33:
148:
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219:, well before the cultivation of crops or the domestication of other animals. The dog is often hypothesised to be a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication. Archaeological evidence, such as the Bonn-Oberkassel dog dating to ~14,000BP, supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and began close to the
489:
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population that remained in a boreal coniferous forest. Although these two populations spend a period of the year in the same place, and though there was evidence of gene flow between them, the difference in prey–habitat specialization has been sufficient to maintain genetic and even coloration divergence.
231:
early hunters, assisted in the capture of prey, or provided defense from large competing predators at kills. However, the extent to which proto-domestic wolves could have become dependent on this way of life prior to domestication and without human provisioning is unclear and highly debated. In contrast,
251:
with unique mitochondrial signatures. The skull shape, tooth wear, and isotopic signatures suggested these remains were derived from a population of specialist megafauna hunters and scavengers that became extinct while less specialized wolf ecotypes survived. Analogous to the modern wolf ecotype that
178:
The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps. Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm. Those
443:
Historically, commensalism has been recognized as the usual type of association between brittle stars and octocorals. In this association, the ophiurans benefit directly by being elevated through facilitating their feeding by suspension, while the octocorals do not seem to benefit or be harmed by
243:
A mitochondrial, microsatellite, and Y-chromosome assessment of two wolf populations in North
America combined with satellite telemetry data revealed significant genetic and morphological differences between one population that migrated with and preyed upon caribou and another territorial ecotype
235:
may have become fully dependent on a commensal lifestyle before being domesticated by preying on other commensal animals, such as rats and mice, without any human provisioning. Debate over the extent to which some wolves were commensal with humans prior to domestication stems from debate over the
230:
The wolves more likely drawn to human camps were the less-aggressive, subdominant pack members with lowered flight response, higher stress thresholds, and less wary around humans, and therefore better candidates for domestication. Proto-dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left on site by
479:
are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant. Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, phoretic mites may hinder their host by
239:
The earliest sign of domestication in dogs was the neotenization of skull morphology and the shortening of snout length that results in tooth crowding, reduction in tooth size, and a reduction in the number of teeth, which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression. This
190:
population to a domestic one could only have taken place after the animals had progressed from anthropophily to habituation, to commensalism and partnership, at which point the establishment of a reciprocal relationship between animal and human would have laid the foundation for domestication,
447:
Recent studies in the Gulf of Mexico have suggested that there are actually some benefits to the octocorals, such as receiving a cleaning action by the brittle star as it slowly moves around the coral. In some cases, a close relationship occurs between cohabiting species, with the interaction
290:
is capable of living under considerable environmental stress, and thus is capable of colonising the upper gastrointestinal tract where relatively few examples of the body's gut flora can survive due to highly acidic or alkaline conditions produced by gastric acid and digestive juices. While
376:
Commensalistic relationships between microorganisms include situations in which the waste product of one microorganism is a substrate for another species. One good example is nitrification-the oxidation of ammonium ion to nitrate. Nitrification occurs in two steps: first, bacteria such as
432:. Due to the currents flowing upward along seamount ridges, atop these ridges there are colonies of suspension feeding corals and sponges, and brittle stars that grip tight to them and get up off the sea floor. A specific documented commensal relationship is between the ophiuran
252:
has evolved to track and prey upon caribou, a
Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter-gatherers, thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to more successfully adapt to the human habitat.
73:
The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the
415:
formation provides another example. The colonization of a newly exposed surface by one type of microorganism (an initial colonizer) makes it possible for other microorganisms to attach to the microbially modified surface.
408:
stimulates the proliferation of more acid-tolerant microorganisms, which may be only a minor part of the microbial community at neutral pH. A good example is the succession of microorganisms during milk spoilage.
731:
Williams, E. H.; Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A.; Bunkley-Williams, L.; Bonde, R. K.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Preen, A.; Cockcroft, V. G. (2003). "Echeneid-sirenian associations, with information on sharksucker diet".
1172:
Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer SK, Greenfield DL, et al. (November 2013). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a
European origin of domestic dogs".
467:
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely
2076:
404:
Commensalistic associations also occur when one microbial group modifies the environment to make it better suited for another organism. The synthesis of acidic waste products during
1876:
179:
animals that were most capable of taking advantage of the resources associated with human camps would have been the 'tamer' individuals: less aggressive, with shorter
3007:
2260:
1439:
Leonard JA, Vilà C, Fox-Dobbs K, Koch PL, Wayne RK, Van
Valkenburgh B (July 2007). "Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph".
