Quenya - Knowledge (XXG)

2407:. The short vowels are /a, e, i, o, u/ and the long ones are written with an acute accent as ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩. The precise quality of the vowels is not known, but their pronunciation is likely closer to the "pure" vowels of Italian and Spanish than to the diphthongised English ones. According to Pesch, for the vowels /a, i, u/ the short and long forms have the same vowel quality, similar to the vowels of Finnish or Polish. But for the vowels /e, o/, the short vowels are pronounced slightly lower and closer to and , respectively, whereas the long ones are pronounced as high-mid vowels and . This interpretation is based on a statement by Tolkien, saying that ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ó⟩, when correctly pronounced by Elves, were just a little " 197: 440:, also publishing scholarly and linguistic analyses of the language. Tolkien never created enough vocabulary to make it possible to converse in Quenya, although fans have been writing poetry and prose in Quenya since the 1970s. This has required conjecture and the need to devise new words, in effect developing a kind of neo-Quenya language. 505:, which he found to provide an aesthetically pleasing inspiration for his High-elvish language. Many years later, he wrote: "It was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me." Regarding the inspiration for Quenya, Tolkien wrote that: 6373: 626:. The vocabulary, however, was not subject to sudden or extreme change. Tolkien sometimes changed the meaning of a word, but he almost never discarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms. Moreover, Elvish etymology was in constant flux. Tolkien delighted in inventing new 649:

from later versions. Qenya differs from late Quenya by having different internal history, vocabulary, and grammar rules as described in the "Qenyaqetsa". Examples include a different accusative or the abolition of final consonant clusters in later Quenya. Fimi suggests that Qenya as it appears in the

1242:

conversation. As a result, newly invented Elvish texts require conjecture and sometimes the coinage of new words. The use of Quenya has expanded over the years as new words have been created, forming a Neo-Quenya language that is based on Tolkien's original Quenya but incorporates many new elements.

1241:

Attempts by fans to write in Quenya began in the 1970s, when the total corpus of published Elvish comprised only a few hundred words. Since then, the use of Elvish has flourished in poems and texts, phrases and names, and even tattoos. But Tolkien himself never made his languages complete enough for

338:

Tolkien developed a complex internal history of characters to speak his Elvish languages in their own fictional universe. He felt that his languages changed and developed over time, as did the historical languages which he studied professionally—not in a vacuum, but as a result of the migrations and

1373:

from the Valar's language, which was called Valarin in Quenya, although these were more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than in Noldorin. This was probably because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyarin Elves had with the Valar. The Quenya as used by the Vanyar also incorporated several

1170:

In 2008, the computational linguist Paul Strack created the Elvish Data Model (abbreviated to "Eldamo") to provide a lexicon – both a dictionary and an analysis of language development – of all Tolkien's languages (despite the name, not limited to Elvish). Eldamo groups Tolkien's creative work into

509:

The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out into a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know. Finnish, which I came across when I had first begun to construct a 'mythology' was a dominant influence, but that has been much reduced . It survives in some features:

376:. Of these two groups of Elves, most of the Noldor returned to Middle-earth where they met the Sindarin-speaking Grey-elves. The Noldor eventually adopted Sindarin and used Quenya primarily as a ritual or poetic language, whereas the Vanyar who stayed behind in Eldamar retained the use of Quenya. 554:, according to Tolkien, "was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the necessary background of 'history' for Elvish tongues". This process of first inventing a language and then creating a background setting for its fictional speakers has been described as unique. 3334:, etc.) are used to indicate the possessor of the noun they determine. They mark the person and number of the possessor, and are inflected to agree with the noun they are attached in number and case. While the English language distinguishes between masculine and feminine singular possessors ( 1463:

of Beleriand, forbade the use of Quenya in his realm when he learned of the slaying of Telerin Elves by the Noldor. By doing so, he both restricted the possibility of the Sindar to enhance and brighten their language with influences from Quenya and accelerated the "dimininution and spiritual

2223:

have a complex history which Tolkien describes thus: "Among the Noldor hr, hl became voiced to r, l before the Exile, and the use of r, l in these cases was normal in Tarquesta, as spoken, tho' the spelling was usually maintained. Since later the Exiles were familiar with voiceless

3612:. Tolkien stated that it was used only in joining adjectives, nouns, and pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be same as another, and also that the copula was not used when the meaning was clear. Otherwise, the copula is 379:

In this way, the Quenya language was symbolic of the high status of the Elves, the firstborn of the races of Middle-earth, because of their close connection to Valinor, and its decreasing use also became symbolic of the slowly declining Elvish culture in Middle-earth. In the

1472:

Quenya mostly in vocabulary, having some loanwords from Sindarin. It differed also in pronunciation, representing the recognition of sound-changes which had begun among the Noldor before the exile and had caused Noldorin Quenya to diverge from Vanyarin Quenya. The change of

6420:

Tolkien's spelling in Latin script of Quenya was largely phonemic, with each letter corresponding to a specific phoneme in the language. However, the vowels varied in pronunciation depending upon their length. Specific rules for consonants were provided in Appendix E of

3004:

for case and number. Verbs are inflected for tense and aspect, and for agreement with subject and object. In early Quenya, adjectives agree with the noun they modify in case and number, but not in later Quenya, where this agreement disappears. The basic word order is

6941:

is ... not known to the Elves, through some things may be guessed or discovered by those who will compare one with another the written forms of Eldarin languages of Valinor, together with such records of the Avari as we here in Eressëa have set down in these later

605:

In his lifetime, Tolkien experimented ceaselessly with his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions. Quenya had many grammars with substantial differences between the different stages of its development. During the first conceptual stage of

2411:" than their short counterparts: "neither very tense and close, nor very slack and open". This interpretation results in a vowel system with 7 different vowel qualities and a length distinction in the high and low vowels only; this system is depicted in table 3. 558:, a Tolkien scholar, argues that Tolkien's invention of Qenya started as a quest for the ideal language, to match the moral and aesthetic objectives that were part of his project of creating "a mythology for England". Fimi argues that Tolkien deliberately used 428:"; other published texts are no longer than a few sentences. At his death, Tolkien left behind a number of unpublished writings on Quenya, and later Tolkien scholars have prepared his notes and unpublished manuscripts for publication in the journals 845:

which had become the proto-language of the Elvish language family. For this new language, Tolkien kept the many roots he had invented for Valarin in the 1930s, which then became "Quenderin roots". The Eldarin family of languages comprises Quenya,

1448:. It was seen by some Elves to be just another dialect of Quenya. This was not the case with the Teleri for whom their tongue was distinct from Quenya. After the Vanyar left the city of Túna, Telerin and Noldorin Quenya grew closer. 410:

was the Sindarin of the Grey-elves. As the Noldor remained in Middle-earth, their Noldorin dialect of Quenya also gradually diverged from the Vanyarin dialect spoken in Valinor, undergoing both sound changes and grammatical changes.

3262:(these two forms are reconstructed). If a pronoun is the subject of a sentence, it becomes tied to the verb either as separate word directly before the verb, or as a suffix after the inflected verb. In the suffixed form, an 669:

as he called them: "The language of the Elves derived in the beginning from the Valar, but they changed it even in the learning, and moreover modified and enriched it constantly at all times by their own invention." In the

3462:

is a verb that cannot take a true subject, because it does not represent an action, occurrence, or state-of-being of any specific person, place, or thing. This is not how Tolkien intended the use of "impersonal." An

7140:

are phonemic in Tarquesta, being distinguished from/hj/ and/hw/ in that they are not treated as long consonants, but are treated so in Parmaquesta and hence there may be considered the realization of the clusters

3345:"Since by Quenya idiom in describing the parts of body of several persons the number proper to each individual is used, the plural of parts existing in pairs (as hands, eyes, ears, feet) is seldom required. Thus 2578:

close a syllable in Parmaquesta, but not colloquially in Tarquesta. Quenya has also a secondary accent. The placement of stress and the distinction between heavy and light syllables is important in Quenya verse.

1140:, in his article 'Quenya Grammar Reexamined'." Hostetter commented that Appleyard's work was by 2007 useful mainly for summarising the attitudes to Tolkien's languages at that time. He characterised it as: 2232:

in their Sindarin speech many of them restored this sound in Tarquesta, according to the traditional spelling. The learned had, of course, at all times retained hr, hl in reading or reciting Parmaquesta."

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in both languages. The combination of a Latin basis with Finnish phonological rules resulted in a product that resembles Italian in many respects, which was Tolkien's favourite modern Romance language.

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As with all parts of Quenya grammar, the pronominal system was subject to many revisions throughout Tolkien's life, and the available corpus was not systematic until a list of endings was published in

838:

grammatical number which is used in addition to singular and plural. It has been suggested that Tolkien used the dual to give Quenya an "archaic feel" in its role as an ancient language of the Elves.

722:, Greek, Latin, and others; namely, one labial, one coronal, and three velar plosives (palatal, plain, and labial). The first table below provides some of the "Primary Initial Combinations" from the 6883:

Tolkien wrote about Quenya: "It might be said to be composed on a Latin basis with two other (main) ingredients that happen to give me 'phonaesthetic' pleasure: Finnish, and Greek". Letter No. 144.

1530:

Tolkien described the pronunciation of the Elvish languages by Elves, Men and Hobbits in a variety of sources. The documentation about late Quenya phonology is contained in the Appendix E of the

1110:

series and described as almost unreadable or quite incomprehensible, have been published in these two journals. The "Early Qenya Grammar", written by Tolkien c. 1925, was edited and published in

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of several related languages and dialects. The following is a brief overview of the fictional internal history of late Quenya as conceived by Tolkien. Tolkien imagined an Elvish society with a

3658:

Because many of Tolkien's writings on the Elvish languages remain unpublished it is difficult to know how large a vocabulary he devised. By 2008, about 25,000 Elvish words had been published.

6856:(18), p. 71: "The Elves began to make in the beginning of their being and it is one with their being, since it was of their nature and the first of all their gift to devise names and words." 1060:

Some linguists have argued that Quenya can be understood as an example of a particular kind of artificial language that helps to create a fictional world. Other such languages would include

1104:

from issue No. 11 (1995), have been exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of Tolkien's mass of unpublished linguistic papers. Important grammatical texts, alluded to in the

10772: 10657: 2241:

In the late Ancient Quenya period, when vowels were lost in long compound words, the clusters thus created, or the consonants that became final, were as a rule changed or reduced:

3314:

It is debated whether certain attested special male and female pronouns that were exclusively used for the description of persons are still applicable to late Quenya as found in

550:. While the language developed, Tolkien felt that it needed speakers, including their own history and mythology, which he thought would give a language its 'individual flavour'. 1689:. The following table presents the inventory of classic Noldorin consonants. Grouping of consonants occurs only in the central parts of a word, except for combinations with the 1464:

impoverishment" of the Noldorin culture. The Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin, while the Sindar were slow to learn Quenya. Quenya in Middle-earth became known as

2426:, except for /iu/ () which is rising. In Old Quenya, all diphthongs were falling. Tolkien wrote: "It is probable that before the Exile Vanyarin and Noldorin in common shifted 2655:

are not included, since they naturally took the syllabic forms i, u as suffixed elements." These evolved from Common Eldarin to Quenya Tolkien explains on the same page thus:

1485:

was the latest in Noldorin, belonging to early Exilic Quenya. The grammatical changes were only small though since the features of their "old language" were carefully taught.

9556: 841:

About ten years later, Tolkien changed his mind about the origin of the Elvish proto-language. Instead of learning from the Valar, the Elves had created an original language

287:

several times until it reached its final state. The vocabulary remained relatively stable throughout the creation process. He successively changed the language's name from

2543:

In Quenya, the stressing of a syllable is predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress), but it is partly determined by

1171:

three real-world periods: up to 1930 ("Early"); from then to 1950 ("Middle"); and from then to 1973 ("Late"). Forms of Quenya occur in each of these periods, as follows:

352:('speakers') in Quenya. Quenya translates as simply "language" or, in contrast to other tongues that the Elves met later in their long history, "elf-language". After the 570:

realm of the Elves and fairies of Valinor. Tolkien considered Quenya to be "the one language which has been designed to give play to my own most normal phonetic taste".

