Botnet - Knowledge (XXG)

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typically lie dormant since they have no way of receiving instructions. To mitigate this problem, a botnet can consist of several servers or channels. If one of the servers or channels becomes disabled, the botnet simply switches to another. It is still possible to detect and disrupt additional botnet servers or channels by sniffing IRC traffic. A botnet adversary can even potentially gain knowledge of the control scheme and imitate the bot herder by issuing commands correctly.

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hack into accounts. The idea is to overwhelm sites with tens of thousands of requests from different IPs all over the world, but with each bot only submitting a single request every 10 minutes or so, which can result in more than 5 million attempts per day. In these cases, many tools try to leverage volumetric detection, but automated bot attacks now have ways of circumventing triggers of volumetric detection.

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One of the techniques for detecting these bot attacks is what's known as "signature-based systems" in which the software will attempt to detect patterns in the request packet. However, attacks are constantly evolving, so this may not be a viable option when patterns cannot be discerned from thousands

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are one of the most common uses for botnets, in which multiple systems submit as many requests as possible to a single Internet computer or service, overloading it and preventing it from servicing legitimate requests. An example is an attack on a victim's server. The victim's server is bombarded with

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Botnets can be used for many electronic scams. These botnets can be used to distribute malware such as viruses to take control of a regular users computer/software By taking control of someone's personal computer they have unlimited access to their personal information, including passwords and login

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is often a consequence of malicious bot activity, according to CHEQ, Ad Fraud 2019, The Economic Cost of Bad Actors on the Internet. Commercial purposes of bots include influencers using them to boost their supposed popularity, and online publishers using bots to increase the number of clicks an ad

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is software which sends information to its creators about a user's activities – typically passwords, credit card numbers and other information that can be sold on the black market. Compromised machines that are located within a corporate network can be worth more to the bot herder, as they can

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One problem with using IRC is that each bot client must know the IRC server, port, and channel to be of any use to the botnet. Anti-malware organizations can detect and shut down these servers and channels, effectively halting the botnet attack. If this happens, clients are still infected, but they

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IRC networks use simple, low bandwidth communication methods, making them widely used to host botnets. They tend to be relatively simple in construction and have been used with moderate success for coordinating DDoS attacks and spam campaigns while being able to continually switch channels to avoid

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until they identify another infected machine. The contacted bot replies with information such as its software version and list of known bots. If one of the bots' version is lower than the other, they will initiate a file transfer to update. This way, each bot grows its list of infected machines and

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Researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara took control of a botnet that was six times smaller than expected. In some countries, it is common that users change their IP address a few times in one day. Estimating the size of the botnet by the number of IP addresses is often used by

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Detecting automated bot attacks is becoming more difficult each day as newer and more sophisticated generations of bots are getting launched by attackers. For example, an automated attack can deploy a large bot army and apply brute-force methods with highly accurate username and password lists to

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Computer security experts have succeeded in destroying or subverting malware command and control networks, by, among other means, seizing servers or getting them cut off from the Internet, denying access to domains that were due to be used by malware to contact its C&C infrastructure, and, in

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Global law enforcement agencies, with the DOJ and FBI, dismantled the 911 S5 botnet, responsible for $ 5.9 billion in theft and various cybercrimes. Chinese national YunHe Wang, charged with operating the botnet, faces up to 65 years in prison. Authorities seized $ 60 million in assets, including

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The rise in vulnerable IoT devices has led to an increase in IoT-based botnet attacks. To address this, a novel network-based anomaly detection method for IoT called N-BaIoT was introduced. It captures network behavior snapshots and employs deep autoencoders to identify abnormal traffic from

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Additionally, comparing different ways of detecting botnets is really useful for researchers. It helps them see how well each method works compared to others. This kind of comparison is good because it lets researchers evaluate the methods fairly and find ways to make them better.

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Newer botnets fully operate over P2P networks. Rather than communicate with a centralized server, P2P bots perform as both a command distribution server and a client which receives commands. This avoids having any single point of failure, which is an issue for centralized botnets.

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Disadvantages of using this method are that it uses a considerable amount of bandwidth at large scale, and domains can be quickly seized by government agencies with little effort. If the domains controlling the botnets are not seized, they are also easy targets to compromise with

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Self-spreading functionality, to seek for pre-configured command-and-control (CNC) pushed instruction contains targeted devices or network, to aim for more infection, is also spotted in several botnets. Some of the botnets are utilizing this function to automate their

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Taking Down Botnets: Public and Private Efforts to Disrupt and Dismantle Cybercriminal Networks: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, July 15,

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of requests. There is also the behavioral approach to thwarting bots, which ultimately tries to distinguish bots from humans. By identifying non-human behavior and recognizing known bot behavior, this process can be applied at the user, browser, and network levels.

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and join a channel pre-designated for C&C by the bot herder. The bot herder sends commands to the channel via the IRC server. Each client retrieves the commands and executes them. Clients send messages back to the IRC channel with the results of their actions.

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Newer bots can automatically scan their environment and propagate themselves using vulnerabilities and weak passwords. Generally, the more vulnerabilities a bot can scan and propagate through, the more valuable it becomes to a botnet controller community.

184:. Infected clients access a predetermined location and await incoming commands from the server. The bot herder sends commands to the server, which relays them to the clients. Clients execute the commands and report their results back to the bot herder. 567:

program, which may come from an email attachment. This malware will typically install modules that allow the computer to be commanded and controlled by the botnet's operator. After the software is downloaded, it will call home (send a reconnection

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towards an IRC server that harbors the bots. While these free DNS services do not themselves host attacks, they provide reference points (often hard-coded into the botnet executable). Removing such services can cripple an entire botnet.