1892:"Preadaptive plateau in Rhabditida (Nematoda) allowed the repeated evolution of zooparasites, with an outlook on evolution of life cycles within Spiroascarida"
3151:
2069:
315:, a common bacterial species, is known best for its numerous pathogenic strains that can cause numerous illnesses and conditions. However, many strains of
102:
The word "commensalism" is derived from the word "commensal", meaning "eating at the same table" in human social interaction, which in turn comes through
3221:
2758:
3231:
2959:
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1918:"Relationships between phoretic mites and their carrier, the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis Oliver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"
240:
process may have begun during the initial commensal stage of dog domestication, even before humans began to be active partners in the process.
480:
making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.
715:
3236:
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603:
Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include
39:
are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish (or other animals, in this case a sea turtle) that provide locomotion and food.
3424:
2841:
777:"Large-scale assessment of commensalistic-mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos"
645:
is one animal associating with another until the latter dies, then the former feeds on the corpse of the latter. Examples include some
3177:
3000:
2253:
1627:"Size structure of dense populations of the brittle star Ophiura sarsii (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) in the bathyal zone around Japan"
2513:
1601:
1384:"Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou"
3812:
78:
organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consistent with its habits, as in the
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also benefits from the variable ambient conditions created by the body's mucous membranes, and as such can be found in the
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distances. Later, these animals developed closer social or economic bonds with humans and led to a domestic relationship.
3119:
874:"Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal"
3476:
2367:
1725:"Callogorgia spp. and Their Brittle Stars: Recording Unknown Relationships in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea"
832:
295:
normally produces no symptoms, in individuals who are immunocompromised or suffering from existing conditions such as
1676:"Mutualistic symbiosis with ophiuroids limited the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea octocorals"
3541:
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357:
351:
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3084:
3069:
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136:
3481:
3712:
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679:– long-term interactions between different biological species, which can be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic
180:
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including captivity and then human-controlled breeding. From this perspective, animal domestication is a
162:) are commensals, having lived alongside humans for thousands of years after being domesticated from the
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Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived
311:
58:
gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with
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are metabiotic commensals, and are present on roughly 20 to 30% of the human population as part of the
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220:
126:
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1891:
1529:"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks"
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3339:
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3271:
3104:
3039:
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2382:
2133:
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1973:"Interactions between Phoretic Mites and the Arabian Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes agamemnon arabicus"
848:
658:
573:
468:
461:
59:
2985:
1382:
Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, Gates CC, Mariani S, Paquet PC, Vilà C, Wayne RK (October 2007).
872:
Tang, Qian; Low, Gabriel Weijie; Lim, Jia Ying; Gwee, Chyi Yin; Rheindt, Frank E. (21 July 2018).
133:, refers to professors eating at the same table as students (as they live in the same "college").
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32:
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2010:
1992:
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feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal
3772:
3631:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3519:
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3384:
3364:
3246:
3114:
3020:
2911:
2821:
2763:
2748:
2347:
2273:
1355:
Turnbull PF, Reed CA (1974). "The fauna from the terminal
Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave".
1001:
151:
147:
103:
1233:"An Ecological and Evolutionary Framework for Commensalism in Anthropogenic Environments"
1933:
1806:
1694:
1675:
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1399:
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873:
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2405:
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2005:
1972:
1593:
1059:
1024:
906:
803:
776:
559:. Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
544:
271:
248:
195:
process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel
107:
75:
1853:
1793:
Durden LA (June 1991). "Pseudoscorpions
Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea".
1553:
1528:
1023:
Larson G, Karlsson EK, Perri A, Webster MT, Ho SY, Peters J, et al. (June 2012).
211:
was the first domesticated animal, and was domesticated and widely established across
17:
3806:
3777:
2753:
2727:
2684:
2674:
2629:
2616:
2596:
2488:
2322:
2277:
2168:
1957:
1502:"Dogs likely originated in Europe more than 18,000 years ago, UCLA biologists report"
1408:
1383:
1303:
1282:
Morey DF (1992). "Size, shape and development in the evolution of the domestic dog".
753:
673:– where both organisms occupy the same dwelling, but do not interfere with each other
384:
300:
155:
1723:
Mejía-Quintero, Katherine; Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.; Montoya-Cadavid, Erika (2021).
1486:
1425:
1025:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
1009:
961:
247:
A different study has identified the remains of a population of extinct
Pleistocene
236:
level of human intentionality in the domestication process, which remains untested.
