343:
510:
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33:
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291:. It is considered a moderate weed of rice cultivation in Asia. In its native range of sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and much of Southeast Asia, it is considered a serious weed of an enormous range of crops from tea and coffee to cassava and peanuts. Additional agricultural damage is caused by the fact that it can host the
495:. All three types develop on aerial branches, but only hermaphrodite chasmogamous flowers develop on subaerial branches, and only cleistogamous flowers develop on underground branches. Finally, some plants may produce female flowers on aerial branches. Developing flowers are covered in mucilaginous spathes.
524:
Seeds are ovoid; 2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide. There are four types of seeds - large and small aerial and underground. Plants from large underground seeds grow fastest in the first 2–4 weeks and so seem to have better competitive ability. All the other types of seeds have a dormancy period.
1006:
Webster, Theodore M.; Burton, Michael G.; Culpepper, A. Stanley; York, Alan C.; Prostko, Eric P. (2005), "Tropical
Spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis): A Tropical Invader Threatens Agroecosystems of the Southern United States",
525:
They may be produced to survive stressful periods (e.g. droughts) or to spread to new areas. Kim Sang Yeol found that most (75-77%) seeds were of the small aerial type, and that only 2-4% of seeds were underground seeds.
468:
In Jammu, India, this plant is an annual, growing from May to
December and flowering from June to October. In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located closer to the equator, it is a perennial, flowering around the year.
283:
and to both coasts of North
America. It has a long flowering period, from spring to fall in subtropical areas, and throughout the year closer to the equator. It is often associated with disturbed soils.
475:
produces three types of branches - aerial or negatively geotropic ones, subaerial or diageotropic ones, and underground or positively geotropic ones. The underground branches do not bear leaves.
742:
Santhosh Nampy; Sheba M. Joseph; Manudev, K. M. (19 February 2013). "The genus
Commelina (Commelinaceae) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India with one new species and three new records".
1154:
545:
and also eaten by humans as a vegetable. It is also used there medicinally, but with different purported effects, including as a laxative and to cure inflammations of the skin as well as
506:, of which only three are fertile. One of the fertile stamens is longer and yellow; the other two are shorter and grey in colour. Pollen grains are yellowish coloured and capsule shaped.
436:. In the southeastern United States the plant was collected in 1928, while it was first collected in Hawaii in 1909. In the southeastern states it is present in Florida,
287:
In both it native range and areas where it has been introduced it is usually considered a weed, sometimes a serious one. In the United States it has been placed on the
857:
1437:
553:
eat the young leaves as a vegetable, use a paste derived from the plant to treat burns, and treat indigestion with a juice produced from the roots. Its use as a
1626:
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460:
in the western United States. It is associated with disturbed soils such as yards, lawns and cultivated areas, especially in cotton crops and orange groves.
889:
1362:
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357:. In China it is commonly associated with wet locations. There it can be found from near sea level up to 2300 metres. It is present from the
1520:
275:, is a perennial herb native to tropical Asia and Africa. It has been widely introduced to areas outside its native range, including to the
1690:
1685:
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1375:
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having little effect on it. It was introduced separately to
California in the 1980s, making it the only introduced species of
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1468:
653:
452:
in 1983, and by 2003 was considered the most serious pest of
Georgia's cotton crop due to widely used herbicides such as
967:
Faden, Robert B. (1993), "The misconstrued and rare species of
Commelina (Commelinaceae) in the eastern United States",
1450:
1261:
1248:
941:
Acevedo-Rodriguez, Pedro; Strong, Mark T. (2005), "Monocotyledons and
Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands",
601:
1613:
1209:
483:
Bengal dayflowers display an enormous diversity in reproductive systems. It produces three types of flowers -male (
45:
1507:
353:
is a wide-ranging plant, being native to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, an area otherwise known as the
449:
288:
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521:. Aerial and subaerial branch flowers have five ovules per ovary; underground branch flowers have three.
1393:
898:
Proceedings of the IPGRI International
Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa
557:
in India has been recorded. In southeast Asia and Africa it is used as fodder and also medicinally as a
296:
162:
678:
CRC World
Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology.
327:
1543:
1297:
708:"Reproductive effort and sex allocation strategy in Commelina benghalensis L., a common monsoon weed"
437:
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32:
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851:
839:, vol. 24, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 36
809:
776:
681:
658:
381:. In Japan the plant is restricted to the southern portions of the country from the southern
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1102:, vol. 84, St. Louis: University of Karachi & Missouri Botanical Garden, p. 10
1066:
1058:
1016:
976:
751:
719:
634:
Clarke, C. B. (1881). "Commelinaceae". In Alphonso de Candolle; Casimir de Candolle (eds.).
