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efforts to block
Franklin Roosevelt's military preparedness policy. Strikes at Harville Die-Casting Company, Alcoa, and North American Aviation were widely seen within the Roosevelt administration as communist-inspired for ideological reasons, rather than for better wages and working conditions. The most important strike seen as communist-inspired was at the North American Aviation aircraft plant in Los Angeles on 5 June 1941. The plant built bombers for the U. S. and British governments, and the strike was seen as a serious threat to American aid to the Allies. The federal government seized the plant and army troops forced open paths through the picket lines to allow workers to enter the plant.
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played prominent roles in the Flint sit-down strike, Martin first suspended, then expelled, Mortimer and his other opponents on the UAW's
Executive Board. The CIO leadership, alarmed by the possibility that sectarian infighting might destroy the UAW, forced Martin to reinstate the Executive Board members. When the reconstituted Executive Board ordered Martin to sever his ties with Lovestone and to submit all his public announcements to it for its approval, he attempted to suspend the majority of the Board, including both his opponents associated with the CP, such as Mortimer, their allies, such as
1946:, Chairman of the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA), came to Cleveland to demand that they support Thomas. Eager not to appear as sectarians and thus endanger their role within the CIO at large, the CP leadership had the Communists within the UAW support Thomas and also permit the elimination of the Vice-President positions that they had held. At the same time, the CP began dissolving its factions within the UAW and dropping its shop papers as it aligned itself even more closely with the New Deal. In the name of labor unity, the CP undertook a tactical retreat.
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Longshore
Workers Union (ILWU) called for a speedup of the pace of work - which may not have been inconsistent with the union's goal of controlling the way that work was done on the docks - but certainly sounded strange coming from the union that had previous relentlessly fought employers on the issue. Bridges, Joseph Curran of the NMU and Julius Emspak of the UE even supported a proposal by Roosevelt in 1944 to militarize some civilian workplaces, but retreated when the rest of the CIO executive board reacted furiously against it.
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greater rank-and-file control of the union, but have no political relationship with the CP and only marginal influence within the labor movement as a whole. The ILWU has since reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO. Others, such as Mine, Mill, survived; it later merged with its ideological opponent, the
Steelworkers, just as the Farm Equipment union eventually was absorbed by the UAW with the latter adding "Farm Implement Workers" to their long official name. Others, such as the Food and Tobacco Workers, disappeared.
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2095:. At that point, the CP changed into unqualified supporters for the war effort. For their labor allies, that meant not only unconditional support for a wartime no-strike pledge - which the rest of the labor movement had endorsed to some degree - but also opposition to anything that would compromise anti-fascist unity at home. The CP's opponents within the labor movement would also use CP's sudden change against them in the factional battles of the years to come.
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rights, supporting the creation of the Fair
Employment Practices Committee and fighting for equal treatment of black workers in the unions in which they had a presence. These battles were particularly fierce within the UAW, many of whose white members had engaged in hate strikes to protest either the hiring or promotion of black workers in their plants and who had engaged in the massive race riots in Detroit in 1943.
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1836:, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but largely wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the
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other minority workers and the education of UAW members generally, they disagreed over whether the head of that department should always be
African-American. In the end, the 1943 UAW Convention defeated both sides' proposals on a voice vote after a heated debate in which many delegates opposed taking any stand on civil rights as being outside the union's economic sphere.
1964:
Coming" to sum up the Party's position. What is more, the CP now repudiated its
Popular Front strategies of the previous four years, attacking President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration's efforts to support France and Britain against Germany as a campaign to lead the US into an imperialist war. The federal government responded by arresting
2013:
result in either their expulsion or split the CIO. So while internal political disputes kept the battles raging within unions such as the UAW, the UE and the IWA, the CP agreed to a compromise that forced them to accept the label of "totalitarian," but allowed them to maintain their positions within the CIO itself.
