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947:. The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the
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have pointed out that the phrase suggests a unified set of aesthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the
77:
in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in
European
180:" originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming
184:. The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation; a single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as
917:, who was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States.
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117:
While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to
1905:
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169:. The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a
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ones, and the standard
Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and the use of steel for vertical and horizontal members.
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A "Second
Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and
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923:, a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School.
2011:
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Some of the distinguishing features of the
Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually
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Historically unprecedented grid of wide windows, clear expression of structural frame, and minimalist ornamentation on the
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913:(1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was
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The
Chicago school of architecture: a history of commercial and public building in the Chicago area, 1875-1925
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by 1963. This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own
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Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the
Chicago School,
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49:(1904–1905) is a prime example of the Chicago School, displaying both variations of the Chicago window
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149:(1895–1896), meant the height of a building was no longer limited by the strength of its walls.
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943:-born structural engineer Khan introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in
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in
Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of
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165:. Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical
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Architects whose names are associated with the
Chicago School include
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In the 1940s, a "Second
Chicago School" emerged from the work of
1910:
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The Second
Chicago School's first and purest expression was the
1283:
1067:
The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering
233:
started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own
173:
and often with more ornamental detail, represent the capital.
1209:"Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao"
138:
era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school."
57:
refers to two architectural styles derived from the
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1934:
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939:were among its most influential architects. The
1038:. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from
1295:
1140:Architecture Foundation. 2011. Archived from
8:
1213:Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering
1058:
1056:
1180:Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008).
951:, which Khan designed and was completed in
1302:
1288:
1280:
82:. Much of its early work is also known as
1224:
1105:"Architecture: The Second Chicago School"
145:A steel skeletal frame, like that of the
553:
263:
1023:
540:Transportation Building/Heisen Building
1098:
1096:
248:in the world, was built in Chicago in
190:, that projected out over the street.
1276:. University of Illinois Press, 2013.
1134:"Built By Women: 800 Lakeshore Drive"
7:
1266:. University of Chicago Press, 1973.
898:and his efforts of education at the
1156:"Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers"
911:860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
949:DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building
945:skyscraper design and construction
123:The Chicago School of Architecture
25:
2124:20th-century architectural styles
2119:19th-century architectural styles
1311:Architecture of the United States
65:, the first Chicago School was a
900:Illinois Institute of Technology
851:
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1624:Sarasota School of Architecture
1036:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
32:Chicago school (disambiguation)
1274:Chicago Skyscrapers, 1871-1934
921:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
639:Prudential (Guaranty) Building
1:
2099:American architectural styles
2094:Chicago school (architecture)
1749:Building types and vernacular
1063:Billington, David P. (1985).
1032:"Commercial style definition"
1002:Early Commercial architecture
244:, which some regarded as the
27:American architectural style
915:Georgia Louise Harris Brown
666:Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
619:Goodspeed Brothers Building
161:are used in Chicago School
2140:
1715:New Classical architecture
1347:Colonial and post-colonial
1109:Chicago Historical Society
1073:Princeton University Press
1012:Palazzo style architecture
1007:Chicago Seven (architects)
876:
719:Old National Bank Building
606:San Francisco, California
29:
550:Buildings outside Chicago
159:neoclassical architecture
2104:Architecture in Illinois
1634:Spanish Colonial Revival
1474:Richardsonian Romanesque
896:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
599:Mills Building and Tower
2114:19th century in Chicago
2109:Architecture in Chicago
1187:Encyclopædia Britannica
1182:"building construction"
992:Architecture of Chicago
626:Grand Rapids, Michigan
242:Home Insurance Building
195:Henry Hobson Richardson
63:history of architecture
59:architecture of Chicago
1567:Dutch Colonial Revival
1103:Franz Schulze (2005).