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Commelina benghalensis (Benghal dayflower) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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In China it is used as a medicinal herb that is said to have diuretic,
1406:
619:
Clarke, C.B. (1901). "Commelinaceae". In W. T. Thiselton-Dyer (ed.).
542:
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378:
374:
219:
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980:
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1315:
657:, Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 200–203,
651:
Faden, Robert B. (2012), "Commelinaceae", in Beentje, Henk (ed.),
550:
508:
433:
432:. In Puerto Rico the plant is known from a single collection from
404:
The plant has also been widely introduced beyond its range to the
362:
341:
326:
57:
1302:
409:
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923:, vol. 22, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press
589:(in German). Vol. C. Berlin: D. Reimer. pp. 134–137.
887:"Conservation and use of traditional vegetables in Ethiopia"
640:(in Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 113–324.
737:
735:
502:. The petals are blue. The androecium (male organ) has six
393:. Although its roots and tubers are used as a food source,
775:, International Rice Research Institute, pp. 22–23,
623:. Vol. 8. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 54.
875:, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, p. 271
919:, in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.),
706:
Kaul, Veenu; Sharma, Namrata; Koul, A. K. (June 2002).
533:
In China, the plant is used medicinally as a diuretic,
408:- the southeastern United States, California, Hawaii,
943:
Contributions of the United States National Herbarium
1178:
587:
Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete
804:, Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, pp.
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
608:(in German). Berlin: G. Reimer. pp. 206–214.
377:, the southernmost province. It is also found in
835:, in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.),
772:A practical field guide to weeds of rice in Asia
975:(1), Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 208–218,
769:Caton, B. P.; M. Mortimer; J. E. Hill (2004),
576:
574:
517:The gynoecium (female organ) has three joined
826:
824:
8:
1113:Manandhar, N. P.; Manandhar, Sanjay (2002),
856:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
831:Hong, Deyuan; DeFillipps, Robert A. (2000),
1166:
315:it is used to cure swellings of the skin,
31:
20:
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712:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
311:and anti-inflammatory effects, while in
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969:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
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513:Pollen grains of Commelina benghalensis
849:
385:westward and including the islands of
7:
1544:6101169c-42ab-439f-8552-aba3ad1d52ea
1161:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
637:Monographiae Phanerogamarum Prodromi
1098:, in Ali, S.I.; Qaiser, M. (eds.),
448:and spreading. It was added to the
1094:Qaiser, M.; Jafri, S.M.H. (1975),
14:
1619:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332090-2
1140:
725:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00082.x
604:. In Schweinfurth, Georg (ed.).
44:
491:chasmogamous and hermaphrodite
1051:Korean Journal of Weed Science
600:Hasskarl, Justus Karl (1867).
581:Schumann, Karl Moritz (1895).
373:and in all provinces south to
1:
1117:, Timber Press, p. 167,
921:Flora of North America online
654:Flora of Tropical East Africa
606:Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens
900:(Nairobi, 29–31 August 1995)
750:(2). Magnolia Press: 19–29.
401:, where it grows as a weed.
1691:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1043:"Growth and development of
873:Flora of Japan (in English)
1722:
1115:Plants and People of Nepal
585:. In Engler, Adolf (ed.).
537:and anti-inflammatory. In
369:in the northeast, west to
196:Commelina kilimandscharica
16:Species of flowering plant
1063:10.3346/jkms.2003.18.1.42
1053:(in English and Korean).
756:10.11646/phytotaxa.87.2.1
450:Federal Noxious Weed List
289:Federal Noxious Weed List
216:Commelina pyrrhoblepharis
192:
185:
168:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1686:Plants described in 1753
1096:"Commelina benghalensis"
1047:L. from four seed types"
917:"Commelina benghalensis"
680:CRC Press, 1999. p.594.
621:Flora of Tropical Africa
323:Distribution and habitat
255:, commonly known as the
1041:Kim, Sang Yeol (1998).
871:Ohwi, Jisaburo (1965),
801:The World's Worst Weeds
798:Holm, Leroy G. (1977),
302:Groundnut rosette virus
1521:Commelina~benghalensis
1210:Commelina benghalensis
1180:Commelina benghalensis
1156:Commelina benghalensis
1147:Commelina benghalensis
1045:Commelina benghalensis
915:Faden, Robert (2006),
514:
473:Commelina benghalensis
351:Commelina benghalensis
347:
339:
332:Commelina benghalensis
252:Commelina benghalensis
172:Commelina benghalensis
25:Commelina benghalensis
676:Umberto Quattrocchi.