3762:
3747:
3404:
3374:
3202:
3167:
3044:
2543:
1217:
567:
429:
425:
405:
379:
332:
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1941:
1147:
953:
3054:
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2601:
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827:
682:
608:
581:
389:
328:
286:
267:
216:
192:
187:
1868:
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1249:
1232:
1029:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
424:
In deep-sea, benthic environments there is an associative relationship between
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2949:
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2846:
2816:
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2583:
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1741:
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1460:
1110:
670:
664:
488:
472:
320:
87:
67:
1996:
1949:
1750:
897:
858:
761:
284:
live on and in the human body as part of its natural flora. The fungal genus
3672:
3626:
3354:
2798:
2768:
2568:
2523:
2498:
2435:
2425:
2400:
2392:
2337:
2211:
2196:
2190:
1577:
1193:
1049:
676:
642:
612:
552:
520:
505:
476:
457:
336:
224:
163:
121:
91:
63:
51:
2014:
1611:
1478:
1417:
1268:
1209:
1119:
1082:
Janssens L, Giemsch L, Schmitz R, Street M, Van Dongen S, Crombé P (2018).
1068:
915:
812:
387:
oxidize ammonium to nitrite; and second, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by
170:). Due to its range being expanded with human assistance, the pigeon has a
2031:
1988:
1971:
Al-Deeb, Mohammad Ali; Muzaffar, Sabir Bin; Sharif, Eyas
Mohammad (2012).
1562:
1155:
115:
3727:
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3187:
2694:
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2553:
2508:
1544:
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that benefit at least one of the participants and cause harm to neither.
585:
277:
1660:
1368:
853:. International scientific series. Vol. 19. London: Henry S. King.
3717:
3524:
3394:
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3016:
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2128:
2092:
2085:
1822:
1756:
1651:
1626:
1469:
1341:
1201:
793:
604:
412:
212:
55:
1702:
889:
1320:
Trut L (1999). "Early Canid
Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment".
1259:
988:
Larson G, Fuller DQ (2014). "The Evolution of Animal Domestication".
592:
548:
532:
528:
83:
79:
36:
1814:
661:– where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship
584:
is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are
519:
is one animal attached to another exclusively for transport, mainly
1576:
Watling, Les; France, Scott C.; Pante, Eric; Simpson, Anne (2011).
1134:
Vila C (1997). "Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog".
86:
and other fishes. Remoras feed on their hosts' fecal matter, while
588:
566:
487:
281:
146:
125:, meaning "table" or "meal". Commensality, at the Universities of
31:
667:– where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism.
556:
524:
493:
232:
2989:
2242:
2058:
540:
536:
208:
1760:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1231:
Hulme-Beaman A, Dobney K, Cucchi T, Searle JB (August 2016).
595:) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
401:
spp. because they use nitrite to obtain energy for growth.
456:
Whether the relationship between humans and some types of
475:
in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example,
361:, will also engage in commensalism for similar purposes.
66:, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and
1084:"A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered"
775:
Mikula P, Hadrava J, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P (2018).
199:
that includes another species with evolving behaviors.
1762:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
94:
or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.
990:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
508:
to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.
3665:
3565:
3490:
3363:
3300:
3160:
3028:
2930:
2809:
2736:
2693:
2615:
2582:
2479:
2391:
2285:
1836:
Tajovský K, Mock A, Krumpál M (2001). "Millipedes (
1527:Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H (July 1997).
62:, in which both organisms benefit from each other;
1916:Bhadran, Anjitha K.; Ramani, N. (3 October 2019).
940:Zeder MA (2012). "The Domestication of Animals".
1877:National Council for Science and the Environment
1167:
1165:
70:, where one is harmed and the other benefits.
3001:
2254:
2070:
113:, meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix
8:
1871:. In Mcginley, M.; Cleveland, C. J. (eds.).
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
139:introduced the term "commensalism" in 1876.
1315:
1313:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
607:, which develop on and infest corpses, and
3222:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3008:
2994:
2986:
2261:
2247:
2239:
2077:
2063:
2055:
2004:
1740:
1650:
1552:
1468:
1407:
1258:
1248:
1118:
1058:
1048:
905:
802:
792:
710:. Harvard University Press. p. 354.
397:spp. benefit from their association with
3120:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2759:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1625:Fujita, Toshihiko; Ohta, Suguru (1990).
3152:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1674:Girard, F.; Fu, B.; Fisher, CR (2016).
694:
2960:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
448:beginning from their juvenile stages.