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compromised IoT devices. The method was tested by infecting nine IoT devices with Mirai and BASHLITE botnets, showing its ability to accurately and promptly detect attacks originating from compromised IoT devices within a botnet.

2477: 268:. A bot herder creates an IRC channel for infected clients to join. Messages sent to the channel are broadcast to all channel members. The bot herder may set the channel's topic to command the botnet. For example, the message 3277:

The size of bot networks peaked in mid-2004, with many using more than 100,000 infected machines, according to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer at MessageLabs.The average botnet size is now about 20,000 computers, he

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some cases, breaking into the C&C network itself. In response to this, C&C operators have resorted to using techniques such as overlaying their C&C networks on other existing benign infrastructure such as

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The botnet controller community constantly competes over who has the most bots, the highest overall bandwidth, and the most "high-quality" infected machines, like university, corporate, and even government machines.

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The botmaster may then use the bots to gather keystrokes or use form grabbing to steal online credentials and may rent out the botnet as DDoS and/or spam as a service or sell the credentials online for a

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services. This is one of the earliest types of C&C. A zombie computer accesses a specially-designed webpage or domain(s) which serves the list of controlling commands. The advantages of using

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Since most botnets using IRC networks and domains can be taken down with time, hackers have moved to P2P botnets with C&C to make the botnet more resilient and resistant to termination.

3440: 2987: 2469: 2185: 333:(DDoS). Most owners of zombie computers are unaware that their system is being used in this way. Because the owner tends to be unaware, these computers are metaphorically compared to 105:(malicious software) distribution. The controller of a botnet is able to direct the activities of these compromised computers through communication channels formed by standards-based 2737: 3584: 2277: 572:) to the host computer. When the re-connection is made, depending on how it is written, a Trojan may then delete itself or may remain present to update and maintain the modules. 3744: 1845: 2695: 2335: 811:

during a lawsuit with notorious spammer Khan C. Smith in 2001. The botnet was constructed for the purpose of bulk spam, and accounted for nearly 25% of all spam at the time.

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instructs the infected PC to connect to a particular command-and-control (C&C) server. (This allows the botmaster to keep logs of how many bots are active and online.)

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often gain access to confidential corporate information. Several targeted attacks on large corporations aimed to steal sensitive information, such as the Aurora botnet.

63:, and allow the attacker to access the device and its connection. The owner can control the botnet using command and control (C&C) software. The word "botnet" is a 3522: 2507: 2358: 449:

can be used to make it difficult to track down the control servers, which may change from day to day. Control servers may also hop from DNS domain to DNS domain, with

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botnets use a simple C&C botnet protocol in which bots connect to the main command server to host the botnet. Bots are added to the botnet by using a scanning

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was aimed at consumers, but most target enterprises and/or ISPs. Host-based techniques use heuristics to identify bot behavior that has bypassed conventional

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mining was used in some of the more recent botnets have which include bitcoin mining as a feature in order to generate profits for the operator of the botnet.

388:) standard is popular with botnets. The first known popular botnet controller script, "MaXiTE Bot" was using IRC XDCC protocol for private control commands. 3775: 208:

A peer-to-peer (P2P) network in which interconnected nodes ("peers") share resources among each other without the use of a centralized administrative system

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have been breached and control ceded to a third party. Each compromised device, known as a "bot," is created when a device is penetrated by software from a

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While botnets are often named after the malware that created them, multiple botnets typically use the same malware but are operated by different entities.

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Botnet command and control (C&C) protocols have been implemented in a number of ways, from traditional IRC approaches to more sophisticated versions.

252:" or "bot master") controls the botnet remotely. This is known as the command-and-control (C&C). The program for the operation must communicate via a 3180: 3973: 2064: 529:

A hacker purchases or builds a Trojan and/or exploit kit and uses it to start infecting users' computers, whose payload is a malicious application—the

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to communicate. These P2P bot programs perform the same actions as the client–server model, but they do not require a central server to communicate.

148:(the controller of the botnet) to perform all control from a remote location, which obfuscates the traffic. Many recent botnets now rely on existing 3558: 2624: 285:

Some botnets implement custom versions of well-known protocols. The implementation differences can be used for detection of botnets. For example,

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being taken down. However, in some cases, merely blocking of certain keywords has proven effective in stopping IRC-based botnets. The RFC 1459 (

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from the bot herder alerts all infected clients belonging to #channel to begin a DDoS attack on the website www.victim.com. An example response

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or domains as C&C is that a large botnet can be effectively controlled and maintained with very simple code that can be readily updated.

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has said that these types of attacks causing outages on major websites will continue to occur regularly due the use of botnets as a service.

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The geographic dispersal of botnets means that each recruit must be individually identified/corralled/repaired and limits the benefits of

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server default logins. Once a login is found, the scanning server can infect it through SSH with malware, which pings the control server.

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occurs when the user's computer visits websites without the user's awareness to create false web traffic for personal or commercial gain.

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Botnet architecture has evolved over time in an effort to evade detection and disruption. Traditionally, bot programs are constructed as

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The process of stealing computing resources as a result of a system being joined to a "botnet" is sometimes referred to as "scrumping".

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software in order to convince the malware that a system is vulnerable. The malicious files are then analyzed using forensic software.