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The CP suffered a series of setbacks in the immediate postwar era. The most serious was their complete rout in the UAW, where Walter
Reuther's slate finally triumphed in 1947 after years of inconclusive struggles with the Addes and Frankensteen faction. Reuther subsequently drove all of his principal
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had provoked in the years immediately before the United States' entry into the war. But the CP and its allies now embraced the pledge with such fervor, at the expense of traditional union principles some said, that it made the Party's commitment to unionism suspect. Harry
Bridges of the International
2012:
Murray did not, however, insist on banning
Communists from the CIO; on the contrary, he had no desire to provoke a public fight over the CP's politics or CP members' role within either the CIO or its affiliates. This suited the Party, which likewise did not want to risk a showdown that could possibly
2004:
over Roosevelt for President that year. Philip Murray, Lewis' successor as head of the CIO, was determined to stop the spread of the CP's influence in the CIO and to demonstrate to the public at large that the CIO was not controlled by the CP. To that end he insisted on a resolution at the CIO's 1940
1978:
At the same time that their break with Roosevelt isolated them within the CIO, opponents of the CP outside the labor movement stepped up their attacks on the loyalty of Party members, accusing them, among other things, of engaging in sabotage by supporting strikes of aircraft workers during the UAW's
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and denounced the CP when the CP broke with the Roosevelt Administration. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union it continued to attack Randolph's proposed March, but now on the ground that it undermined the unity needed to win the war. The CP did not, on the other hand, abandon its support for civil
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and the foremost African-American unionist of the time, urged a march on Washington in 1941 to underscore black workers' demands for the elimination of job discrimination in war industries, the CP attacked him relentlessly. This is more than ironic: the CP had championed black workers' rights in the
1990:
The CP also lost ground within the CIO. While the CP believed it could shelter itself within the CIO by continuing to loyally support Lewis, who also opposed a third term for Roosevelt, that reliance on Lewis was misplaced. Lewis was prepared both to use the CP and to get rid of CP members when they
1963:
The CP made it easier for its opponents by making a number of sudden and shocking changes in policy. After the Hitler-Stalin pact, the CP campaigned vigorously against any US involvement in the war against fascism; a journalist with the CP's Weekly Worker newspaper coined the slogan "The Yanks Ain't
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To the extent that the CP has had any residual effect on the American union movement, after helping to organize some industrial unions, its only legacy has been its opposition to racial discrimination and its commitment to organizing the lowest-paid workers. "Old left" unionists played an important
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That battle inevitably became part of the larger battle between the Addes and Frankensteen group within the UAW, which the CP supported, and the Walter Reuther-led opposition. While each faction supported creation of a 'minority department' within the UAW to deal with the special needs of black and
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took control of both the House and Senate. That Congress passed the Taft–Hartley Act, which, among other things, required all union officers to sign an affidavit that they were not Communists in order for the union to bring a case before the NLRB. Reuther had three of the CP-leaning leaders of UAW
2151:
That attempt to submerge itself in the broader coalition to support Roosevelt and the Soviet Union probably did more to damage the Party's standing with many of its most reliable supporters than to make it look safe or respectable to people outside the Party. The Comintern changed direction a year
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and others within the CIO leadership by coming out strongly in support of Roosevelt for the duration of the war and working diligently in the CIO's political efforts. The Party also grew tremendously during the war years and even took the step, in the wake of the formal alliance between the United
2140:, but which were still anathema, particularly to unionists in mass production industries such as automobile manufacturing. Walter Reuther used this issue to great effect against the CP and its allies at the UAW's 1943 Convention, where his slate fell just short of defeating Addes and Frankensteen.
2401:. But by the 1950s and 1960s, present and former members of the CPUSA did not advertise their membership or try to use organizing victories to recruit new members. The Party by that time was too weak, membership having declined fairly continuously since early in the Eisenhower (and McCarthy) era.