541:it is used as animal
512:
397:is not cultivated in
345:
330:
297:Meloidogyne incognita
226:Commelina rufociliata
1149:at Wikimedia Commons
1021:10.1614/WT-04-234R.1
154:C. benghalensis
892:7 July 2012 at the
833:"Commelina diffusa"
319:and as a laxative.
261:tropical spiderwort
515:
348:
340:
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1667:
1565:Open Tree of Life
1172:Taxon identifiers
1145:Media related to
1100:Flora of Pakistan
815:978-0-471-04701-8
782:978-971-22-0191-2
664:978-1-84246-436-6
257:Benghal dayflower
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489:hermaphrodite
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478:
476:
474:
470:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
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368:
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356:
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318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
298:
294:
290:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:wandering Jew
262:
258:
254:
253:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
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184:
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175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:Commelinaceae
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
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76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1179:
1155:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1057:(1): 42–47.
1054:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1012:
1008:
972:
968:
946:
942:
936:
925:, retrieved
920:
897:
881:
872:
866:
841:, retrieved
836:
800:
771:
764:
747:
743:
715:
711:
677:
672:
652:
646:
636:
629:
620:
614:
605:
595:
586:
532:
523:
516:
498:Flowers are
497:
485:chasmogamous
482:
479:Reproduction
472:
471:
467:
457:
403:
394:
383:Kantō region
355:paleotropics
350:
349:
331:
306:
295:
286:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
250:
249:
235:
225:
215:
205:
195:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
120:Commelinales
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1490:NatureServe
1402:iNaturalist
1204:Wikispecies
927:12 December
555:famine food
500:zygomorphic
418:Puerto Rico
281:West Indies
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
1675:Categories
1593:kew-233742
1588:Plant List
1274:Calflora:
565:References
464:Morphology
454:glyphosate
430:St Vincent
422:Montserrat
406:neotropics
309:febrifugal
277:neotropics
240:C.B.Clarke
230:C.B.Clarke
1681:Commelina
1355:222000036
1342:222000036
1324:FloraBase
744:Phytotaxa
535:febrifuge
458:Commelina
442:Louisiana
359:provinces
148:Species:
141:Commelina
54:Kingdom:
1640:Tropicos
1516:NSWFlora
1495:2.128215
1443:10589707
1430:332090-2
1195:Q5152272
1189:Wikidata
1081:12589085
1029:85779088
890:Archived
852:citation
559:poultice
539:Pakistan
426:Barbados
399:Ethiopia
367:Shandong
313:Pakistan
300:and the
293:nematode
269:kanshira
210:K.Schum.
200:K.Schum.
187:Synonyms
126:Family:
97:Monocots
1645:8300281
1632:3576-13
1529:NTFlora
1368:2763941
1303:1122801
1072:3055002
989:2399824
843:21 June
806:225–235
547:leprosy
519:carpels
504:stamens
438:Georgia
414:Jamaica
387:Shikoku
371:Sichuan
317:leprosy
273:Bengali
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1601:PLANTS
1570:215791
1557:116656
1541:NZOR:
1482:177240
1394:311531
1267:306649
1241:156462
1238:APDB:
1218:AoFP:
1121:
1079:
1069:
1027:
987:
812:
779:
684:
661:
543:fodder
391:Kyūshū
379:Taiwan
375:Hainan
220:Hassk.
1627:SANBI
1606:COBE2
1580:11519
1577:PFI:
1508:34173
1469:39134
1456:14977
1438:IRMNG
1414:IPA:
1407:76425
1329:31595
1316:COMBE
1290:5ZSD4
1254:74731
1228:APA:
1025:S2CID
985:JSTOR
949:: 158
551:Nepal
434:Cayey
363:Hebei
263:, or
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1614:POWO
1534:1348
1503:NCBI
1477:IUCN
1464:ITIS
1425:IPNI
1417:4551
1389:GRIN
1381:1367
1376:GISD
1363:GBIF
1311:EPPO
1277:2313
1262:BOLD
1249:APNI
1231:3840
1221:1489
1119:ISBN
1077:PMID
929:2007
858:link
845:2007
810:ISBN
777:ISBN
682:ISBN
659:ISBN
529:Uses
444:and
428:and
410:Cuba
389:and
365:and
1653:WFO
1451:ISC
1350:FoC
1337:FNA
1298:EoL
1285:CoL
1159:in
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1017:doi
977:doi
752:doi
720:doi
716:140
487:),
361:of
334:in
271:in
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758:.
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728:.
722::
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