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847:
654:
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36:
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screen border or putting out the horizontal and vertical retrace signals is the CPU able to run at full speed. This means that, on average, with standard 40x25 screen the Plus/4's CPU runs only about 15% faster than that of the C64. However, as mentioned the Plus/4 can be 75% faster than a C64 when using screen blanking mode. The Plus/4's
1116:
Further dividing the market was that once the user had created data using many of the built-in software packages, the result could only be saved to a connected disk drive – much of the software did not support tape. Thus, tape-based home users, the only users who might still have been
1301:
process. MOS had considerable difficulty getting it to work reliably and TED chips and the 7501 CPU consequently had a high failure rate. Autofire-capable joysticks and improperly constructed 9-pin adapters have also been blamed for damaging TED chips. The C16 had fewer reliability problems than the
1057:
BASIC 3.5 added all of BASIC 4.0's disk commands as well as sound and graphics functions to support the TED, additional programming features, and statements to allow structured programming. While BASIC 2.0 was 8K in size and BASIC 4.0 12K, BASIC 3.5 ballooned to 20K in size, as big as the entire set
1200:
architecture, in which screen data resided in main memory. This means that the video chip has to access the memory while it is displaying the picture, in effect slowing down the CPU to less than half its full speed in this screen area. Only during those periods when the video chip is displaying the
1465:
with the C64. Their shortcomings were the inspiration for the
Commodore 128 series as, urged on by the computer press, the designers calculated that if they created a computer that was compatible with the C64 that ultimately management and marketing could not damage the C64 software base (much) in
1409:
In total, 1 million 264 series machines were sold in slightly more than a year on the market. Of these, 400,000 were Plus/4s with most of the remainder being C16s. Approximately 50,000 were C116s, with about 43,000 of those being sold in
Germany, and the Plus/4 accounted for about 60%-70% of North
1104:
warned that users who wanted to use the computer "for serious 'productive' work, you are in deep trouble with the PLUS/4" because of the poor software, and unlikelihood that better third-party replacements would be available. Better business software packages were available for equivalently-priced
1312:
This made upgrading to the Plus/4 from the VIC-20 or C64 more expensive, since the user in many cases would have to buy new peripherals in addition to the new computer. It also made the Plus/4 less attractive to new buyers, since VIC and C64 peripherals were more plentiful and less expensive than
1387:
and the extra memory on the Plus/4 was not as widely supported as it could have been. Also, most development for these machines was in the less-lucrative
European markets. Major software developers in North America continued to focus instead on the huge C64 market. Plus/4 software development in
1125:
The keyboard on the Plus/4 was different from the keyboards of previous
Commodore machines and also its sibling the C16; this was due to cost saving measures resulting from the need to retool for Plus/4 production, while the C16 could use the existing C64 tooling due to an identical case design.
531:
mode is similar to the C64, however in hi-res mode the color RAM is used to supply the luminance values for each block (bits 0-3 the luminance for color 0 and 4-7 the luminance for color 1) while it is not used at all in C64 hi-res graphics. In multicolor bitmap mode, the same setup is used, but
424:
Commodore's intent with the Plus/4 was not to replace the C64, but to expand the home computer market and sell the Plus/4 to users who were more interested in serious applications than in gaming. By 1984, however, in the US, most of these customers were beginning to switch to the new, low-cost
369:
Rumors spread in late 1983 of a new computer in 1984 called the "Commodore 444" or "Ted", with built-in word processing and spreadsheet software, and that it would be one of four new computers that would replace the VIC-20 and C64, which the company would discontinue. The company's third
1138:
parallel printer to the
Commodore serial port. Since most of these interfaces connected to the Datasette port to get +5 volts for power, they were incompatible with the Plus/4 unless the user modified the interface and risked voiding the warranty. For a computer intended to be used for
345:
resulted from the confluence of these events and it was introduced in 1980 at a list price of $ 299.95. Later, spurred by the competition, Commodore was able to reduce the VIC's street price to $ 99, and it became the first computer (of any kind) to sell over 1 million units. The
620:), at a time when 300- or 1200-bit/s modems were more common – and Commodore never released a 2400-bit/s modem – so this feature went largely unnoticed. The Plus/4's serial port is the standard Commodore user port used since the PET, featuring
926:
The Plus/4 does not have the
Restore key on the VIC and C64, but a similar function may be achieved by holding down Run/Stop and pressing the reset button. This will reboot the computer into the machine language monitor, but any BASIC programs in memory will be left intact.
421:. The Plus/4 had built-in software, whereas the others did not. All of the machines were distinguished by their dark gray cases and light gray keys. This was a reversal of the color scheme on the C64 and VIC, which used lighter cases and darker-colored keys.