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Martin only succeeded, however, in bringing about his own downfall. After he failed to persuade the UAW Convention in 1937 to give him authority to fire organizers and eliminate local union newspapers, Martin set out to expel his rivals. After firing or transferring a number of CP members who had
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The CP has, for all effects and purposes, no presence in or influence on the American union movement. Some of the expelled unions, such as the ILWU and UE, survived outside the AFL-CIO, maintaining their political principles, in particular solidarity with labor's struggles around the world and
2016:
Communist influence in labor unions was seen by the Roosevelt administration as a serious threat to US military preparedness. As the US military built up in 1940 and 1941, US Secretary of War Henry Stimson was convinced that labor strikes and slowdowns at key facilities were due to the CPUSA's
1908:. That nearly split the UAW. After skirmishes at the UAW headquarters and some local unions, the expelled Executive Board members, with the support of the CIO, regained control in 1939 and expelled Martin. He left with about 20,000 members to form his own union, which affiliated with the
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The CP was more vocal and consistent in supporting the wartime no-strike pledge - a position that ultimately cost it much support within the labor movement. The CIO and the AFL each supported the pledge in general, particularly after the furor strikes in the aircraft industry and at
1949:
The CP's conciliatory stance did not, however, protect it from its other factional rivals within the UAW. The working alliance between the CP and the Socialists in the UAW had broken down in 1938 over differences over the CP's support for "collective security", an alliance of the
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in early 1948. Anti-communist unionists then took the battle to the City and State Councils, where they attempted to oust Communist leaders who did not support the CIO's position on the Marshall Plan and Wallace. A number of former allies or members of the Party, including
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and in staff positions in a number of other unions. Those persons had an uneasy relationship with Murray while he headed the CIO. He mistrusted the radicalism of some of their positions and was innately far more sympathetic to anti-Communist organizations such as the
1954:
with the non-fascist nations of the West against Hitler. The Socialist Party, at that time even further left than the CP on many issues, organized a separate caucus within the Executive Board that, from that point forward, opposed the CP and its alliance partners.
1975:(or UE) who had worked closely with Communist UE officials in the past, now distanced himself from them over their opposition to a third term for Roosevelt. The UAW passed several resolutions condemning both Nazis and Communists at its Conventions.
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1868:. Some say that Americans downplayed political and social agendas for the sake of unity, so that short-term gains and building strong unions came at the cost of a potential labor party. Others say the left lost its power to lead the
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when sent to assist it in organizing lumber workers in the Northwest in 1940. At the same time Lewis abolished the position of west coast director of the CIO, which Harry Bridges had held, limiting his authority to California.
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Whatever protection the CP could have hoped to receive from Lewis evaporated in any event in 1940, when Lewis abruptly resigned from his position as President of the CIO following his baffling decision to support
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2318:, to replace the UE, which left the CIO rather than purge its leadership. The CP, which once held positions of influence at every level within the CIO and many of its affiliates, was now driven out of the CIO.
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The CIO itself was slower to join the purge. Persons associated with the CP did, in fact, exercise a good deal of influence in a number of CIO unions in the 1940s, both in the leadership of unions such as the
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systems in the electrical and automobile industries, which it defended as both necessary to boost production and a way to improve workers' earnings under the wartime wage control systems imposed by the
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Stepan-Norris, Judith, and Maurice Zeitlin. " 'Who Gets the Bird?' or, How the Communists Won Power and Trust in America's Unions: The Relative Autonomy of Intraclass Political Struggles."
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The CP was in a particularly strong position at that point: it was the leading player in the Left-Center coalition that had defeated Martin and would have been able to elect
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2264:. He also believed, however, that making anti-Communism a crusade would only strengthen labor's enemies and the rival AFL at a time when labor unity was most important.
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Scholars disagree why the American union movement never formed a major labor party, and why American workers have never embraced socialist parties. German sociologist
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Murray might have let the status quo continue, even while Reuther and others within the CIO attacked Communists in their unions, if the CPUSA had not chosen to back
1840:'s (CIO) expulsion of unions in which the party held the most influence in 1950. The expelled parties were often raided by stronger unions, and most withered away.