891:
806:Kansas City, Missouri
786:Jacksonville, Florida
252:and was demolished in
211:William LeBaron Jenney
150:
114:
50:
1811:Hall and parlor house
1771:Central-passage house
1592:Mediterranean Revival
1318:Native and indigenous
886:
873:Second Chicago School
866:Melbourne, Australia
799:Western Auto Building
766:Salt Lake City, Utah
706:Dunedin, New Zealand
144:
125:. Historians such as
108:
40:
1791:Critical regionalism
1484:American Renaissance
1207:Ali, Mir M. (2001).
726:Spokane, Washington
586:St. Louis, Missouri
456:Gage Group Buildings
260:Buildings in Chicago
101:First Chicago School
95:tube-frame structure
47:Holabird & Roche
30:For other uses, see
1639:Territorial Revival
1582:International style
1552:California bungalow
1542:American Foursquare
957:John Hancock Center
839:LifeSavers Building
686:Pensacola, Florida
659:Union Bank Building
579:Wainwright Building
337:Auditorium Building
1690:Mid-century modern
1537:American Craftsman
1526:Streamline Moderne
1226:10.56748/ejse.1111
892:
779:St. James Building
646:Buffalo, New York
422:Marquette Building
388:Monadnock Building
371:Ludington Building
354:Leiter II Building
231:Frank Lloyd Wright
151:
115:
111:Marquette Building
91:structural systems
51:
2081:
2080:
1653:Post–World War II
1365:Colonial Georgian
997:Chicago Landmarks
870:
869:
859:Nicholas Building
846:Port Chester, NY
826:Edmonton, Canada
739:Swetland Building
699:Consultancy House
547:
546:
490:Heyworth Building
405:Reliance Building
286:Leiter I Building
237:of architecture.
16:(Redirected from
2131:
2052:Washington, D.C.
1670:Deconstructivism
1572:Georgian Revival
1562:Colonial Revival
1515:mid-20th century
1439:Mid-19th century
1385:Spanish Colonial
1304:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1262:Condit, Carl W.
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
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1158:. Archived from
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1111:. Archived from
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879:Tube (structure)
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746:Cleveland, Ohio
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507:Chicago Building
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320:Rookery Building
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303:Montauk Building
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246:first skyscraper
207:William Holabird
135:Daniel Bluestone
84:Commercial Style
43:Chicago Building
21:
18:Commercial Style
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1514:
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1380:German Colonial
1375:French Colonial
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1259:
1257:Further reading
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925:Myron Goldsmith
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819:McLeod Building
759:Kearns Building
679:Blount Building
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524:Brooks Building
473:Sullivan Center
439:Fisher Building
262:
147:Fisher Building
131:Winston Weisman
127:H. Allen Brooks
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1614:Prairie School
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1602:Pueblo Revival
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1557:Chicago School
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1270:Leslie, Thomas
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1144:on 2013-04-24.
1138:Beverly Willis
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227:Louis Sullivan
223:Solon S. Beman
203:Daniel Burnham
178:Chicago window
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93:, such as the
55:Chicago School
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
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2007:New York City
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1881:Shotgun house
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1796:Dogtrot house
1794:
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1786:Cowboy church
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1644:Tudor Revival
1642:
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1637:
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1615:
1612:
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1588:
1587:Mayan Revival
1585:
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1573:
1570:
1568:
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1479:Second Empire
1477:
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1471:
1469:
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1463:
1457:
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1446:Greek Revival
1444:
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1241:on 2005-03-10
1240:
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1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
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1162:on 2007-06-05
1161:
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1135:
1129:
1126:
1115:on 2021-10-10
1114:
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1088:
1086:0-691-02393-X
1082:
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1042:on 2019-06-11
1041:
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1003:
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998:
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989:
985:
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977:
973:
969:
968:neo-classical
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Walter Netsch
930:
926:
922:
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872:
865:
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569:
566:Localization
565:
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235:Prairie Style
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Dankmar Adler
196:
191:
189:
188:
187:oriel windows
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
143:
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132:
128:
124:
121:'s 1952 book
120:
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85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2017:Philadelphia
1977:Jacksonville
1866:Quiggly hole
1705:Neo-futurism
1700:Neo-eclectic
1660:Blobitecture
1556:
1513:Late-19th to
1423:Neoclassical
1418:Jeffersonian
1360:First Period
1273:
1263:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1216:
1212:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1185:
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1150:
1142:the original
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1066:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:the original
1035:
1026:
965:
961:Willis Tower
929:Bruce Graham
919:
908:
893:
888:Willis Tower
239:
215:Martin Roche
192:
185:
175:
152:
122:
116:
88:
83:
54:
52:
2027:San Antonio
2002:New Orleans
1992:Los Angeles
1982:Kansas City
1916:Town square
1901:Sweat lodge
1851:Plank house
1801:Earth lodge
1619:PWA Moderne
1494:Stick style
1390:Territorial
1219:(1): 2–14.