1313:
their Plus/4 counterparts. The street price for a complete C64 system was lower than that of a comparable system based on the Plus/4. Combined with the C64's greater abilities and broader software base, most buyers opted for the older model.
977:, but this was not compatible with BASIC on that machine; on the Plus/4, on the other hand, most of the ROM area was automatically switched out when not needed, rendering the RAM existing at the same addresses accessible for BASIC programs.
1396:
that did not have support from major developers. Since the Plus/4 accounted for most North
American sales, NTSC software was usually designed to support 64K and disk drives unlike in Europe where software was most often distributed on
1209:
mode by disabling the screen which sets the CPU frequency to 2.22 MHz (this is 115% faster than C64's maximum speed). So a Plus/4 (PAL) is one of the fastest 6502 based computers for raw calculations. This is true for programs in
511:
The first eight colors of the TED's palette are the same as the VIC-II, but colors 8-15 are different. It allowed each color except 0 (black) to be set to one of eight possible luminance levels, thus making 121 total colors possible.
1357:
for readers, promising that the computer was "Sure to become a collector's item!". Even a defender of the machine acknowledged that the Plus/4 was expensive compared to the C64, and that the built-in applications' quality was poor.
1133:
port was changed, rendering previous units incompatible without third-party adapters that only became available later. This also posed a problem for the many third-party C64 printer interfaces that allowed one to connect a standard
1429:
where a service assistant would read the written input from the user, call the other party and read the text aloud. Vice versa, incoming calls could be made from other users to the call center, who would dial the Plus/4 modem. A
567:, thus it can "see" the entire memory space of the computer unlike the VIC-II. The video buffers may thus be placed anywhere in memory and there are no mirrors of the character ROM to get in the way like on the C64.
1218:
line because the BASIC ROM has to be switched out to read BASIC program text. The NTSC model of Plus/4 is about 10% slower than the PAL model displaying a standard screen but slightly faster with screen blank.
554:
that are available can be read and written. TED may realize the blinking cursor and the characters in the reverse-video mode. It may display 256 characters in the text mode. It may use graphics split by
523:. Color memory is integrated into the TED and there is no separate color RAM like on the VIC-20 and C64. Bits 0-3 of each byte in color RAM hold the color value and 4-6 hold the luminance. Bit 7 is a
1090:
stated, "The word processor is barely that, the data base defiles the name, and the spreadsheet has little spread". The magazine advised users to "think of the software as an almost free bonus".
1379:
Another problem that kept the Plus/4 from selling was that even though the three machines (116, C16 and Plus/4) were all compatible with one another, developers tended to write programs for the
827:
The power connector is compatible with C64 power supplies in some Plus/4s and takes the same 9V AC and 5V DC voltages, but uses a non-standard "Square DIN" plug, like the C128, in most Plus/4s.
1003:
contain the ROM configuration for the machine, which normally has the BASIC and kernal ROMs enabled. The ROM configuration is adjusted by writing to the registers (the value is irrelevant).
1410:
American sales. Commodore's ultimate decision to discontinue the 264 line was not due to lack of sales, but in order to free up production capacity for C64s for the 1985 Christmas season.
532:
while on the C64, color RAM holds the values for color 3, on the Plus/4 it instead holds the luminance values for colors 1–2. Color 3 is instead global and obtained from the register at
1368:, said in July 1984 that the new computer's incompatibility with C64 software "makes you wonder". He added "It's a little on the spooky side", unfavorably comparing the Plus/4 to the
1383:
in a computer family. So as not to alienate buyers of the C116 and C16, which were intended to be the largest selling machines in this series, most software was designed to run in
1613:
1074:. It was, however, completely inadequate for the Plus/4's originally intended market of business and professional users. In an otherwise largely favorable review of the computer,
301:'s software and some of its hardware. Although the Commodore 64 was more established, the Plus/4 was aimed at the more business-oriented part of the personal computer market.
362:. Still, the C64 went on to become a best-seller and was selling for $ 199 at the time of the Plus/4's introduction. Even while C64 sales were rising, Commodore president
1100:
and other third-party software would be cheaper and much more powerful. The magazine stated that the computer "should have been called not the Plus 4, but the Minus 60".
635:
The Plus/4 keyboard had a separately placed directional "diamond" of four cursor keys, presumably more intuitive to use than the VIC's and C64's two shifted cursor keys.
2053:
2639:
2518:
370:
salvo – which, as it turned out, was fired just as most of
Commodore's competition was leaving the home computer market – was the
602:
358:
in the US, was another salvo in the price war but it was far more expensive to make than the VIC-20 because it used discrete chips for video, sound, and
1361:
Computer dealers disliked
Commodore's usual practice of introducing new computers incompatible with existing ones. Steve Leininger, the designer of the
57:
44:
1054:. Since disabling the ROMs will also remove the kernal interrupt handler, it will be necessary to first turn off interrupts via an SEI instruction.