1892:, first president of the UAW, sought to drive out all of the left activists within the UAW in order to eliminate any rival contenders for power. Martin brought in
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role in organizing hospital workers into District 1199 in New York in the 1950s and 1960s; CP veterans also contributed to the organizing successes of the
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no longer served his purposes, as demonstrated by the activities of his lieutenant, Adolph Germer, who actively undercut the CP leadership within the
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The Party had, however, strong political differences with Randolph, even before it became a supporter of the war: he had resigned as head of the
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Local 248 in Milwaukee—one of the CP's bastions and including some of Reuther's bitterest enemies—expelled for their refusal to sign the oath.
1987:, were so wide of the mark as to discredit the accusers, the tide of unfavorable publicity made any association with the CP that much riskier.
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by what commenters charged were 'ideological zig-zags'. The Communist role within the labor movement support parts of all of these theses.
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The CP's opponents within the labor movement capitalized on the Party's break with FDR to attack it. James Carey, the president of the
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Eidlin, Barry. "Why is there no labor party in the United States? Political articulation and the Canadian comparison, 1932 to 1948."
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States and the Soviet Union, to formally dissolve itself, or at least rename itself as the Communist Political Association in 1944.
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2009:, the most highly placed CP ally within the CIO, presented the resolution in his role as secretary of the resolutions committee.
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looked at weaknesses in the working class, and Kim Voss emphasized early union formations. Others argue that a strain of
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Murray began by removing Bridges from his position as the California Regional Director for the CIO and letting go first
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campaign for President in 1948. That, and an increasingly bitter division over whether the CIO should support the
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later, when it ejected Browder from the Party, reestablished the CPUSA and installed Foster as its Chairman.
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Keeran, Roger R. " 'Everything for Victory': Communist Influence in the Auto Industry during World War II."
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conference that condemned Communism, along with Nazism and fascism, as "inimical to the welfare of labor."
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The CP's policy toward President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and war changed as soon as Hitler invaded the
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Luff, Jennifer. "Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, 1920–49."
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According to some reports, when Hillman and Murray could not bring Mortimer and his supporters around,
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After the 1948 election, the CIO took the fight one step further in 1950, expelling the ILWU, the
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Halpern, Martin. "The 1939 UAW convention: Turning point for communist power in the auto union?"
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past, even when it complicated their efforts to organize textile workers or miners in the South.
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organizing drive in that industry. While some of these accusations, such as those made by the
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2733:(Plantin Press, 1947) on the 1937 sit-down strike at General Motors' Flint, Michigan, plant.
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The change in CP policy led to some startlingly inconsistent positions on its part. When
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Klehr, Harvey, and John E. Haynes. "Communists and the CIO: From the Soviet archives."
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The most dangerous man in Detroit : Walter Reuther and the fate of American labor
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2532:(Washington: US Army, Center of Military History, 1999) 14-16, 19-30.
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102:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2752:
Communists within the Labor Movement; the facts and countermeasures
1904:, and the UAW leaders associated with the Socialist Party, such as
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found itself under sharp attack from its opponents within the UAW.
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American Vanguard: A History of the United Auto Workers, 1935–1970
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compared the US and Canada and asked why Canada had more success;
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Union Membership: Percent of NonAgricultural Workforce 1930-2005
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It didn't happen here: why socialism failed in the United States
169:"Communist Party USA and American labor movement" 1937–1950
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Labor and Communism, The Conflict that Shaped American Unions
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and the most powerful force within the CIO after Lewis, and
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by the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America.
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The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics
2465:
The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics
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Communists in the United States labor movement (1919–1937)
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Communists in the United States labor movement (1937–1950)
1935:, who came to the convention to demand the selection of
1973:
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America
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made US workers resistant to parties that emphasized
160:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2650:Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit
2579:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor Leaders
2546:Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?