2162: 1288:

affected the development of both languages in terms of phonology, morphology and semantics. The division between Light Elves and Dark Elves that took place during the

2017:

Some consonants are realised differently when they occur in clusters with certain other consonants. This particularly concerns clusters that involve the approximants

546:

as an auxiliary language within Europe. With his Quenya, Tolkien pursued a double aesthetic goal: "classical and inflected". This urge was a major motivation for his

10762: 3150:

In Quenya, there are many similarities in form between prepositions and adverbs since the grammatical case already determines the relation of verb and object. Thus:

9826: 10699: 7002:, "Part Four. Quendi and Eldar: Appendix D. *Kwen, Quenya, and the Elvish (especially Ñoldorin) words for 'Language': Note on the 'Language of the Valar'", p. 398 6794: 6484:

only appear in early Quenya. Occasionally, Tolkien wrote Quenya with a "Finnish-style" orthography (rather than the standard Latin-Romance version), in which

10679: 6500:, and long vowels written double. The acute accent marks long vowels, while the diaeresis indicates that a vowel is not part of a diphthong, for example in 4310:

This was a traditional formula in an elevated style, used between people going on crossing paths: "A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways".

9780: 3217:(1st to 3rd person plural). Such emphatic disjunctive pronouns, were already present in early Quenya but differed from the later versions (e.g. plural: 2559:. In Quenya, heavy syllables are syllables that contain either a long vowel, a diphthong, or a final consonant (thus an intervocalic consonant cluster: 10404: 9565: 6649: 269: 3131:. The latter version is however not attested. Quenya adjectives may be freely used as nouns, in which case they are also inflected like a noun: e.g. 8416: 10684: 10643: 9549: 650:"Qenyaqetsa" was supposed to be a mystic language, as the Lexicon contains a number of words with clear Christian religious connotations, such as 634:(finished c. 1949–1950, published in 1954–1955), the grammar rules of Quenya went through very few changes and this version was then defined as 10689: 9070:

Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Nelya, Whitehaven 2009

9268: 9162: 9009: 8695: 8553: 8094: 8025:

Arda Philology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Minya, Stockholm 2005

7919: 1249:

have limited application in hobbyist and public domain works. Tengwar, the script Tolkien wrote Quenya and English in, was given a dedicated

8887: 8380:

Arda Philology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on J. R. R. Tolkien's Invented Languages, Omientielva Tatya, Antwerp 2007

3642:

Quenya allows for a flexible word order because it is an inflectional language like Latin. Nevertheless, it has word order rules. The usual

1897: 10704: 10674: 1589:) and vowels of late colloquial Noldorin Quenya, i.e. Quenya as spoken among the Exiled Noldor in Middle-earth. They are written using the 1903: 1573:

are lacking in Quenya, but phonological similarities include the absence of aspirated unvoiced stops or the development of the syllables

9819: 8582: 3103:

or adjectival case. The accusative was however only used for Parmaquesta and had been replaced by nominative in late colloquial Quenya.

1932: 618:

in Qenya proper. While its development was a continuous process, Quenya underwent a number of major revisions in its grammar, mostly in

458: 9788: 9542: 9148: 8036: 563: 6627:. A faulty fragment of the poem "Narqelion", written in early Quenya or Elfin between November 1915 and March 1916, was published by 10694: 10650: 9457: 9427: 9414: 9298: 9242: 9220: 9198: 9077: 8668: 8391: 8213: 6695:

contain Tolkien's previously-unpublished accounts of the language, annotated by scholars, so these are not purely primary sources.

10752: 9916: 9866: 1542: 1285: 539: 1345:

in Quenya). In Eldamar, the Noldor and Vanyar spoke two slightly different though mutually intelligible dialects of Tarquesta:

1003:"give", clearly have a Finnish origin. Other forms that appear to have been borrowed are actually coincidental, such as Finnish 10757: 10424: 7853: 7119: 6738: 6644: 4252:. Among the Númenoreans it became "King/Queen" and used as a form of address for a superior, especially a King or a Queen; cf. 2556: 2339: 1825: 1590: 343: 225: 10782: 9812: 2360: 6404:

of Rúmil to record Ancient Quenya. In Middle-earth, Quenya appears to have been rarely written using the "Elvish runes" or

10722: 8540: 8081: 6548:"Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth I am come. In this place I will abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world!" 2049:

is in Noldorin Quenya, which is a "strong voiceless y, similar to, but more frictional than the initial sound in English

1525: 1084:. It was observed that they form "a sociolinguistic context within which group and individual identities can be created." 715: 449: 304: 1468:

when the Noldor eventually adopted the Sindarin language as their native speech after Thingol's ruling. It differed from

1444:, who reached Eldamar later than the Noldor and the Vanyar, spoke a different but closely related tongue, usually called 834:

Another characteristic of Quenya reminiscent of ancient natural languages like Old Greek, Old English or Sanskrit is the

10717: 9694: 6623: 3006: 2346: 1837: 1830: 9516: 8201: 2547:. Words of two syllables are stressed on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the 10777: 10767: 10096: 9475:

Wynne, Patrick H. and Christopher Gilson (1993). "Trees of Silver and of Gold: A Guide to the Koiveinéni Manuscript".

9190: 2367: 2308: 1860: 1845: 1132: 1130:

made "the first comprehensive attempt ... to systematize Quenya grammar in light of the new information published in

9257:

Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J. R. R. Tolkien's Fiction

6590:"The day has come! Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!", is cried by Fingon before the 2647:(though usually a coalescence of more than one inflexional element) seems also to have been permitted; possibly also 980:

of Quenya with its highly codified variety: the Parmaquesta, used only in certain situations such as literature. The

593:. "I find the construction and the interrelation of the languages an aesthetic pleasure in itself, quite apart from 10233: 9573: 7911: 6591: 2381: 1912: 1790: 1778: 1163:

being willing to declare Tolkien's early words or forms "obsolete" if later forms seemed to have the same meanings

858:. The evolution in Quenya and Telerin of the nasalised initial groups of Quenderin is described thus in Tolkien's 10727: 9762: 8685: 3032: 1853: 1137: 835: 9065: 10126: 9871: 9444:

Rautala, Helena (1993). "Familiarity and Distance: Quenya's Relation to Finnish '". In Battarbee, K. J. (ed.).

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Tolkien noted that "when the emphatic pronoun is used separately the verb has no inflexion (save for number)."

3499:, a short suffix for "I, me"). As explained by Tolkien, verbs in Quenya are negated by using a "negative verb" 2320: 2165: 1036: 235: 8687:

Wie kann Deutsch und Elbisch kontrastiv verglichen werden? Tolkiens Versuch der Entwicklung einer Kunstsprache

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According to Tolkien, "the inflections of verbs are always pretty regular", and Quenya verbs are either in a

987:

Tolkien almost never borrowed words directly from real languages into Quenya. The major exception is the name

4357:

The known numbers for 1–20 are presented below; those from early Quenya ("Early Qenya Grammar") are in bold.

4342:, "the Eldar used two systems of numerals one of sixes (or twelves), and one of fives. (or tens)." That is a 2946:

Quenya does not tolerate the combination of two different occlusives. "Where these anciently occurred, as in

9986: 1804: 1795: 1783: 1331: 1106: 619: 547: 171: 3009:. Unless otherwise noted, samples in this section refer to Late Quenya as conceived by Tolkien after 1951. 1053:. According to Tom DuBois and Scott Mellor, the name of Quenya itself may have been influenced by the name 10456: 9893: 9793: 9352: 7866: 7556: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7133: 4376: 2528: 2516: 2506: 2501: 2491: 2479: 2431: 2386: 2325: 2313: 2142: 2061: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2002: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1670: 1666: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1289: 1157:

being willing "to reject or even ascribe to authorial error" grammatical forms that did not seem to fit in

1144:

seeking to label and describe a unique function for each "grammatical inflection", such as the so-called "

957: 699: 353: 8456: 10580: 10159: 9941: 9883: 9611: 9285: 8349: 7839: 7658: 7550: 7074: 6776: 6466: 1876: 1753: 1746: 1230: 1035:. Germanic influence can more be seen in grammar (the -r nominative plural ending is reminiscent of the 581:

as his major tools in his constructed languages. He usually started with the phonological system of the

574: 398: 8484:(2011). "Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables, Outline of Phonetic Development, Outline of Phonology". 1508:

when he took the crown as Elessar Telcontar. Quenya in the Third Age had almost the same status as the

10590: 10474: 10205: 10171: 10046: 9835: 9660: 8845: 8801: 8630: 6361: 6355: 3603: 3291: 3035:. In late Quenya Tarquesta, the plural is formed by a suffix to the subjective form of the noun: for 2736:

Quenya tolerates only the following medial biconsonantal groups (those especially common are bolded):

1809: 1678: 1558: 1421:

itself has been cited as an exempla (e.g. by Ælfwine), but this is a mistake due to supposition that

1307: 265: 85: 8132: 7123:, #223: "I remain in love with Italian, and feel quite lorn without a chance of trying to speak it." 3192:

No. 49 in 2007. In late Quenya, pronouns have both separate or independent forms, and suffix forms.

538:

Tolkien never intended Quenya or any of his constructed languages to be used in everyday life as an

10225: 10188: 9956: 9878: 9529: 9449: 9409: 9280: 9260: 8535: 8481: 4339: 4135: 3647: 2122: 2103: 1634: 1554: 1469: 1041: 995:. Yet the Finnish influence extended sometimes also to the vocabulary. A few Quenya words, such as 497:, and two or three constructed languages. Tolkien took an interest in the Finnish mythology of the 406:

by all Elves of Noldorin origin, and it continued to be used in spoken and written form, but their

1401:

was the usual Vanyarin name given to the Quenya language, since in Vanyarin, the consonant groups

10575: 10494: 10484: 10324: 10310: 10051: 10031: 9976: 9854: 9364: 9313: 9252: 9154: 9112: 8879: 8501: 8272: 8174: 8152: 8076: 7996: 7755: 7664: 7626: 7612: 7598: 7570: 7529: 7493: 7464: 7449: 7427: 7406: 7388: 7367: 7346: 7328: 7310: 7292: 7271: 7253: 7235: 7217: 7199: 7178: 7155: 7105: 7056: 7028: 6986: 6968: 6933: 6919:, ch. 6 "Of Feanor and the Unchaining of Melkor", see also "Quenya" in the annotated Index p. 346 6897: 6870: 6852: 6837: 6812: 6756: 6708: 6685: 6628: 6532:, yet the first sentence in Quenya is uttered by a Hobbit; namely Frodo's greeting to the Elves: 3196: 2408: 1762: 1718: 1610: 1493: 1100: 965: 430: 385: 328: 273: 95: 9383:

Gilson, Christopher and Patrick Wynne (1991). "The Elves at Koivienéni: A New Quenya Sentence".

3274:(plural and dual) may be added to the long subjective pronouns as objectives of the 3rd person: 1673:, and these occur only between vowels. (This may not be true in Vanyarin Quenya, given the word 8723: 866:

These groups in Quenya normally became simplified to nasals initially. (In Telerin they became

674:

the mechanisms of sound change were described by Tolkien for the following daughter languages:

10431: 10344: 10316: 10280: 10243: 10176: 10056: 9849: 9718: 9708: 9453: 9423: 9405: 9392: 9371: 9329: 9294: 9264: 9238: 9216: 9194: 9168: 9158: 9073: 9005: 8691: 8664: 8549: 8531: 8387: 8246: 8209: 8090: 8032: 7915: 6360:

Most of the time, Tolkien wrote his invented languages using the Latin script, but he devised

3625:, can be translated in English either as "Elves are ambidexters", or "Elves were ambidexters". 3080: 2591:

rules for late Quenya, governing the way in which the sounds could be combined to form words:

1924: 1733: 1723: 1626: 1618: 1561:

is not always on the first syllable of a word. Typical Finnish elements like the front vowels

1546: 1166:

being willing to conflate forms from different Tolkien stages when these seemed to be "useful"

1127: 1066: 984:

of Quenya was also inspired by certain aspects of Finnish, but this is not easily recognised.