1737:
1475:
2046:
1782:
2019:
768:
Graphics modes: 160x200 (multicolor, 2bpp, no sprites) / 320Ă—200 (hi-resolution, 1bpp) at 121 colors (all can be visible at the same time)
1214:
but BASIC 3.5 is slightly slower than BASIC 2.0 due to its greater size, and performance slows down further when programs cross over the
1129:
Peripheral compatibility with the C64 was inconsistent. The Plus/4's serial, user, and video ports were compatible with the C64, but the
2376:
915:
far more extensively than the C64, gave it a 56% larger amount of user-accessible memory than the C64 for programming in BASIC, and its
1883:
1445:
market with the failed product at a greatly reduced price. A number of unofficial ports of C64 games were produced by
Hungarian users.
2634:
406:
all-in-one video, sound, and I/O chip. The Plus/4's design is thus philosophically closer to that of the VIC-20 than that of the C64.
366:
wanted a new computer line that would use fewer chips and at the same time address some of the user complaints about the VIC and C64.
2010:: A comprehensive C16 and Plus/4 game and demoscene site along with books, manuals, PRG files and TAP images of C16 and Plus/4 files.
1322:
1280:
1254:
1163:
894:
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2583:
2002:
2573:
2039:
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cited rumors that they were being "'de-emphasized'" in favor of the forthcoming 128 which, the magazine reported, would be both
1302:
Plus/4 due to a simpler design with fewer ICs and lower heat output, as well as more room inside the case for heat to disperse.
621:
2603:
1972:
1258:
872:
1425:) to help hearing-impaired people communicate over telephone lines. Outgoing calls were made from the Plus/4 via modem to a
1835:
493:
at the time, and 320Ă—200 video resolution, similar to many computers intended to be capable of connecting to a television.
2185:
1178:
1080:
2016:: A C16 and Plus/4 website that offers a software database, Documentation, busy forum, scanned books & Hardware shop.
1712:
1346:
1306:
784:; incompatible with C64, although adapters allowing the machine to use earlier and aftermarket datasettes were common.)
2175:
1655:
1543:
973:. On the C64, a program was able to swap out the ROMs and the I/O registers manually and thus gain access to the full
111:
1243:
996:
line, banking does not occur on that machine. As on the C64, writing to the ROM areas will alter the RAM underneath.
857:
297:
and 116 models, and was able to use software and peripherals designed for them. The Plus/4 was incompatible with the
1117:
interested in the Plus/4's less-capable but built-in and instantly ready software, were shut out from the package.
501:
1262:
1247:
876:
861:
49:
2251:
1298:
1084:
wrote "I would guess that the applications were whipped up in a great hurry ... I would never use the software".
2613:
2467:
1174:
642:
1909:
1861:
1764:
961:
available, aided by its memory map that swapped the ROMs in and out of memory as needed, and that placed the
2593:
2062:
1462:
988:
so the automatic switching of the OS ROMs is not initiated unless a BASIC program grows big enough to reach
743:, and TRI-Micro's "3 Plus 1" (word processor, spreadsheet, database, graphing). It is possible to add up to
263:
178:
1687:
1669:
1335:
showed a photo of the new (competitor) computer with the caption "Is this a joke?" and compared it to the
1197:
920:
616:
without additional hardware or software tricks (the C64 required specially written software to operate at
2013:
1196:
While the Plus/4's CPU could run about 75% faster than the C64's, the computer was still designed with a
2261:
1529:
1393:
1380:
1140:
942:
puts up the names of three programmers and a hardware designer: Fred Bowen, John Cooper, Terry Ryan and
497:
490:
486:
1341:
1599:
1293:
The Plus/4 also suffered serious reliability problems due to the TED chip, which was one of the first
612:, unlike the C64, which emulated the 6551 chip in software. This allowed the Plus/4 to use high-speed
1152:
740:
592:
430:
287:
209:
448:
for years after its discontinuation, the Plus/4 disappeared from Commodore's major markets by 1988.
1130:
674:
599:
482:
461:
445:
395:
391:
190:
186:
1786:
919:
was vastly improved, adding sound and graphics commands as well as looping commands that improved
1418:
1294:
1155:
931:
794:
780:
755:
588:
524:
500:(bitmap or character graphics which could be high-resolution or multicolor), but lacked hardware
474:
413: (equivalent to $ 880 in 2023). The Plus/4 was the flagship computer of the line, featuring
403:
338:
245:
226:
99:
1181:
less friendly to use. However, there is an unfinished project that allows the use of a standard
1096:
called the built-in software "just a tiny bit better than bad", noting that a Commodore 64 with
2477:
2170:
1362:
1182:
1106:
962:
946:, with Bowen's name at the top in reverse-field and Ryan's at the bottom blinking on and off.
