
493:Joseph Brown Matthews Sr.
288:
235:popularized the usage of
229:Literature and Revolution
142:, yet was not a formal, "
115:adopted the English term
1483:Hollander, Paul (2006).
1370:Safire, William (1978).
786:(1993) defines the term
533:Likewise, the editor of
315:In the aftermath of the
103:. The usage of the term
40:Fellow Travelers (opera)
1466:Oxford University Press
1256:. Whittakerchambers.org
702:became chairman of the
545:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1529:Transaction Publishers
1323:Brown, Archie (2009).
947:Trotskii, L. (1991) .
626:Post-World War II U.S.
623:
358:Régime of the Colonels
308:
278:
200:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
48:Fellow Traveller Games
18:Communist sympathizers
1556:Political terminology
932:Caute, David (1988).
662:Franklin D. Roosevelt
526:and became a staunch
397:Pre-World War II U.S.
374:military dictatorship
272:and, to some extent,
245:
1359:. 1993. p. 931.
1225:Foner, Eric (2003).
1136:on November 5, 2012.
1087:Stripling, Robert E.
917:Cassack, V. (1996).
656:presidential run of
645:Operation Barbarossa
437:stances (e.g. legal
144:card-carrying member
765:Contemporary usages
759:Hollywood blacklist
680:cult of personality
505:Robert E. Stripling
449:, in the time when
435:politically liberal
407:Communist Party USA
319:, the Russian term
262:Serapion Fraternity
148:Communist Party USA
79:Anatoly Lunacharsky
52:The Lincoln Project
1507:Peace & Change
1281:Review of Politics
1021:Ott, Hugo (1993).
823:Agent of influence
599:Whittaker Chambers
564:Richard Hofstadter
480:included the term
455:racial segregation
201:compagno di strada
198:) in Germany; and
165:Compagnon de route
97:Russian Revolution
1538:978-1-4128-0609-1
1498:978-1-56663-688-9
1475:978-0-19-502937-6
1445:978-0-19-502937-6
1389:978-0-394-50261-8
958:978-5-250-01431-1
900:Trombley, Stephen
838:Capitalist roader
736:U.S. Constitution
666:Nikita Khrushchev
588:political radical
372:opponents of the
268:and his group of
221:applied the term
16:(Redirected from
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1502:
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1276:Hamby, Alonzo L.
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938:
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923:
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908:
907:
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833:Anti-americanism
816:Fellow Travelers
803:fellow traveller
799:fellow traveller
788:fellow-traveller
774:fellow-traveller
658:Henry A. Wallace
576:Communist Russia
536:The New Republic
516:Theodore Dreiser
512:Ernest Hemingway
415:Great Depression
403:fellow-traveller
380:("international
351:fellow traveller
317:Second World War
306:
290:
258:Nicolai Tikhonov
203:
193:
185:
179:
173:
167:
160:fellow traveller
134:was primarily a
117:fellow traveller
81:coined the term
60:fellow traveller
32:Fellow Travelers
21:
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1580:
1576:
1575:
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1570:
1546:
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1499:
1491:: Ivan R. Dee.
1482:
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1454:Hollander, Paul
1452:
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1417:Further reading
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1029:. p. 407.
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1001:militera.lib.ru
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915:
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902:, eds. (1999).
894:
893:
884:
879:
843:Fraternal party
811:
767:
755:fellow traveler
731:fellow traveler
700:Joseph McCarthy
692:
628:
611:Granville Hicks
603:fellow traveler
520:John Dos Passos
482:fellow traveler
461:rather than by
439:racial equality
399:
394:
392:American usages
347:
313:
307:
304:
254:Vsevolod Ivanov
215:
210:
208:European usages
156:Communist front
152:fellow traveler
132:fellow traveler
92:intelligentsiya
66:fellow traveler
55:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1517:Viereck, Peter
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1288:(2): 153–169.
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1244:
1237:
1216:
1214:, p. 146.
1204:
1192:
1174:
1161:10.2307/440907
1155:(4): 173–190.
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1067:(3): 280–306.