1002:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813
7:
2975:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
27:Beneficial symbiosis between species
3425:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
942:Journal of Anthropological Research
847:van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph (1876).
303:can occur, in which populations of
143:Examples of commensal relationships
3178:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1922:International Journal of Acarology
1594:10.1016/B978-0-12-385529-9.00002-0
1578:"Biology of deep-water octocorals"
25:
2514:Generalist and specialist species
1284:Journal of Archaeological Science
1237:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1091:Journal of Archaeological Science
436:Lyman and the octocoral primnoid
3237:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2030:
1890:Sudhaus, W. (30 December 2010).
1842:European Journal of Soil Biology
1755:
1409:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03458.x
754:10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00236.x
615:shells to protect their bodies.
577:growing on an oak tree in Mexico
223:when hunter-gatherers preyed on
3257:Relative abundance distribution
2970:Plant defense against herbivory
2837:Competitive exclusion principle
2549:Mesopredator release hypothesis
708:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
685:– species commensal with humans
2842:Consumer–resource interactions
1683:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1631:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1500:Wolpert S (14 November 2013).
850:Animal parasites and messmates
1:
3688:Biological data visualization
3515:Environmental niche modelling
3242:Population viability analysis
1942:10.1080/01647954.2019.1656286
1854:10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01108-6
1533:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1148:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687
3173:Density-dependent inhibition
1304:10.1016/0305-4403(92)90049-9
954:10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.201
420:Octocorals and Brittle Stars
3642:Liebig's law of the minimum
3477:Resource selection function
2368:Metabolic theory of ecology
1729:Frontiers in Marine Science
833:Online Etymology Dictionary
438:Metallogorgia melanotrichos
393:spp. and similar bacteria.
3834:
3542:Niche apportionment models
3262:Relative species abundance
2466:Primary nutritional groups
2363:List of feeding behaviours
2154:Behavior-altering parasite
1867:Hogan, C. Michael (2011).
1582:Advances in Marine Biology
1250:10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.001
265:
119:, meaning "together", and
54:) in which members of one
3791:
3723:Ecosystem based fisheries
3335:Interspecific competition
3227:Minimum viable population
3085:Maximum sustainable yield
3070:Intraspecific competition
3065:Effective population size
2945:Anti-predator adaptations
2456:Photosynthetic efficiency
2164:Host–parasite coevolution
2099:
1977:Journal of Insect Science
1776:Biology of the Bromeliads
1742:10.3389/fmars.2021.735039
1461:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072
1111:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
878:Evolutionary Applications
498:Pseudolynchia canariensis
172:cosmopolitan distribution
137:Pierre-Joseph van Beneden
3713:Ecological stoichiometry
3678:Alternative stable state
1517:Statement by Wayne, R.K.
859:10.5962/bhl.title.132633
704:"Ch.17-Social Symbiosis"
523:, examples of which are
335:, as well as inside the
3813:Biological interactions
3557:Ontogenetic niche shift
3420:Ideal free distribution
3330:Ecological facilitation
3080:Malthusian growth model
3050:Consumer-resource model
2907:Paradox of the plankton
2872:Energy systems language
2592:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2559:Optimal foraging theory
2534:Heterotrophic nutrition
2089:biological interactions
2048:Encyclopædia Britannica
1357:Fieldiana: Anthropology
1194:10.1126/science.1243650
1050:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
734:Journal of Fish Biology
160:Columba livia domestica
3703:Ecological forecasting
3647:Marginal value theorem
3445:Landscape epidemiology
3380:Cross-boundary subsidy
3315:Biological interaction
2665:Microbial intelligence
2353:Green world hypothesis
578:
501:
215:before the end of the
175:
82:that ride attached to
48:biological interaction
40:
18:Commensal relationship
3708:Ecological humanities
3607:Ecological energetics
3552:Niche differentiation
3415:Habitat fragmentation
3183:Ecological extinction
3130:Small population size
2882:Feed conversion ratio
2862:Ecological succession
2794:San Francisco Estuary
2708:Ecological efficiency
2650:Microbial cooperation
1989:10.1673/031.012.12801
1873:Encyclopedia of Earth
570:
491:
464:is still unanswered.
312:Staphylococcus aureus
307:grow out of control.