629:
551:
426:
322:
1928:
1573:
2528:
2220:
1683:
1325:
The Plus/4 was sold at closeout sales through the computer press via ads similar to this one
1075:
1067:
1042:
if written to will bank out (or in) all ROMs currently enabled via the ROM configuration at
560:
556:
387:
267:
216:
165:
1143:, this was a heavy weakness. Additionally, with the Plus/4, Commodore abandoned the common
2503:
2256:
2131:
1807:
1331:
1159:
1092:
916:
809:
797:
736:
718:
544:
326:
170:
1507:
638:
A reset button was added on the right side of the system, a feature lacking on the C64.
2472:
2462:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2346:
2319:
2180:
1717:
1442:
1365:
1170:
1110:
1086:
912:
775:
671:
584:
580:
441:
383:
334:
275:
183:
378:, and 264, which became the Plus/4. There were also prototypes of a 232, basically a
84:
2628:
2549:
2508:
2435:
2430:
2384:
2276:
2215:
2141:
2136:
1821:
1708:
1641:
1454:
1398:
1035:
is always enabled no matter what the memory configuration, as are the I/O registers.
787:
748:
371:
330:
259:
121:
1457:
project, which was much more successful. Even as the Plus/4 and C16 began shipping,
460:
Commodore Plus/4 with accessories. Clockwise from top left: power supply, joystick,
2440:
2335:
2266:
2246:
2155:
2126:
2089:
2083:
1434:
connected to the Plus/4 would notify the hearing impaired about the incoming call.
1431:
1211:
1071:
819:
564:
478:
375:
363:
359:
347:
298:
294:
271:
2544:
2366:
2340:
2241:
2121:
2106:
1426:
1354:
1321:
1232:
846:
576:
505:
399:
390:. The latter two models never made it to production. All these computers used a
279:
17:
1627:
1388:
North America was mostly the domain of obscure companies who sold products via
653:
93:
2523:
2498:
2361:
2356:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2294:
1389:
1336:
1144:
1135:
1113:
market, the Plus/4 had no realistic chance of succeeding in its intended use.
908:
661:
434:
965:
registers, which all 6502-based computers have to use, at the top of memory (
2351:
2299:
2116:
2025:
1992:
1369:
1097:
698:
687:
680:
563:
mode, makes it possible to show 320x496 images. In addition, the TED has 16
543:
for software sprites, like on the VIC-20 this tended to cause unintentional
540:
456:
318:
309:
293:
Internally, the Plus/4 shared the same basic architecture as the lower-end
35:
2031:
2554:
2111:
1373:
1169:
The Plus/4 does not support analog devices via the joyports like the C64
1148:
943:
726:
608:
402:
approximately 75% faster than the CPUs used in the VIC-20 and C64, and a
382:
version of the Plus/4 without the software ROMs, and a V364, which had a
351:
283:
213:
206:
1954:
290:); it was billed as "the productivity computer with software built in".
2493:
1996:
1438:
1422:
1414:
813:
762:
1309:
that was prone to overheating and damaging components in the machine.
2513:
2225:
1185:
806:
User port (for modems and nonstandard devices, incompatible with C64)
625:
528:
342:
969:), while in the C64 they had been located at the much lower address
550:
The Plus/4's TED has several advantages over C64's VIC+SID. All TED
1162:
interference. While this may have been seen as an advantage by the
765:). There are three text modes: standard, extended color, multicolor
2286:
2210:
1320:
1166:
and other regulatory agencies, end users did not share this view.
660:
652:
632:
to use modems or other serial devices from non-Commodore vendors.
613:
455:
308:
1050:; this is done by BASIC automatically to read program text above
2007:
1206:
703:
329:
were releasing computers that undercut the price of Commodore's
2035:
1031:
the high cartridge ROM. The upper portion of the kernal ROM at
957:
was available for BASIC programs. The Plus/4's BASIC V3.5 made
539:
Since the Plus/4 does not have sprites, games must make use of
515:
The power-on default configuration places the screen memory at
1453:
Most of the developers of the Plus/4 also worked on the later
1226:
1202:
840:
692:
496:
The TED chip had identical resolutions and video modes to the
98:
Commodore Plus/4. Note the four arrow-shaped keys forming the
29:
645:
from the PET days, a feature missing on the VIC-20 and C64.
266:
in 1984. The "Plus/4" name refers to the four-application
1688:"Preview of the Plus 4, the Amiga, and Alphacom printers"
992:, or 28K in size. Since RAM on the C16 never exceeds the
317:
In the early 1980s, Commodore found itself engaged in a
1466:
spite of how they were to take the product to market.
