335:
430:
347:
mate attraction, although horn size is not positively correlated with territorial factors of mate selection. Their bodies are chestnut brown. The fronts of their faces and their tail tufts are black; the forelimbs and thigh are greyish or bluish-black. Their hindlimbs are brownish-yellow to yellow and their bellies are white. In the wild, tsessebe usually live a maximum of 15 years, but in some areas, their average lifespan is drastically decreased due to overhunting and the destruction of habitat.
80:
31:
55:
449:. Leks are established by the congregation of adult males in an area that females visit only for mating. Lekking is of particular interest since the female choice of a mate in the lek area is independent of any direct male influence. Several options are available to explain how females choose a mate, but the most interesting is in the way the male's group in the middle of a lek.
457:
middle of the lek, it is maintained for quite a while; even if an area opens up at the center, males rarely move to fill it unless they can outcompete the large males already present. However, maintaining central lek territory has many physical drawbacks. For example, males are often wounded in the process of defending their territory from hyenas and other males.
413:
afternoon after 4:00 pm. The periods before and after feeding are spent resting and digesting or watering during dry seasons. Tsessebe can travel up to 5 km to reach a viable water source. To avoid encounters with territorial males or females, tsessebe usually travel along territorial borders, though it leaves them open to attacks by lions and leopards.
422:
629:
industry, began to grow quickly, with large jumps seen in the 2010s. As a large percentage of these animals are found in wild conditions in their natural areas of distribution, this is seen as contributing to the recovery of the species in South Africa. Nonetheless, there are some questions as to the
452:
The grouping of males can appeal to females for several reasons. First, groups of males can protect from predators. Secondly, if males group in an area with a low food supply, it prevents competition between males and females for resources. Finally, the grouping of males provides females with a wider
395:
The most important aggressive display of territorial dominance is in the horning of the ground. Another far more curious form of territory marking is through the anointing of their foreheads and horns with secretions from glands near their eyes. Tsessebe accomplish this by inserting grass stems into
612:
declined significantly, especially in the
National Parks. In 1999 the populations stabilised and began to grow again, especially in private game reserves. There were a number of different theories advanced as to what was causing this decline, while other species were doing well. One 2006 theory for
441:
Tsessebe reproduce at a rate of one calf per year per mating couple. Calves reach sexual maturity in two to three and half years. After mating, the gestation period of a tsessebe cow lasts seven months. The rut, or period when males start competing for females, starts in mid-February and stretches
412:
Tsessebe are primarily grazing herbivores in grasslands, open plains, and lightly wooded savannas, but they are also found in rolling uplands and very rarely in flat plains below 1500 m above sea level. Tsessebe found in the
Serengeti usually feed in the morning between 8:00 and 9:00 am and in the
403:
Several of their behaviors strike scientists as peculiar. One such behavior is the habit of sleeping tsessebe to rest their mouths on the ground with their horns sticking straight up into the air. Male tsessebe has also been observed standing in parallel ranks with their eyes closed, bobbing their
621:
is believed to have played a primary role, with the decline in tsessebe being caused by the proliferation of other antelope species, which was itself due to the opening of man-made watering holes in the game parks. Closing watering holes is believed to increase habitat heterogeneity in the parks,
456:
A study by Bro-Jorgensen (2003) allowed a closer look into lek dynamics. The closer a male is to the center of the lek, the greater his mating success rate. For a male to reach the center of the lek, he must be strong enough to outcompete other males. Once a male's territory is established in the
346:
Adult tsessebe are 150 to 230 cm in length. They are quite large animals, with males weighing 137 kg and females weighing 120 kg, on average. Their horns range from 37 cm for females to 40 cm for males. For males, horn size plays an important role in territory defense and
383:
Tsessebe are social animals. Females form herds composed of six to 10, with their young. After males turn one year of age, they are ejected from the herd and form bachelor herds that can be as large as 30 young bulls. Territorial adult bulls form herds the same size as young bulls, although the
605:, the minimum South African population was estimated as 2,256β2,803 individuals, of which the total minimum mature population size was 1,353β1,962; this was believed to be a significant underestimate, due to not getting enough responses from private game reserves on time for publication.
226:
634:
which are common throughout its range, and with which hybrids have been recorded in both ranches and in
National Parks. Such hybrids are likely fully fertile, and some fear such miscegenation could potentially pollute the gene pool in the future.
374:
are on average the darkest-coloured and have the most robust horns, although differences are slight and individuals in both populations show variation in these characteristics which almost completely overlap each other.