299:, a condition called
150:
35:
3733:Evolutionary ecology
3698:Ecological footprint
3693:Ecological economics
3617:Ecological threshold
3612:Ecological indicator
3482:Source–sink dynamics
3435:Land change modeling
3430:Insular biogeography
3282:Species distribution
3021:Modelling ecosystems
2680:Microbial metabolism
2519:Intraguild predation
2308:Biogeochemical cycle
2274:Modelling ecosystems
2179:Parasitic castration
2119:Deception in animals
2039:at Wikimedia Commons
1840:) in birdsˈ nests".
1545:10.1128/CMR.10.3.505
632:species interactions
221:Last Glacial Maximum
3783:Theoretical ecology
3758:Natural environment
3622:Ecosystem diversity
3592:Ecological collapse
3582:Bateman's principle
3537:Limiting similarity
3450:Landscape limnology
3272:Species homogeneity
3110:Population modeling
3105:Population dynamics
2922:Trophic state index
1934:2019IJAca..45..361B
1807:1991Biotr..23..204D
1774:Benzing DH (1980).
1695:2016MEPS..549...89G
1643:1990MEPS...64..113F
1453:2007CBio...17.1146L
1400:2007MolEc..16.4149M
1334:1999AmSci..87.....T
1296:1992JArSc..19..181M
1186:2013Sci...342..871T
1142:(5319): 1687–1689.
1103:2018JArSc..92..126J
1041:2012PNAS..109.8878L
746:2003JFBio..63.1176W
574:Tillandsia bourgaei
444:this relationship.
276:Numerous genera of
3794:Outline of ecology
3743:Industrial ecology
3738:Functional ecology
3602:Ecological deficit
3547:Niche construction
3510:Ecosystem engineer
3287:Species–area curve
3208:Introduced species
3023:: Other components
2955:Deimatic behaviour
2857:Ecological network
2789:North Pacific Gyre
2774:hydrothermal vents
2713:Ecological pyramid
2660:Microbial food web
2471:Primary production
2416:Foundation species
2218:Cleaning symbiosis
1782:: Mad River Press.
1780:Eureka, California
1652:10.3354/meps064113
1342:10.1511/1999.2.160
1322:American Scientist
794:10.7717/peerj.4520
702:Wilson EO (1975).
579:
502:
434:Ophiocreas oedipus
343:species including
176:
41:
3800:
3799:
3683:Balance of nature
3440:Landscape ecology
3325:Community ecology
3267:Species diversity
3203:Indicator species
3198:Gradient analysis
3075:Logistic function
2983:
2982:
2940:Animal coloration
2917:Trophic mutualism
2655:Microbial ecology
2446:Photoheterotrophs
2431:Myco-heterotrophy
2343:Ecosystem ecology
2328:Carrying capacity
2293:Abiotic component
2236:
2235:
2035:Media related to
1875:. Washington DC:
1703:10.3354/meps11697
1388:Molecular Ecology
890:10.1111/eva.12650
826:Harper, Douglas.
717:978-0-674-00089-6
383:spp. and certain
16:(Redirected from
3825:
3500:Ecological niche
3472:selection theory
3292:Umbrella species
3277:Species richness
3213:Invasive species
3193:Flagship species
3100:Population cycle
3095:Overexploitation
3060:Ecological yield
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2892:Mesotrophic soil
2832:Climax community
2764:Marine food webs
2703:Biomagnification
2504:Chemoorganotroph
2358:Keystone species
2318:Biotic component
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2206:
2199:
2174:Kleptoparasitism
2159:Brood parasitism
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2050:. 29 April 2023.
2034:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1928:(6–7): 361–365.
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1637:(1/2): 113–122.
1622:
1616:
1615:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
966:
965:
937:
920:
919:
909:
884:(9): 1598–1608.
869:
863:
862:
844:
838:
837:
823:
817:
816:
806:
796:
772:
766:
765:
740:(5): 1176–1183.
728:
722:
721:
699:
649:and some mites.
551:or beetles, and
460:is commensal or
249:Beringian wolves
186:The leap from a
21:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3787:
3773:Systems ecology
3661:
3632:Extinction debt
3597:Ecological debt
3587:Bioluminescence
3568:
3561:
3530:marine habitats
3505:Ecological trap
3486:
3366:
3359:
3302:
3296:
3252:Rapoport's rule
3247:Priority effect
3188:Endemic species
3156:
3115:Population size
3031:
3024:
3014:
2984:
2979:
2932:
2926:
2912:Trophic cascade
2822:Bioaccumulation
2805:
2732:
2689:
2611:
2578:
2475:
2387:
2348:Ecosystem model
2281:
2267:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2195:
2095:
2083:
2042:
2027:
2022:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1899:Palaeodiversity
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1815:10.2307/2388309
1792:
1791:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1604:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1447:(13): 1146–50.