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988:
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871:Putinversteher
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713:and political
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541:Malcolm Cowley
528:anti-Communist
447:social justice
421:young people,
398:
395:
393:
390:
346:
343:
335:denazification
312:
309:
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291:) used by the
281:Victor Suvorov
214:
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30:For the novel
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1342:9780061138799
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1036:0-00-215399-8
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896:Bullock, Alan
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674:, denouncing
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569:
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560:
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553:Joseph Stalin
550:
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531:
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508:
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498:
494:
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467:Popular Front
464:
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451:Jim Crow laws
448:
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436:
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428:
427:intellectuals
424:
420:
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367:
366:umbrella term
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349:For the term
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250:Boris Pilnyak
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186:(neutral) or
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128:U.S. politics
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113:Western world
111:era, but the
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62:
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53:
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37:
36:Thomas Mallon
33:
19:
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1506:
1484:
1457:
1427:
1424:Caute, David
1408:
1401:Bibliography
1380:Random House
1373:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1326:
1318:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1247:
1227:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1186:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1134:the original
1127:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1091:
1081:
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1054:
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1016:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
991:
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948:
942:
936:. p. 2.
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927:
918:
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903:
862:
858:Useful idiot
828:Fifth column
818:(miniseries)
815:
802:
798:
794:
793:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
768:
754:
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730:
719:McCarthy Era
708:
693:
669:
660:, President
650:
643:
629:
608:
602:
594:
592:
579:
572:Nazi Germany
561:
534:
532:
509:
496:
490:
485:
481:
471:
459:anti-fascism
443:civil rights
417:, motivated
402:
400:
386:anti-fascist
381:
377:
361:
350:
348:
324:
320:
314:
311:Nazi Germany
298:
279:
246:
236:
233:Leon Trotsky
228:
223:
222:
216:
183:Sympathisant
171:sympathisant
159:
151:
131:
125:
116:
104:
90:
87:Leon Trotsky
82:
71:Soviet Union
65:
64:
59:
58:
56:
31:
715:witch hunts
711:moral panic
690:McCarthyism
549:Waldo Frank
382:Synodiporia
362:Synodiporia
355:reactionary
196:connotation
174:in France;
1550:Categories
1525:Piscataway
1223:Quoted in
1212:Baker 1985
1200:Baker 1985
1108:25 October
1025:. London:
877:References
743:Republican
727:subversion
584:Eric Foner
539:magazine,
524:right-wing
486:The Nation
478:Max Lerner
431:capitalism
419:idealistic
370:democratic
331:war crimes
219:Bolsheviks
204:in Italy.
194:(negative
177:Weggenosse
136:pejorative
1561:Communism
1310:144274909
1006:31 August
864:Mitläufer
778:poputchik
751:blacklist
747:U.S. Army
676:Stalinism
615:Communist
491:In 1938,
411:Communism
326:Mitläufer
321:poputchik
237:Poputchik
224:Poputchik
190:Mitläufer
146:" of the
140:Communism
121:Communism
109:Stalinist
105:poputchik
83:poputchik
75:Bolshevik
1519:(1981).
1462:New York
1456:(1981).
1426:(1973).
1089:(1949).
1073:23381085
809:See also
717:was the
678:and the
653:Cold War
582:(2003),
503:(HUAC).
463:pacifism
388:Greeks.
378:Diethnis
303:—
270:Imagists
231:(1923),
1566:Marxism
1489:Chicago
1302:1405411
723:treason
619:fascism
474:fascism
423:artists
289:говноед
285:Russian
266:Yesenin
1535:
1511:online
1495:
1472:
1442:
1432:London
1386:
1339:
1333:240–43
1308:
1300:
1260:17 May
1235:
1169:440907
1167:
1099:
1071:
1033:
955:
853:Tankie
640:Allies
557:purges
425:, and
353:, the
345:Greece
274:Kliuev
260:, the
73:, the
63:(also
34:, see
1306:S2CID
1298:JSTOR
1165:JSTOR
1069:JSTOR
848:Pinko
162:are:
1533:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1262:2010
1233:ISBN
1129:Time
1110:2017
1097:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1008:2021
953:ISBN
725:and
595:Time
574:and
514:and
445:and
213:USSR
168:and
42:and
1290:doi
1157:doi
555:'s
488:).
293:GRU
126:In
1552::
1531:.
1527::
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1378:.
1335:.
1304:.
1296:.
1286:30
1284:.
1177:^
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1065:84
1063:.
999:.
898:;
885:^
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287::
264:,
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54:.
20:)
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