453:
variety of mates to choose from, as they are all located in one central area. Dominant males occupy the center of the leks, so females are more likely to mate at the center than at the periphery of the lek.
400:
to coat them with secretion, then waving it around, letting the secretions fall onto their heads and horns. This process is not as commonly seen as ground-horning, nor is its purpose as well known.
392:
through a variety of behaviors. Territorial behavior includes moving in an erect posture, high-stepping, defecating in a crouch stance, ground-horning, mud packing, shoulder-wiping, and grunting.
354:
is the incline of the horns, with the tsessebe having horns which are placed further apart from each other as one moves distally. This has the effect of the space between them having a more
684:, a type of leather mantle, both for the suppleness and the pleasing colour. The tail would be positioned at the back of the neck, like a ponytail, and would be opened and squeezed flat.
601:
In 1998 the IUCN estimated a total tsessebe population of 30,000, including the
Bangweulu animals. It was assessed as 'lower risk (conservation dependent)'. In the 2016 update to the
1707:
677:
in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, in the some of these countries in game management concessions, in others in game ranches and in some in both.
1578:
1643:
1308:
1767:
1697:
469:, who painted it in "Boosh-wana", and recorded it as the "sassayby". The painting of the animal was first published posthumously in 1820 by his brother.
1552:
1591:
625:
Initially an uncommon animal, in the 2000s the population on private game reserves in both South Africa and
Zimbabwe, primarily stocked for the
1110:
362:. Tsessebe populations show variation as one moves from South Africa to Botswana, with southerly populations having on average the lightest
1046:
404:
heads back and forth. These habits are peculiar because scientists have yet to find a proper explanation for their purposes or functions.
334:
1762:
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in particular. A study compared the situation with around Lake Rukwa in
Tanzania in the 1950s, a paper about game populations and the
429:
1026:
903:
865:
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1617:
1348:
497:, by 1895 it was thought that this was the origin for the anglicised word. Other names for the antelope which were recorded by
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1742:
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1355:
663:
1732:
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1513:
1207:
743:
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Bro-Jorgensen, Jakob; Sarah M Durant (2003). "Mating
Strategies of Topi Bulls: Getting in the centre of attention".
79:
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In northern
Botswana, on the other hand, populations declined from 1996 to 2013, tsessebe populations in the
582:
526:
263:, although some authorities have recognised it as an independent species. It is most closely related to the
1478:
1440:
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1221:
198:
1518:
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colour, smallest size and the least robust horns. Common tsessebe do not differ significantly from the
1323:
893:
680:
Tsessebe hides were formerly (1840) locally much in demand in South Africa to make a garment called a
1539:
1487:
860:. van den Berg, Philip, van den Berg, Heinrich. Cascades, South Africa: HPH Publishing. p. 102.
434:
339:
489:
for this antelope in
Southern Africa by the end of the 19th century. The English later recorded the
326:
Common tsessebe are among the fastest antelopes in Africa and can run at speeds up to 90 km/h.
1702:
1252:
832:
769:(Bovidae: Alcelaphini) in south-central Africa: with the description of a new evolutionary species"
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389:
254:
44:
922:
Bro-Jorgensen, J (2007). "The
Intensity of Sexual Selection Predicts Weapon Size in Male Bovids".
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351:
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The most significant difference between the tsessebe, the southernmost subspecies, and the other
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The first known person in the Western world to record this antelope was the English painter
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The animal kingdom : arranged in conformity with its organization The class Mammalia
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987:
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30:
1105:. New York, NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 109β112.
358:
profile when seen from a certain angle, as opposed to lyrate, more like that of a
225:
1016:
1622:
1565:
1472:
486:
370:, the northernmost population, but in general the populations from that part of
131:
1065:
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442:
through March. The female estrous cycle is shorter, but happens in this time.
359:
161:
1463:
1047:"The Significance of Hotspots to Lekking Topi Antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus)"
875:
702:
1229:
1181:
570:
91:
1237:
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1139:
943:
1349:"17/3/1/1/1 Kimberley Wildlife Sales 2016 βKWS-007-2016 Offer to Purchase"
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111:
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Hills, and renders the name as "sassaybe". Sassaby had thus become the
304:
141:
970:
The Collins Field Guide to the Mammals of African Including Madagascar
421:
1570:
1500:
1021:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pp. 142β146.
371:
363:
355:
300:
296:
121:
101:
1434:
384:
formation of adult bull herds is mainly seen in the formation of a
590:
428:
420:
333:
292:
716:
608:
During 1980s and 1990s tsessebe populations in South Africa and
268:
1544:
1438:
917:
915:
670:
under Section 55(2) (b) of the Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003.
