5044:
387:
497:
in
Northern Scotland. Despite significant debate as to whether this language was Celtic, items such as geographical and personal names documented in the region gave evidence that this language was most closely aligned with the Brittonic branch of Celtic languages. The question of the extent to which
459:
discussed by Rivet and Smith in their book of that name published in 1979. They show most names he used were from the
Brittonic language. Some place names still contain elements derived from it. Tribe names and some Brittonic personal names are also taken down by Greeks and, mainly, Romans.
4955:
406:), bear about 150 names – about 50% Celtic (but not necessarily Brittonic). An inscription on a metal pendant (discovered there in 1979) seems to contain an ancient Brittonic curse: "
516:
to describe a hypothetical Roman era (1st to 5th centuries) predecessor to the
Pictish language. Jackson saw Pritenic as having diverged from Brittonic around the time of 75–100 AD.
5303:
418:.) This text is often seen as: "The affixed – Deuina, Deieda, Andagin Uindiorix – I have bound"; else, at the opposite extreme, taking into account case-marking –
538:
in 43 AD, at least in major settlements. Latin words were widely borrowed by its speakers in the
Romanised towns and their descendants, and later from church use.
526:
were incorrect, questionable, or of little importance, and that a lack of evidence to distinguish
Brittonic and Pictish rendered the term Prittenic "redundant".
4966:
5338:
5880:
4289:
A study of 2018 found the number of people with at least minimal skills in
Cornish as over 3,000, including around 500 estimated to be fluent.
2407:
The dative dual and plural represent the inherited instrumental forms, which replaced the inherited dative dual and plural, from Proto-Celtic
373:, but this view has not found wide acceptance. Welsh and Breton are the only daughter languages that have survived fully into the modern day.
4342:
5065:
810:
519:
The term
Pritenic is controversial. In 2015, linguist Guto Rhys concluded that most proposals that Pictish diverged from Brittonic before
830:
5875:
5280:
5251:
5230:
5215:
5189:
5173:
5110:
5087:
4870:
4756:
4523:
5831:
5486:
3732:
1159:
968:
961:
5331:
4716:"The Promotion of Cornish in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Attitudes towards the Language and Recommendations for Policy"
4698:
1222:
997:
5298:
1166:
1131:
436:"divine Deieda" nominative/vocative – is: "May I, Windiorix for/at Cuamena defeat the worthless woman, divine Deieda."
5870:
5374:
1592:
1177:
979:
762:
5683:
5509:
3754:
3676:
1235:
1138:
1117:
1010:
934:
927:
5058:
5052:
5007:
630:
498:
this language was distinguished, and the date of divergence, from the rest of
Brittonic, was historically disputed.
1253:
1028:
799:
748:
701:
687:
5324:
1205:
1124:
1039:
773:
535:
5069:
5890:
5885:
5720:
5663:
5448:
5407:
1145:
945:
573:
362:
280:
272:
202:
129:
180:
1544:
755:
719:
708:
694:
119:
5836:
4787:
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1987). "Was ancient
British Celtic ever a written language? Two texts from Roman Bath".
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1053:
1049:
208:
4468:
4357:
5813:
5362:
4127:
1303:
856:
785:
656:
647:
276:
30:
This article is about an ancestral Celtic language. For the group of languages descended from it, see
5414:
4421:
4212:
3789:
726:
303:
4220:
5825:
5715:
5708:
5691:
5457:
5421:
4842:
1267:
738:
454:
134:
31:
4566:
568:
are the only direct descendants of Common
Brittonic to have survived fully into the 21st century.
5778:
5614:
5572:
5123:
4632:
4449:
2952:
2739:
2465:
2127:
1929:
1599:
670:
615:
513:
395:
370:
290:
Evidence from early and modern Welsh shows that Common Brittonic was significantly influenced by
4515:
4400:"Approaching the Pictish language: historiography, early evidence and the question of Pritenic"
394:
No documents in the language have been found, but a few inscriptions have been identified. The
5430:
5398:
5384:
5276:
5247:
5226:
5211:
5195:
5185:
5169:
5106:
4866:
4752:
4694:
4595:
4519:
4488:
4441:
4367:
4338:
3158:
2892:
2676:
2336:
2061:
1852:
1196:
818:
620:
4921:
3675:; however, some of these may be pre-Celtic. The best example is perhaps that of each (river)
3671:
Brittonic-derived place names are scattered across Great Britain, with many occurring in the
1048:
The early Common Brittonic vowel inventory is effectively identical to that of Proto-Celtic.
576:. Cumbric and Pictish are extinct and today spoken only in the form of loanwords in English,
5784:
5696:
5671:
5639:
5620:
5581:
5557:
5499:
5347:
4727:
4558:
4507:
4480:
4433:
3882:
1582:
610:
605:
569:
477:
358:
346:
331:
323:
284:
257:
229:
124:
94:
90:
5739:
5633:
5593:
5494:
4898:
4893:
4067:
3744:
3702:
3011:
2957:
2747:
2744:
2553:
2470:
2177:
2132:
1937:
1934:
1686:
1604:
1153:
955:
844:
639:
625:
581:
561:
467:
338:
327:
237:
111:
98:
4690:
4684:
4559:
17:
439:
A tin/lead sheet retains part of nine text lines, damaged, with likely Brittonic names.
5851:
5807:
5760:
5731:
5587:
5524:
5437:
4484:
4143:
3765:
3698:
1216:
989:
681:
577:
565:
399:
354:
350:
315:
307:
221:
68:
557:
in Northern England and Southern Scotland, and probably Pictish in Northern Scotland.