1441:Current Biology
1438:
1437:
1433:
1394:(19): 4149–70.
1381:
1380:
1376:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1180:(6160): 871–4.
1171:
1170:
1163:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1120:1854/LU-8550758
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1035:(23): 8878–83.
1022:
1021:
1017:
987:
986:
969:
939:
938:
923:
871:
870:
866:
846:
845:
841:
825:
824:
820:
774:
773:
769:
730:
729:
725:
718:
701:
700:
696:
692:
655:
640:
621:
601:
565:
545:pseudoscorpions
514:
486:
454:
422:
374:
274:
264:
205:
181:fight-or-flight
145:
100:
46:is a long-term
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Microecosystem
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:Thorson's rule
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Assembly rules
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3460:Patch dynamics
3457:
3455:Metapopulation
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3350:Storage effect
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Neutral theory
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Native species
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Overpopulation
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Nutrient cycle
2894:
2889:
2887:Feeding frenzy
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Energy quality
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Cascade effect
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Microbial loop
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Lithoautotroph
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2617:Microorganisms
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2574:Prey switching
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Photosynthesis
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Chemosynthesis
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Abiotic stress
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:"Commensalism"
2040:
2026:
2025:External links
2023:
2021:
2020:
1963:
1908:
1882:
1869:"Commensalism"
1859:
1828:
1785:
1766:
1715:
1666:
1617:
1602:
1568:
1519:
1506:UCLA News Room
1492:
1431:
1374:
1347:
1309:
1290:(2): 181–204.
1274:
1243:(8): 633–645.
1223:
1161:
1126:
1074:
1015:
967:
948:(2): 161–190.
921:
864:
839:
828:"commensalism"
818:
767:
723:
716:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
654:
651:
639:
636:
620:
617:
600:
597:
591:(such as many
564:
561:
513:
510:
485:
482:
453:
450:
421:
418:
385:crenarchaeotes
373:
363:
358:S. epidermidis
352:S. lugdunensis
341:Staphylococcus
333:nasal cavities
272:Staphylococcus
263:
261:Staphylococcus
254:
204:
201:
193:coevolutionary
144:
141:
108:Medieval Latin
99:
96:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3830:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Urban ecology
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Kleiber's law
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Foster's rule
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:Trophic level
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2685:Phage ecology
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Microbial mat
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Bacteriophage
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Decomposition
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Mesopredators
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Apex predator
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Biotic stress
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Hyperparasite
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:Inter-species
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:9780123855299
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:(3): 505–20.
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1363:(3): 81–146.
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
852:
851:
843:
840:
835:
834:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
724:
719:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
689:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
587:
583:
576:
575:
571:Inquilinism:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
499:
495:
490:
483:
481:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:brittle stars
427:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
371:
367:
364:
362:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
306:
302:
301:aspergillosis
298:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
273:
269:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
245:
241:
237:
234:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
189:
184:
182:
173:
169:
168:Columba livia
165:
161:
157:
156:feral pigeons
153:
149:
142:
140:
138:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
112:
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3763:Regime shift
3748:Macroecology
3469:
3465:
3405:Edge effects
3375:Biogeography
3320:Commensalism
3319:
3168:Biodiversity
3045:Allee effect
2784:kelp forests
2737:Example webs
2602:Detritivores
2441:Organotrophs
2421:Kinetotrophs
2373:Productivity
2109:Commensalism
2108:
2047:
2037:Commensalism
1983:(128): 128.
1980:
1976:
1966:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1862:
1848:(4): 321–3.
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1801:(2): 204–6.
1798:
1794:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1686:
1682:
1669:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1495:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1325:
1321:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1177:
1173:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1032:
1028:
1018:
993:
989:
945:
941:
881:
877:
867:
849:
842:
831:
821:
784:
780:
770:
737:
733:
726:
707:
697:
641:
627:
624:Facilitation
623:
622:
619:Facilitation
611:, which use
609:hermit crabs
602:
580:
572:
515:
503:
497:
466:
455:
446:
442:
437:
433:
423:
411:
406:fermentation
403:
399:Nitrosomonas
398:
394:
388:
380:Nitrosomonas
378:
375:
369:
366:Nitrosomonas
365:
356:
350:
344:
340:
324:
316:
310:
309:
304:
297:tuberculosis
292:
285:
275:
260:
256:
246:
242:
238:
229:
206:
188:synanthropic
185:
177:
167:
159:
135:
120:
114:
110:
101:
72:
44:Commensalism
43:
42:
29:
3400:Disturbance
3303:interaction
3125:Recruitment
3055:Depensation
2847:Copiotrophs
2718:Energy flow
2640:Lithotrophy
2584:Decomposers
2564:Planktivore
2539:Insectivore
2529:Heterotroph
2494:Bacterivore
2461:Phototrophs
2411:Chemotrophs
2383:Restoration
2333:Competition
2144:Synnecrosis
2124:Inquilinism
2114:Competition
1511:10 December
1470:10261/61282
1202:10261/88173
1097:: 126–138.