2478:Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?
2614:The Communist Party and the Auto Workers' Unions
2781:History of labor relations in the United States
2698:Left Out: Reds and America's Industrial Unions.
2143:On the other hand, the CP mended fences with
1809:
8:
2696:Stepan-Norris, Judith, and Maurice Zeitlin.
2700:by Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin
2480:(Princeton University Press, 2007) pp 1-19.
2360:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2194:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2156:The post-war era and expulsion from the CIO
2059:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1816:
1802:
1314:World Socialist Party of the United States
296:
2380:Learn how and when to remove this message
2316:International Union of Electrical Workers
2214:Learn how and when to remove this message
2079:Learn how and when to remove this message
1832:(CP) and its allies played a role in the
1382:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
447:Communist Party USA and African Americans
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2489:Seymour Martin Lipset, and Gary Marks,
2456:
2262:Association of Catholic Trade Unionists
1959:Break with the Roosevelt administration
1925:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
1600:A People's History of the United States
308:
2312:Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers Union
1412:International Workingmen's Association
1184:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
2652:(1995). a major scholarly biography;
2021:World War II and the no-strike pledge
1852:emphasized the absence of socialism.
7:
2676:(University of Illinois Press, 1988)
2643:Communism, Anticommunism and the CIO
2358:adding citations to reliable sources
2192:adding citations to reliable sources
2057:adding citations to reliable sources
1993:International Woodworkers of America
1880:After playing a leading role in the
1838:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1407:International Socialist Organization
158:adding citations to reliable sources
2786:Anti-communism in the United States
2548:(Princeton University Press, 2007)
2104:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1876:Factionalism, zig zags and retreats
1174:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
2811:Labor history of the United States
2702:(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
2662:(Cambridge University Press, 1982)
2567:(Princeton University Press, 1977)
2253:Transport Workers Union of America
1968:and a number of other CP leaders.
1933:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
1522:Workers Party of the United States
1492:Social Democratic Party of America
1239:Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
1214:Party for Socialism and Liberation
25:
2493:(WW Norton & Company, 2000).
1931:, Lewis' protégé and head of the
1507:Students for a Democratic Society
1342:American Union of Associationists
1326:Inactive or defunct organizations
42:This article has multiple issues.
2683:(Rutgers University Press, 1992)
2595:UAW Politics in the Cold War Era
2425:
2411:
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2029:
1912:(AFL). Lovestone left with him.
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1497:Socialist Labor Party of America
1432:Maoist Internationalist Movement
1422:Labor Party of the United States
1189:Green Party of the United States
1164:Democratic Socialists of America
320:
236:
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72:
31:
2667:Journal of Contemporary History
1377:Democratic Socialist Federation
1209:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
1194:Industrial Workers of the World
145:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
2806:Communism in the United States
2776:Espionage in the United States
1565:International Socialist Review
1472:Revolutionary Socialist League
1:
2791:Political and cultural purges
1149:Black Riders Liberation Party
388:1877 St. Louis general strike
2688:American Sociological Review
2572:American Sociological Review
2530:Industrialists in Olive Drab
2519:(Wayne State U. Press, 2004)
1910:American Federation of Labor
1834:United States labor movement
1487:Social Democratic Federation
1477:Revolutionary Youth Movement
1467:Proletarian Party of America
1397:Independent Socialist League
1367:Communist League of Struggle
1254:South Carolina Workers Party
393:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1527:Young Patriots Organization
1482:Social Democracy of America
1362:Communist League of America
1274:Socialist Rifle Association
1154:Black Socialists in America
249:to comply with Knowledge's
98:the claims made and adding
2827:
2801:1940s in the United States
2796:1930s in the United States
2679:Rosswurm, Steve, (editor)
1502:Socialist Party of America
1204:National Progressive Party
568:2007–2008 financial crisis
442:American Protective League
430:Repression and persecution
2681:The CIO's Left-Led Unions
2674:Workers on the Waterfront
2231:to complete the process.