969: 586: 90: 8586: 8375: 4274:, literally "be well". It is a formula used in Tarquesta for greetings and also for farewell. 534:(movement from); the personal possessives are also expressed by suffixes; there is no gender. 510:

such as the absence of any consonant combinations initially, the absence of the voiced stops

10530: 10489: 10479: 10369: 10349: 10270: 10258: 10144: 10061: 9888: 9713: 9308: 9290: 9276: 9184: 8834: 8493: 8411: 8371: 8264: 8144: 8086: 8020: 7883: 7878: 7834: 7816: 7798: 7780: 7732: 7718: 7653: 7545: 7440: 7194: 7069: 7042: 6981: 6963: 6928: 6915: 6910: 6807: 6789: 6772: 6449:. Tolkien's standard orthography for Quenya uses all the letters of the Latin script except 3060: 3028: 1713: 1662: 1606: 1602: 1123: 1071: 502: 478: 454: 420: 300: 55: 9438:

Dictionnaire des langues elfiques, volume 1 (Quenya-Français-Anglais/Quenya-French-English)

2980:, i.e. different word particles are joined by appending them. It has basic word classes of 10636: 10384: 10364: 10263: 10041: 9598: 9356: 9230: 8656: 8407: 8255: 4366: 3592: 3072: 3068: 2921: 2544: 2333: 1868: 1740: 1728: 1658: 1622: 1262: 1145: 559: 482: 403: 332: 4350:

system. The Quenya word made by J. R. R. Tolkien for the 'decimal system of counting' is

4065: 9446:

Scholarship and Fantasy: Proceedings Of The Tolkien Phenomenon, May 1992, Turku, Finland

9333: 8291: 6396:" but the first one he created c. 1919 was the "Tengwar of Rumil", also called the 1361:

into exile from Eldamar and back to Middle-earth, where the immortal Elves first awoke.

10499: 10016: 9981: 9936: 9733: 9593: 9477: 9468: 9397: 9395:(1992). ""Si man i-yulmar n(g)win enquatuva": A Newly-Discovered Tengwar Inscription". 9376: 9345: 9208: 9180: 9126: 8993: 7821: 7785: 7695: 7681: 7640: 7507: 7479: 6691: 6597:

Other Quenya poems spoken by Tolkien in public but never published in his lifetime are

6542:'s words spoken upon reaching Middle-earth, and repeated by Aragorn at his coronation: 4371: 4041: 3018: 2967: 2354: 2141:

is pronounced as "a lip-rounded 'k' followed by a partly unvoiced w-offglide", that is

1654: 1614: 1281: 1094: 973: 961: 711: 710:. For this proto-language of the Elves, Tolkien appears to have borrowed the five-part 582: 474: 436: 320: 284: 202:

Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind, long years numberless as the wings of trees!

116: 9511: 8661:

Helmut W. Pesch: Elbisch. Lern- und Übungsbuch der Elben-Sprachen von J. R. R. Tolkien

8172:, p. 90 "There are several journals devoted to the study of Tolkien's languages: 187: 10746: 10629: 10623: 10535: 10329: 10238: 10106: 10011: 9859: 9755: 8505: 8276: 8156: 7803: 6617: 4295: 3413: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3076: 2973: 2207:, the voiceless versions and , in Common Eldarin; these soon merged with the voiced 1550: 1061: 1054: 407: 316: 164: 9587: 7584: 6523: 2029:

are realised as palatalised consonants, and clusters where the second consonant was

425: 206: 10585: 10066: 9961: 9775: 9738: 9635: 9144: 6462: 2588: 2404: 2175:

in Sindarin. These, like their Sindarin equivalents, derived from Primitive Elvish

1978: 1625:(involving the back of the tongue and the back part of the roof of the mouth), and 1504:

and Arnor for the official names of kings and queens; this practice was resumed by

1318:, Primitive Quendian developed into Common Eldarin. Some of the Eldar remained in 590: 555: 494: 424:. The longest text in Quenya published by Tolkien during his lifetime is the poem " 361: 277: 215: 123: 74: 4057: 2129:. It has more tense with closer lip-aperture and more friction than the voiceless 1981:

allophones of , namely , although they are not independent phonemes. In addition,

8420:. Vol. 2 Reader's Guide. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 476–82. 10545: 10540: 10295: 10215: 10193: 10026: 10021: 10004: 9992: 9931: 9508:– Helge Fauskanger's site on Tolkien languages, with Quenya course and materials 9235:

Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache von J. R. R. Tolkien

9106: 8837: 8793: 7994:"Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien", published in 6850:

J. R. R. Tolkien, "Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues", Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2,

3613: 3088: 2997: 2302: 2290: 1630: 1081: 988: 956:

In contrast to early Qenya, the grammar of Quenya was influenced by Finnish, an

490: 312: 9526:– Ales Bican examines the evidence for the shortened form of the locative (-s). 8626: 10515: 10409: 10374: 10116: 10081: 9971: 9728: 9723: 9630: 8148: 6567: 4343: 4121: 4073: 3100: 3064: 3056: 3001: 2596: 2552: 2375: 2295: 2033:

are realised as labialised. Consonant clusters where the initial consonant is

1497: 1489: 1266: 578: 389: 381: 17: 9172: 8112: 6512:

is marked with a diaeresis to remind English-speakers that it is not silent.

1027:"moment of special meaning, special day, festival day" are unrelated. Quenya 661:

In the early 1930s, Tolkien decided that the proto-language of the Elves was

356:, Quenya originated as the speech of two clans of "High Elves" or Eldar, the 10464: 10451: 10334: 10300: 10149: 9946: 9534: 9419: 8545: 6557: 6549: 6545:

Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!

6469: 6388:

Tolkien imagined many writing systems for his Elves. The best-known is the "

4141: 3416:

makes a three-way distinction between entities the speaker is referring to:

2993: 2435: 2423: 2415: 1890: 1819: 1690: 1370: 1319: 1076: 981: 977: 627: 543: 486: 457:

began to construct his first Elvish tongue c. 1910–1911 while he was at the

393: 196: 180: 148: 10379: 6400:. He decided that, prior to their Exile, the Noldorin Elves first used the 6393: 6346:"21" being "one-twenty", and also reflects in how it's written in Tengwar. 4023: 3616:, which may provide for ambiguous tenses when there is no further context: 2631:

Tolkien wrote that in Common Eldarin as final consonants only the "dentals

1455:, who followed their leader Fëanor to Middle-earth, spoke only Quenya. But 1358: 1057:, a language closely related to Finnish, but Tolkien never mentioned this. 566:

and make the language appear as an ideal language, fit to be spoken in the

8497: 8268: 1151:

seeking to "fill in gaps" that a linguist of English or Latin might expect

155: 10525: 10441: 10419: 10399: 10359: 10354: 10253: 10198: 10164: 10134: 10091: 10086: 10071: 9951: 9605: 9385: 6666: 6553: 4264: 4089: 4081: 3663: 3650:. The adjective can be placed before or after the noun that it modifies. 3566: 3518: 3199:

and normal pronouns respectively. Examples of the emphatic form include:

2908: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2807:

Quenya does not tolerate triconsonantal (or longer) combinations, except

1327: 992: 947: 855: 851: 719: 498: 324: 260: 243: 231: 9804: 9037: 4248:

The word used as a form of polite address to an Elf (male or female) is

3195:

The separate pronouns have both a short and long form that are used for

1374:

words from Valarin that were not found in the Noldorin dialect, such as

1302:

The Elves at first shared a common language, Primitive Quendian, called

10605: 10550: 10469: 10446: 10394: 10248: 10181: 10139: 9769: 9678: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9523: 7722:, "Index" (annotated by Christopher Tolkien as a glossary), pp. 313-365 6937:

18, p. 72. "The most ancient structure of the tongue common to all the

6655: 6566:"O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children". Another fragment is 6539: 6389: 6381: 4347: 4111: 4097: 4049: 4029: 3287: 2989: 2555:, i.e. the third-to-last syllable. This stress rule is the same as the 1772: 1505: 1456: 1445: 1315: 1311: 1250: 1246: 847: 746: 735: 705: 662: 623: 567: 369: 365: 239: 211: 127: 31: 8250: 6340:"Qenya" numerals above twenty show that the smaller units come first, 3957:

Quenya's proper nouns are names of people and things in Middle-earth.

1949:

Quenya orthography (using the Latin script) follows the IPA, but uses

10600: 10436: 10389: 10339: 10285: 10275: 10076: 10036: 9673: 9517:

Thorsten Renk's Quetin i lambë eldaiva - a Quenya Course (gz archive)

7523:

J. R. R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in

6754:

From a letter to W. R. Matthews, dated 13–15 June 1964, published in

6661: 6571: 6401: 6397: 4277:

The most usual formula used by the Noldor for greeting each other is

4033: 4015: 3975: 3643: 3024: 2977: 2548: 1621:(involving the tongue and the middle part of the roof of the mouth), 1534:

and the "Outline of Phonology", one of Tolkien's texts, published in

1501: 1460: 1452: 1441: 1338: 1323: 1049:"earth", while it actually comes from the Valarin and Quenderin root 730:

1. Comparative table of initial nasal consonants in Elvish languages

357: 348: 135: 4256:, used by Prince Aldarion to address his father, King Tar-Meneldur. 2071:, but it is followed by an appreciable partly unvoiced y-offglide". 1645:) occur in the Vanyarin varieties, but were gradually replaced with 9374:(1994). "The entu, ensi, enta Declension: A Preliminary Analysis". 1334:

and founded the great city of Tirion, where they developed Quenya.

1045:, the Quenya name for "region", just happened to resemble Germanic 418:, as well as in his posthumously published history of Middle-earth 10595: 10520: 10154: 10111: 10101: 9999: 9668: 8431: 6405: 6372: 3351:"their hand" would be used, (they raised) their hands (one each), 2396: 1509: 1229:

The linguist Alexander Stainton published an analysis of Quenya's

666: 522:, also in some points of grammar, such as the inflexional endings 470: 373: 308: 283:

Tolkien began devising the language around 1910, and restructured

131: 2823:. So, Quenya permits the following 12 triconsonantal groups only: 1330:. Most of the other Eldar continued to Eldamar ('Elvenhome') in 1160:

seeking to complete or extend the languages by creating new forms

10555: 10210: 9926: 8320: 2985: 2981: 2199:; it has been suggested that there was an intermediate stage of 1601:

The Quenya consonant system has 6 major places of articulation:

30:"Valinorean" redirects here. For the language of the Valar, see 9808: 9538: 9496: 1273:, and a more educated language for use in ceremonies and lore, 9966: 5322:, the definition is marked with a query in the "Etymologies". 9343:

Derzhanski, Ivan A. (1997). "E man i yulma oi enquanta men?"

8137:

Language Matters: Studies in the Languages of Southern Africa

8133:"Virtual languages in science fiction and fantasy literature" 7750: 7748: 7746: 6635:. A facsimile of the entire poem was published only in 1999. 2078:

is pronounced as in English "new" . In the Vanyarin dialect,

1369:

Quenya was used by the godlike Valar. The Elves derived some

9501: 9150:

Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits

3023:

Quenya nouns can have up to four numbers: singular, general

2090:

were realised as , , and respectively. Tolkien wrote about

1253:

in 1997 so that it is standardized with other digital text.