996:: 115–136.
683:Synanthrope
582:Inquilinism
563:Inquilinism
469:mutualistic
462:mutualistic
395:Nitrobacter
390:Nitrobacter
370:Nitrobacter
305:Aspergillus
293:Aspergillus
287:Aspergillus
268:Aspergillus
257:Aspergillus
217:Pleistocene
111:commensalis
3807:Categories
3768:Sexecology
3345:Parasitism
3310:Antibiosis
3145:Resistance
3140:Resilience
3030:Population
2950:Camouflage
2902:Oligotroph
2817:Ascendency
2779:intertidal
2769:cold seeps
2723:Food chain
2524:Herbivores
2499:Carnivores
2426:Mixotrophs
2401:Autotrophs
2280:components
2225:Mycorrhiza
2204:Intraguild
2184:Parasitoid
2149:Parasitism
2139:Neutralism
2104:Amensalism
1905:: 117–130.
1795:Biotropica
1588:: 41–122.
1328:(2): 160.
690:References
671:Parabiosis
665:Parasitism
630:describes
599:Metabiosis
553:millipedes
521:arthropods
496:on a fly (
426:octocorals
346:S. warneri
321:skin flora
266:See also:
92:herbivores
88:pilot fish
68:parasitism
64:amensalism
3818:Symbiosis
3673:Allometry
3627:Emergence
3355:Symbiosis
3340:Mutualism
3135:Stability
3040:Abundance
2852:Dominance
2810:Processes
2799:tide pool
2695:Food webs
2569:Predation
2554:Omnivores
2481:Consumers
2436:Mycotroph
2393:Producers
2338:Ecosystem
2303:Behaviour
2212:Symbiosis
2197:Carnivore
2191:Predation
2134:Mutualism
1997:1536-2442
1958:202867426
1950:0164-7954
1838:Diplopoda
1751:2296-7745
1689:: 89–98.
1260:2164/6176
898:1752-4571
787:: e4520.
762:0022-1112
677:Symbiosis
659:Mutualism
647:nematodes
643:Necromeny
638:Necromeny
628:probiosis
613:gastropod
586:epiphytic
531:(such as
506:symbioses
492:Phoretic
477:epiphytes
473:parasitic
458:gut flora
452:Arguments
337:ear canal
325:S. aureus
317:S. aureus
225:megafauna
164:rock dove
131:Cambridge
106:from the
98:Etymology
60:mutualism
52:symbiosis
3728:Endolith
3657:Xerosere
3569:networks
3385:Ecocline
2931:Defense,
2607:Detritus
2509:Foraging
2378:Resource
2015:23448160
1661:24844596
1612:21962750
1487:14039133
1479:17583509
1426:14459019
1418:17725575
1369:29782462
1269:27297117
1210:24233726
1069:22615366
1010:56381833
962:85348232
916:30344630
813:29576981
653:See also
368:spp and
339:. Other
278:bacteria
152:Domestic
3718:Ecopath
3525:Habitat
3395:Ecotype
3390:Ecotone
3367:ecology
3365:Spatial
3301:Species
3161:Species
3032:ecology
3017:Ecology
2965:Mimicry
2933:counter
2877:f-ratio
2625:Archaea
2313:Biomass
2286:General
2278:Trophic
2270:Ecology
2129:Mimicry
2093:ecology
2006:3637038
1930:Bibcode
1823:2388309
1803:Bibcode
1691:Bibcode
1639:Bibcode
1563:9227864
1449:Bibcode
1396:Bibcode
1330:Bibcode
1292:Bibcode
1218:1526260
1182:Bibcode
1174:Science
1156:9180076
1136:Science
1099:Bibcode
1060:3384140
1037:Bibcode
907:6183452
804:5863707
742:Bibcode
605:maggots
593:orchids
549:mammals
533:beetles
529:insects
517:Phoresy
512:Phoresy
413:Biofilm
213:Eurasia
80:remoras
56:species
2749:Rivers
2645:Marine
2013:
2003:
1995:
1956:
1948:
1821:
1749:
1708:24 May
1659:
1610:
1600:
1561:
1554:172932
1551:
1485:
1477:
1424:
1416:
1367:
1267:
1216:
1208:
1154:
1067:
1057:
1008:
960:
914:
904:
896:
811:
801:
760:
714:
589:plants
127:Oxford
104:French
84:sharks
37:Remora
3666:Other
3567:Other
3520:Guild
3492:Niche
2744:Lakes
1954:S2CID
1895:(PDF)
1819:JSTOR
1679:(PDF)
1657:JSTOR
1483:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1365:JSTOR
1214:S2CID
1087:(PDF)
1006:S2CID
958:S2CID
781:PeerJ
557:birds
537:flies
525:mites
494:mites
484:Types
282:fungi
197:niche
122:mensa
2754:Soil
2011:PMID
1993:ISSN
1946:ISSN
1747:ISSN
1710:2023
1608:PMID
1598:ISBN
1559:PMID
1513:2014
1475:PMID
1414:PMID
1265:PMID
1206:PMID
1152:PMID
1065:PMID
912:PMID
894:ISSN
809:PMID
758:ISSN
712:ISBN
541:bees
428:and
355:and
331:and
329:oral
280:and
270:and
259:and
233:cats
207:The
203:Dogs
154:and
129:and
116:com-
76:host
2091:in
2001:PMC
1985:doi
1938:doi
1850:doi
1811:doi
1737:doi
1699:doi
1687:549
1647:doi
1590:doi
1549:PMC
1541:doi
1465:hdl
1457:doi
1404:doi
1338:doi
1300:doi
1255:hdl
1245:doi
1198:hdl
1190:doi
1178:342
1144:doi
1140:276
1115:hdl
1107:doi
1055:PMC
1045:doi
1033:109
998:doi
950:doi
902:PMC
886:doi
855:doi
799:PMC
789:doi
750:doi
626:or
555:on
547:on
543:),
539:or
527:on
471:or
372:spp
209:dog
3809::
3215:/
3019::
2276::
2272::
2046:.
2009:.
1999:.
1991:.
1981:12
1979:.
1975:.
1952:.
1944:.
1936:.
1926:45
1924:.
1920:.
1901:.
1897:.
1846:37
1844:.
1817:.
1809:.
1799:23
1797:.
1778:.
1745:.
1735:.
1731:.
1727:.
1697:.
1685:.
1681:.
1655:.
1645:.
1635:64
1633:.
1629:.
1606:.
1596:.
1586:60
1584:.
1580:.
1557:.
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1535:.
1531:.
1504:.
1481:.
1473:.
1463:.
1455:.
1445:17
1443:.
1420:.
1412:.
1402:.
1392:16
1390:.
1386:.
1361:63
1359:.
1336:.
1326:87
1324:.
1312:^
1298:.
1288:19
1286:.
1263:.
1253:.
1241:31
1239:.
1235:.
1212:.
1204:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:.
1164:^
1150:.
1138:.
1113:.
1105:.
1095:92
1093:.
1089:.
1063:.
1053:.
1043:.
1031:.
1027:.
1004:.
994:45
992:.
970:^
956:.
946:68
944:.
924:^
910:.
900:.
892:.
882:11
880:.
876:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
783:.
779:.
756:.
748:.
738:63
736:.
706:.
535:,
440:.
349:,
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227:.
174:.
3470:K
3468:/
3466:r
3009:e
3002:t
2995:v
2262:e
2255:t
2248:v
2078:e
2071:t
2064:v
2017:.
1987::
1960:.
1940::
1932::
1903:3
1879:.
1856:.
1852::
1825:.
1813::
1805::
1764:.
1753:.
1739::
1733:8
1712:.
1701::
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1663:.
1649::
1641::
1614:.
1592::
1565:.
1543::
1515:.
1489:.
1467::
1459::
1451::
1428:.
1406::
1398::
1371:.
1344:.
1340::
1332::
1306:.
1302::
1294::
1271:.
1257::
1247::
1220:.
1200::
1192::
1184::
1158:.
1146::
1123:.
1117::
1109::
1101::
1071:.
1047::
1039::
1012:.
1000::
964:.
952::
918:.
888::
861:.
857::
836:.
815:.
791::
785:6
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752::
744::
720:.
500:)
166:(
158:(
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