1882:United Automobile Workers
1169:Freedom Party of New York
563:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2581:(Greenwood Press, 1974).
1790:United States portal
1658:Bill of Rights socialism
1402:International Socialists
1372:Communist Workers' Party
1332:American Indian Movement
1264:Socialist Equality Party
437:American Defense Society
398:Catholic Worker Movement
300:This article is part of
262:may contain suggestions.
247:may need to be rewritten
2645:(Greenwood Press, 1981)
2641:Levenstein, Harvey A.
2433:Organized labour portal
2305:National Maritime Union
2257:Fur and Leather Workers
2112:National Negro Congress
1862:American exceptionalism
1673:Individualist anarchism
1279:Socialist Workers Party
1229:Progressive Labor Party
1219:Peace and Freedom Party
1179:Freedom Socialist Party
2658:Lichtenstein, Nelson.
2648:Lichtenstein, Nelson.
2131:The CP also supported
2125:Allis-Chalmers Company
1347:American Workers Party
1299:Working Families Party
551:Poor People's Campaign
493:Seattle General Strike
2669:53.1 (2018): 109-133.
2638:35.3 (1994): 442-446.
2624:Science & Society
2588:33.2 (1992): 190-216.
2574:81.3 (2016): 488-516.
2502:Nelson Lichtenstein,
2446:Wildcat strike action
1854:Seymour Martin Lipset
1698:Libertarian socialism
1442:New American Movement
1259:Social Democrats, USA
1249:Socialist Alternative
473:Espionage Act of 1917
2740:(Beacon Press, 1971)
2736:Mortimer, Wyndham.
2731:The Many and the Few
2726:(Beacon Press, 1970)
2354:improve this section
2188:improve this section
2053:improve this section
1902:Richard Frankensteen
1778:Socialism portal
1738:Scientific socialism
1663:Democratic socialism
1337:American Labor Party
1143:Active organizations
524:Black power movement
403:Green Corn Rebellion
313:in the United States
154:improve this article
2660:Labor's War at Home
2399:United Farm Workers
2102:, President of the
1653:Anarcho-syndicalism
1605:Voluntary Socialism
1517:White Panther Party
1512:Weather Underground
1352:Black Panther Party
1309:Working Class Party
1304:Workers World Party
1269:Socialist Party USA
1199:Legal Marijuana Now
1159:Communist Party USA
541:March on Washington
452:Communist Party USA
342:Bishop Hill Commune
2708:The CIO, 1935–1955
2706:Zieger, Robert H.
2600:Kampelman, Max M.
2597:(SUNY Press, 1988)
2593:Halpern, Martin.
2463:Max M. Kampelman,
2100:A. Philip Randolph
1452:Nonpartisan League
1392:Human Rights Party
1387:Farmer–Labor Party
573:Occupy Wall Street
483:John Birch Society
408:Labor unionization
83:possibly contains
2690:(1989): 503-523.
2390:
2389:
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2297:Transport Workers
2286:in late 1947 and
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1826:
1825:
1758:Utopian socialism
1733:Post-left anarchy
1648:Anarcho-communism
1595:The Other America
1294:Spartacist League
621:Bellamy (Francis)
336:Utopian socialism
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1713:Marxism–Leninism
1703:Market socialism
1585:Monopoly Capital
1580:Looking Backward
1545:Appeal to Reason
1244:Socialist Action
1224:Progressive Dane
966:Parsons (Albert)
846:Heywood (Angela)
616:Bellamy (Edward)
503:Smith Act trials
423:Women's suffrage
413:Haymarket affair
374:Oneida Community
363:Looking Backward
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2288:Lee Pressman
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2234:In 1946 the
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2186:Please help
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2051:Please help
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2015:
2011:
2007:Lee Pressman
1998:
1989:
1977:
1970:
1966:Earl Browder
1962:
1952:Soviet Union
1948:
1944:Earl Browder
1941:
1917:George Addes
1914:
1898:
1890:Homer Martin
1879:
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1723:Minimum wage
1693:Labor unions
1555:Daily Worker
701:Davis (Mike)
557:Contemporary
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147:verification
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58:
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44:Please help
41:
2284:Len De Caux
2273:third party
1937:R.J. Thomas
1427:Labor Party
488:McCarthyism
369:New Harmony
2770:Categories
2293:Mike Quill
1753:Trotskyism
1688:Labor laws
1575:The Jungle
1437:Red Guards
1284:Solidarity
1021:Ruthenberg
916:McReynolds
816:Harrington
741:Ehrenreich
681:Carmichael
529:COINTELPRO
347:Brook Farm
180:newspapers
92:improve it
47:improve it
2738:Organize!