327:, Tolkien's other major Elvish language), and other ancient 9506: 7676: 7674: 5456:

7. "Qenya" numerals 20 onwards & Quenya reconstruction

5334:"pair of fives" refers to a group of ten objects. The word 2446:

remained in Exilic Quenya a falling diphthong as reported".

27:

Fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien

9408:(2006). "Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon". In 8884:

Tengwesta eldalambion – Investigations into Elvish grammar

7819:, "NKE: manuscript text on neter 9, kanat 4, and enek 6", 7283: 7281: 4317:

The most usual formula used by the Noldor in farewells is

3505:

in front of the proper verb in the impersonal tense form.

2067:

is pronounced as "a 'front explosive' , as e.g. Hungarian

242:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9491: 8457:"Unicode Mail List Archive: Tengwar and Klingon scripts?" 7519: 7517: 3467:

form is a verb to which no pronoun has been attached, as

1154:

seeking to avoid "(supposed) 'clashes' and 'ambiguities'"

9186:

Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World

6587:

Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!

2950:, one of the two, or both, became opened and spirantal." 2706:

p, t, c, f, s, h, hy, hw, m, n, ñ, v, l, hl, r, hr, y, w

2094:: "In Vanyarin Quenya and among some Ñoldor the cluster 1011:"ship". Tolkien invented the Valarin and Quenderin root 630:

for his Quenya vocabulary. But after the publication of

342:

Within Tolkien's legendarium, Quenya is one of the many

2698:

Quenya tolerates only the following initial consonants:

10658:

La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea

9066:"A Methodological Study of the Elvish Writing Systems" 8202:"J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien, 1892–1973. Journals" 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7418: 7416: 7379: 7377: 3238:"I love him" (or "her") can be expressed in Quenya as 2791:, rc, rd, rm, rn, rp, rt, rs, rv, rw, ry, sc, st, sw, 1433:'Elves'. This appears not to be the case. The word is 1397:

According to "Quendi and Eldar: Essekenta Eldarinwa",

1357:, when most of the Noldor Elves followed their leader 518:, which are favoured) and the fondness for the ending 414:

The Quenya language featured prominently in Tolkien's

7736:, "Appendix: Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names", 7656:, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in 7443:, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 1969:), and represents the consonants using the digraphs 658:"gospel" – these words were not part of late Quenya. 6610: 6604: 6598: 6585: 6575: 6561: 6543: 6533: 6521: 2622:

These occur only medially. The geminated occlusives

1310:, i.e. those Elves who undertook the Great March to 1175:

Paul Strack's grouping of Quenya variants by period

10667: 10616: 10568: 10508: 10309: 10224: 10125: 9915: 9904: 9842: 9747: 9687: 9659: 9623: 9572: 9004:] (in French). Le Pré aux Clercs. p. 145. 8627:"Quenya – the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology" 8620: 8618: 8616: 7190: 7188: 5330:objects, like the English word "pentad"; similarly 2715:

Quenya tolerates only the following initial groups:

