42:
627:
904:
844:
56:
820:
916:
1583:
928:
635:
856:
105:
703: oz). It is characterized by its bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird, but can still be readily distinguished from all ducks, except other eider species, on the basis of size and head shape. The drake's display call is a strange almost human-like "ah-ooo", while the hen utters hoarse quacks. The species is often readily approachable.
868:
892:
805:
315:
456:, plucked from the female's breast. This soft and warm lining has long been harvested for filling pillows and quilts, but in more recent years has been largely replaced by down from domestic farm-geese and synthetic alternatives. Although eiderdown pillows or quilts are now a rarity, eiderdown harvesting continues and is sustainable, as it can be done after the ducklings leave the nest with no harm to the birds.
80:
880:
832:
1352:
Chapdelaine, G.; Dupuis, P.; Reed, A. (1986). "Distribution, abondance et fluctuation des populations d'eider à duvet dans l'estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent" [Distribution, abundance and population fluctuations of the common eider in the
Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence]. In Reed, A.
755:
In Canada's Hudson Bay, important eider die-offs were observed in the 1990s by local populations due to quickly changing ice flow patterns. The
Canadian Wildlife Service has spent several years gathering up-to-date information on their populations, and preliminary results seem to show a population
363:
41:
1588:
789:-based female social structures. This relatedness has likely played a role in the evolution of co-operative breeding behaviours amongst eiders. Examples of these behaviours include laying eggs in the nests of related individuals and
747:
in the year 676. About 1,000 pairs still nest there every year. Because St. Cuthbert is the patron saint of
Northumberland, it was natural that the eider should be chosen as the county's emblem bird; the birds are still often called
1528:
1766:
369:
367:
364:
1042:
A Voyage of
Discovery made under the orders of the Admiralty in her Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and enquiring into the probability of a North-West
368:
1304:
Chaulk, K.G.; Robertson, G.J.; Montevecchi, W.A. (November 10, 2006). "Extinction, colonization, and distribution patterns of common eider populations nesting in a naturally fragmented landscape".
785:, where they return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island, as well as the development of
1271:
Henri, D.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Peacock, E. (2010). "Understanding and
Managing Wildlife in Hudson Bay Under a Changing Climate: Some Recent Contributions from Inuit and Cree Ecological Knowledge".
781:
Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 15,000 individuals. Female eiders frequently exhibit a high degree of natal
706:
Drakes of the
European, eastern North American and Asia/western North American races can be distinguished by minor differences in plumage and bill colour. Some authorities place the subspecies
819:
366:
903:
657:, which only reaches North America in a wild state in southernmost Texas (and arguably south Florida where feral but non-native populations reside). It measures 50 to 71 cm (
626:
1558:
843:
1906:
2103:
891:
1971:
927:
724:
It is abundant, with populations of about 1.5–2 million birds in both North
America and Europe, and also large but unknown numbers in eastern Siberia (
365:
1857:
1919:
915:
1399:
Andersson, M.; Waldeck, P. (2007). "Host-parasite kinship in a female-philopatric bird population: evidence from relatedness trend analysis".
1997:
1288:
1219:
1192:
1167:
1113:
2123:
1235:
1880:
1805:
725:
1105:
1101:
1018:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
867:
685: oz to 6 lb 11 oz) and spans 80–110 cm (31–43 in) across the wings. The average weight of 22 males in the
2118:
2062:
1368:
McKinnon, L.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Scribner, K.T. (2006). "Genetic evidence for kin-based female social structure in common eiders (
1818:
879:
721:
and excreted. When eating a crab, the eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion.
473:
245:
220:
1036:
1924:
769:
The common eider is one of the species to which the
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (
1095:
1958:
1740:
804:
1657:
1504:
2054:
1717:
855:
1836:
1137:
1060:
104:
1976:
55:
1849:
1572:
717:
being a favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their
449:
zones, when it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to 113 km/h (70 mph).
2113:
1648:
1539:
551:
267:
1885:
1357:. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series (in French). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Wildlife Service. pp. 6–11.