2452:Footnotes
2370:July 2023
2341:does not
2204:July 2023
2175:does not
2133:piecework
2069:July 2023
2040:does not
1748:Socialism
1728:Mutualism
1677:in the US
1642:in the US
1638:Anarchism
1447:New Party
1066:Shachtman
901:Lovestone
518:movements
498:Smith Act
466:1937–1957
461:1919–1937
357:Jonestown
311:Socialism
268:June 2023
260:talk page
210:June 2023
108:June 2023
96:verifying
53:talk page
2616:(1980);
2405:See also
1615:ZNetwork
1031:Sandburg
1011:Roediger
986:Randolph
936:Mitchell
861:Hillquit
756:Feinberg
691:Cockburn
641:Brisbane
636:Bookchin
611:Balagoon
546:New Left
512:Anti-war
352:Icarians
302:a series
2710:(1995)
2604:(1957)
2550:excerpt
2506:(1995).
2467:(1957).
2362:removed
2347:sources
2303:of the
2295:of the
2196:removed
2181:sources
2061:removed
2046:sources
1708:Marxism
1570:Jacobin
1560:Dissent
1121:Zeidler
1086:Tankian
1036:Sanders
961:Parenti
926:Morello
891:Labadie
876:Jameson
871:Hoffman
836:Hawkins
811:Hampton
806:Hammett
796:Guthrie
786:Graeber
781:Goldman
776:Gilmore
751:Fearing
736:Du Bois
731:Dreiser
726:De Leon
686:Chomsky
651:Browder
631:Berkman
601:Andrews
454:in the
418:May Day
331:History
194:scholar
90:Please
2692:online
2654:online
2628:online
2618:online
2606:online
2558:(2004)
1718:Maoism
1126:Zerzan
1101:Turner
1091:Thomas
1081:Sweezy
1071:Shakur
1061:Seidel
1056:Seeger
1046:Sawant
1016:Rustin
1006:Rocker
991:Ripley
941:Newton
896:London
881:Keller
841:Hedges
791:Greene
771:Gitlow
766:Foster
721:Dennis
676:Cantor
671:Cannon
661:Butler
646:Brooks
626:Berger
606:Avrich
596:Alston
585:People
258:. The
196:
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1539:Works
1289:Spark
1111:Wolff
1096:Tlaib
1076:Stone
1051:Seale
1041:Sakai
1026:Sacco
1001:Rocha
981:Piven
976:Piker
946:Noyes
921:Moore
911:Marcy
746:Ervin
666:Cabet
591:Abern
201:JSTOR
187:books
2345:any
2343:cite
2299:and
2255:and
2245:ILWU
2179:any
2177:cite
2044:any
2042:cite
1828:The
1131:Zinn
1116:Wood
1106:West
996:Reed
956:Ochs
931:Most
886:King
866:Hoan
856:Hill
801:Hall
761:Ford
716:Debs
706:Dean
656:Bush
514:and
173:news
2356:by
2271:'s
2190:by
2055:by
1983:or
906:Lum
821:Hay
711:Day
156:by
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2772::
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