1417:, as part of a bundled product from the then-national
1305:
Like with the C64, the Plus/4 also used an unreliable
583:, which offered much better performance than the C64/
409:
The Plus/4 was introduced in June 1984 and priced at
2020:
Commodore "TED" 264 Series: The Beginning of the End
559:
and show pictures at 320x288 resolution. This, with
2537:
2486:
2453:
2423:
2375:
2285:
2234:
2203:
2196:
2163:
2099:
2076:
2069:
1494:
InfoWorld, Volume 6, Issue 33, 13 August 1984, p. 9
241:
222:
201:
177:
164:
156:
145:
127:
117:
107:
684:when the raster beam is on the visible screen and
1836:"There's only one word for these prices: rip-off"
2022:from Canadian CBM resource site www.commodore.ca
1567:
1565:
1066:The Plus/4, unlike the C64, was equipped with a
440:It was discontinued in 1985. Although, like the
1372:'s compatibility with the tens of thousands of
980:The BASIC program area on the Plus/4 begins at
341:but could not find any third-party buyers. The
1703:
1701:
1574:"Longevity of Commodore 64, VIC 20 questioned"
1349:". Many predicted that it would quickly fail;
2047:
1877:
1875:
1530:"Compute's Gazette Issue 12 June 1984 Pg 147"
1502:
1500:
1151:ports used on the C64, replacing them with a
822:to TV antenna connector (compatible with C64)
27:1984 home computer by Commodore International
8:
2565:†Listed in chronological order by category
1158:port that was said to be less prone to emit
595:. The 1551 plugged into the cartridge port.
321:in the home computer market. Companies like
77:
1973:"Plus/4 and C-16: Disappointingly Mediocre"
1670:"/Pub/CBM/Documents/Projects/Memory/Plus4/"
1297:MOS developed using the newer, lower power
1261:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
875:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
816:and mono audio signal (compatible with C64)
721:users. There are known RAM expansions with
2200:
2154:
2073:
2054:
2040:
2032:
803:Commodore serial bus (compatible with C64)
92:
83:
76:
1437:The Plus/4 enjoyed lasting popularity in
1281:Learn how and when to remove this message
895:Learn how and when to remove this message
444:, Plus/4 systems remained available from
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1487:
1401:and designed to support a 16K machine.
504:. Its sound capability was a two-voice
248:(2-channel with 4-octave + white noise)
2640:Computer-related introductions in 1984
1476:Category:Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
1441:due to CBM's decision to saturate the
1392:, similar to other computers like the
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1999:channel with games, demos, and music.
641:The Plus/4 also revived the built-in
7:
2579:
2028:from Bo Zimmermann's CBM collection.
1259:adding citations to reliable sources
873:adding citations to reliable sources
624:voltage which is incompatible with
1572:Wierzbicki, Barbara (1983-12-05).
1105:systems, including the C64. Since
1058:of OS ROMs in the VIC-20 and C64.
417:of RAM while the C16 and C116 had
152: (equivalent to $ 880 in 2023)
25:
1642:"The examples of Plus/4 graphics"
1628:"The examples of Plus/4 graphics"
1508:"Commodore Plus/4 Specifications"
1164:Federal Communications Commission
949:While the C64 had the advertised
477:offered 121-color (15 colors Ă— 8
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2569:
2568:
1463:hardware and software compatible
1231:
845:
575:Commodore released a high-speed
34:
1713:"The Plus 4 - A Quick Overview"
1353:gave away its review unit in a
313:Commodore Plus/4 startup screen
48:may be too short to adequately
1822:"6502 actual speed at lemon64"
1808:"Plus/4 - RS232 mouse project"
1614:"Byte Magazine 1/1989, p. 465"
1510:. Dator Museum. 6 January 2018
1205:model may also be switched to
1038:Furthermore, the registers at
984:, but the BASIC ROM starts at
717:(60671 bytes) is available to
605:chip that could perform up to
587:combination because it used a
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
2186:Commodore Semiconductor Group
1882:Lock, Robert (January 1985).
1736:Malloy, Rich (January 1985).
1544:"Rumor, Innuendo & "Ted""
1413:The Plus/4 was later used in
1329:The press mocked the Plus/4.
953:of RAM installed, only about
800:ports (incompatible with C64)
761:Text mode: 40Ă—25 characters (
2003:Commodore Plus/4 description
1927:Needle, David (1984-07-16).
1109:were quickly dominating the
790:slot (incompatible with C64)
2176:Commodore Business Machines
1842:. May–June 1986. p. 56
1550:. February 1984. p. 14
1027:the high function ROM, and
1007:enables or disables BASIC,
354:computer to sell for under
133:; 40 years ago
112:Commodore Business Machines
102:key "diamond" to the right.