1075:. pp.
941:Bangladeshi
937:Fazlur Khan
904:historicist
182:bay windows
163:skyscrapers
155:terra cotta
119:Carl Condit
2088:Categories
1891:Skyscraper
1846:Moki steps
1841:Longhouses
1735:Tiny-house
1730:Shed style
1720:Postmodern
1547:Beaux-Arts
1499:Queen Anne
1451:Italianate
1428:Antebellum
1245:2008-11-30
1193:2008-12-09
1166:2007-05-14
1119:2020-06-19
1046:2007-06-26
1018:References
980:postmodern
877:See also:
543:1910–1911
511:1904–1905
443:1895–1896
409:1890–1895
392:1891–1893
375:1891–1892
307:1882–1883
73:active in
71:architects
2047:St. Louis
1987:Las Vegas
1896:Sod house
1836:Log cabin
1781:Corn crib
1710:Neomodern
1685:High-tech
1680:Earthship
1665:Brutalist
1466:Victorian
1235:251690475
219:John Root
80:Modernism
61:. In the
2022:Portland
1962:Columbus
1766:Cape Cod
1761:Barabara
1522:Art Deco
1330:Builders
986:See also
972:art deco
113:(1895).
2042:Spokane
2037:Seattle
1972:Houston
1967:Detroit
1957:Chicago
1952:Buffalo
1942:Atlanta
1906:Temples
1876:Saltbox
1816:I-house
1776:Chickee
1740:Usonian
1675:Dingbat
1532:Pre-war
1504:Shingle
1413:Federal
953:Chicago
171:cornice
75:Chicago
2068:Hawaii
2061:States
1947:Boston
1935:Cities
1926:Wigwam
1886:Sipapu
1871:Ramada
1695:Modern
1629:Rustic
1577:Googie
1355:Creole
1337:Pueblo
1233:
1083:
978:, and
976:modern
935:, and
225:, and
167:column
67:school
2073:Texas
2012:Omaha
1997:Miami
1921:Tupiq
1861:Qargi
1826:Jacal
1821:Igloo
1806:Hogan
1756:Adobe
1725:Ranch
1325:Mound
1231:S2CID
1077:234–5
557:Photo
528:1910
494:1904
477:1899
460:1898
426:1895
358:1891
341:1889
324:1886
290:1879
273:Year
267:Photo
176:The "
1911:Tipi
1831:Kiva
1607:Deco
1489:Folk
1408:Adam
1081:ISBN
959:and
863:1926
843:1920
823:1915
803:1914
783:1912
763:1911
743:1910
723:1910
703:1910
683:1907
663:1904
643:1896
623:1895
603:1892
583:1891
563:Year
560:Name
270:Name
254:1931
250:1885
240:The
133:and
53:The
41:The
1221:doi
69:of
45:by
2090::
1272:.
1229:.
1215:.
1211:.
1184:.
1136:.
1107:.
1095:^
1079:.
1071:.
1055:^
1034:.
982:.
974:,
970:,
963:.
931:,
927:,
256:.
229:.
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
129:,
97:.
86:.
1528:)
1524:(
1303:e
1296:t
1289:v
1248:.
1223::
1217:1
1196:.
1169:.
1122:.
1089:.
1049:.
34:.
20:)
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