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Computers can be co-opted into a botnet when they execute malicious software. This can be accomplished by luring users into making a

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The first botnets on the Internet used a client–server model to accomplish their tasks. Typically, these botnets operate through

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Schiller, Craig A.; Binkley, Jim; Harley, David; Evron, Gadi; Bradley, Tony; Willems, Carsten; Cross, Michael (1 January 2007).

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Schiller, Craig A.; Binkley, Jim; Harley, David; Evron, Gadi; Bradley, Tony; Willems, Carsten; Cross, Michael (1 January 2007).

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attacks use botnets to log in to many user accounts with stolen passwords, such as in the attack against General Motors in 2022.

5109: 4579: 3500: 4006:– an all-volunteer security watchdog group that gathers, tracks, and reports on malware, botnet activity, and electronic fraud 3418: 1724: 1690: 5272: 4936: 3856: 3529: 3304:"Symantec.cloud | Email Security, Web Security, Endpoint Protection, Archiving, Continuity, Instant Messaging Security" 2499: 2086: 3670: 3009: 2935: 5175: 4392: 4031: 2390: 2218: 2029: 290: 2819: 5257: 4014: 3334: 758: 325:

and can be used to perform malicious tasks under remote direction. Botnets of zombie computers are often used to spread

4584: 4505: 4305: 2529: 450: 114: 5282: 5262: 5195: 4561: 4519: 4175: 2850:"Detecting and Dismantling Botnet Command and Control Infrastructure using Behavioral Profilers and Bot Informants" 1747: 1666: 791:, held a hearing on the threats posed by botnets and the public and private efforts to disrupt and dismantle them. 761:

are analyzing botnets' behavior by simultaneously running one million Linux kernels—a similar scale to a botnet—as

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botnet diagram showing a DDoS attack. (Note this is also an example of a type of client–server model of a botnet.)

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to emulate a very large network, allowing them to watch how botnets work and experiment with ways to stop them.

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are e-mail messages disguised as messages from people, but are either advertising, annoying, or malicious.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism (2018).

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In response to efforts to detect and decapitate IRC botnets, bot herders have begun deploying malware on

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2018 26th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing (PDP)

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as a way to secure or lock down the botnet from others, most of the time when they use encryption it is

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Meidan, Yair (2018). "N-BaIoT-Network-Based Detection of IoT Botnet Attacks Using Deep Autoencoders".

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Putman, C. G. J.; Abhishta; Nieuwenhuis, L. J. M. (March 2018). "Business Model of a Botnet".

1646: 604: 593: 556: 337:. A coordinated DDoS attack by multiple botnet machines also resembles a zombie horde attack. 225: 217: 96: 17: 5252: 5205: 5170: 4898: 4869: 4834: 4621: 4541: 4481: 4245: 4235: 4130: 3245: 3135: 3127: 3088: 2983: 2788: 2427: 2422: 2213: 2117: 1949: 1875: 1800: 1562: 787:

On 15 July 2014, the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism of the Committee on the Judiciary,

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Depending on the quality and capability of the bots, the value is increased or decreased.

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The most capable method of using software to combat against a virus has been to utilize

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so that only someone with access to the private key can control the botnet, such as in

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requests by the bots, attempting to connect to the server, therefore, overloading it.

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Many large botnets tend to use domains rather than IRC in their construction (see

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found that around two-thirds of electronic "espionage" cases come from phishing.

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Collection of compromised internet-connected devices controlled by a third party

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Inference and Analysis of Formal Models of Botnet Command and Control Protocols

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into China to create a large ephemeral botnet to attack large targets such as

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This example illustrates how a botnet is created and used for malicious gain.

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BotSniffer: Detecting Botnet Command and Control Channels in Network Traffic

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In order to find other infected machines, P2P bots discreetly probe random

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Around 2006, to thwart detection, some botnets were scaling back in size.

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is a computer connected to the Internet that has been compromised by a

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Heron, Simon (1 April 2007). "Botnet command and control techniques".

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and has presented challenges in both implementing it and breaking it.

75:". The term is usually used with a negative or malicious connotation. 5043: 5018: 4793: 4768: 4310: 4170: 1543: 1101: 919: 625: 608: 505: 490: 482: 461: 360: 334: 314: 294: 293:(SMTP) implementation for testing spam capability. Bringing down the 286: 3970:"Botnet size may be exaggerated, says Enisa | Security Threats" 3114:

García, S.; Grill, M.; Stiborek, J.; Zunino, A. (1 September 2014).

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by a bot client alerts the bot herder that it has begun the attack.

3719:"Infosecurity (UK) - BredoLab downed botnet linked with Spamit.com" 3083: 2766: 2359:"Cybercriminals are using the Tor network to control their botnets" 1838:"Novice cyberciminals offer commercial access to five mini botnets" 1787: 4798: 4788: 4663: 3939:"This tiny botnet is launching the most powerful DDoS attacks yet" 3357:"Storm Worm network shrinks to about one-tenth of its former size" 2648:"Got a botnet? Thinking of using it to mine Bitcoin? Don't bother" 1022: 658:

receives, allowing sites to earn more commission from advertisers.

589: 465: 159: 68: 31: 4890: 2820:"The Number of People Who Fall for Phishing Emails Is Staggering" 2958:"Researchers Boot Million Linux Kernels to Help Botnet Research" 2676:. BitcoinMining.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 580:

In some cases, a botnet may be temporarily created by volunteer

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updates itself by periodically communicating to all known bots.