279:, a theorized parent language that, by the first half of the first millennium BC, was
5864:
5790:
5628:
4508:
4453:
3830:
3711:
3188:
3128:
3050:
2960:
2922:
2862:
2792:
2750:
2709:
2673:
2592:
2514:
2369:
2303:
2219:
2135:
2094:
2058:
1982:
1940:
1892:
1815:
1728:
1645:
1072:
889:
443:
311:
295:
261:
173:
58:
5607:
5537:
5140:
4599:
4554:
4245:
4023:
4001:
3672:
386:
299:
27:
Ancient Celtic language of Britain, ancestor to Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric
5259:
Brythonic Celtic – Britannisches Keltisch: From Medieval British to Modern Breton
4860:
4399:
5105:, (Studies in Languages, No. 37); University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities;
4337:. Leiden studies in Indo-european. Amsterdam Atlanta (Ga.): Rodopi. p. 45.
4270:
4238:
4177:
3089:
2827:
2631:
2261:
2020:
1770:
1111:
1067:
921:
884:
546:
403:
342:
5199:
4824:, eds. Pierre-Yves Lambert and Georges-Jean Pinault (Geneva: Droz, 2007), 327.
1548:
1243:
1077:
1018:
894:
550:
541:
By 500–550 AD, Common Brittonic had diverged into the Neo-Brittonic dialects:
5152:
Recueil des inscriptions gauloises II.2. Textes gallo-latins sur instrumentum
4956:"The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-name Evidence"
4820:
Patrick Sims-Williams, "Common Celtic, Gallo-Brittonic, and Insular Celtic",
4492:
4445:
493:, which became extinct around 1000 years ago, was the spoken language of the
5819:
5772:
5600:
5530:
5306:, "Evidence for Written Celtic from Roman Britain: A Linguistic Analysis of
4362:
4198:
1587:
1574:
1185:
542:
189:
161:
86:
5293:
4437:
4159:
361:
probably became extinct in the 18th century, though its use has since been
5275:, 2nd ed.; eds. Martin J. Ball & Nichole Müller; New York: Routledge;
5015:
5766:
5244:
The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400–1200
5182:
Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change
5133:
Jackson, Kenneth H. (1955), "The Pictish Language"; in F. T. Wainwright,
4510:
The Atlantic Iron Age: Settlement and Identity in the First Millennium BC
4163:
3943:
3937:
3869:
3857:
446:
265:
5703:
5676:
5518:
5391:
4732:
4715:
3977:
554:
489:
463:
450:
366:
319:
102:
1270:
had occurred, leading to a radical restructuring of the vowel system.
357:. Cumbric disappeared in the 12th century, and in the far south-west,
5744:
4014:
353:) throughout most of modern England as well as Scotland south of the
4580:
Eska, Joseph (2008). "Continental Celtic". In Woodard, Roger (ed.).
5316:
4751:. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
4619:
Language in Pictland: The case against "non-Indo-European Pictish"
4167:
4111:
3994:
3855:: as pre-medieval Latin did not distinguish a Spanish-style mixed
3851:
3824:
494:
385:
291:
3731:). When river is preceded by the word, in the modern vein, it is
5143:(1986), "New Thought on Albion, Ieni and the 'Pretanic Isles'",
4192:
4186:
4180:
4100:
3951:
473:
365:. O'Rahilly's historical model suggests a Brittonic language in
5320:
287:
is linked, likely as a sister language or a descendant branch.
5037:
3223:
Neuter 2nd declension stems deviate from the paradigm as such:
449:(place names) are evidentiary, recorded in Latinised forms by
4237:
from Brittonic are common in Devon place-names. Tautologous,
3289:
All other declensions same as regular 2nd declension paradigm
4635:(1955). "The Pictish Language". In Wainwright, F. T. (ed.).
3739:
Examples of place names derived from the Brittonic languages
3903:
3888:
3897:
3900:
3208:
3178:
3148:
3118:
3102:
3079:
3063:
3040:
3024:
3001:
2973:
2942:
2912:
2882:
2852:
2817:
2779:
2763:
2729:
2696:
2660:
2644:
2621:
2605:
2582:
2566:
2543:
2527:
2504:
2483:
2388:
2355:
2322:
2289:
2274:
2247:
2232:
2205:
2190:
2163:
2148:
2113:
2080:
2044:
2006:
1964:
1915:
1905:
1875:
1865:
1838:
1828:
1798:
1783:
1756:
1741:
1714:
1699:
1673:
1658:
1632:
1617:
337:
Over the next three centuries, Brittonic was replaced by
3818:
3357:
3111:
3072:
3033:
2993:
2987:
2845:
2810:
2772:
2653:
2614:
2575:
2536:
2497:
2375:
2342:
2309:
2281:
2267:
2239:
2225:
2197:
2183:
2155:
2141:
2100:
2067:
2036:
2026:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1946:
1898:
1858:
1821:
1790:
1776:
1748:
1734:
1706:
1692:
1665:
1651:
1624:
1610:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
46:
4303:
See note on pre-medieval-Latin recording of the letter
572:
fell out of use in the 1700s but has since undergone a
4153:
4147:
390:
Bath curse tablet featuring possible Common Brittonic
5014:. North Devon Archaeological Society. Archived from
4469:"The Double System of Verbal Inflexion in Old Irish"
3894:
3891:
3885:
472:
says that the language differed little from that of
5800:
5753:
5730:
5655:
5571:
5549:
5508:
5485:
5467:
5456:
5447:
5372:
5354:
4991:Gover, J. E. B.; Mawer, A.; Stenton, F. A. (1932).