2656:
2026:Commodore V364 information
1929:"Q&A: Steve Leininger"
917:BASIC programming language
598:The Plus/4 had a built-in
579:drive for the Plus/4, the
2635:Commodore 8-bit computers
2563:
2152:
1959:The C16-Plus/4 retro page
1763:Dunnington, Benn (1984).
1600:"Interview with Bil Herd"
1381:lowest common denominator
1347:The Emperor's New Clothes
1173:, making programs with a
1141:productivity applications
527:that sets blinking text.
481:levels + black) video, a
91:
82:
2604:Storage devices template
2468:Commodore 64 peripherals
2086:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984)
1345:compared the Plus/4 to "
643:machine language monitor
519:and the color memory at
464:tape recorder with tapes
337:division had designed a
2594:Amiga hardware template
2519:List of cancelled games
2063:Commodore International
1656:"RUN Magazine Issue 35"
1015:the low cartridge ROM,
934:. Entering the command
930:The Plus/4 contains an
264:Commodore International
1326:
1011:the low function ROM,
706:) the rest of the time
666:
658:
465:
314:
1738:"Reviewer's Notebook"
1324:
664:
656:
487:Atari 8-bit computers
459:
312:
2424:Cancelled prototypes
1910:"Plus/4 Sweepstakes"
1884:"The Editor's Notes"
1824:. 30 September 2012.
1690:. Commodore's Port.
1255:improve this section
1062:Application software
869:improve this section
812:connector including
774:Tape connector (for
741:machine code monitor
485:matched only by the
431:Leading Edge Model D
350:, the first 64
1995:: Commodore Plus/4
1376:software packages.
1339:and to a dinosaur.
737:Commodore BASIC 3.5
600:MOS Technology 6551
79:
2614:MOS chips template
2077:Board of directors
1888:Compute!'s Gazette
1783:"OldComputers.com"
1692:Creative Computing
1459:Compute!'s Gazette
1419:telecommunications
1342:Compute!'s Gazette
1327:
1081:Creative Computing
756:MOS Technology TED
713:, of which nearly
667:
659:
628:. This requires a
589:parallel interface
541:character graphics
466:
427:IBM PC compatibles
404:MOS Technology TED
333:line. Commodore's
315:
146:Introductory price
2622:
2621:
2478:Super Expander 64
2449:
2448:
2377:IBM PC compatible
2171:Amiga Corporation
2150:
2149:
1686:(December 1984).
1684:Anderson, John J.
1291:
1290:
1283:
1183:IBM PC compatible
1072:application suite
999:The registers at
963:memory mapped I/O
921:program structure
905:
904:
897:
630:voltage converter
327:Timex Corporation
323:Texas Instruments
252:
251:
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2647:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2201:
2158:
2092:(CEO, 1984–1989)
2074:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
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1906:
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1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1785:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:. November 1986.
1652:
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1617:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1596:
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1540:
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1504:
1495:
1492:
1443:Central European
1386:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1235:
1227:
1217:
1076:John J. Anderson
1053:
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893:
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849:
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783:
778:Datassette with
746:
734:
724:
716:
712:
701:
690:
683:
677:, approximately
619:
611:
571:Input and output
557:raster interrupt
535:
522:
518:
420:
416:
412:
396:MOS 7501 or 8501
381:
357:
256:Commodore Plus/4
236:
232:
197:
166:Operating system
151:
141:
139:
134:
96:
87:
80:
78:Commodore Plus/4
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
18:Commodore Plus 4
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2559:
2533:
2504:Commodore BASIC
2482:
2455:
2445:
2419:
2371:
2281:
2230:
2192:
2159:
2146:
2132:Carl Sassenrath
2095:
2065:
2060:
2014:Commodore16.com
1989:
1984:
1983:
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1649:
1644:. 8 April 2013.
1640:
1639:
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1625:
1621:
1616:. January 1989.
1612:
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1107:IBM compatibles
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1004:
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939:
936:SYS DEC("CDAB")
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901:
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839:
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810:Composite video
798:game controller
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171:Commodore BASIC
149:
137:
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71:
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62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2473:Super Expander
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2188:
2181:MOS Technology
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2160:
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2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1988:
1987:External links
1985:
1982:
1981:
1964:
1946:
1919:
1916:(5): 88. 1984.
1901:
1871:
1868:(5): 62. 1984.