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systems that are not dependent on any fixed servers, and using

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allows the modification of legitimate web browsing traffic at

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IRC is a historically favored means of C&C because of its

110: 2332:"Walking through Win32/Jabberbot.A instant messaging C&C" 4149: 2500:"Here's why massive website outages will continue happening" 2268:"Reddit-powered botnet infected thousands of Macs worldwide" 1691:"Thingbots: The Future of Botnets in the Internet of Things" 3883:"EU police operation takes down malicious computer network" 3204:"EarthLink wins $ 25 million lawsuit against junk e-mailer" 2980:"Brute-Force Botnet Attacks Now Elude Volumetric Detection" 2617:"Credential-stuffing attack on GM exposes car owners' data" 453:

being used to create new DNS names for controller servers.

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Damon Briant, BOB.dc, Cotmonger, Hacktool.Spammer, Kraken

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to the client on the victim's machine (zombie computer).

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researchers, possibly leading to inaccurate assessments.

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which communicate via existing servers. This allows the

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Botnet Bust – "SpyEye Malware Mastermind Pleads Guilty"

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The first botnet was first acknowledged and exposed by

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to defeat attempts to break into or spoof the network.

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as commodities for a variety of purposes, including as

3799:"Spamhaus Declares Grum Botnet Dead, but Festi Surges" 3493:"Technology | Spam on rise after brief reprieve" 3116:"An empirical comparison of botnet detection methods" 3046:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2241:"First Twitter-controlled Android botnet discovered" 2147:"When Bots Use Social Media for Command and Control" 2087:"One of world's biggest botnets taken down, US says" 5214: 5153: 5097: 5011: 4965: 4929: 4827: 4651: 4461: 4161: 4061: 2443:"Anonymous 101 Part Deux: Morals Triumph Over Lulz" 51:-connected devices, each of which runs one or more 3772:"Oleg Nikolaenko, Mega-D Botmaster to Stand Trial" 3359:. Tech.Blorge.Com. 21 October 2007. Archived from 2116:. Burlington, Virginia: Syngress. pp. 77–95. 1973:Handbook of Information and Communication Security 1874:. Burlington, Virginia: Syngress. pp. 29–75. 4010:EWeek.com – "Is the Botnet Battle Already Lost?" 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 2875:Annual Computer Security Applications Conference 2789:"What is phishing? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 2694:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 871:MaXiTE XDCC Bot, MaXiTE IRC TCL Script, MaxServ 3693:"Botnet sics zombie soldiers on gimpy websites" 3523:"Sality: Story of a Peer-to-Peer Viral Network" 2530:"Operation Aurora — The Command Structure" 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 1971:. In Stamp, Mark; Stavroulakis, Peter (eds.). 191:, infected clients connect to an infected IRC 4906: 4629: 4039: 3443:. Msmvps.com. 2 February 2010. Archived from 3331:"Researchers hijack control of Torpig botnet" 2584:"Social Media Bots and Deceptive Advertising" 750:is software, developed with support from the 367:, which runs on an external server and scans 8: 3998:The Honeynet Project & Research Alliance 280:PRIVMSG #channel I am DDoSing www.victim.com 3667:"Top botnets control 1M hijacked computers" 3633:"Waledac botnet 'decimated' by MS takedown" 1904:"Botnets: Definition, Types, How They Work" 1012:Pandex, Mutant (related to: Wigon, Pushdo) 4913: 4899: 4891: 4636: 4622: 4614: 4046: 4032: 4024: 3177:"Atlanta Business Chronicle, Staff Writer" 2007:C.Y. Cho, D. Babic, R. Shin, and D. Song. 816: 4590:Security information and event management 3528:. Symantec. 3 August 2011. Archived from 3139: 3082: 2911: 2330:Dorais-Joncas, Alexis (30 January 2013). 2028:Teresa Dixon Murray (28 September 2012). 1786: 563:, or by tricking the user into running a 501:open source instant message protocol and 2759:"Uses of botnets | The Honeynet Project" 696:information to accounts. This is called 203: 3555:"How FBI, police busted massive botnet" 2391:"Cisco ASA Botnet Traffic Filter Guide" 2209:"Hackers Use Twitter to Control Botnet" 1682: 87:-connected devices, such as computers, 4957:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 2687: 2654:from the original on 14 September 2017 1662:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 584:, such as with implementations of the 512:to communicate with a C&C server. 481:Calling back to popular sites such as 4567:Host-based intrusion detection system 4000:– "Know your Enemy: Tracking Botnets" 3267:from the original on 12 November 2013 3020:from the original on 11 December 2022 2990:from the original on 14 November 2017 2188:from the original on 18 February 2017 621:Distributed denial-of-service attacks 7: 3976:from the original on 23 October 2012 3469:. The H security. 30 November 2007. 3156:from the original on 9 December 2022 2716:from the original on 20 October 2012 2510:from the original on 10 October 2022 2449:from the original on 2 February 2013 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1914:from the original on 10 January 2023 1865: 1863: 1471:LowSecurity, FreeMoney, Ring0.Tools 83:A botnet is a logical collection of 4598:Runtime application self-protection 3893:from the original on 7 October 2019 3833:. kasperskytienda.es. 3 July 2011. 3778:from the original on 7 January 2016 3244:(4). IEEE Computer Society: 17–19. 2357:Constantin, Lucian (25 July 2013). 