178: 162: 146: 141: 113: 80: 69: 61: 51: 41: 8208:(2nd ed.). Libraries Unlimited. p. 525. 8206:Reference works in British and American literature 8111: 7358: 7356: 6364:to match the internal histories of his languages. 3283:, literally "have found-I-it", "I have found it" ( 1961:(in early Quenya when this still can occur, as in 1609:(involving the tongue and the back of the teeth), 1386:("blue", presumably from the same root as Valarin 708:, West Lemberin, North Lemberin, and East Lemberin 481:, and several ancient Germanic languages, such as 9059: 9057: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 7908:Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages 7169: 7167: 7165: 6750: 6748: 6712:19, p. 74) dedicated to the phonology of Quenya: 4223:: 1. under. 2. upon. 3. after (of place), behind. 3326:The possessive determiners (analogous to English 2102:, sc. as , which later in Vanyarin became "; cf. 1653:respectively in Noldorin Quenya. Notably, voiced 610:c. 1910 to c. 1920, the language was called 6706:Tolkien wrote in his "Outline of Phonology" (in 5338:for thirteen literally means "12 and one more". 4304:, corrected by Tolkien in the Second Edition to 3493:, "I do (habitually)", is a personal form (with 2595:Only the following consonants have phonemically 8251:"Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years" 8131:Barnes, Lawrie; Van Heerden, Chantelle (2006). 8120:(Summer). The American-Scandinavian Foundation. 6768: 6766: 6724:is a combination of consonants, ibidem., p. 81. 1685:are prominent in Quenya, and include their own 864: 507: 8534:(2013) . "Elves: Kindreds and Migrations". In 8314: 8312: 6795:The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays 6570:'s cry when he uses Galadriel's phial against 3942: 3917: 3898: 3892: 3867: 3861: 3836: 3817: 3798: 3779: 3760: 3741: 3722: 3703: 3697: 2422:): /iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/. All of these are 976:, from which he probably took the idea of the 10773:Constructed languages introduced in the 1910s 9820: 9550: 8386:. Vol. 2. Arda Society. pp. 16–55. 3565:Late Quenya verbs have also a dual agreement 3357:, (they raised) their hands (each both), and 2133:of English". According to Tolkien, the graph 465:(c. 1915), and later changed the spelling to 8: 9072:. Vol. 3. Arda Society. pp. 1–25. 8794:"Quenya – The Ancient Tongue: The Adjective" 8113:"The Nordic Roots of Tolkien's Middle Earth" 8031:. Vol. 1. Arda Society. pp. 1–20. 7783:"HFN – The words for 'hand' – The fingers", 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 6580:"Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!" And in 6341: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6306: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6270: 6257: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6162: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6126: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6053: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6017: 6002: 5992: 5982: 5971: 5956: 5948: 5938: 5931: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5883: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5810: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5738: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5666: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5558: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5522: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5442: 5432: 5420: 5410: 5398: 5388: 5372: 5358: 5296: 5288: 5274: 5266: 5252: 5244: 5228: 5214: 5206: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5155: 5142: 5126: 5112: 5099: 5083: 5069: 5056: 5040: 5026: 5013: 4997: 4983: 4970: 4954: 4940: 4926: 4911: 4897: 4884: 4869: 4855: 4847: 4834: 4818: 4805: 4792: 4777: 4764: 4751: 4736: 4723: 4710: 4695: 4682: 4669: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4572: 4559: 4546: 4531: 4518: 4505: 4490: 4477: 4464: 4449: 4442: 4428: 4415: 4324: 4318: 4305: 4299: 4278: 4269: 4239:: 1. in front of, ahead, before . 2, after . 4234: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4202: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4021: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3935: 3929: 3910: 3885: 3879: 3854: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3715: 3690: 3684: 3628: 3620: 3607: 3578: 3569: 3556: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3478: 3468: 3441:, "that (over there, away from both of us)". 3436: 3428: 3420: 3399: 3393: 3383: 3375: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3305: 3297: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 2693:remained constant in Quenya speech-feeling". 2679:, and so: "the list of 'permissible finals': 2651:. No other consonant groups were tolerated. 1677:, the name of a lament for the death of the 1437:in Vanyarin, and always so in Parmaquesta." 1292:is reflected in their respective languages. 339:interactions of the peoples who spoke them. 9466:Welden, Bill (2001). "Negation in Quenya". 6732: 6730: 5318:for 'first'. Tolkien was dissatisfied with 4207:: beyond ; over and above, in addition to. 3595:, plurality and duality are not expressed. 3290:'s outcry when he finds the sapling of the 2878:Differences in triconsonant pronunciation: 2045:The pronunciation of the consonant cluster 2037:are realised as preaspirated and devoiced. 1997:and after other vowels. In some instances 1957:, writes not followed by another velar as 1541:Tolkien based Quenya pronunciation more on 1341:of Rúmil, is called Old or Ancient Quenya ( 1337:Quenya's older form, first recorded in the 1284:observed that the "degree of proximity" to 991:, which he found in an Old English poem by 597:, of which it was/is in fact independent." 542:, although he was in favour of the idea of 9912: 9827: 9813: 9805: 9557: 9543: 9535: 8880:"The Quenya Pronominal System – a summary" 6528:" is the longest piece of Quenya found in 2025:. Clusters where the second consonant was 1031:comes from the Valarin and Quenderin root 195: 38: 9359:(1971). "Sindarin and Quenya Phonology". 7596:J. R. R. Tolkien, "Early Qenya Grammar", 7462:J. R. R. Tolkien, "Early Qenya Grammar", 6650:Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien 3111:In late Quenya, the singular endings are 1585:The tables below list the consonants (Q. 585:and then proceeded by inventing for each 9512:Thorsten Renk's page on Elvish Languages 9048: 8417:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide 8169: 8063: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7970: 7958: 7934: 7541: 7539: 6371: 5454: 5340: 4359: 3660: 3119:that may be seen as a shortened form of 3067:. These include the four primary cases: 2643:(frequent). In addition the combination 2448: 2281: 1704: 1492:on, Quenya was used ceremonially by the 1173: 728: 372:, the land of the immortal and God-like 10644:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues 8838:"Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns" 8568: 8518: 7898: 7768: 7422: 7401: 7383: 7362: 7341: 7323: 7305: 7287: 7266: 7248: 7230: 7212: 7173: 7150: 7100: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6951: 6865: 6832: 6699: 1512:had in medieval Europe, and was called 236:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 8890:from the original on 15 September 2015 8690:(in German). GRIN Verlag. p. 45. 4263: 2907: 2901: 2890: 2884: 1409:remained quite distinct. In Noldorin, 946: 259: 9092: 9038:http://www.omentielva.com/ardaph2.htm 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8865: 8821: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8710: 8643: 8607: 7132:Only phonemic consonants are listed. 3388:"Varda has uplifted her (two) hands." 3123:. The corresponding plural forms are 2430:to rising diphthongs, (...) but only 1681:composed by Elemmírë of the Vanyar.) 1641:) and the voiced alveolar fricative ( 1394:("red", original Valarin not given). 346:spoken by the immortal Elves, called 7: 9064:De Rosario Martínez, Helios (2011). 8051: 7982: 7946: 5310:Other attested number words include 4132:"Lofty Tower of the Elvish-people"; 3284: 2667:remained without change; final C.E. 2438:similar to the beginning of English 469:. He was then already familiar with 335:, during his development of Quenya. 8290:Appleyard, Anthony (7 March 1995). 8110:DuBois, Tom; Mellor, Scott (2002). 7906:Conley, Tim; Cain, Stephen (2006). 3342:), late Quenya generally does not. 2748:, lf, lm, lp, lqu, lt, lv, lw, ly, 2551:if this is heavy, otherwise on the 2183:. The primitive consonant clusters 1429:and directly derived from the name 1417:. Tolkien explained that "the word 1122:In 1992, according to the linguist 1098:from issue No. 39 (July 1998), and 9789:Sound and language in Middle-earth 8319:Strack, Paul (11 December 2022) . 6384:of Fëanor using the classical mode 3662:5. Basic vocabulary in Quenya and 3095:(also with a shortened form), and 2609:. (However, Quenya for "death" is 2060:According to Tolkien, the cluster 1015:from which sprang his Quenya word 704:Danian of Ossiriand, East Danian, 25: 10651:In the Land of Invented Languages 9415:The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia 6984:, "Words, Phrases and Passages", 6780:"Foreword to the Second Edition". 4298:used another address of welcome: 2380: 2366: 2359: 2345: 2338: 2319: 2307: 2273:any combination with -ht > -t. 1931: 1911: 1902: 1896: 1875: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1761: 1752: 1745: 645:is sometimes used to distinguish 392:learnt the Quenya tongue. In the 384:of Middle-earth's chronology the 307:, but Tolkien was also fluent in 204:The beginning of the Quenya poem 9492:The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship 9311:(2010). "Outline of Phonology". 9104:See the version E1b of his poem 8432:"The Tolkienian Linguistics FAQ" 3474: 2953:As in Sindarin, the combination 2074:Tolkien stated that the cluster 1440:The Elves of the Third Clan, or 1326:; their language developed into 1088:Publication of linguistic papers 540:international auxiliary language 459:King Edward's School, Birmingham 8583:"What is Vanyarin Quenya like?" 7854:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 7120:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 6885:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 6739:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 6645:Elvish languages (Middle-earth) 6577:Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima! 4533:nelesta, neldesta, nelta, nelsa 4102:"land of the Vali", sc. Valar; 3633:. "A is good", or "A was good". 1591:International Phonetic Alphabet 1353:. Later Noldorin Quenya became 1039:) or phonology, than in words: 7477:"Quenya Pronominal Elements", 3484: 3302:, "You have found it/him/her". 3250:. "I love them" would be then 2607:pp, tt, cc, mm, nn, ss, ll, rr 1613:(involving the tongue and the 1245:Quenya and its writing system 501:, then became acquainted with 1: 10763:Subject–verb–object languages 10723:List of constructed languages 9036:Omentielva: Arda Philology 2 8541:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia 8354:Western Papers in Linguistics 8082:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography 8021:"The Finnicization of Quenya" 7560:, "The Steward and the King". 7078:, Appendix F: "Of the Elves". 6563:A vanimar, vanimálion nostari 4307:Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo! 4301:Elen síla lúmenn' omentielmo! 4149:Some prepositions and adverbs 3458:. Usually in linguistics, an 3063:. Parmaquesta Quenya has ten 2557:stress-pattern found in Latin 2013:Morphophonemics and allophony 2001:was used for the combination 1526:Finnish influences on Tolkien 573:From the onset, Tolkien used 450:Finnish influences on Tolkien 396:, the time of the setting of 323:(the primary inspiration for 305:a major source of inspiration 9695:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship 8348:Stainton, Alexander (2022). 8321:"Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon" 6966:, "Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2", 6683:The entries in the journals 6624:The Monsters and the Critics 6611: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6576: 6562: 6544: 6535:elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo 6534: 6522: 4268:is a reduced form of Quenya 3553:"He/She is (really) making." 2599:, i.e. elongated consonants: 1365:Use by Elves, Valar, and Men 1269:language for every-day use, 665:, the tongue of the gods or 530:(movement to, towards), and 9237:(in German). Bastei Lübbe. 9191:Kent State University Press 8724:"Quenya-English Dictionary" 8684:Gebhardt, Matthias (2007). 8663:(in German). Bastei Lübbe. 8350:"Quenya Prosodic Structure" 8292:"Quenya Grammar Reexamined" 7587:" poem by J. R. R. Tolkien. 6716:is "a sound as in English 6621:, and published in 1983 in 3606:in late Quenya is the verb 3392:The usual plural ending is 3019:Quenya grammar § Nouns 2939:after the consonant groups. 2414:Late Noldorin Quenya has 6 2266:any combination with s (as 2098:was sounded with voiceless 1261:The Elvish languages are a 1133:The History of Middle-earth 1064:'s Old Tongue in his novel 270:devised by J. R. R. Tolkien 10799: 9334:Quenya Grammar Re-Examined 9215:(in German). Klett-Cotta. 8204:. In Rettig, James (ed.). 8200:Bracken, James K. (1998). 7912:Greenwood Publishing Group 6931:, "Tengwesta Qenderinwa", 6592:Battle of Unnumbered Tears 6560:is also spoken in Quenya: 6353: 4929:nelquë, quainel, yunquenta 4346:counting (base 12), and a 3980:"He who Arises in Might"; 3380:"They raised their hands." 3372:"They raised their hands." 3016: 2965: 2450:4. Late Quenya diphthongs 2237:Simplification of clusters 1973:. Similarly, the digraphs 1965:; otherwise it is written 1665:, i.e. there is no simple 1593:, unless otherwise noted. 1523: 589:the necessary sequence of 493:. He had invented several 447: 29: 10728:List of language creators 10713: 9566:Languages of Middle-earth 9530:Quenya–English dictionary 9189:(2nd, revised ed.). 9002:The Encyclopedia of Elves 8733:. April 2009. p. 12. 8149:10.1080/10228190608566254 6538:. Other examples include 5869: 5861: 5853: 5466: 5463: 5460: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361:6. Numerals from 1 to 20 4199:: far, far off, far away. 3599:The verb stays singular. 3561:"We are (really) making." 3083:; three adverbial cases: 3027:("plural 1"), particular/ 2972:The grammar of Quenya is 2723:x, ps, ty, ny, ly, qu, ñw 2456: 2454: 2379: 2021:or the glottal fricative 1549:. Thus, Quenya lacks the 1500:and their descendants in 548:creation of a 'mythology' 402:, Quenya was learnt as a 360:and the Vanyar, who left 222: 194: 46: 9436:Kloczko, Edward (1995). 9370:Gilson, Christopher and 8998:L'Encyclopédie des Elfes 4957:nelquesta, *yunquentesta 4126:"Land under the Waves"; 4078:"Ever Snow-white Peak"; 3310:, "You have found them". 