1853:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1774:
1755:
1728:
1718:The Transactor
1709:Evers, Richard
1697:
1675:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1605:
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1561:
1535:
1521:
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1366:TRS-80 Model I
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1239:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1193:
1190:
1122:
1119:
1111:small business
1087:The Transactor
1063:
1060:
913:bank switching
903:
902:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
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824:
823:
817:
807:
804:
801:
795:8-pin mini-DIN
791:
785:
781:7-pin mini-DIN
776:Commodore 1531
769:
766:
759:
752:
747:more ROM with
729:
707:
672:MOS Technology
650:
649:Specifications
647:
591:rather than a
581:Commodore 1551
572:
569:
470:
467:
453:
450:
442:Commodore B128
384:numeric keypad
335:MOS Technology
306:
303:
276:word processor
250:
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243:
239:
238:
224:
220:
219:
203:
199:
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184:MOS Technology
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142:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
97:
89:
88:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2641:
2638:
2636:
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2577:
2575:
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Commodore USA
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2529:Simons' BASIC
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Commodore DOS
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
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2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Commodore 900
2434:
2432:
2431:Commodore LCD
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
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2284:
2278:
2277:Commodore 128
2275:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
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2199:
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2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2143:
2142:Robert Yannes
2140:
2138:
2137:Shiraz Shivji
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
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2104:
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2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
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1947:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1862:"Double Take"
1857:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1789:on 2010-01-21
1788:
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1759:
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1744:. p. 289
1743:
1739:
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1729:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1711:(July 1986).
1710:
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1491:
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1474:
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1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Commodore 128
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1421:company (now
1420:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
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1300:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1271:December 2022
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:This section
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1198:shared memory
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
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1120:
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1103:
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1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1048:$ FC00-$ FCFF
1044:$ FDD0-$ FDDF
1040:$ FF3E-$ FF3F
1036:
1033:$ FC00-$ FCFF
1001:$ FDD0-$ FDDF
997:
978:
964:
947:
945:
933:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
911:, which used
910:
907:The Plus/4's
899:
896:
888:
878:
874:
870:
864:
863:
859:
854:This section
852:
848:
843:
842:
836:
831:
826:
821:
818:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:ROM cartridge
786:
782:
777:
773:
772:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
742:
738:
730:
728:
720:
708:
705:
700:
694:
689:
682:
676:
673:
669:
668:
663:
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631:
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623:
615:
610:
604:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
568:
566:
565:address lines
562:
558:
553:
548:
546:
542:
537:
530:
526:
513:
509:
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503:
499:
494:
492:
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451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
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422:
407:
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386:and built-in
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260:home computer
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185:
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122:Home computer
120:
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106:
101:
95:
90:
86:
81:
69:
66:December 2022
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2441:Commodore 65
2271:
2267:Commodore 16
2247:Commodore 64
2164:Subsidiaries
2127:Chuck Peddle
2090:Irving Gould
2084:Jack Tramiel
2008:Plus/4 World
1993:skoro1975asn
1967:
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1935:. p. 66
1932:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1887:
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1777:
1768:
1765:"The Plus/4"
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1691:
1678:
1664:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1580:. p. 24
1577:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1490:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1432:strobe light
1412:
1408:
1378:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1311:
1307:power supply
1304:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1253:Please help
1241:
1212:machine code
1195:
1168:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1065:
1056:
1037:
1023:the kernal,
998:
979:
948:
929:
925:
906:
891:
885:January 2023
882:
867:Please help
855:
820:RF modulator
640:
637:
634:
597:
574:
549:
538:
514:
510:
495:
472:
439:
429:such as the
423:
408:
368:
364:Jack Tramiel
348:Commodore 64
316:
299:Commodore 64
295:Commodore 16
292:
272:office suite
262:released by
255:
253:
157:Discontinued
128:Release date
108:Manufacturer
63:
47:
45:lead section
2545:Amiga, Inc.
2262:Educator 64
2242:MAX Machine
2122:Dave Needle
2107:Dave Haynie
1890:. p. 6
1725:(1): 56–58.
1427:call center
1394:TRS-80 CoCo
1355:sweepstakes
1223:Reliability
1192:Performance
1153:proprietary
1121:Peripherals
1019:is unused,
771:I/O ports:
577:floppy disk
545:color clash
508:generator.
506:square wave
446:liquidators
394:compatible
280:spreadsheet
2629:Categories
2524:Magic Desk
2499:Amiga Unix
2463:1351 mouse
2197:Computersâ€
1793:2011-01-15
1748:27 October
1584:13 January
1554:16 October
1482:References
1449:Succession
1390:mail order
1337:Ford Edsel
1136:Centronics
1070:-resident
1046:excepting
932:Easter egg
909:memory map
758:(TED 7360)
754:Graphics:
749:cartridges
735:including
657:Main board
618:2400 bit/s
593:serial bus
561:interlaced
491:Enterprise
435:Tandy 1000
339:video chip
270:-resident
235:121 colors
2117:Jay Miner
2100:Engineers
1955:"History"
1939:1 January
1933:InfoWorld
1846:6 October
1578:InfoWorld
1370:Apple IIc
1317:Reception
1242:does not
1131:Datasette
1098:Multiplan
940:SYS 52651
856:does not
675:7501/8501
665:I/O ports
552:registers
479:luminance
398:that was
319:price war
231:320 Ă— 200
50:summarize
2574:Category
2555:Escom AG
2538:See also
2487:Software
2456:hardware
2347:500 Plus
2112:Bil Herd
1771:(5): 28.