1497:
1407:
1344:
201:
187:
171:
159:
154:
108:
74:
64:
54:
39:
3982:
2415:
2408:
1547:, it is possible to approximately reconstruct the
5271:Willis, David (2009), "Old and Middle Welsh"; in
5008:"The Archaeology of some North Devon Place-Names"
5161:; 2nd ed.; Paris: Editions Errance; p. 176.
5101:Filppula, M.; Klemola, J.; Pitkänen, H. (2001);
4862:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
4541:Studies on Celtic Languages before the Year 1000
409:Adixoui Deuina Deieda Andagin Uindiorix cuamenai
306:. By the sixth century AD, the languages of the
5166:Languages of the British Isles Past and Present
4422:"The evolution of proto-Brit. *-/lth/ in Welsh"
4201:
4011:, perhaps the name of a goddess (modern Welsh,
412:". (Sometimes the final word has been rendered
4335:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology
3873:. It means 'water(s)' (cognate with old Welsh
3811:'appearance, form, image, resemblance'; Irish
3799:= (possibly) 'People of the Forms' (cf. Welsh
5687:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
5332:
5299:Roman road stations of the Cannock-Chase area
5184:. Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College.
4965:. Scottish Place Name Society. Archived from
4894:"Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN"
4663:
4661:
4232:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4105:
4091:
4085:
4073:
4058:
4040:
4028:
4006:
3988:
3956:
3912:
3842:
3836:
3794:
3774:
3759:
3692:
3680:
3647:
3625:
3603:
3576:
3551:
3529:
3507:
3485:
3460:
3438:
3416:
3394:
3372:
3340:
3300:
3272:
3256:
3229:
3194:
3164:
3134:
3095:
3056:
3017:
2966:
2928:
2898:
2868:
2833:
2798:
2756:
2715:
2682:
2637:
2598:
2559:
2520:
2476:
2432:
1561:
8:
5145:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
4262:
4137:
4046:
3968:
3918:
3861:sound, the phonetic standard way of reading
3780:
3720:
4304:
4256:
4171:
4131:
4121:
4115:
4079:
4057:, pointing to a Brittonic approximate word
4052:
4034:
4012:
3962:
3930:
3924:
3874:
3862:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3768:
3726:
3705:
3686:
3586:
3350:
2980:
2490:
534:Common Brittonic vied with Latin after the
82: 6th century BC to mid-6th century AD
5464:
5453:
5339:
5325:
5317:
4621:. Utrecht: de Keltische Draak. p. 27.
3714:
36:
5154:; Paris: CNRS Editions; pp. 304–306.
5088:Learn how and when to remove this message
4731:
4604:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
4561:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
4158:'stand/grove of yew trees'; cognate with
5051:This article includes a list of general
4473:Transactions of the Philological Society
4467:Sims-Williams, Patrick (November 1984).
3297:
3226:
2429:
1566:'tribe' and cognates in other languages
1558:
1296:
1058:
875:
596:
4789:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4325:
4282:
5294:Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain
4941:
4639:. Edinburgh: Nelson. pp. 129–166.
3942:
3936:
3868:
3856:
2437:'man' and cognates in other languages
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
5128:Language and History in Early Britain
4654:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
3685:, "river" (transcribed into Welsh as
298:, especially in terms related to the
283:into separate dialects or languages.
7:
4922:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language"
4426:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
4299:
4297:
4295:
4185:(re-analysed by English speakers as
4033:= 'dark' (likely cognate with Welsh
398:, found in the Roman feeder pool at
5769:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
4810:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 35.
598:(Late) Common Brittonic consonants
476:. Comparison with what is known of
5057:it lacks sufficient corresponding
4652:Yr Elfen Ladin yn yr Iaith Gymraeg
4485:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1984.tb01211.x
4114:stand/group' (cognate with Welsh
25:
4749:Early Irish history and mythology
4689:. Yale University Press. p.
4241:names exist in England, such as:
4078:= 'bonfire', 'aflame' (cf. Welsh
3679:, which comes from the Brittonic
1252:
1234:
1221:
1204:
1195:
1176:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1038:
1027:
1009:
996:
978:
967:
960:
944:
933:
926:
855:
829:
809:
798:
772:
761:
754:
747:
725:
718:
707:
700:
693:
686:
669:
655:
646:
530:Diversification and Neo-Brittonic
5832:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
5238:The Place-names of Roman Britain
5236:Rivet, A. and Smith, C. (1979),
5223:Languages of Britain and Ireland
5042:
4606:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1444, 1447.
3881:
3305:and cognates in other languages
1285:were allophonic developments of
5242:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2003),
4859:Burns Mcarthur, Thomas (2005).
4849:, éditions errance 1994. p. 17.
4822:Gaulois et celtique continental
4774:Ireland and the Classical World
4582:The Ancient Languages of Europe
4539:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2007).
3817:'appearance, shape', Old Irish
1551:paradigms of Common Brittonic:
369:before the introduction of the
5781:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
5150:Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2002),
4420:Eska, Joseph F. (2019-12-01).
4255:Chetwood, (cognate with Welsh
4170:, Northern Ireland) via Latin
3961:= 'border' (becoming in Welsh
1266:By late Common Brittonic, the
877:Early Common Brittonic vowels
512:) is a term coined in 1955 by
430:"worthless woman" accusative,
1:
5881:History of the Welsh language
5852:extinct or ancestor languages
5268:; Cambridge University Press.
5266:Language in the British Isles
5157:Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2003),
4995:. English Place-name Society.
1060:Late Common Brittonic vowels
520:
78:
4776:. University of Texas Press.
3228:Neuter 2nd declension stem *
341:in most of Scotland, and by
310:were rapidly diverging into
5103:The Celtic Roots of English
4865:. Oxford University Press.