3146:Prepositions and adverbs 3135:, "new", may be used as 2912:in Vanyarin Quenya (cf. 2613:, featuring a geminated 2553:antepenultimate syllable 2403:), and a distinction of 1557:present in Finnish, and 1378:("yellow", from Valarin 315:, and was familiar with 10753:Agglutinative languages 10700:Interlingue/Interlingua 9867:International auxiliary 7801:, "The Etymologies" in 7197:, "Quenya Consonants", 6472:on vowels; the letters 6362:his own writing systems 6342: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6295: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6090: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6004: 5994: 5984: 5972: 5958: 5950: 5940: 5932: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5847: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5763: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5443: 5433: 5421: 5411: 5399: 5389: 5373: 5359: 5297: 5290: 5275: 5268: 5253: 5246: 5230: 5215: 5208: 5193: 5186: 5171: 5157: 5143: 5128: 5114: 5100: 5085: 5071: 5057: 5042: 5028: 5014: 4999: 4985: 4971: 4956: 4942: 4928: 4912: 4899: 4885: 4870: 4856: 4849: 4835: 4820: 4806: 4793: 4778: 4765: 4752: 4737: 4724: 4711: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4614: 4601: 4588: 4573: 4560: 4547: 4532: 4519: 4506: 4491: 4478: 4465: 4450: 4443: 4429: 4416: 4325: 4319: 4306: 4300: 4279: 4270: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4040: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3918: 3911: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3837: 3830: 3818: 3811: 3799: 3792: 3780: 3773: 3761: 3754: 3742: 3735: 3723: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3629: 3621: 3608: 3579: 3570: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3533: 3529:"The Elves are making." 3525: 3521:is making (right now)." 3513: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3479: 3469: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3400: 3394: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3306: 3298: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 2639:) and the labial nasal 2053:". In Vanyarin Quenya, 1683:Prenasalised consonants 1477:(< old intervocalic 1202:Middle Primitive Elvish 1126:, the Tolkien scholar 1107:History of Middle-earth 564:unify sound and meaning 73:The fictional world of 10758:Middle-earth languages 10405:Middle-earth languages 9794:Sundering of the Elves 9389:17(3), pp. 23–30. 9363:, 54–56. Los Angeles: 9361:Mythcon I: Proceedings 8376:"Practical Neo-Quenya" 8263:. Project MUSE: 1–46. 7867:The Return of the King 7557:The Return of the King 6810:, letter to a reader, 6423:The Lord of the Rings, 6385: 6368:Elvish writing systems 4779:neresta, nesta, nersat 4738:tolosta, tosta, tolsat 4574:canasta, casta, cansat 4283:"(Stay) in happiness!" 4046:"Music of the Ainur"; 3597:There is no agreement. 3587:"May two stars shine." 3433:, "that (over there)"; 3322:Possessive determiners 3091:is a shortened form), 2191:came out in Quenya as 1975:⟨ty ndy⟩ 1669:but only the clusters 1605:(involving the lips), 1390:meaning "water"), and 1306:in Quenya. Among the 1290:Sundering of the Elves 1286:the light of the Valar 1193:Early Primitive Elvish 1037:Scandinavian languages 958:agglutinative language 954: 951:) 'frets, wears away'. 678:(a dialect of Qenya), 536: 224:This article contains 10783:Constructed languages 10680:Esperanto/Interlingua 10581:Esperanto orthography 10160:Pan-Germanic language 9942:Communicationssprache 9836:Constructed languages 9783:The Lord of the Rings 9781:Pseudotranslation in 9612:A Elbereth Gilthoniel 9286:The War of the Jewels 8792:Fauskanger, Helge K. 8625:Fauskanger, Helge K. 8498:10.1353/tks.2011.0013 8269:10.1353/tks.2007.0022 8019:Tikka, Petri (2007). 7843:, Appendix E, part I. 7840:The Lord of the Rings 7659:The Lord of the Rings 7551:The Lord of the Rings 7525:The Lord of the Rings 7445:The Lord of the Rings 7109:No. 19, pages 68-107 7075:The Lord of the Rings 6777:The Lord of the Rings 6530:The Lord of the Rings 6429:is always pronounced 6375: 5326:means specifically a 4292:The Lord of the Rings 4054:"Home of the Eldar"; 3316:The Lord of the Rings 3168:"upon the many waves" 2635:(all frequent except 2587:Tolkien also devised 2442:. On the other hand, 1971:⟨hy hw⟩ 1953:as an alternative to 1706:2. Quenya consonants 1671:/mb,(lb,)nd,ld,rd,ŋɡ/ 1524:Further information: 1204:Middle Ancient Quenya 680:Telerin, Old Noldorin 632:The Lord of the Rings 595:The Lord of the Rings 575:comparative philology 552:The Lord of the Rings 520:-inen, -ainen, -oinen 461:. He later called it 448:Further information: 416:The Lord of the Rings 399:The Lord of the Rings 86:constructed languages 10172:Pan-Romance language 10047:Latino sine flexione 9422:. pp. 551–552. 9410:Drout, Michael D. C. 9213:Elbisches Wörterbuch 8846:University of Bergen 8835:Fauskanger, Helge K. 8802:University of Bergen 8631:University of Bergen 8548:. pp. 152–154. 8536:Drout, Michael D. C. 8372:Fauskanger, Helge K. 8296:Tolklang.quettar.org 6461:, together with the 4943:nelquëa, *yunquentëa 4913:yunquesta, *rastasta 4794:quëan, quain, maquat 4265:[naˈmaːri.ɛ] 4028:"Spirit of Fire"; {{ 4012:"Most Bright Lady"; 3676:Sindarin equivalent 3385:Varda ortanë máryat. 2906:in Noldorin Quenya, 2889:in Noldorin Quenya, 2633:t, s, d, th, n, r, l 2549:penultimate syllable 2539:Syllables and stress 2121:is realised as , a " 1679:Two Trees of Valinor 1280:The Tolkien scholar 1180:Early (1910 to 1930) 860:Outline of Phonology 266:constructed language 10189:Pan-Slavic language 9472:42, pp. 32–34. 9450:University of Turku 9349:38, pp. 14–18. 9281:Christopher Tolkien 9261:North Landing Books 9253:Solopova, Elizabeth 8118:Scandinavian Review 8077:Carpenter, Humphrey 5851:(lit. small gross) 5457: 5015:lepenquë, quailepen 4697:otosta, osta, otsat 4589:lempë, lemen, maqua 4362: 4354:- "hand counting". 4340:Christopher Tolkien 4136:Quenta Silmarillion 4032:}} "(?)Dreamer"; {{ 3666: 3648:subject-verb-object 3055:. Quenya nouns are 3007:subject–verb–object 2927:In all other cases 2895:in Vanyarin Quenya, 2729:in Noldorin Quenya) 2451: 2409:tenser and 'closer' 2284: 1707: 1555:consonant gradation 1233:structure in 2022. 1176: 1080:series invented by 1007:"book", and Quenya 960:, but much more by 731: 716:Proto-Indo-European 495:cryptographic codes 96:fictional languages 10778:1910 introductions 10768:Middle-earth Elves 10576:Constructed script 10052:Lingua Franca Nova 10032:International Sign 9703:Parma Eldalamberon 9497:Parma Eldalamberon 9481:27, pp. 7–42. 9452:. pp. 21–31. 9406:Hostetter, Carl F. 9401:21, pp. 6–10. 9393:Hostetter, Carl F. 9380:36, pp. 7–29. 9365:Mythopoeic Society 9340:43, pp. 3–21. 9330:Appleyard, Anthony 9314:Parma Eldalamberon 9155:Palgrave Macmillan 9130:No. 40, April 1999 9113:Parma Eldalamberon 8983:, pp. 117–119 8646:, pp. 75, 188 8532:Dickerson, Matthew 8247:Hostetter, Carl F. 8175:Parma Eldalamberon 7997:Parma Eldalamberon 7756:Parma Eldalamberon 7665:Parma Eldalamberon 7627:Parma Eldalamberon 7613:Parma Eldalamberon 7599:Parma Eldalamberon 7571:Parma Eldalamberon 7530:Parma Eldalamberon 7494:Parma Eldalamberon 7465:Parma Eldalamberon 7450:Parma Eldalamberon 7428:Parma Eldalamberon 7407:Parma Eldalamberon 7389:Parma Eldalamberon 7368:Parma Eldalamberon 7347:Parma Eldalamberon 7329:Parma Eldalamberon 7311:Parma Eldalamberon 7293:Parma Eldalamberon 7272:Parma Eldalamberon 7254:Parma Eldalamberon 7236:Parma Eldalamberon 7218:Parma Eldalamberon 7200:Parma Eldalamberon 7179:Parma Eldalamberon 7156:Parma Eldalamberon 7106:Parma Eldalamberon 7057:Parma Eldalamberon 7029:Parma Eldalamberon 6987:Parma Eldalamberon 6969:Parma Eldalamberon 6934:Parma Eldalamberon 6898:Parma Eldalamberon 6871:Parma Eldalamberon 6853:Parma Eldalamberon 6841:No. 19, pp. 18–28 6838:Parma Eldalamberon 6813:Parma Eldalamberon 6757:Parma Eldalamberon 6722:⟨ny⟩ 6714:⟨ny⟩ 6709:Parma Eldalamberon 6686:Parma Eldalamberon 6629:Humphrey Carpenter 6603:("The Last Ark"), 6386: 5455: 4377:Fractional numbers 4360: 4323:"Go happily!", or 4215:: beneath, under. 4159:: beyond; after. 4116:"Giver of fruits." 4094:"Master of Doom"; 4036:}} "The Abhorred." 3661: 3363:could not occur". 3176:is related to the 3115:, and a rare form 3031:("plural 2"), and 2570:, etc.). Medially 2449: 2282: 2248:all stops > -t; 2205:⟨hn⟩ 2201:⟨hm⟩ 2173:⟨rh⟩ 2169:⟨lh⟩ 2159:⟨hr⟩ 2155:⟨hl⟩ 2139:⟨qu⟩ 2119:⟨hw⟩ 2096:⟨py⟩ 2092:⟨py⟩ 2088:⟨hy⟩ 2084:⟨dy⟩ 2080:⟨ty⟩ 2076:⟨ny⟩ 2065:⟨ty⟩ 2055:⟨hy⟩ 2047:⟨hy⟩ 1989:represents after 1987:⟨ht⟩ 1705: 1536:Parma Eldalamberon 1413:eventually became 1298:Primitive Quendian 1174: 1112:Parma Eldalamberon 1101:Parma Eldalamberon 1023:"dawn" and Quenya 729: 724:Comparative Tables 718:, the ancestor of 672:Comparative Tables 654:"crucifixion" and 516:mb, nd, ng, ld, rd 431:Parma Eldalamberon 368:("Elvenhome"), in 329:Germanic languages 261:[ˈkʷwɛɲja] 91:artistic languages 10736: 10735: 10591:Tolkien's scripts 10564: 10563: 10281:Logopandecteision 10244:Dutton Speedwords 10177:Neolatino Romance 10057:Lingwa de planeta 9802: 9801: 9719:Carl F. Hostetter 9709:Anthony Appleyard 9440:. Toulon: Tamise. 9372:Carl F. Hostetter 9309:Tolkien, J. R. R. 9277:Tolkien, J. R. R. 9269:978-0-9816607-1-4 9259:. New York City: 9164:978-0-230-21951-9 9011:978-2-84228-325-4 8697:978-3-638-71087-9 8589:on 15 August 2013 8555:978-0-415-86511-1 8412:Hammond, Wayne G. 8096:978-0-618-05702-3 7921:978-0-313-33188-6 6790:Tolkien, J. R. R. 6773:Tolkien, J. R. R. 6356:Tolkien's scripts 6338: 6337: 5453: 5452: 5383:Of a single star 5308: 5307: 5058:enenquë, quainquë 4231:: under, beneath. 4070:"Father of All"; 3950: 3949: 3622:Eldar ataformaiti 3268:(singular) and a 2687:n, r, l, s, t, nt 2536: 2535: 2469: 2464: 2434:is reported as a 2393: 2392: 2283:3. Quenya vowels 2260:-mb, -ng > -n; 2213:⟨n⟩ 2209:⟨m⟩ 2197:⟨n⟩ 2193:⟨m⟩ 2135:⟨q⟩ 1999:⟨x⟩ 1995:⟨i⟩ 1991:⟨e⟩ 1983:⟨h⟩ 1967:⟨n⟩ 1959:⟨ñ⟩ 1955:⟨k⟩ 1951:⟨c⟩ 1945: 1944: 1657:only occur after 1532:Lord of the Rings 1227: 1226: 1128:Anthony Appleyard 1067:The Wheel of Time 989:Earendel/Eärendil 970:fusional language 832: 831: 822:ŋw > nw, ungw 624:pronominal system 587:daughter language 526:(rest at or in), 250: 249: 232:rendering support 228:phonetic symbols. 70:Setting and usage 16:(Redirected from 10790: 10685:Esperanto/Novial 10509:Ritual and other 10350:Elvish languages 10271:Lingua generalis 10259:Astrolinguistics 9913: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9806: 9714:Helge Fauskanger 9574:Elvish languages 9559: 9552: 9545: 9536: 9463: 9433: 9318: 9304: 9291:Houghton Mifflin 9272: 9248: 9231:Pesch, Helmut W. 9226: 9204: 9176: 9131: 9123: 9117: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9061: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9015: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8878:Renk, Thorsten. 8875: 8869: 8868:, pp. 91–92 8863: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8758:, pp. 79–80 8753: 8747: 8746:, pp. 78–79 8741: 8735: 8734: 8728: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8657:Pesch, Helmut W. 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8622: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8585:. Archived from 8581:Renk, Thorsten. 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8408:Scull, Christina 8404: 8398: 8397: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8243: 8220: 8219: 8197: 8191: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8115: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8087:Houghton Mifflin 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8016: 8001: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7973:, pp. 75–76 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7949:, pp. 95–99 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7903: 7888: 7884:The Silmarillion 7879:J. R. R. Tolkien 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7850: 7844: 7835:J. R. R. Tolkien 7832: 7826: 7817:J. R. R. Tolkien 7814: 7808: 7799:J. R. R. Tolkien 7796: 7790: 7781:J. R. R. Tolkien 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7741: 7733:The Silmarillion 7729: 7723: 7719:The Silmarillion 7715: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7678: 7669: 7668:(17), pp. 93–94. 7654:J. R. R. Tolkien 7651: 7645: 7637: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7609: 7603: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7567: 7561: 7546:J. R. R. Tolkien 7543: 7534: 7521: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7484: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7454: 7441:J. R. R. Tolkien 7438: 7432: 7420: 7411: 7399: 7393: 7381: 7372: 7371:No. 19, p. 103. 7360: 7351: 7339: 7333: 7321: 7315: 7303: 7297: 7296:No. 19, p. 107. 7285: 7276: 7275:No. 19, p. 106. 7264: 7258: 7246: 7240: 7228: 7222: 7210: 7204: 7195:J. R. R. Tolkien 7192: 7183: 7171: 7160: 7159:No. 19, p. 88. 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7098: 7079: 7070:J. R. R. Tolkien 7067: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7043:The Silmarillion 7039: 7033: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6982:J. R. R. Tolkien 6979: 6973: 6964:J. R. R. Tolkien 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6929:J. R. R. Tolkien 6926: 6920: 6916:The Silmarillion 6911:J. R. R. Tolkien 6908: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6830: 6817: 6808:J. R. R. Tolkien 6805: 6799: 6787: 6781: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6723: 6715: 6704: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6589: 6582:The Silmarillion 6579: 6565: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6425:e.g. the letter 6345: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6298: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6154: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6093: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5979: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5935: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5899: 5887: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5524:min(ya) yukainen 5514: 5506: 5498: 5490: 5458: 5446: 5436: 5424: 5414: 5402: 5392: 5378: 5364: 5341: 5300: 5293: 5278: 5271: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5218: 5211: 5196: 5189: 5174: 5160: 5146: 5131: 5117: 5103: 5088: 5074: 5060: 5045: 5031: 5017: 5002: 4988: 4974: 4959: 4945: 4931: 4915: 4902: 4900:yunquëa, *rastëa 4888: 4873: 4859: 4852: 4838: 4823: 4809: 4796: 4781: 4768: 4755: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4699: 4686: 4673: 4658: 4645: 4632: 4617: 4604: 4591: 4579:Fourth, quarter 4576: 4563: 4550: 4535: 4522: 4509: 4494: 4481: 4468: 4453: 4446: 4432: 4419: 4367:Cardinal numbers 4363: 4329:"To happiness!". 4328: 4322: 4309: 4303: 4282: 4280:(Hara) máriessë! 4273: 4267: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4183:: forth, out of 4182: 4175:: towards, upon. 4174: 4166: 4158: 4139: 4131: 4129:Mindon Eldaliéva 4125: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4086:"Rock of Song"; 4085: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4027: 4019: 4011: 4005: 3998:"Steadfast one." 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3921: 3914: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3840: 3833: 3821: 3814: 3802: 3795: 3783: 3776: 3764: 3757: 3745: 3738: 3726: 3719: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3667: 3632: 3624: 3611: 3586: 3573: 3560: 3552: 3545:"We are making." 