2221:from the original on 7 October 2017 2157:from the original on 7 October 2017 1836:Danchev, Dancho (11 October 2013). 1727:from the original on 7 January 2023 1701:from the original on 7 January 2023 1510:Zbot, PRG, Wsnpoem, Gorhax, Kneber 248:A botnet's originator (known as a " 3859:. Networkworld.com. 22 July 2009. 3857:"America's 10 most wanted botnets" 3837:from the original on 14 March 2016 3639:from the original on 18 April 2011 3210:from the original on 23 March 2019 3202:Mary Jane Credeur (22 July 2002). 3183:from the original on 22 March 2019 2830:from the original on 24 March 2019 2799:from the original on 24 March 2019 2480:from the original on 17 April 2015 2468:Peterson, Andrea (10 April 2015). 2371:from the original on 3 August 2017 2280:from the original on 23 April 2017 2266:Gallagher, Sean (3 October 2014). 1175:DownUp, DownAndUp, DownAdUp, Kido 273:TOPIC #channel DDoS www.victim.com 25: 5222:Computer and network surveillance 4530:Security-focused operating system 3949:from the original on 31 July 2022 3863:from the original on 22 June 2024 3609:. F-secure.com. 16 January 2009. 3587:from the original on 11 June 2016 3561:from the original on 5 March 2010 3473:from the original on 8 March 2013 3421:from the original on 5 March 2016 3306:. Messagelabs.com. Archived from 3050:from the original on 22 June 2024 2938:from the original on 22 June 2024 2884:from the original on 4 March 2016 2735:Many-to-Many Botnet Relationships 2627:from the original on 31 July 2022 2596:from the original on 22 June 2024 2563:from the original on 23 July 2017 2555:Edwards, Jim (27 November 2013). 2416:Berinato, Scott (November 2006). 2067:from the original on 17 July 2017 2036:from the original on 25 July 2015 1989:from the original on 22 June 2024 1758:from the original on 12 July 2015 1748:"Bots &; Botnet: An Overview" 765:on a 4,480-node high-performance 59:(DDoS) attacks, steal data, send 55:. Botnets can be used to perform 4326:Insecure direct object reference 3919:from the original on 9 July 2017 3811:from the original on 1 July 2015 3770:Warner, Gary (2 December 2010). 3699:from the original on 11 May 2011 3613:from the original on 23 May 2016 3503:from the original on 22 May 2010 3409:Stewart, Joe (13 January 2009). 3386:. SC Magazine US. Archived from 3384:"The Rustock botnet spams again" 3333:. SC Magazine US. Archived from 2818:Aguilar, Mario (14 April 2015). 2441:Norton, Quinn (1 January 2012). 2397:from the original on 25 May 2017 2338:from the original on 2 June 2017 2311:from the original on 8 June 2017 2299:Cimpanu, Catalin (6 June 2017). 2247:from the original on 3 July 2017 2122:10.1016/B978-159749135-8/50005-6 1880:10.1016/B978-159749135-8/50004-4 1848:from the original on 1 July 2015 1329:Spam-DComServ, Covesmer, Xmiler 427:). They are usually hosted with 4580:Information security management 3797:Kirk, Jeremy (16 August 2012). 3774:. CyberCrime & Doing Time. 3669:. Computerworld. Archived from 3635:. The Register. 16 March 2010. 3411:"Spam Botnets to Watch in 2009" 2646:Nichols, Shaun (24 June 2014). 2207:Singel, Ryan (13 August 2009). 2055:Arntz, Pieter (30 March 2016). 1746:Ramneek, Puri (8 August 2003). 4937:Comparison of computer viruses 2928:"IRCHelp.org – Privacy on IRC" 2532:. Damballa.com. Archived from 1: 5176:Data loss prevention software 3968:Espiner, Tom (8 March 2011). 3721:. .canada.com. Archived from 3695:. The Register. 14 May 2008. 3665:Gregg Keizer (9 April 2008). 3583:. DarkReading. 7 April 2008. 3382:Chuck Miller (25 July 2008). 2710:"Trojan horse, and Virus FAQ" 2089:. 25 May 2024. Archived from 1954:10.1016/S1353-4858(07)70045-4 892:Beagle, Mitglieder, Lodeight 508:are popular ways of avoiding 344:luxury items and properties. 291:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 289:features a slightly modified 216:networks. These bots may use 57:distributed denial-of-service 18:Command and control (malware) 3915:. Spider.io. 19 March 2013. 3229:Paulson, L.D. (April 2006). 1356:November 2010 (not complete) 759:Sandia National Laboratories 468:, and Afraid.org to point a 451:domain generation algorithms 4585:Information risk management 4506:Multi-factor authentication 4062:Related security categories 4004:The Shadowserver Foundation 3329:Chuck Miller (5 May 2009). 561:web browser vulnerabilities 115:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 5304: 5196:Intrusion detection system 4562:Intrusion detection system 4520:Computer security software 4176:Advanced persistent threat 3132:10.1016/j.cose.2014.05.011 3093:10.1109/MPRV.2018.03367731 1805:10.1109/PDP2018.2018.00077 1667:Advanced Persistent Threat 803:Historical list of botnets 5064:Privacy-invasive software 4147: 4141:Digital rights management 2057:"The Facts about Botnets" 2014:24 September 2016 at the 1288:Pokier, Slogger, Cryptic 949:Nuwar, Peacomm, Zhelatin 752:U.S. Army Research Office 460:hosting services such as 441:denial-of-service attacks 331:denial-of-service attacks 120:Botnets are increasingly 4286:Denial-of-service attack 4181:Arbitrary code execution 3120:Computers & Security 3071:IEEE Pervasive Computing 3014:www.judiciary.senate.gov 5074:Rogue security software 4496:Computer access control 4448:Rogue security software 4111:Electromagnetic warfare 3747:. ZDNet. Archived from 832:Spam capacity (bn/day) 730:peer-to-peer networking 409:public-key cryptography 164:A network based on the 5110:Classic Mac OS viruses 4952:List of computer worms 4542:Obfuscation (software) 4271:Browser Helper Objects 4155: 2877:. ACM. December 2012. 1969:"Peer-to-peer botnets" 1518:(Several: 2011, 2012) 829:Estimated no. of bots 456:Some botnets use free 266:communication protocol 209: 169: 40: 5273:Distributed computing 4537:Data-centric security 4418:Remote access trojans 4153: 3557:. theregister.co.uk. 3238:Computer; News Briefs 2854:vhosts.eecs.umich.edu 1695:Security Intelligence 734:public key encryption 601:Great Cannon of China 207: 163: 150:peer-to-peer networks 35: 5232:Operation: Bot Roast 4875:Operation: Bot Roast 4469:Application security 4363:Privilege escalation 4231:Cross-site scripting 4084:Cybersex trafficking 4055:Information security 3535:on 24 September 2015 3499:. 