1305:
The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
972:. New York, NY: The Stephen Greene Press, Inc. pp. 81β82.
801:
Dorgeloh, Werner G. (2006). "Habitat Suitability for tsessebe
16:
Subspecies of the subfamily Alcelaphinae in the family Bovidae
603:
Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho
267:, sometimes also seen as a separate species, less to the
1292:
Nel, P.; Schulze, E.; Goodman, P.; Child, M. F. (2016).
1260:
Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
630:
potential danger of it hybridising with the also native
1251:
East, Rod; IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (1998).
445:
The breeding process starts with the development of a
963:
961:
796:
794:
701:
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (7 January 2016).
533:
was the Sekuba name given by the Makuba of northern
1447:
981:
979:
898:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 428β431.
765:"Insights into the taxonomy of tsessebe antelopes,
573:, indeed it looks somewhat like a cross between a
1176:. Vol. 1. London: R.H. Porter. p. 86.
758:
756:
754:
1224:. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. pp. 352β354.
1161:
1159:
1157:
763:Cotterill, Fenton Peter David (January 2003).
1430:Ultimate Ungulate - Topi (Damaliscus lunatus)
1309:South African National Biodiversity Institute
654:required through their bulldozing behaviour.
477:, was quite familiar with the species in the
8:
1311:and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
642:declined by 73%, with a 87% decline in the
1435:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1040:
1038:
895:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
224:
53:
29:
20:
887:
885:
589:to distinguish it from the new Bangweulu
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
617:was playing a primary role. As of 2016,
505:in the language of the Masubians of the
1708:Mammals of the Central African Republic
693:
739:
737:
735:
733:
557:. The antelope was recorded as called
1377:Watson, Bruce; Schultz, Dawn (2021).
1018:The Behavior Guide to African Mammals
7:
833:"Tsessebe | Botswana Wildlife Guide"
1768:Taxa named by William John Burchell
1698:IUCN Red List least concern species
1054:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
662:Excess tsessebe can be bought from
1220:]. Vol. 4. Translated by
581:'common tsessebe' was invented by
14:
622:which would favour the tsessebe.
936:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00111.x
819:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00654.x
78:
1170:; Wolf, Joseph (January 1895).
295:. Common tsessebe are found in
1294:"A conservation assessment of
1:
856:van den Berg, Ingrid (2015).
1356:South African National Parks
1354:(Press release). Kimberley:
664:South African National Parks
425:Common tsessebes in Botswana
1324:"Okavango Tsessebe Project"
1253:"African Antelope Database"
1784:
1296:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
807:African Journal of Ecology
803:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
587:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
319:(formerly Swaziland), and
250:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
208:Damaliscus lunatus lunatus
1763:Mammals described in 1824
1328:Wilderness Wildlife Trust
1101:Bateson, Patrick (1985).
1066:10.1007/s00265-002-0573-0
1045:Bro-Jorgensen, J (2003).
892:Kingdon, J (2015-04-23).
673:Legally, tsessebe may be
619:interspecific competition
493:name for the antelope as
473:, in his 1840 book about
471:William Cornwallis Harris
417:Breeding and reproduction
232:
223:
204:
197:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1322:Reeves, Harriet (2018).
1166:Sclater, Philip Lutley;
615:woody plant encroachment
1230:10.5962/bhl.title.45021
1222:Hamilton-Smith, Charles
1182:10.5962/bhl.title.65969
773:Durban Museum Novitates
652:create the open habitat
390:declare their territory
1381:. Bruce Watson Safaris
1140:10.1006/anbe.2003.2077
990:. Kruger National Park
968:Haltenorth, T (1980).
613:this decline was that
501:around this time were
438:
426:
343:
1670:Paleobiology Database
1173:The Book of Antelopes
577:and a horse. The new
432:
424:
337:
38:Tsessebe in Botswana
1753:Fauna of East Africa
1015:Estes, R.D. (1991).