3544: 3536: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3379: 3371: 3369:Ortanentë manta. 3362: 3356: 3350: 3309: 3301: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3172:The preposition 3029:partitive plural 2935:became syllabic 2911: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2530: 2518: 2508: 2503: 2493: 2481: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2436:rising diphthong 2433: 2395:Quenya has five 2388: 2384: 2370: 2363: 2349: 2342: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2285: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2174: 2170: 2161:are realised as 2160: 2156: 2149:Glottal clusters 2144: 2140: 2136: 2120: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2066: 2063: 2057:is pronounced . 2056: 2048: 2041:Palatal clusters 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1935: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1879: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1765: 1756: 1749: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1672: 1668: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1257:Internal history 1215:Primitive Elvish 1183:Middle (to 1950) 1177: 1124:Helge Fauskanger 1072:Klingon language 950: 948:[ˈŋwärɛ] 732: 638:(c. 1950–1973). 455:J. R. R. Tolkien 444:External history 421:The Silmarillion 344:Elvish languages 295:to the eventual 263: 258: 199: 190: 174: 158: 151: 119: 56:J. R. R. Tolkien 39: 21: 10798: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10709: 10690:Ido/Interlingua 10663: 10637:Bridge of Words 10612: 10560: 10504: 10314: 10305: 10220: 10121: 10042:Langue nouvelle 9918: 9908: 9906: 9900: 9838: 9833: 9803: 9798: 9763:The Etymologies 9743: 9683: 9655: 9624:Other languages 9619: 9599:Respective case 9568: 9563: 9488: 9460: 9443: 9430: 9404: 9357:Glen GoodKnight 9326: 9324:Further reading 9321: 9307: 9301: 9275: 9251: 9245: 9229: 9223: 9209:Krege, Wolfgang 9207: 9201: 9181:Flieger, Verlyn 9179: 9165: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9124: 9120: 9110:, published in 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9063: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9012: 8994:Kloczko, Edward 8992: 8991: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8850: 8848: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8806: 8804: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8624: 8623: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8556: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8486:Tolkien Studies 8480: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8329: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8256:Tolkien Studies 8245: 8244: 8223: 8216: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8168: 8164: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8018: 8017: 8004: 7993: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7922: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7847: 7833: 7829: 7815: 7811: 7797: 7793: 7789:, n° 47, p. 10. 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7744: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7703: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7672: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7606: 7595: 7591: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7564: 7544: 7537: 7522: 7515: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7487: 7476: 7472: 7461: 7457: 7439: 7435: 7431:No. 19, p. 82. 7421: 7414: 7410:No. 19, p. 87. 7400: 7396: 7392:No. 19, p. 84. 7382: 7375: 7361: 7354: 7350:No. 19, p. 80. 7340: 7336: 7332:No. 19, p. 81. 7322: 7318: 7314:No. 19, p. 88. 7304: 7300: 7286: 7279: 7265: 7261: 7247: 7243: 7239:No. 19, p. 86. 7229: 7225: 7211: 7207: 7193: 7186: 7172: 7163: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7113: 7099: 7082: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7036: 7032:No. 19, p. 93. 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6980: 6976: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6927: 6923: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6878: 6864: 6860: 6849: 6845: 6831: 6820: 6806: 6802: 6788: 6784: 6771: 6764: 6753: 6746: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6680: 6675: 6641: 6615:in his lecture 6600:Oilima Markirya 6552:'s greeting to 6518: 6488:is replaced by 6418: 6370: 6358: 6352: 6350:Writing systems 6094:(Large number) 6006: 5996: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5967: 5942: 5427:Of three stars 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 4972:canquë, quaican 4821:quaista, caista 4615:lepesta, lepsat 4372:Ordinal numbers 4336: 4246: 4151: 4108:"Foam-flower"; 4062:"Jaws of Ice"; 4020:"Cunning Man"; 3955: 3656: 3640: 3593:imperative mood 3465:impersonal verb 3460:impersonal verb 3456:impersonal form 3448: 3410: 3324: 3186: 3148: 3127:, and possibly 3109: 3021: 3015: 2970: 2964: 2781:initial only), 2597:geminated forms 2585: 2561:ll, ld, mm, ss, 2545:syllable weight 2541: 2280: 2239: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2138: 2134: 2118: 2115: 2113:Labial clusters 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2064: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2015: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:in the cluster 1982: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1629:(involving the 1599: 1528: 1522: 1451:The rebellious 1367: 1351:Vanyarin Quenya 1347:Noldorin Quenya 1322:and became the 1300: 1259: 1239: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1186:Late (to 1973) 1146:respective case 1138:The Etymologies 1136:, particularly 1120: 1090: 937:> ñw, as in 923:> ny, as in 917:'Noldo, Gnome'. 871: 698:(especially of 676:Qenya, Lindarin 614:in English and 603: 560:sound symbolism 452: 446: 404:second language 331:, particularly 268:, one of those 256: 230:Without proper 218: 186: 170: 167: 154: 147: 134: 130: 126: 120: 115: 109: 52:Created by 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10796: 10794: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10745: 10744: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10654: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:Real Character 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10230: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10131: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10007: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9846: 9844: 9843:Classification 9840: 9839: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9778: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9734:Arden R. Smith 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9699:Vinyar Tengwar 9691: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9594:Quenya grammar 9591: 9578: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9509: 9504: 9502:Vinyar Tengwar 9499: 9494: 9487: 9486:External links 9484: 9483: 9482: 9478:Vinyar Tengwar 9473: 9469:Vinyar Tengwar 9464: 9458: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9402: 9398:Vinyar Tengwar 9390: 9381: 9377:Vinyar Tengwar 9368: 9353:Foster, Robert 9350: 9346:Vinyar Tengwar 9341: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9305: 9299: 9273: 9249: 9243: 9227: 9221: 9205: 9199: 9177: 9163: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9127:Vinyar Tengwar 9118: 9097: 9085: 9078: 9053: 9041: 9029: 9017: 9010: 8985: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8913: 8901: 8870: 8858: 8826: 8814: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8715: 8703: 8696: 8676: 8669: 8648: 8636: 8612: 8600: 8573: 8561: 8554: 8523: 8511: 8492:(1): 107–114. 8473: 8448: 8436:www.elvish.org 8423: 8399: 8392: 8384:Arda Philology 8363: 8340: 8308: 8282: 8221: 8214: 8192: 8188:Vinyar Tengwar 8162: 8143:(1): 102–107. 8123: 8102: 8095: 8089:. p. 79. 8068: 8056: 8044: 8038:978-9197350013 8037: 8029:Arda Philology 8002: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7927: 7920: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7871: 7859: 7845: 7827: 7822:Vinyar Tengwar 7809: 7791: 7786:Vinyar Tengwar 7773: 7761: 7742: 7724: 7701: 7696:Vinyar Tengwar 7687: 7682:Vinyar Tengwar 7670: 7646: 7641:Vinyar Tengwar 7632: 7630:, (17), p. 76. 7618: 7604: 7589: 7576: 7562: 7535: 7513: 7508:Vinyar Tengwar 7499: 7485: 7480:Vinyar Tengwar 7470: 7455: 7433: 7412: 7394: 7373: 7352: 7334: 7316: 7298: 7277: 7259: 7257:No. 19, p. 79. 7241: 7223: 7221:No. 19, p. 74. 7205: 7184: 7182:No. 19, p. 75 7161: 7125: 7111: 7080: 7062: 7048: 7034: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6974: 6956: 6944: 6921: 6903: 6889: 6876: 6874:No. 19, p. 76. 6858: 6843: 6818: 6800: 6782: 6762: 6744: 6726: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6692:Vinyar Tengwar 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6637: 6517: 6514: 6508:, while final 6417: 6414: 6369: 6366: 6354:Main article: 6351: 6348: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5980: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5936: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5908: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5651: 5643: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5571: 5563: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5451: 5450: 5449:Of four stars 5447: 5440: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5370: 5369:A single star 5365: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725:toldëa, toltëa 4721: 4718: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4492:peresta, perta 4488: 4485: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4191:: far beyond. 4184: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4117: 4037: 3999: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3890: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3859: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3655: 3652: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3589: 3588: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3537:"I am making." 3530: 3522: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3426: 3409: 3406: 3404:, "my heirs". 3390: 3389: 3381: 3377:Ortaner manta. 3373: 3323: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3190:Vinyar Tengwar 3185: 3182: 3170: 3169: 3147: 3144: 3108: 3105: 3087:(of which the 3051:the suffix is 3039:the suffix is 3017:Main article: 3014: 3011: 2992:/determiners, 2968:Quenya grammar 2966:Main article: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2925: 2909:[ʃt͡ʃ] 2896: 2892:[ʃt͡ʃ] 2876: 2875: 2874: 2825: 2824: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2680: 2671:became Quenya 2628: 2627: 2626:are aspirated. 2620: 2619: 2618: 2601: 2600: 2584: 2581: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2391: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2238: 2235: 2167:, the same as 2150: 2147: 2114: 2111: 2042: 2039: 2014: 2011: 1977:may represent 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1801: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1633:). The dental 1615:alveolar ridge 1598: 1595: 1521: 1518: 1510:Latin language 1459:, King of the 1366: 1363: 1299: 1296: 1282:Verlyn Flieger 1258: 1255: 1238: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1217:Ancient Quenya 1213: 1211: 1200: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1119: 1116: 1095:Vinyar Tengwar 1092:Two journals, 1089: 1086: 953: 952: 932: 918: 909:> ñ, as in 904: 895:> n, as in 890: 881:> m, as in 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 814: 813: 810: 807: 806:ny, iny, indy 804: 798: 797: 794: 791: 790:ŋ > n, ing 788: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 766: 765: 762: 759: 756: 750: 749: 744: 741: 738: 602: 599: 583:proto-language 445: 442: 437:Vinyar Tengwar 248: 247: 234:, you may see 220: 219: 200: 192: 191: 184: 176: 175: 168: 163: 160: 159: 152: 144: 143: 142:Language codes 139: 138: 121: 117:Writing system 114: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 105: 104: 103: 84: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Common Eldarin 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10795: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10741: 10739: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10706: 10705:Lojban/Loglan 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675:Esperanto/Ido 10673: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10630:A Secret Vice 10627: 10625: 10624:Esperantology 10622: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536:Lingua ignota 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330:Belter Creole 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239:Basic English 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10107:Universalglot 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10012:Idiom Neutral 10010: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9917:International 9914: 9911: 9903: 9895: 9894:Philosophical 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9860:Language game 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9825: 9823: 9818: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9756:A Secret Vice 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9555: 9553: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9461: 9459:951-29-0087-4 9455: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9429:0-415-96942-5 9425: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9300:0-395-71041-3 9296: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9244:3-404-20476-X 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9222:3-608-93185-6 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9200:0-87338-744-9 9196: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9145:Fimi, Dimitra 9142: 9141: 9136: 9129: 9128: 9122: 9119: 9116:(16), p. 104. 9115: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9081: 9079:9789197350037 9075: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9049:Solopova 2009 9045: 9042: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8926: 8923:, p. 100 8922: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8902: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8859: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8815: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8737: 8732: 8731:Ambar Eldaron 8725: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8707: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8677: 8672: 8670:3-404-20498-0 8666: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8604: 8601: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8574: 8571:, p. 136 8570: 8565: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8395: 8393:9789197350020 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8215:1-56308-518-6 8211: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8170:Solopova 2009 8166: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8106: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8064:Solopova 2009 8060: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7971:Solopova 2009 7967: 7964: 7960: 7959:Solopova 2009 7955: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7935:Solopova 2009 7931: 7928: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7899: 7893: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7828: 7825:n° 47, p. 15. 