4617:Forsyth, Katherine (1997).
5907:
5221:Price, Glanville. (2000),
4747:O'Rahilly, Thomas (1964).
4506:Henderson, Jon C. (2007).
4197:appended at the end) >
3742:
3681:
2376:
2343:
2310:
2268:
2226:
2184:
2142:
2101:
2068:
2027:
1989:
1947:
1899:
1859:
1822:
1777:
1735:
1693:
1652:
1611:
1356:
1349:
1307:
797:
795:
733:
731:
706:
699:
667:
665:
654:
652:
645:
643:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
47:
29:
5845:
5667:? (possibly hypothetical)
5210:; London: HarperCollins;
5206:Ostler, Nicholas (2005),
4714:Ferdinand, Siarl (2018).
4333:Schrijver, Peter (1995).
3987:in medieval Welsh) from *
3568:
3477:
3332:
2951:
2738:
2464:
2126:
1928:
1598:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1485:
1480:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1412:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1302:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
893:
888:
883:
881:
865:
863:
861:
850:
848:
839:
837:
835:
824:
822:
804:
793:
791:
789:
780:
769:
715:
713:
676:
663:
661:
553:in what is now Brittany,
536:Roman conquest of Britain
480:confirms the similarity.
44:
18:Common Brittonic language
5876:Extinct Celtic languages
5261:; Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
5164:Lockwood, W. B. (1975),
5135:The Problem of the Picts
4772:Freeman, Philip (2001).
4637:The Problem of the Picts
4248:(for Brittonic part see
4191:'boar' with Old English
3967:'rim, brim', in Breton,
3286:Dual is same as singular
1056:have not developed yet.
5675:? (possibly related to
5257:Ternes, Elmar (2011),
5072:more precise citations.
4683:Tanner, Marcus (2004).
4233:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4106:
4092:
4074:
4059:
4029:
4007:
3989:
3983:
3957:
3843:
3837:
3819:
3795:
3760:
3725:; the Latin cognate is
3648:
3626:
3604:
3577:
3552:
3530:
3508:
3486:
3461:
3439:
3417:
3395:
3373:
3358:
3341:
3301:
3273:
3257:
3230:
3210:
3195:
3180:
3165:
3150:
3135:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3096:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2974:
2967:
2944:
2929:
2914:
2899:
2884:
2869:
2854:
2846:
2834:
2819:
2811:
2799:
2781:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2731:
2716:
2698:
2683:
2662:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2599:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2506:
2498:
2484:
2477:
2433:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2357:
2324:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2207:
2198:
2191:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2115:
2082:
2046:
2037:
2008:
1999:
1966:
1957:
1917:
1906:
1877:
1866:
1840:
1829:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1562:
1545:comparative linguistics
1277:The central mid vowels
5837:Welsh-medium education
5487:Southwestern Brittonic
5264:Trudgill, P. (1984),
4806:Mees, Bernard (2009).
4720:Studia Celtica Fennica
4514:. Routledge. pp.
4438:10.1515/zcph-2019-0003
4305:
4263:
4257:
4172:
4154:
4148:
4138:
4136:'abundant in', Breton
4132:
4122:
4116:
4086:
4080:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4013:
3969:
3963:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3879:, plural phonetically
3875:
3863:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3587:
3351:
2981:
2491:
391:
241:
233:
225:
5814:Skol Veythrin Karenza
5754:Celtic-speaking areas
5679:or pre-Indo-European)
5246:; Oxford, Blackwell;
5006:Green, Terry (2003).
4686:The last of the Celts
4668:Nicolaisen, W. F. H.
4407:University of Glasgow
389:
5273:The Celtic Languages
5180:McCone, Kim (1996).
5118:Language in Pictland
5116:Forsyth, K. (1997),
4993:Place-names of Devon
4670:Scottish Place Names
4565:. ABC-CLIO. p.
4128:cow parsnip, hogweed
4039:'darkness', Cornish
560:The modern forms of
545:primarily in Wales,
484:Pictish and Pritenic
345:(from which descend
5871:Brittonic languages
5826:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
5801:Immersive education
5283:; pp. 117–160.
5208:Empires of the Word
5168:; London: Deutsch;
5147:, 6: pp. 1–28.
5124:Jackson, Kenneth H.
4843:Pierre-Yves Lambert
4633:Jackson, Kenneth H.
4146:', Scottish Gaelic
3306:
3234:
2438:
1567:
1299:
1298:Vowel developments
1268:New Quantity System
1061:
878:
599:
424:"king" nominative,
330:, and possibly the
32:Brittonic languages
5779:Cape Breton Island
5615:Early Modern Irish
5375:Continental Celtic
5304:Alex Mullen (2007)
5159:La langue gauloise
4847:La langue gauloise
4733:10.33353/scf.79496
4650:Lewis, H. (1943).
4596:Forsyth, Katherine
4543:. CMCS. p. 1.
4313:, in this section.
3929:, its orthography
3298:
3227:
2430:
1559:
1297:
1059:
876:
597:
514:Kenneth H. Jackson
396:Bath curse tablets
392:
371:Goidelic languages
5858:
5857:
5651:
5650:
5567:
5566:
5510:Western Brittonic
5399:Cisalpine Gaulish
5137:; London: Nelson.