744:
1704:
1610:
595:
572:
302:
283:
256:
1522:
2023:
1722:
492:
199:
976:
689:
was 2.21 kg (4 lb 14 oz) while 32 females weighed an average of 1.92 kg (4 lb
1547:
1040:
2067:
1792:
1686:
1668:
1408:
1032:
505:
1534:
790:
758:
465:
69:
1950:
634:
523:
2108:
2041:
1487:
1471:
1432:
555:
342:
271:
99:
2028:
1911:
598:, 1871 – breeds in southeast Canada and northeast USA; winters around northwest Atlantic coasts
2010:
1937:
1753:
1479:
1424:
1284:
1215:
1209:
1188:
1163:
1109:
1673:
743:. These birds were the subject of one of the first ever bird protection laws, established by
2015:
1463:
1416:
1381:
1313:
1276:
1064:
1021:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.
971:
639:
563:
384:
2049:
1709:
1452:"Parental effort and reproductive skew in coalitions of brood-rearing female common eiders"
512:
1984:
1563:
575:, 1824) – breeds in northeast Canada, Greenland and Iceland; winters in the north Atlantic
478:
314:
84:
1594:
953:
1872:
1412:
1246:
998:
1844:
1831:
1582:
831:
736:
686:
442:
2080:
1771:
373:
Common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the breeding season on Texel, the
Netherlands.
2097:
1932:
1420:
1129:
1012:
962:
732:
614:
605:
538:
509:
469:
430:
241:
216:
89:
1745:
1491:
1758:
1436:
654:
453:
156:
1016:
1823:
1732:
1280:
897:
Small eider creche: three adult females over six ducklings at Biddeford Pool, ME.
825:
Male juvenile in first winter plumage, similar but different from eclipse plumage
2036:
1963:
1945:
1893:
1642:
1068:
2075:
1598:
1553:
1475:
782:
763:
617:, 1758) – breeds in northwest Eurasia; winters in northwest and central Europe
582:
559:
653:
found in Europe, and is exceeded in North America only by smatterings of the
1508:
1385:
586:
500:
446:
116:
17:
1810:
1633:
1483:
1450:Öst, Markus; Clark, Colin W.; Kilpi, Mikael; Ydenberg, Ron (January 2007).
1428:
1627:
422:
166:
136:
1696:
1862:
1681:
811:
793:, where female eiders team up and share the work of rearing ducklings.
786:
740:
718:
434:
1989:
714:
438:
426:
126:
1898:
1604:
1317:
1784:
1467:
1331:
766:
community and eiders, as well as various aspects of their ecology.
1779:
646:
633:
625:
534:
483:
361:
176:
1797:
756:
recovery. The common eider is the object of the 2011 documentary
671:
to 28 in) in length, weighs 0.81 to 3.04 kg (1 lb
2002:
770:
650:
487:
146:
1608:
933:
A Drake Common Eider in the Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine.
399:
1451:
558:, 1855 – breeds in northeast Asia and Alaska; winters in the
452:
The eider's nest is built close to the sea and is lined with
752:
in the area, "Cuddy" being the familiar form of "Cuthbert".
421:, is a large (50–71 cm (20–28 in) in body length)
537:, meaning 'very soft'. Both parts of the name refer to its
390:
762:, which studies the historical relationship between the
498:. It is now placed with two other species in the genus
1275:. Earth and Environmental Sciences. pp. 267–289.
713:
This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with
504:
that was introduced in 1819 by the English zoologist
731:
A particularly famous colony of eiders lives on the
396:
1617:
387:
1505:"New Greenland Government Allows Spring Bird Hunt"
977:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680405A132525971.en
645:The common eider is both the largest of the four
1529:Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas – Common Eider
425:that is distributed over the northern coasts of
885:Eider nest on the tundra in the Canadian Arctic
482:. He placed it with all the other ducks in the
1559:Feathers of Common Eider (Somateria molissima)
8:
1097:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
393:
1605:
1581:
1046:. London: John Murray. Appendix II, p. 48.
313:
78:
54:
40:
31:
975:
441:and some northern temperate regions, but
1245:. Sea Duck Joint Venture. Archived from
873:Traditional man-made eider nesting boxes
1158:Ogilvie, Malcolm; Young, Steve (2004).
944:
800:
2104:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1236:"Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)"
1208:Waltho, Chris; Coulson, John (2015).
1075:. International Ornithologists' Union
1069:"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans"
1055:
1053:
7:
1850:6b63aeab-a6fd-4f0f-b615-9aa19c7e701e
1554:YouTube video of Eider eating a crab
1100:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
921:Common eider with ducklings swimming
963:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1214:. London, UK: T & A D Poyser.