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7804:The Lost Road 7800: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7759:(17), p. 162. 7758: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7616:(17), p. 144. 7615: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7574:(17), p. 161. 7573: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7533:(17), p. 110. 7532: 7531: 7526: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7456: 7453:(17), p. 135. 7452: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7063: 7060:(17), p. 129. 7059: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6760:(17), p. 135. 6759: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6736:Letter #163, 6733: 6731: 6727: 6720:". In Quenya 6719: 6711: 6710: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618:A Secret Vice 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6584:, the phrase 6583: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6296:enquendóresta 6292: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6217: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6091:mindóre, sóra 6088: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5998: 5991: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5975:tuksa kainen, 5970: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5906: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5776:tol(to)kainen 5773: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5728:(en)enquaista 5724: 5721: 5720:(en)enquainëa 5716: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5633: 5632:kan(ta)kainen 5629: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5596:nel(de)kainen 5593: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5548:min yuquaista 5544: 5541: 5540:min yuquainëa 5536: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5459: 5448: 5445: 5444:Elenion canta 5441: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422:Elenion neldë 5419: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405:Of two stars 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328:group of five 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5144:tolquë, nahta 5141: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886:yunquë, rasta 4883: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520:neldëa, nelya 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338:According to 4333: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4297: 4296:Frodo Baggins 4294:, the hobbit 4293: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140:"Tale of the 4138: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4122:Mar-nu-Falmar 4118: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4075: 4074:Oron Oiolossë 4068: 4067: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4006:"Fell Fire"; 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3646:structure is 3645: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:Quendi cárar. 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3481: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:personal form 3445: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414:demonstrative 3408:Demonstrative 3407: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3180:case ending. 3179: 3175: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:agglutinative 2969: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589:phonotactical 2582: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2268:-ts, -st, -ss 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2166: 2163: 2153:The clusters 2148: 2146: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2072: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2040: 2038: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1980: 1964: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617:of the jaw), 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:vowel harmony 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1466:Exilic Quenya 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425:was properly 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355:Exilic Quenya 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1251:Unicode block 1248: 1243: 1237:Use of Quenya 1236: 1234: 1232: 1222: 1212: 1209: 1206:Middle Quenya 1199: 1196: 1195:Early Quenya 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062:Robert Jordan 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 949: 944: 940: 936: 933: 930: 926: 922: 919: 916: 912: 908: 905: 902: 898: 894: 891: 889:'habitation'. 888: 884: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 869: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 839: 837: 827: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 811: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 707: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 648: 644: 641:The spelling 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 600: 598: 596: 592: 591:sound changes 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 443: 441: 439: 438: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422: 417: 412: 409: 408:mother-tongue 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:Elves divided 351: 350: 345: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 254: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 227: 221: 217: 213: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 189: 185: 183: 182: 177: 173: 169: 166: 165:Linguist List 161: 157: 153: 150: 145: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 112: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10740: 10738: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10586:Sitelen Pona 10457: 10414: 9993:esperantidos 9962:Esperanto II 9884:Experimental 9782: 9776:Middle-earth 9768: 9761: 9739:Allan Turner 9702: 9698: 9636:Black Speech 9610: 9586: 9581: 9524:"The s-case" 9476: 9467: 9445: 9437: 9418:. New York: 9413: 9396: 9384: 9375: 9360: 9344: 9337: 9312: 9284: 9256: 9234: 9212: 9185: 9149: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9100: 9095:, p. 36 9088: 9069: 9051:, p. 88 9044: 9032: 9027:n° 13, p. 9. 9024: 9020: 9001: 8997: 8988: 8976: 8971:, p. 91 8964: 8959:, p. 95 8952: 8947:, p. 94 8940: 8935:, p. 93 8928: 8916: 8911:, p. 98 8904: 8892:. Retrieved 8883: 8873: 8861: 8849:. Retrieved 8841: 8829: 8824:, p. 90 8817: 8805:. Retrieved 8797: 8787: 8782:, p. 87 8775: 8770:, p. 80 8763: 8751: 8739: 8730: 8718: 8713:, p. 76 8706: 8686: 8679: 8660: 8651: 8639: 8610:, p. 75 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8587:the original 8576: 8569:Flieger 2002 8564: 8539: 8526: 8521:, p. 87 8519:Flieger 2002 8514: 8489: 8485: 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8460: 8451: 8439:. Retrieved 8435: 8426: 8415: 8402: 8383: 8379: 8366: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8335: 8328:. Retrieved 8324: 8299:. Retrieved 8295: 8285: 8260: 8254: 8205: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8165: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8117: 8105: 8085:. New York: 8080: 8071: 8066:, p. 77 8059: 8054:, p. 98 8047: 8028: 8024: 7995: 7990: 7985:, p. 97 7978: 7966: 7961:, p. 75 7954: 7942: 7937:, p. 76 7930: 7907: 7901: 7887:, chapter 20 7882: 7874: 7862: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7830: 7820: 7812: 7802: 7794: 7784: 7776: 7769:Tolkien 1994 7764: 7754: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7663: 7657: 7649: 7644:(49), p. 43. 7639: 7635: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7607: 7602:(14), p. 56. 7597: 7592: 7579: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7549: 7528: 7524: 7511:(49), p. 15. 7506: 7502: 7497:(17), p. 57. 7492: 7488: 7483:(49), p. 51. 7478: 7473: 7468:(14), p. 77, 7463: 7458: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7426: 7423:Tolkien 2010 7405: 7402:Tolkien 2010 7397: 7387: 7384:Tolkien 2010 7366: 7363:Tolkien 2010 7345: 7342:Tolkien 2010 7337: 7327: 7324:Tolkien 2010 7319: 7309: 7306:Tolkien 2010 7301: 7291: 7288:Tolkien 2010 7270: 7267:Tolkien 2010 7262: 7252: 7249:Tolkien 2010 7244: 7234: 7231:Tolkien 2010 7226: 7216: 7213:Tolkien 2010 7208: 7203:(22), p. 66. 7198: 7177: 7174:Tolkien 2010 7154: 7151:Tolkien 2010 7128: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7101:Tolkien 2010 7073: 7065: 7055: 7051: 7046:, chapter 15 7041: 7037: 7027: 7024:Tolkien 2010 7019: 7012:Tolkien 1994 7007: 7000:Tolkien 1994 6995: 6985: 6977: 6972:(18), p. 75. 6967: 6959: 6952:Tolkien 1994 6947: 6938: 6932: 6924: 6914: 6906: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6869: 6866:Tolkien 2010 6861: 6851: 6846: 6836: 6833:Tolkien 2010 6816:(17), p. 61. 6811: 6803: 6793: 6785: 6775: 6755: 6737: 6717: 6707: 6702: 6690: 6684: 6654: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6596: 6581: 6529: 6519: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416:Latin script 6409: 6387: 6377: 6359: 6343:min yukainen 6339: 6260:lependóresta 6043:húmesta atta 6007:*quaituxasta 5921:tuxasta atta 5836:neterquaista 5828:neterquainëa 5692:lepenquaista 5684:lepenquainëa 5417:Three stars 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5295: 5273: 5251: 5213: 5191: 5134:Seventeenth 5120:Seventeenth 4854: 4712:toldo, tolto 4479:attëa, tatya 4441: 4356: 4351: 4337: 4291: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4167:: up(wards). 3956: 3953:Proper nouns 3657: 3641: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3564: 3507: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3411: 3391: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3307:utúvie-lye-t 3299:utúvie-lye-s 3280:utúvie-nye-s 3237: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3081:instrumental 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3022: 3000:. Nouns are 2998:prepositions 2971: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2917: 2913: 2903:[sc] 2898: 2886:[çc] 2881: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2819:followed by 2816: 2812: 2811:followed by 2808: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2726: 2722: 2705: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2586: 2583:Phonotactics 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2542: 2443: 2439: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2267: 2257:-nd > -n; 2254:-th > -t; 2240: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2215:. Voiceless 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2152: 2130: 2126: 2117:The cluster 2116: 2106: 2099: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2016: 2006: 1979:palatal stop 1962: 1948: 1686: 1674: 1600: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1516:by Tolkien. 1513: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1450: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1303: 1301: 1294: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1244: 1240: 1228: 1214: 1201: 1192: 1169: 1131: 1121: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1075: 1065: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:. The Latin 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 986: 955: 945:(pronounced 942: 938: 934: 928: 924: 920: 914: 910: 906: 900: 896: 892: 886: 882: 878: 873: 867: 865: 859: 842: 840: 833: 817: 801: 785: 769: 753: 723: 703: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 660: 655: 651: 647:early Quenya 646: 642: 640: 635: 631: 615: 611: 608:early Quenya 607: 604: 594: 572: 556:Dimitra Fimi 551: 537: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508: 466: 462: 453: 435: 429: 419: 415: 413: 397: 378: 362:Middle-earth 347: 341: 337: 296: 292: 288: 282: 278:Middle-earth 252: 251: 223: 216:Latin script 205: 201: 179: 100: 75:Middle-earth 65:c. 1910–1973 36: 10668:Comparisons 10546:Palawa kani 10541:Medefaidrin 10216:Weltdeutsch 10206:Runyakitara 10194:Interslavic 10027:Interlingue 10022:Interlingua 10005:Interglossa 9932:Blissymbols 8842:Ardalambion 8798:Ardalambion 8593:1 September 8482:Garth, John 8461:unicode.org 8330:16 February 8301:16 February 7699:(49), p. 7. 7685:(49), p. 9. 6990:17, p. 128. 6437:stands for 6412:in Quenya. 6380:written in 6332:otondóresta 6288:enquendórëa 5848:tuksa pínea 5712:(en)enquain 5668:leminkainen 5584:_ yuquaista 5576:_ yuquainëa 5532:min yuquain 5478:Fractional 5439:Four stars 5434:Eleni canta 5412:Eleni neldë 5381:Of one star 5298:yukainentya 5236:Nineteenth 5231:neterquesta 5222:Nineteenth 5177:Eighteenth 5163:Eighteenth 5043:lepenquesta 5005:Fourteenth 4991:Fourteenth 4962:Thirteenth 4948:Thirteenth 4042:Ainulindalë 3992:"Sublime"; 3845:tall, great 3558:Emmë cárar. 3514:Finwë cára. 3113:-a, -ë, -ëa 2976:and mostly 2957:is avoided. 2263:-ñ > -n; 2251:-d > -r; 2245:-m > -n; 1631:vocal folds 1514:Elven-latin 1457:Elu Thingol 1343:Yára-Quenya 1275:Parmaquesta 1118:Scholarship 1082:Marc Okrand 999:"come" and 972:, and also 692:Gondolinian 652:anatarwesta 636:late Quenya 620:conjugation 601:Development 514:(except in 491:Old English 364:to live in 313:Old English 285:its grammar 238:instead of 210:written in 10747:Categories 10695:Ido/Novial 10516:Balaibalan 10226:Engineered 10082:Pasilingua 9972:Mundolinco 9879:Engineered 9729:David Salo 9724:Tom Loback 9289:. Boston: 9093:Krege 2003 8981:Pesch 2003 8969:Pesch 2003 8957:Pesch 2003 8945:Pesch 2003 8933:Pesch 2003 8921:Pesch 2003 8909:Pesch 2003 8866:Pesch 2003 8851:11 January 8822:Pesch 2003 8807:13 January 8780:Pesch 2003 8768:Pesch 2003 8756:Pesch 2003 8744:Pesch 2003 8711:Pesch 2003 8644:Pesch 2003 8608:Pesch 2003 8325:Eldamo.org 8184:Tengwestië 7583:From the " 6673:References 6520:The poem " 6280:enquendórë 6252:lependórëa 6224:candóresta 6188:neldóresta 6152:yundóresta 6116:mindóresta 6035:húmëa atta 5997:*quaituxëa 5913:tuxëa atta 5897:yúyo tuksa 5820:neterquain 5800:tolquaista 5792:tolquainëa 5764:otoquaista 5756:otoquainëa 5740:otsokainen 5704:enekkainen 5676:lepenquain 5656:canquaista 5648:canquainëa 5620:nelquaista 5612:nelquainëa 5560:_ yukainen 5395:Two stars 5304:Twentieth 5282:Twentieth 5276:yukainenya 5106:Seventeen 5091:Sixteenth 5086:enenquesta 5077:Sixteenth 5048:Fifteenth 5034:Fifteenth 4548:canta, can 4507:neldë, nel 4466:atta, tata 4352:maquanotië 4344:duodecimal 4320:Áva márië! 4271:á na márië 3769:man (male) 3654:Vocabulary 3584:elen atta. 3580:Nai siluva 3550:Essë cára. 3292:White Tree 3158:i falmali 3142:, "news". 3125:-ë, -i, ië 3107:Adjectives 3101:possessive 3073:accusative 3069:nominative 2994:adjectives 2795:, tw, ty, 2675:and final 2624:pp, tt, cc 2416:diphthongs 2270:) > -s; 2125:voiceless 1691:semivowels 1597:Consonants 1490:Second Age 1380:tulukha(n) 1324:Grey Elves 1267:vernacular 1070:, and the 931:'recites'. 903:'country'. 714:system of 656:evandilyon 579:tree model 382:Second Age 257:pronounced 10569:Neography 10495:Verdurian 10465:Syldavian 10460:languages 10458:Star Wars 10452:Spocanian 10335:Brithenig 10325:Atlantean 10311:Fictional 10301:Toki Pona 10150:Eurolengo 9987:Universal 9947:Esperanto 9919:auxiliary 9907:languages 9905:Specific 9855:Fictional 9688:Linguists 9448:. Turku: 9420:Routledge 9332:(1992). 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