585:in 2005 to refer to
435:Kruger National Park
340:Kruger National Park
338:The close-up at the
1743:Mammals of Tanzania
1718:Mammals of Ethiopia
644:Moremi Game Reserve
597:Conservation status
567:bastaard hartebeest
253:) is the southern,
45:Conservation status
1733:Mammals of Somalia
1506:damaliscus-lunatus
1493:Damaliscus_lunatus
1479:Damaliscus lunatus
1449:Damaliscus lunatus
1401:"Tsessebe hunting"
1379:"Tsessebe Hunting"
837:www.botswana.co.za
767:Damaliscus lunatus
745:Damaliscus lunatus
705:Damaliscus lunatus
439:
427:
368:Bangweulu tsessebe
344:
287:, and less to the
265:Bangweulu tsessebe
260:Damaliscus lunatus
190:D. l. lunatus
1748:Mammals of Uganda
1728:Mammals of Rwanda
1685:
1684:
1657:Open Tree of Life
1441:Taxon identifiers
1112:978-0-521-27207-0
858:Kruger self-drive
398:preorbital glands
237:
236:
68:
1775:
1758:Bovids of Africa
1738:Mammals of Sudan
1723:Mammals of Kenya
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1128:Animal Behaviour
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1076:. Archived from
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930:(6): 1316β1326.
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479:Cashan Mountains
475:big game hunting
408:Diet and habitat
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24:Common tsessebe
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1713:Mammals of Chad
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579:vernacular name
463:
433:A young at the
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352:topi subspecies
332:
241:common tsessebe
233:Range in brown
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176:D. lunatus
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1424:External links
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1405:Book Your Hunt
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1134:(3): 585β594.
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1111:
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1000:
975:
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904:
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866:
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824:
813:(3): 329β336.
790:
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729:
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659:
656:
650:, which might
640:Okavango Delta
632:red hartebeest
627:trophy hunting
598:
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467:Samuel Daniell
462:
459:
437:, South Africa
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342:, South Africa
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283:subspecies of
257:subspecies of
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199:Trinomial name
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1213:Règne animal
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1078:the original
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321:South Africa
291:in the same
284:
277:coastal topi
258:
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207:
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189:
188:
184:Subspecies:
174:
162:
152:Alcelaphinae
132:Artiodactyla
18:
1566:iNaturalist
1473:Wikispecies
1103:Mate Choice
986:Anonymous.
583:Peter Grubb
487:common name
388:. Tsessebe
330:Description
148:Subfamily:
1703:Damaliscus
1692:Categories
1087:2017-12-11
994:2011-11-24
988:"Tsessebe"
842:2017-10-28
688:References
575:hartebeest
571:Afrikaners
523:isiNdebele
483:Kurrichane
360:hartebeest
285:D. lunatus
163:Damaliscus
1266:: 200β207
924:Evolution
876:934195661
519:incomazan
461:Etymology
170:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1636:14200521
1584:10228144
1458:Wikidata
1411:27 April
1385:22 April
1362:24 April
1333:24 April
1270:23 April
1206:(1827).
1148:54229602
1074:52829538
952:24278541
944:17542842
783:18 April
722:23 April
610:Zimbabwe
565:and the
543:Makalaka
535:Botswana
527:Matebele
515:incolomo
495:tsessΔbe
379:Behavior
317:Eswatini
313:Zimbabwe
309:Botswana
289:bontebok
273:korrigum
255:nominate
216:Burchell
138:Family:
122:Mammalia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1623:1006135
1558:2441041
1464:Q545071
1238:1947779
1210:(ed.).
1190:1236807
779:: 11β30
703:"Topi (
569:by the
563:isiZulu
555:Masaras
553:by the
541:by the
539:inyundo
531:unchuru
521:in the
503:inkweko
305:Namibia
245:sassaby
218:, 1824)
158:Genus:
142:Bovidae
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1675:380406
1597:625082
1545:308534
1519:503076
1501:ARKive
1407:. 2021
1358:. 2016
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748:, MSW3
559:myanzi
545:, and
491:Tswana
396:their
372:Zambia
364:pelage
356:lunate
301:Zambia
297:Angola
1662:19010
1579:IRMNG
1571:42276
1532:342XZ
1352:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1216:[
1144:S2CID
1081:(PDF)
1070:S2CID
1050:(PDF)
948:S2CID
591:taxon
551:lechu
547:luchu
293:genus
281:tiang
1649:9929
1644:NCBI
1610:6235
1605:IUCN
1592:ITIS
1553:GBIF
1514:BOLD
1413:2021
1387:2021
1364:2021
1335:2021
1272:2021
1234:OCLC
1186:OCLC
1107:ISBN
1023:ISBN
940:PMID
900:ISBN
872:OCLC
862:ISBN
785:2021
724:2021
717:IUCN
682:kobo
666:via
658:Uses
525:of "
517:and
511:Lozi
481:and
279:and
269:topi
239:The
1631:MSW
1618:MDD
1540:EoL
1527:CoL
1488:ADW
1226:doi
1178:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