26 November 2008. 2986:. 19 December 2016. 2740:4 March 2016 at the 2418:"Attack of the Bots" 1781:. pp. 441–445. 1697:. 20 February 2016. 1505:3,600,000 (US only) 789:United States Senate 630:Shuman Ghosemajumder 586:Low Orbit Ion Cannon 403:Some have also used 95:(IoT) devices whose 5258:Command and control 5181:Defensive computing 5098:By operating system 4116:Information warfare 4074:Automotive security 3363:on 24 December 2007 3337:on 24 December 2007 3310:on 18 November 2020 3250:10.1109/MC.2006.136 3179:. bizjournals.com. 2982:. DARKReading from 2621:www.theregister.com 2506:. 24 October 2016. 2474:The Washington Post 1967:Wang, Ping (2010). 1797:2018arXiv180410848P 1672:Volunteer computing 1053:Cbeplay, Exchanger 744:anti-virus software 662:Credential stuffing 429:bulletproof hosting 348:Command and control 174:Internet Relay Chat 166:client–server model 156:Client–server model 5166:Antivirus software 5012:Malware for profit 4983:Man-in-the-browser 4930:Infectious malware 4865:Man-in-the-browser 4525:Antivirus software 4393:Social engineering 4358:Polymorphic engine 4311:Fraudulent dialers 4216:Hardware backdoors 4156: 2243:. 24 August 2016. 2176:Osborne, Charlie. 1308:Danmec, Hydraflux 971:RKRustok, Costrat 605:internet backbones 218:digital signatures 210: 170: 93:Internet of things 41: 5283:Security breaches 5263:Internet security 5240: 5239: 5191:Internet security 5145:HyperCard viruses 5054:Keystroke logging 5044:Fraudulent dialer 4988:Man-in-the-middle 4888: 4887: 4855:Internet security 4611: 4610: 4573:Anomaly detection 4478:Secure by default 4331:Keystroke loggers 4266:Drive-by download 4154:vectorial version 4121:Internet security 4069:Computer security 3673:on 13 August 2014 3447:on 16 August 2010 2305:Bleeping Computer 2061:Malwarebytes Labs 2032:. Cleveland.com. 1814:978-1-5386-4975-6 1647:Computer security 1632: 1631: 1091:Rlsloup, Pixoliz 929:Sinowal, Anserin 865:500-1000 servers 594:Project Chanology 557:drive-by download 260:Control protocols 226:ZeroAccess botnet 107:network protocols 16:(Redirected from 5295: 5206:Network security 5171:Browser security 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4870:Network security 4835:Browser security 4638: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4482:Secure by design 4413:Hardware Trojans 4246:History sniffing 4236:Cross-site leaks 4131:Network security 4048: 4041: 4034: 4025: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3662: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3143: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2984:Information Week 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769:on 20 March 2019 2765:. Archived from 2763:www.honeynet.org 2755: 2749: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2674:"Bitcoin Mining" 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2430:on 14 July 2014. 2426:. Archived from 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2145:Zeltser, Lenny. 2142: 2136: 2135: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2025: 2019: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1942:Network Security 1937: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1790: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1687: 1537:2011 or earlier 1315: 1270:Loosky, Locksky 1252:Tofsee, Mondera 1199:Waled, Waledpak 1180:2008 (November) 1159:2008 (November) 1039:2008 (November) 823:Date dismantled 817: 767:computer cluster 763:virtual machines 510:egress filtering 307:computer science 281: 274: 21: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5215:Countermeasures 5210: 5201:Mobile security 5149: 5140:Palm OS viruses 5105:Android malware 5093: 5007: 5003:Zombie computer 4961: 4925: 4919: 4889: 4884: 4823: 4652:Notable botnets 4647: 4642: 4612: 4607: 4457: 4157: 4145: 4136:Copy protection 4126:Mobile security 4057: 4052: 3994: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3417:. SecureWorks. 3415:Secureworks.com 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3390:on 4 April 2016 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3284: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175:Credeur, Mary. 3174: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2932:www.irchelp.org 2926: 2925: 2921: 2913:10.1.1.110.8092 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742:Wayback Machine 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2536:on 11 June 2010 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2131:978-159749135-8 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2016:Wayback Machine 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1939: 1938: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1815: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1643: 1457:2010 (January) 1313: 991:Buzus, Bachsoy 805: 757:Researchers at 710: 708:Countermeasures 693: 681: 617: 592:members during 578: 523: 518: 506:hidden services 479: 417: 398: 381: 371:for telnet and 358: 350: 311:zombie computer 303: 301:Zombie computer 276: 269: 262: 246: 244:Core components 202: 187:In the case of 158: 138: 130:booter/stresser 126:cyber criminals 81: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Anti-keylogger 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Mobile malware 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4942:Computer virus 4939: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4840:Computer virus 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4603:Site isolation 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4501:Authentication 4493: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4476: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4301:Email spoofing 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:DOM clobbering 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4221:Code injection 4218: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4101:Cyberterrorism 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4089:Computer fraud 4086: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3992:External links 3990: 3988: 3987: 3960: 3930: 3904: 3874: 3848: 3822: 3789: 3762: 3751:on 11 May 2011 3736: 3725:on 11 May 2011 3710: 3684: 3650: 3624: 3598: 3572: 3546: 3514: 3484: 3458: 3432: 3401: 3374: 3348: 3321: 3282: 3221: 3194: 3167: 3106: 3061: 3031: 3001: 2971: 2949: 2919: 2895: 2859: 2841: 2810: 2793:SearchSecurity 2780: 2750: 2748:, 8 June 2009. 