5098:
5097:
5090:
5018:on 4 October 2011
4972:on 13 August 2017
4944:, p. 145–165
4902:. 7 November 2010
4368:the Linguist List
4344:978-90-5183-820-6
3870:[dʊβriːs]
3664:
3663:
3280:
3279:
3217:
3216:
2426:Second declension
2401:
2400:
1536:
1535:
1264:
1263:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1046:
1045:
869:
868:
275:, descended from
244:), also known as
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
5898:
5640:Galwegian Gaelic
5621:Classical Gaelic
5582:Classical Gaelic
5476:Common Brittonic
5465:
5454:
5348:Celtic languages
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5203:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5068:this article by
5059:inline citations
5046:
5045:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4960:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4513:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4395:
4370:
4358:Common Brittonic
4355:
4349:
4348:
4330:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4266:
4260:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4166:in Portugal and
4157:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4125:
4119:
4109:
4095:
4089:
4084:'fire', Cornish
4083:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4018:
4010:
3992:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3846:
3840:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3763:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3651:
3629:
3607:
3590:
3580:
3555:
3533:
3511:
3489:
3464:
3442:
3420:
3398:
3376:
3361:
3354:
3344:
3307:
3304:
3294:Third declension
3276:
3260:
3235:
3233:
3213:
3198:
3183:
3168:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3099:
3084:
3076:
3067:
3060:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3021:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2947:
2932:
2917:
2902:
2887:
2872:
2857:
2849:
2837:
2822:
2814:
2802:
2787:
2776:
2767:
2760:
2734:
2719:
2704:
2686:
2668:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2563:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2439:
2436:
2420:
2413:
2397:
2379:
2364:
2346:
2331:
2313:
2298:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2214:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2122:
2104:
2089:
2071:
2053:
2040:
2030:
2015:
2002:
1992:
1977:
1960:
1950:
1924:
1909:
1902:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1847:
1832:
1825:
1810:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1723:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1568:
1565:
1555:First declension
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1256:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1180:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1031:
1013:
1000:
982:
971:
964:
948:
937:
930:
879:
859:
833:
813:
802:
776:
765:
758:
751:
729:
722:
711:
704:
697:
690:
673:
659:
650:
600:
525:
522:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
332:Pictish language
271:It is a form of
256:, is an extinct
250:Common Brythonic
218:Common Brittonic
211:
183:
164:
140:Common Brittonic
114:
83:
80:
50:
40:Common Brittonic
37:
21:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5891:Proto-languages
5886:Brythonic Celts
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5841:
5796:
5749:
5740:Beurla Reagaird
5726:
5664:Ancient Belgian
5647:
5634:Scottish Gaelic
5594:Primitive Irish
5563:
5545:
5504:
5481:
5460:
5443:
5368:
5350:
5345:
5290:
5192:
5179:
5094:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5064:Please help to
5063:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4899:BBC News Online
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4373:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4302:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4144:alder buckthorn
3884:
3880:
3847:, a noun suffix
3793:, cognate with
3764:= 'river' (cf.
3747:
3745:Celtic toponymy
3741:
3703:Scottish Gaelic
3669:
3643:Abl. ins. loc.
3572:Nom. voc. acc.
3547:Abl. ins. loc.
3456:Abl. ins. loc.
3296:
3268:Nom. voc. acc.
3252:Nom. voc. acc.
2785:
2702:
2666:
2428:
2394:
2361:
2328:
2295:
2253:
2211:
2169:
2119:
2086:
2050:
2012:
1974:
1970:
1921:
1885:
1881:
1844:
1808:
1804:
1762:
1720:
1679:
1640:
1557:
1541:
1500:
1410:
1347:
1293:, respectively.
874:
632:
595:
590:
582:Scottish Gaelic
532:
523:
486:
384:
379:
339:Scottish Gaelic
258:Celtic language
254:Proto-Brittonic
207:
179:
176:
160:
150:
115:
112:Language family
110:
85:Developed into
84:
81:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5761:Lower Brittany
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5721:Paleo-Hispanic
5712:
5700:
5688:
5680:
5668:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5585:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5522:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5471:
5469:
5462:
5451:
5449:Insular Celtic
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5408:Hispano-Celtic
5404:
5403:
5402:
5388:
5380:
5378:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:Studia Celtica
5308:Tabellae Sulis
5301:
5296:
5289:
5288:External links
5286:
5285:
5284:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5240:
5234:
5219:
5204:
5190:
5177:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5138:
5131:
5121:
5114:
5096:
5095:
5078:September 2021
5050:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:
4998:
4983:
4946:
4934:
4913:
4885:
4871:
4851:
4835:
4826:
4813:
4798:
4779:
4764:
4757:
4739:
4706:
4699:
4675:
4672:. p. 131.
4657:
4642:
4624:
4609:
4587:
4572:
4546:
4531:
4524:
4498:
4479:(1): 138–201.
4459:
4412:
4371:
4350:
4343:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4253:
4207:
4206:
4097:
4064:
4020:
3998:
3990:Lugudũn(iãnon)
3974:
3948:
3848:
3841:= 'ridge' and
3828:
3786:
3749:Examples are:
3743:Main article:
3740:
3737:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
976:
974:
972:
965:
958:
952:
951:
949:
942:
940:
938:
931:
924:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
873:
870:
867:
866:
864:
862:
860:
853:
851:
849:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
834:
827:
825:
823:
821:
815:
814:
807:
805:
803:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
770:
768:
766:
759:
752:
745:
743:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
723:
716:
714:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
678:
677:
675:
666:
664:
662:
660:
653:
651:
644:
642:
636:
635:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
594:
591:
589:
586:
531:
528:
485:
482:
400:Bath, Somerset
383:
380:
378:
375:
355:Firth of Forth
347:Modern English
308:Celtic Britons
273:Insular Celtic
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
193:
185:
184:
177:
172:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
155:Language codes
152:
151:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
130:Insular Celtic
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5903:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5791:Y Fro Gymraeg
5789:
5786:
5785:Gàidhealtachd
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:Reconstructed
5466:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:Reconstructed
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5281:0-203-88248-2
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:1-4051-0903-3
5249:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:0-631-21581-6
5228:
5225:; Blackwell;
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:0-00-711870-8
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5191:0-901519-40-5
5187:
5183:
5178:
5175:
5174:0-233-96666-8
5171:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5141:Koch, John T.