1470:See also
1405:Adoption
1399:cassette
1374:Apple II
1177:such as
1156:mini-DIN
1149:joystick
944:Bil Herd
832:Software
489:and the
469:Graphics
452:Hardware
437:series.
288:graphing
284:database
223:Graphics
196:1.76 MHz
2584:Commons
2494:AmigaOS
1997:YouTube
1514:May 21,
1439:Hungary
1423:TDC A/S
1415:Denmark
1263:removed
1248:sources
1188:mouse.
1147:-style
877:removed
862:sources
814:S-Video
763:PETSCII
502:sprites
483:palette
411:US$ 299
400:clocked
356:US$ 600
305:History
150:US$ 299
136: (
2514:KERNAL
2336:3000UX
2272:Plus/4
2226:VIC-20
2221:CBM-II
2070:People
1894:6 July
1216:$ 8000
1186:serial
1052:$ 8000
1029:$ FDD6
1025:$ FDD5
1021:$ FDD4
1017:$ FDD3
1013:$ FDD2
1009:$ FDD1
1005:$ FDD0
994:$ 8000
990:$ 8000
986:$ 8000
982:$ 1000
971:$ D000
967:$ FD00
725:and 1
723:256 KB
626:RS-232
614:modems
607:19200
534:$ FF16
529:Bitmap
521:$ 0800
517:$ 0C00
498:VIC-II
343:VIC-20
286:, and
202:Memory
100:cursor
2454:Other
2367:4000T
2341:3000T
2287:Amiga
2257:SX-64
2252:C64GS
2211:KIM-1
2204:Early
1976:(PDF)
1548:Ahoy!
1385:16 KB
1363:Tandy
1171:mouse
1145:Atari
975:64 KB
959:59 KB
955:38 KB
951:64 KB
837:BASIC
745:64 KB
733:64 KB
731:ROM:
719:BASIC
715:60 KB
711:64 KB
709:RAM:
697:1.79
686:1.77
679:0.88
670:CPU:
609:bit/s
419:16 KB
415:64 KB
380:32 KB
258:is a
242:Sound
212:+ 64
2415:PC60
2410:PC50
2405:PC40
2400:PC30
2395:PC20
2390:PC10
2362:4000
2357:1200
2330:3000
2325:CD32
2320:CDTV
2315:1500
2310:2500
2305:2000
2295:1000
1941:2015
1914:INFO
1896:2014
1866:INFO
1848:2013
1840:Info
1769:INFO
1750:2013
1742:BYTE
1586:2015
1556:2013
1516:2019
1351:INFO
1332:INFO
1299:HMOS
1246:any
1244:cite
1207:NTSC
1179:GEOS
1102:INFO
1093:BYTE
860:any
858:cite
793:Two
739:, a
704:NTSC
695:) /
603:UART
585:1541
525:flag
473:The
462:1531
433:and
392:6502
372:C116
325:and
254:The
191:8501
187:7501
160:1985
138:1984
131:1984
118:Type
2385:PC1
2352:600
2300:500
2235:C64
2216:PET
1295:ICs
1257:by
1203:PAL
1175:GUI
1078:of
1068:ROM
938:or
871:by
699:MHz
693:PAL
688:MHz
681:MHz
622:TTL
475:TED
376:C16
360:I/O
331:PET
268:ROM
246:TED
227:TED
217:ROM
210:RAM
205:64
189:or
179:CPU
173:3.5
2631::
1957:.
1931:.
1912:.
1886:.
1874:^
1864:.
1838:.
1767:.
1740:.
1721:.
1715:.
1700:^
1576:.
1564:^
1546:.
1499:^
1160:RF
923:.
727:MB
547:.
536:.
374:,
352:KB
282:,
278:,
233:,
214:KB
207:KB
194:@
2343:)
2334:(
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
1978:.
1961:.
1943:.
1898:.
1850:.
1810:.
1796:.
1752:.
1723:6
1694:.
1672:.
1630:.
1602:.
1588:.
1558:.
1532:.
1518:.
1284:)
1278:(
1273:)
1269:(
1265:.
1251:.
898:)
892:(
887:)
883:(
879:.
865:.
751:.
702:(
691:(
274:(
237:)
229:(
140:)
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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