1183:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
25:
1886:common-eider-somateria-mollissima
1185:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
508:. The genus name is derived from
1595:Audio recordings of Common eider
1421:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03301.x
1073:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
818:
803:
383:
103:
1564:BirdLife species factsheet for
952:BirdLife International (2018).
544:Six subspecies are recognised:
1:
336: Wintering/Feeding range
49:Adult male, breeding plumage
1591:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1525:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1523:Common Eider Species Account
1281:10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_13
2124:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1306:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1243:Sea Duck Information Series
999:"The World's Fastest Birds"
2140:
1589:Common eider photo gallery
1162:. New Holland Publishers.
1138:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
468:by the Swedish naturalist
445:somewhat farther south in
1550:information and pictures.
1094:Jobling, James A (2010).
970:: e.T22680405A132525971.
581:Snyder, 1941 – breeds in
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341:
321:
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233:
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205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1540:Internet Bird Collection
649:species and the largest
2119:Birds described in 1758
1456:The American Naturalist
710:as a separate species.
1573:"Somateria mollissima"
642:
631:
374:
2024:Paleobiology Database
1386:10.1093/beheco/ark002
1355:Eider ducks in Canada
1332:"People of a Feather"
1160:Wildfowl of the World
1033:Leach, William Elford
637:
629:
529:'wool'. The specific
464:The common eider was
372:
2081:Somateria-mollissima
1845:Fauna Europaea (new)
1772:somateria-mollissima
1674:Somateria_mollissima
1649:Somateria mollissima
1619:Somateria mollissima
1566:Somateria mollissima
1535:"Common eider media"
1370:Somateria mollissima
1273:A Little Less Arctic
1067:, eds. (July 2021).
956:Somateria mollissima
861:Eider duck skin coat
630:A common eider skull
410:Somateria mollissima
330: Breeding range
209:Somateria mollissima
1511:on 15 October 2012.
1413:2007MolEc..16.2797A
1252:on 7 September 2008
759:People of a Feather
415:St. Cuthbert's duck
354:Linnaeus, 1758
70:Conservation status
1548:Eider Duck Hunting
1374:Behavioral Ecology
1063:; Donsker, David;
643:
632:
604:Brehm, CL, 1831 –
375:
191:S. mollissima
2091:
2090:
2011:Open Tree of Life
1611:Taxon identifiers
1407:(13): 2797–2806.
1401:Molecular Ecology
1312:(10): 1402–1408.
1290:978-90-481-9120-8
1221:978-1-4081-5280-5
1194:978-0-8493-4258-5
1169:978-1-84330-328-2
1115:978-1-4081-2501-4
1065:Rasmussen, Pamela
602:S. m. faeroeensis
370:
360:
359:
306:
295:
287:
275:
260:
253:S. m. faeroeensis
249:
93:
16:(Redirected from
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1507:. Archived from
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1211:The Common Eider
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1199:
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1126:
1120:
1119:
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1048:
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1029:
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1022:
1009:
1003:
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822:
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777:Social behaviour
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694:
684:
683:
679:
676:
670:
669:
665:
662:
640:Museum Wiesbaden
638:Egg, Collection
611:S. m. mollissima
579:S. m. sedentaria
564:Aleutian Islands
406:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
371:
355:
335:
329:
317:
301:
293:
291:S. m. sedentaria
281:
266:
255:
239:
237:S. m. mollissima
211:
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
58:
44:
32:
21:
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2138:
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2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2114:Holarctic birds
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1134:All About Birds
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812:eclipse plumage
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496:Anas mollissima
491:and coined the
479:Systema Naturae
472:in 1758 in the
462:
437:. It breeds in
413:), also called
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362:
353:
351:Anas mollissima
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85:Near Threatened
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1832:Fauna Europaea
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1517:External links
1515:
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1497:
1476:10.1086/510213
1468:10.1086/510213
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1391:
1380:(4): 614–621.