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:952-458-164-7
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5089:
5081:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4954:James, Alan.
4950:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4874:
4872:9780192806376
4868:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4833:Tomlin, 1987.
4830:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4808:Celtic Curses
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4758:0-901282-29-4
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4600:Koch, John T.
4597:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:Koch, John T.
4550:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4525:9780415436427
4521:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:, Old Breton
4088:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:phonetically)
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3908:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3858:[b/v]
3854:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
977:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
943:
941:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
896:
891:
886:
880:
871:
858:
854:
852:
846:
843:
842:
832:
828:
826:
820:
817:
816:
812:
808:
806:
801:
787:
784:
783:
778:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
744:
742:
740:
737:
736:
728:
724:
721:
717:
710:
703:
696:
692:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
672:
658:
649:
641:
638:
637:
634:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
601:
592:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
549:in Cornwall,
548:
544:
539:
537:
529:
527:
524: 500 AD
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
458:
457:
452:
448:
445:
444:Roman Britain
440:
437:
434:
433:dewina deieda
428:
422:
416:
410:
405:
401:
397:
388:
381:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Neo-Brittonic
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:Linguist List
170:
166:
163:
158:
153:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Indo-European
117:
113:
107:
104:
101:and probably
100:
96:
92:
88:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
59:Great Britain
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5847:
5719:? (possibly
5714:
5707:? (possibly
5702:
5695:? (possibly
5690:
5682:
5670:
5662:
5638:
5619:
5613:
5608:Middle Irish
5606:
5599:
5592:
5580:
5556:
5538:Middle Welsh
5536:
5529:
5517:
5475:
5474:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5373:
5363:Proto-Celtic
5361:
5311:
5310:14 and 18",
5307:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5222:
5207:
5181:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5134:
5127:
5117:
5102:
5084:
5075:
5056:
5034:Bibliography
5020:. Retrieved
5016:the original
5011:
5001:
4992:
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4967:the original
4962:
4949:
4937:
4925:. Retrieved
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4897:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4861:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4748:
4742:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4685:
4678:
4669:
4651:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4603:
4590:
4584:. Cambridge.
4581:
4575:
4560:
4549:
4540:
4534:
4509:
4501:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4432:(1): 75–82.
4429:
4425:
4415:
4406:
4398:Rhys, Guto.
4361:
4353:
4334:
4328:
4310:
4285:
4249:
4246:Derwentwater
4209:Basic words
4208:
4099:
4066:
4022:
4000:
3984:Lleuddiniawn
3976:
3950:
3923:, and Irish
3850:
3831:
3788:
3753:
3748:
3733:tautological
3673:West Country
3670:
3281:
3218:
2402:
2337:Instrumental
2062:instrumental
1853:Instrumental
1542:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1346:Short vowels
1304:Proto-Celtic
1272:
1265:
1047:
559:
540:
533:
518:
509:
505:
501:
500:
488:
487:
468:
462:
455:
441:
438:
393:
336:
304:Christianity
296:Roman period
289:
277:Proto-Celtic
270:
253:
249:
245:
217:
216:
203:Linguasphere
195:
188:
139:
5461:(Brythonic)
5415:Celtiberian
5070:introducing
5012:NDAS.org.uk
4963:SPNS.org.uk
4942:McCone 1996
4726:: 107–130.
4271:Bredon Hill
4239:hybrid word
4162:in France,
3944:[β]
3938:[v]
3805:'Britain',
3667:Place names
3299:Brittonic *
2431:Brittonic *
1560:Brittonic *
1409:Long vowels
786:Approximant
547:Old Cornish
404:Aquae Sulis
343:Old English
294:during the
5865:Categories
5787:(Scotland)
5763:(Brittany)
5716:Tartessian
5692:Lusitanian
5422:Gallaecian
5200:1023922722
5053:references
5022:11 January
4976:13 January
4700:0300104642
4321:References
4070:(headland)
3911:, Cornish
3773:, Cornish
3691:, Cornish
3531:carrecibon
3325:Old Irish
3316:Brittonic
3244:Brittonic
2457:Old Irish
2448:Brittonic
2178:Accusative
2133:Nominative
1938:accusative
1935:Nominative
1687:Accusative
1605:Nominative
1579:Brittonic
1549:declension
1499:Diphthongs
593:Consonants
551:Old Breton
260:spoken in
48:Brittonikā
5850:indicate
5820:Gaelscoil
5816:(Cornish)
5775:(Ireland)
5773:Gaeltacht
5709:Tyrsenian
5601:Old Irish
5531:Old Welsh
5458:Brittonic
4493:0079-1636
4454:212726410
4446:1865-889X
4363:MultiTree
4261:, Breton
4199:Old Norse
4107:Ebur-ākon
4096:'aflame')
4060:temeselo-
4045:, Breton
3993:'Fort of
3935:denoting
3917:, Breton
3779:, Breton
3719:, Breton
3649:carrecibi
3627:carrecibo
3605:carrecion
3509:carreciōs
3082:wiHrooHom
1588:Old Irish
1154:Close-mid
1095:unrounded
1085:unrounded
956:Close-mid
739:Fricative
588:Phonology
543:Old Welsh
510:Prittenic
456:Geography
415:cuamiinai
281:diverging
234:Brythonek
226:Brythoneg
190:Glottolog
162:ISO 639-3
135:Brittonic
87:Old Welsh
65:Ethnicity
5810:(Breton)
5767:Y Wladfa
5684:Ligurian
5573:Goidelic
5431:Lepontic
5385:Galatian
5126:(1953),
4927:30 April
4906:30 April
4878:30 April
4795:: 18–25.