2727: 2712:. DSLReports. 2701: 2665: 2638: 2607: 2574: 2547: 2521: 2491: 2460: 2433: 2408: 2382: 2349: 2322: 2291: 2258: 2232: 2199: 2168: 2137: 2130: 2104: 2093:on 30 May 2024 2078: 2047: 2020: 2000: 1981: 1959: 1925: 1895: 1888: 1859: 1828: 1813: 1769: 1752:SANS Institute 1738: 1712: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1596:2016 (August) 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1557:2012 (Around) 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491:TDSS, Alureon 1489: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1476:2010 (around) 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418:2009 (August) 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1376:2009 (Around) 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1334:2008 (around) 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1293:2008 (around) 1290: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1138:2008 (around) 1135: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1116:2008 (around) 1113: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1096:2008 (around) 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 999: 997: 996:2007 (around) 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 978: 976: 973: 972: 969: 966: 963: 958: 955: 954:2006 (around) 951: 950: 947: 944: 941: 936: 934: 931: 930: 927: 925: 922: 917: 915: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 901:Marina Botnet 899: 897: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 879: 877: 873: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 858: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 804: 801: 740:Norton AntiBot 709: 706: 692: 689: 680: 677: 676: 675: 671: 665: 659: 652: 646: 640: 633: 616: 613: 577: 574: 549: 548: 545: 541: 534: 522: 519: 517: 514: 478: 475: 421:Rustock botnet 416: 413: 397: 394: 380: 377: 357: 354: 349: 346: 319:computer virus 302: 299: 261: 258: 254:covert channel 245: 242: 201: 198: 157: 154: 137: 134: 80: 77: 67:of the words " 47:is a group of 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5300: 5289: 5288:Internet bots 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:MacOS malware 5123: 5121: 5120:Linux malware 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Form grabbing 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Computer worm 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Computer worm 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828:Main articles 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4513:Authorization 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Secure coding 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:SQL injection 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Vulnerability 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Trojan horses 4406: 4404: 4403:Software bugs 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Eavesdropping 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Data scraping 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Cryptojacking 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3975: 3972:. Zdnet.com. 3971: 3964: 3961: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3035: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2448: 2445:. Wired.com. 2444: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1988: 1984: 1982:9783642041174 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1889:9781597491358 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:Computer worm 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1439:2010 (March) 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111:Sector, Kuku 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1036:2007 (March) 1035: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 990: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 975: 974: 970: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957:2011 (March) 956: 953: 952: 948: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 933: 932: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 914: 913: 909: 906: 903: 900: 898: 896: 895: 891: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 876:2004 (Early) 875: 874: 870: 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 838: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 820:Date created 819: 818: 815: 812: 810: 802: 800: 796: 792: 790: 785: 783: 778: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 717: 715: 707: 705: 703: 699: 690: 688: 685: 678: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 622: 619: 618: 614: 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 575: 573: 571: 566: 562: 559:, exploiting 558: 553: 546: 542: 539: 535: 532: 528: 527: 526: 520: 515: 513: 511: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 476: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 447:Fast-flux DNS 444: 442: 436: 434: 430: 426: 425:Srizbi botnet 422: 414: 412: 410: 406: 401: 395: 393: 389: 387: 378: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 355: 353: 347: 345: 341: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 300: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 272: 267: 259: 257: 255: 251: 243: 241: 238: 233: 229: 227: 