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1130:"Common Eider"
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1013:Linnaeus, Carl
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849:Male in flight
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810:Adult male in
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745:Saint Cuthbert
737:Northumberland
687:North Atlantic
623:
620:
619:
618:
608:
599:
593:S. m. dresseri
590:
576:
569:S. m. borealis
566:
549:S. m. v-nigrum
466:formally named
461:
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358:
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750:Cuddy's ducks
746:
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733:Farne Islands
729:
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539:down feathers
536:
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521:
518:'body' (stem
517:
514:
511:
510:Ancient Greek
507:
506:William Leach
503:
502:
497:
494:
493:binomial name
490:
489:
485:
481:
480:
475:
474:tenth edition
471:
470:Carl Linnaeus
467:
459:
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428:
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324:S. mollissima
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264:S. m. v-nigra
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38:
35:Common eider
33:
30:
19:
1873:common-eider
1618:
1576:
1565:
1538:
1509:the original
1462:(1): 73–86.
1459:
1455:
1445:
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1400:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1326:
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1247:the original
1242:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1184:
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1159:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1096:
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1072:
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993:
981:. Retrieved
967:
961:
955:
947:
780:
768:
757:
754:
749:
730:
723:
712:
707:
705:
655:Muscovy duck
644:
610:
601:
592:
578:
568:
548:
543:
530:
526:
519:
515:
499:
495:
486:
477:
463:
451:
433:and eastern
419:Cuddy's duck
418:
414:
409:
408:
381:(pronounced
379:common eider
378:
376:
350:
349:
323:
298:
294:Snyder, 1941
290:
278:
263:
252:
236:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
157:Anseriformes
29:
18:Common Eider
2037:SeaLifeBase
1946:NatureServe
1894:iNaturalist
1643:Wikispecies
1079:30 November
1061:Gill, Frank
983:12 November
773:) applies.
622:Description
531:mollissimus
284:C. L. Brehm
257:C. L. Brehm
229:Subspecies
2098:Categories
2076:Xeno-canto
1599:Xeno-canto
1337:8 February
1143:17 October
1037:Ross, John
939:References
909:stretching
783:philopatry
764:Sanikiluaq
583:Hudson Bay
560:Bering Sea
272:G. R. Gray
2109:Somateria
587:James Bay
573:Brehm, CL
552:Bonaparte
501:Somateria
454:eiderdown
447:temperate
322:Range of
268:Bonaparte
185:Species:
178:Somateria
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
1951:2.100602
1938:22680405
1912:11099727
1798:45510587
1710:22680405
1705:BirdLife
1694:BioLib:
1628:Wikidata
1492:17841634
1484:17206586
1429:17594448
1035:(1819).
1015:(1758).
791:crèching
615:Linnaeus
589:(Canada)
562:and the
556:Gray, GR
460:Taxonomy
423:sea-duck
343:Synonyms
242:Linnaeus
217:Linnaeus
167:Anatidae
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
1863:2498352
1746:bob2060
1682:Avibase
1577:Avibase
1437:5547068
1409:Bibcode
1353:(ed.).
1256:9 March
1043:passage
1039:(ed.).
797:Gallery
741:England
719:gizzard
715:mussels
708:v-nigra
698:⁄
680:⁄
666:⁄
476:of his
443:winters
435:Siberia
286:, 1824)
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
63:Female
2068:137074
2016:785961
2003:137074
1925:175155
1870:GNAB:
1819:EURING
1785:comeid
1733:comeid
1662:comeid
1634:Q26696
1490:
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837:Female
596:Sharpe
554:&
522:) and
520:somat-
439:Arctic
427:Europe
334:
328:
305:, 1871
303:Sharpe
274:, 1855
259:, 1831
2063:WoRMS
2055:16513
2042:73606
2029:83445
1977:76058
1907:IRMNG
1837:96523
1806:EUNIS
1780:eBird
1759:6Z4ZB
1730:BOW:
1723:17386
1488:S2CID
1472:JSTOR
1433:S2CID
1250:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
647:eider
535:Latin
527:erion
524:ἔριον
484:genus
1998:OBIS
1972:NCBI
1933:IUCN
1920:ITIS
1899:7024
1858:GBIF
1824:2060
1811:1273
1718:BOLD
1697:8474
1480:PMID
1425:PMID
1372:)".
1339:2012
1285:ISBN
1258:2015
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1145:2011
1110:ISBN
1081:2021
985:2021
968:2018
771:AEWA
651:duck
585:and
516:sōma
513:σῶμα
488:Anas
377:The
270:and
246:1758
221:1758
147:Aves
2050:TSA
1959:NBN
1881:IBC
1793:EoL
1767:CMS
1754:CoL
1741:BTO
1669:ADW
1658:ABA
1597:on
1464:doi
1460:169
1417:doi
1382:doi
1314:doi
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