4598:(2006).
4557:(2006).
4182:Eoforwīc
4173:Eburacum
4155:iùbhrach
4112:yew tree
4075:tan-eto-
4054:teimheal
4051:, Irish
3964:cant(el)
3820:Cruithin
3578:carrecīs
3418:carrecēs
3396:carrecin
3342:carrecis
3319:Gaulish
3302:carrecis
3211:wiHroysu
3151:wiHromos
2992:(nom.),
2915:wiHrobām
2885:wiHrobām
2855:wiHrobām
2624:wiHrosyo
2451:Gaulish
2418:toutābos
2411:toutābom
2370:Locative
2304:Ablative
2283:túathaib
2234:toutānon
2220:Genitive
2136:vocative
2095:Locative
2059:Ablative
2038:túathaib
1983:Genitive
1941:vocative
1893:Locative
1816:Ablative
1729:Genitive
1646:Vocative
1600:Singular
1543:Through
1217:Open-mid
990:Open-mid
616:Alveolar
506:Pretanic
502:Pritenic
469:Agricola
447:toponyms
266:Brittany
242:Predeneg
5848:Italics
5822:(Irish)
5793:(Wales)
5704:Rhaetic
5677:Rhaetic
5672:Camunic
5656:Unknown
5558:Pictish
5550:Pictish
5519:Cumbric
5500:Cornish
5392:Gaulish
5066:improve
4602:(ed.).
4152:'yew',
4120:, from
4030:Tamesis
4008:Sabrīna
3978:Lothian
3832:Cheviot
3802:Prydain
3796:Pritani
3790:Britain
3707:abhainn
3553:carrecī
3487:carrecī
3462:carrecī
3440:carrecē
3374:carreci
3282:Notes:
3258:cradion
3231:cradion
3219:Notes:
3181:wiHrōys
3121:wiHrōys
3043:wiHrons
2998:(voc.)
2945:wiHrows
2900:wirobin
2870:wirobin
2835:wirobon
2820:wiHrows
2403:Notes:
2276:toutābi
2227:tōtābon
2102:tōtābin
2069:tōtābin
2028:tōtābon
1990:tōtious
1750:túaithe
1743:toutiās
1583:Gaulish
1539:Grammar
1273:Notes:
1105:rounded
1100:rounded
1090:rounded
1073:Central
890:Central
819:Lateral
631:Labial–
621:Palatal
574:revival
570:Cornish
555:Cumbric
490:Pictish
478:Gaulish
464:Tacitus
451:Ptolemy
427:andagin
382:Sources
377:History
367:Ireland
363:revived
359:Cornish
324:Cornish
320:Cumbric
285:Pictish
262:Britain
246:British
230:Cornish
103:Pictish
95:Cornish
91:Cumbric
69:Britons
5828:(Manx)
5745:Shelta
5697:Italic
5495:Breton
5279:
5250:
5229:
5214:
5198:
5188:
5172:
5109:
5055:, but
4869:
4755:
4697:
4522:
4518:–295.
4491:
4452:
4444:
4341:
4252:above)
4231:, and
4203:Jórvík
4160:Évreux
4149:iubhar
4087:tanses
4068:Thanet
4048:teñval
4036:tywyll
4024:Thames
4015:Hafren
4002:Severn
3958:canto-
3926:dobhar
3867:is as
3864:Dubrīs
3835:from *
3588:cerrig
3359:carrac
3352:carreg
3322:Welsh
3274:cradiā
3196:wirobi
3166:wirobi
3136:wirobi
3113:feraib
3104:wirobi
3097:wirobi
3004:wiHroy
2847:feraib
2782:wiHroh
2732:wiHrey
2699:wiHroh
2663:wiHroh
2585:wiHrom
2507:wiHros
2454:Welsh
2391:tewteh
2358:tewteh
2325:tewteh
2292:tewteh
2269:tōtābo
2262:Dative
2250:tewteh
2208:tewteh
2199:túatha
2192:toutās
2166:tewteh
2157:túatha
2150:toutās
2128:Plural
2116:tewteh
2083:tewteh
2047:tewteh
2021:Dative
2009:tewteh
1967:tewteh
1958:túaith
1918:tewteh
1878:tewteh
1841:tewteh
1801:tewteh
1792:túaith
1771:Dative
1759:tewteh
1736:tōtiās
1717:tewteh
1708:túaith
1701:toutim
1676:tewteh
1635:tewteh
1308:Stage
913:short
907:short
901:short
872:Vowels
611:Dental
606:Labial
580:, and
562:Breton
504:(also
442:Local
328:Breton
300:church
238:Breton
125:Celtic
99:Breton
55:Region
5808:Diwan
5732:Mixed
5588:Irish
5525:Welsh
5438:Noric
4970:(PDF)
4959:(PDF)
4450:S2CID
4403:(PDF)
4311:Dover
4277:Notes
4250:Dover
4221:combe
4188:eofor
4176:>
4168:Newry
4164:Évora
4117:Efrog
4104:from
4093:tanet
4072:from
4042:tewal
4027:from
4005:from
3995:Lugus
3955:from
3852:Dover
3825:Picts
3814:cruth
3766:Welsh
3761:abonā
3758:from
3728:amnis
3699:Irish
3621:Dat.