223: 222:Gameover ZeuS 219: 215: 206: 199: 197: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 167: 162: 155: 153: 151: 147: 143: 135: 133: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 90: 86: 78: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 38: 34: 30: 19: 5278:Cyberwarfare 5023: 4998:Trojan horse 4978:Clickjacking 4880:Trojan horse 4644: 4547:Data masking 4255: 4106:Cyberwarfare 3978:. Retrieved 3963: 3951:. Retrieved 3942: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3886: 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3802: 3792: 3780:. Retrieved 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3749:the original 3739: 3727:. Retrieved 3723:the original 3713: 3701:. Retrieved 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3671:the original 3641:. Retrieved 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3530:the original 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3445:the original 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3414: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3388:the original 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3361:the original 3351: 3339:. Retrieved 3335:the original 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3308:the original 3276: 3269:. Retrieved 3241: 3237: 3224: 3212:. Retrieved 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3170: 3158:. Retrieved 3123: 3119: 3109: 3077:(3): 12–22. 3074: 3070: 3064: 3052:. Retrieved 3041: 3034: 3022:. Retrieved 3013: 3004: 2992:. Retrieved 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2931: 2922: 2903: 2898: 2886:. Retrieved 2874: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2823: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2792: 2783: 2771:. Retrieved 2767:the original 2762: 2753: 2745: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2704: 2678:. Retrieved 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2641: 2629:. Retrieved 2620: 2615:Burt, Jeff. 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2577: 2565:. Retrieved 2550: 2538:. Retrieved 2534:the original 2524: 2512:. Retrieved 2503: 2494: 2482:. Retrieved 2473: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2436: 2428:the original 2421: 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2362: 2352: 2340:. Retrieved 2325: 2313:. Retrieved 2304: 2294: 2282:. Retrieved 2273:Ars Technica 2271: 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2235: 2223:. Retrieved 2212: 2202: 2190:. Retrieved 2181: 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2150: 2140: 2113: 2107: 2095:. Retrieved 2091:the original 2081: 2069:. Retrieved 2060: 2050: 2038:. Retrieved 2023: 2003: 1991:. Retrieved 1975:. Springer. 1972: 1962: 1948:(4): 13–16. 1945: 1941: 1916:. Retrieved 1907: 1898: 1871: 1850:. Retrieved 1841: 1831: 1778: 1772: 1760:. Retrieved 1741: 1729:. Retrieved 1715: 1703:. Retrieved 1694: 1685: 1184:2010 (March) 1169:10,500,000+ 813: 806: 797: 793: 786: 779: 775: 771: 756: 738: 718: 711: 694: 686: 682: 598: 579: 565:Trojan horse 554: 550: 537: 530: 524: 516:Construction 480: 455: 445: 437: 418: 402: 399: 390: 382: 359: 351: 342: 339: 323:trojan horse 304: 284: 263: 247: 237:IP addresses 234: 230: 214:peer-to-peer 211: 200:Peer-to-peer 186: 171: 145: 139: 136:Architecture 119: 100: 82: 44: 42: 37:Stacheldraht 29: 5130:Macro virus 5115:iOS malware 5089:Web threats 5049:Infostealer 4966:Concealment 4487:Misuse case 4321:Infostealer 4296:Email fraud 4261:Data breach 4096:Cybergeddon 3980:10 November 3867:10 November 3729:10 November 3477:12 November 3271:12 November 3214:10 December 3126:: 100–123. 3054:18 November 3024:11 December 2994:14 November 2942:21 November 2453:22 November 2151:zeltser.com 2040:2 September 1908:Crowdstrike 1762:12 November 1379:2012-07-19 1365:30,000,000 1352:2009 (May) 1226:Onewordsub 1129:12,000,000 846:999,999,999 674:infections. 649:Click fraud 643:E-mail spam 628:fraud czar 615:Common uses 588:as used by 582:hacktivists 521:Traditional 329:and launch 327:e-mail spam 189:IRC botnets 89:smartphones 65:portmanteau 5247:Categories 5154:Protection 5069:Ransomware 5034:Fleeceware 4814:ZeroAccess 4552:Encryption 4428:Web shells 4368:Ransomware 4316:Hacktivism 4079:Cybercrime 3782:6 December 3539:12 January 3341:7 November 3314:30 January 3160:8 December 3141:11336/6772 3084:1805.03409 1788:1804.10848 1678:References 1587:6,000,000 1548:3,000,000 1486:4,500,000 1106:1,000,000 1082:Xarvester 1027:1,300,000 1006:1,500,000 904:6,215,000 462:DynDns.org 405:encryption 250:bot herder 176:networks, 146:bot herder 132:services. 122:rented out 109:, such as 5079:Scareware 5029:Crimeware 4804:Vulcanbot 4694:Conficker 4383:Shellcode 4378:Scareware 4226:Crimeware 4186:Backdoors 3897:7 October 3150:0167-4048 2964:16 August 2908:CiteSeerX 2192:7 October 1563:Chameleon 1526:300,000+ 1445:Vulcanbot 1434:Spamnost 1320:Spamthru 1165:Conficker 809:EarthLink 748:BotHunter 714:filtering 611:in 2015. 596:in 2010. 495:Instagram 470:subdomain 466:No-IP.com 433:web pages 369:IP ranges 5268:Spamming 5227:Honeypot 5186:Firewall 4973:Backdoor 4774:Slenfbot 4739:Mariposa 4724:Koobface 4684:Bredolab 4679:BASHLITE 4557:Firewall 4462:Defenses 4388:Spamming 4373:Rootkits 4346:Phishing 4306:Exploits 3974:Archived 3947:Archived 3923:21 March 3917:Archived 3891:Archived 3887:phys.org 3861:Archived 3835:Archived 3815:11 March 3809:Archived 3804:PC World 3776:Archived 3703:23 April 3697:Archived 3677:23 April 3643:23 April 3637:Archived 3617:24 April 3611:Archived 3585:Archived 3559:Archived 3507:24 April 3501:Archived 3497:BBC News 3471:Archived 3419:Archived 3262:Archived 3258:10312905 3208:Archived 3181:Archived 3154:Archived 3101:13677639 3048:Archived 3018:Archived 2988:Archived 2936:Archived 2879:Archived 2834:24 March 2828:Archived 2803:24 March 2797:Archived 2773:24 March 2746:Damballa 2738:Archived 2714:Archived 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