3599:Gen.
3525:Dat.
3503:Gen.
3481:Nom.
3434:Dat.
3412:Gen.
3390:Acc.
3368:Voc.
3336:Nom.
3313:Case
3241:Case
3209:*
3179:*
3149:*
3119:*
3080:*
3065:wiron
3058:wiron
3041:*
3026:wirūs
3019:wirūs
3002:*
2943:*
2930:wirou
2913:*
2883:*
2853:*
2818:*
2800:wirōs
2780:*
2730:*
2697:*
2661:*
2622:*
2583:*
2568:wirom
2561:wiron
2546:wiHre
2544:*
2505:*
2485:wiros
2478:wiros
2445:Case
2434:wiros
2416:*
2409:*
2389:*
2356:*
2323:*
2290:*
2248:*
2241:túath
2206:*
2185:tōtās
2164:*
2143:tōtās
2114:*
2081:*
2045:*
2007:*
2000:túath
1965:*
1916:*
1907:toutī
1876:*
1867:toutī
1839:*
1830:toutī
1799:*
1785:toutī
1757:*
1715:*
1694:tōtin
1674:*
1667:túath
1660:toutā
1633:*
1626:túath
1619:toutā
1337:VIII
1112:Close
1068:Front
922:Close
916:long
910:long
904:long
885:Front
845:Trill
640:Nasal
633:velar
626:Velar
578:Scots
566:Welsh
495:Picts
351:Scots
316:Welsh
292:Latin
252:, or
222:Welsh
209:50-AB
45:*
5629:Manx
5277:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5227:ISBN
5212:ISBN
5196:OCLC
5186:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5107:ISBN
5024:2011
4978:2019
4929:2021
4908:2021
4880:2021
4867:ISBN
4753:ISBN
4695:ISBN
4567:1455
4520:ISBN
4489:ISSN
4442:ISSN
4339:ISBN
4264:koad
4258:coed
4234:hele
4228:bere
4139:evor
4130:' +
4123:efwr
4101:York
3970:kant
3952:Kent
3920:dour
3914:dowr
3876:dwfr
3838:cev-
3808:pryd
3782:aven
3776:avon
3770:afon
3755:Avon
3722:aven
3716:awin
3712:Manx
3701:and
3694:avon
3688:afon
3682:aβon
3677:Avon
3328:PIE
3189:Loc.
3159:Ins.
3129:Abl.
3090:Dat.
3051:Gen.
3035:firu
3012:Acc.
2995:firu
2982:gwŷr
2975:wirī
2968:wirī
2961:voc.
2958:Nom.
2923:Loc.
2893:Ins.
2863:Abl.
2828:Dat.
2793:Gen.
2765:wirō
2758:wirō
2751:voc.
2748:acc.
2745:Nom.
2717:wirē
2710:Loc.
2684:wirū
2677:ins.
2674:Abl.
2655:fiur
2646:wirū
2639:wirū
2632:Dat.
2607:wirī
2600:wirī
2593:Gen.
2554:Acc.
2529:wire
2522:wire
2515:Voc.
2471:Nom.
2460:PIE
2377:tōtā
2344:tōtā
2311:tōtā
1948:tōtī
1930:Dual
1900:tōtī
1882:(e)h
1860:tōtī
1823:tōtī
1778:tōtī
1653:tōtā
1612:tōtā
1575:Case
1563:tōtā
1334:VII
1319:III
1289:and
1283:/ɵ̞/
1281:and
1244:Open
1078:Back
1052:and
1019:Open
895:Back
682:Stop
564:and
508:and
474:Gaul
421:-rix
349:and
302:and
264:and
196:None
181:brit
4728:doi
4691:225
4516:292
4481:doi
4434:doi
4366:on
4360:at
4309:at
4213:tor
4194:wic
4133:-og
4110:= '
4081:tân
3981:, (
3941:or
3844:-ed
3569:Pl
3478:Du
3333:Sg
3265:Pl
3249:Sg
3074:fer
2989:fir
2812:fer
2774:fer
2616:fir
2577:fer
2538:fir
2499:fer
2492:gŵr
2362:bis
2329:bos
2120:ows
2087:bām
2051:bām
2013:ows
1593:PIE
1526:*ɔ̄
1521:*au
1514:*oi
1509:*ɛ̄
1504:*ai
1436:*ui
1419:*ɔ̄
1340:IX
1331:VI
1328:Vb
1322:IV
1316:II
1291:/u/
1287:/i/
1279:/ə/
1186:Mid
1054:/ʉ/
1050:/ɨ/
466:'s
453:'s
75:Era
5867::
5194:.
5010:.
4961:.
4896:.
4845:,
4793:34
4791:.
4724:19
4722:.
4718:.
4693:.
4660:^
4487:.
4477:82
4475:.
4471:.
4448:.
4440:.
4430:66
4428:.
4424:.
4405:.
4374:^
4294:^
4225:,
4217:,
4178:OE
3932:bh
3827:')
3735:.
3710:,
3697:,
3654:—
3632:—
3610:—
3583:—
3558:—
3536:—
3514:—
3492:—
3467:—
3445:—
3423:—
3401:—
3379:—
3347:—
3310:#
3238:#
3201:—
3171:—
3141:—
2953:Pl
2935:—
2905:—
2875:—
2840:—
2805:—
2740:Du
2722:—
2689:—
2466:Sg
2442:#
2414:,
2395:su
2382:—
2349:—
2316:—
2296:bi
2254:om
2212:ns
2170:es
2107:—
2074:—
2033:—
1995:—
1953:—
1845:es
1805:eh
1571:#
1531:*ɔ
1492:*i
1487:*ī
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